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@ 6a6be47b:3e74e3e1
2025-06-07 09:28:14Hi frens! đ
How are you today? Howâs your weekend going? I hope youâve found a moment to rest and rechargeâeven just for a few minutes. If youâre on the hunt for your next great read, Iâve got something exciting to share!
I just found out that the new book from Robert Galbraith (aka J.K. Rowling) "The Hallmarked Man" has finally been announced! Itâs coming out this September, and Iâll admitâI screamed and did a little happy dance. The last book ended on such a major cliffhanger!
đľď¸ââď¸ If youâre not familiar, Robert Galbraith is Rowlingâs pen name for her detective series featuring the duo Cormoran Strike and Robin Ellacott. Strike is the founder of their private investigation agency, and Robin, who started as a temp secretary, quickly proved sheâs a natural-born detective (and itâs been her dream job for years).
If youâre wondering whether you need to read the earlier books first, I get it. The story of Robin and Strike definitely makes more sense if you start from the beginning, but Rowling is cleverâshe avoids major spoilers, so you can jump in out of order if you want (like I did!). Just be warned: youâll get hooked and want to know what happens next.
Each book centers on a new crime for Strike and Robin to solve, so youâre pulled into the mystery firstâand then deeper into their lives. Thatâs part of what makes the series so addictive.
đ Why am I so hyped for the new release? The last book, The Running Grave, was a wild ride: tense, heart-wrenching, and impossible to put down. I was on the edge of my seat the whole time! For me, itâs the best in the series so far. By the end, I was fully invested in all the charactersâeven the secondary ones. I just had to know what would happen to them.
Of course, not everyone is a fan of Rowlingâs style, and some say her books could use a bit of editing. But I think she weaves tension, character development, and mystery together brilliantly. To each their own, though!
â¤ď¸ I have really high hopes for the next book this fall. If you love mysteries with complex characters and dark twists, I hope youâll give this series a shot. Sometimes the truth is even darker than you expect!
Let me know what you think if youâve read themâor if youâre planning to start.
đ Enjoy your weekend and godspeed!
https://stacker.news/items/999611
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@ b1ddb4d7:471244e7
2025-06-07 12:01:52Breez, a leader in Lightning Network infrastructure, and Spark, a bitcoin-native Layer 2 (L2) platform, today announced a groundbreaking collaboration to empower developers with tools to seamlessly integrate self-custodial bitcoin payments into everyday applications.
The partnership introduces a new implementation of the Breez SDK built on Sparkâs bitcoin-native infrastructure, accelerating the evolution of bitcoin from âdigital goldâ to a global, permissionless currency.
The Breez SDK is expanding
Weâre joining forces with @buildonspark to release a new nodeless implementation of the Breez SDK â giving developers the tools they need to bring Bitcoin payments to everyday apps.
Bitcoin-Native
Powered by SparkâsâŚâ Breez
(@Breez_Tech) May 22, 2025
A Bitcoin-Native Leap for Developers
The updated Breez SDK leverages Sparkâs L2 architecture to deliver a frictionless, bitcoin-native experience for developers.
Key features include:
- Universal Compatibility: Bindings for all major programming languages and frameworks.
- LNURL & Lightning Address Support: Streamlined integration for peer-to-peer transactions.
- Real-Time Interaction: Instant mobile notifications for payment confirmations.
- No External Reliance: Built directly on bitcoin via Spark, eliminating bridges or third-party consensus.
This implementation unlocks use cases such as streaming content payments, social app monetization, in-game currencies, cross-border remittances, and AI micro-settlementsâall powered by Bitcoinâs decentralized network.
Quotes from Leadership
Roy Sheinfeld, CEO of Breez:
âDevelopers are critical to bringing bitcoin into daily life. By building the Breez SDK on Sparkâs revolutionary architecture, weâre giving builders a bitcoin-native toolkit to strengthen Lightning as the universal language of bitcoin payments.âKevin Hurley, Creator of Spark:
âThis collaboration sets the standard for global peer-to-peer transactions. Fast, open, and embedded in everyday appsâthis is bitcoinâs future. Together, weâre equipping developers to create next-generation payment experiences.âDavid Marcus, Co-Founder and CEO of Lightspark:
âWeâre thrilled to see developers harness Sparkâs potential. This partnership marks an exciting milestone for the ecosystem.âCollaboration Details
As part of the agreement, Breez will operate as a Spark Service Provider (SSP), joining Lightspark in facilitating payments and expanding Sparkâs ecosystem. Technical specifications for the SDK will be released later this year, with the full implementation slated for launch in 2025.About Breez
Breez pioneers Lightning Network solutions, enabling developers to embed self-custodial bitcoin payments into apps. Its SDK powers seamless, secure, and decentralized financial interactions.About Spark
Spark is a bitcoin-native Layer 2 infrastructure designed for payments and settlement, allowing developers to build directly on Bitcoinâs base layer without compromises. -
@ 044da344:073a8a0e
2025-06-07 07:49:53Es ist merkwĂźrdig, wie sich die Dinge manchmal fĂźgen. Himmelfahrt bin ich mit den beiden grĂśĂeren Enkeln, 2 und 4, in einen Zirkus gegangen. Wir mussten ein wenig suchen, okay, haben das Zelt aber irgendwann entdeckt am Ufer des Regen. Ich kĂśnnte schreiben: klein, aber fein, so richtig trifft es das jedoch nicht. Klein schon. Ich will hier auch nicht schimpfen, weil sich die Zirkusfamilie alle MĂźhe gegeben hat, einen preisgekrĂśnten Artisten dabeihatte (Silberner Clown in Monte Carlo) und sogar reichlich Tiere in die Manege brachte. Vier Araberpferde, zwei Dromedare, einen Esel und Ziegen.
Dann aber kamen die Katzen. Richtig gelesen. Katzen dort, wo es Tiger, LĂśwen, Bären gegeben hat, als ich selbst noch ein Kind war. Ich meine gar nicht die groĂen Zelte in der DDR, Berolina, Busch oder Aeros. Diese Riesen verirrten sich nicht in einen Badeort auf RĂźgen. Die Wiese gleich hinter unserem Haus gehĂśrte ab Anfang der 1980er RĂźdiger Probst, alle paar Jahre wieder. Ein junger Mann, der gar nicht so viel älter war als ich, keine Angst vor groĂen Tieren hatte und mit einem Salto von Pferd zu Pferd sprang. In einem kleinen Zirkus wie gesagt, fĂźr ein paar Groschen und meist vor vollem Haus. Mit den Enkeln hatte ich jetzt allen Platz der Welt und hinterher ein leeres Portemonnaie. Sieben Euro allein fĂźr Popcorn (es gab nur eine TĂźtengrĂśĂe) und fĂźnf (freiwillig) fĂźr ein paar MĂśhrenstĂźcke, damit die Kinder in der Pause was zum FĂźttern in der Hand hatten.
Am Abend dann das neue Buch von Matthias KrauĂ. âDie falschen Fragen gestelltâ. Ich habe mich ein wenig gewundert, als das Paket im Kasten lag, weil der Autor vor gar nicht allzu langer Zeit einen âeinseitigen Waffenstillstandâ ausgerufen hatte und Schluss machen wollte mit seinem Kampf gegen die âAufarbeitungsindustrieâ und mit der Verteidigung der DDR. Ich zitiere einfach aus meiner Rezension von 2019:
Matthias KrauĂ, 1960 in Hennigsdorf geboren, weiĂ natĂźrlich, was da alles im Argen lag. Er hat selbst an der Sektion Journalistik studiert und in den späten 1980ern noch ein wenig fĂźr die Parteipresse gearbeitet. âApologetischâ, sagt er. Vor allem Innen- und Wirtschaftspolitik. Sein Aber: erstens die Kultur. Begegnungen vor allem mit dem, was in Osteuropa so an Filmen, Serien, Kunst produziert wurde. Punkt zwei: âder einfache Menschâ. âUngleich häufigerâ im Bild als heute. Und drittens âgab es eine prinzipielle und grundsätzliche Kritikâ am Westen und am Kapitalismus.
Der Zirkus am Ufer des Regen. Ein totes Pferd soll man nicht reiten. Deshalb tauche ich ein in ein Buch, das etwas schafft, was selbst ich nicht fĂźr mĂśglich gehalten habe. Matthias KrauĂ singt ein Loblied auf den DDR-Journalismus, ohne dass es peinlich wird. Er bleibt dabei ganz bei sich â bei der Mappe mit Zeitungsausschnitten, die er als SchĂźler angelegt hat, bei den Aktbildern im Magazin, das sein Vater abonniert hatte und das dem Sohn auch jenseits der Erotik ganze Welten Ăśffnete, bei einem Porträt, das ihm die Lokalzeitung 1977 widmete.
Das SchĂśne ist: Matthias KrauĂ hat das alles aufgehoben und darf jetzt als reifer Mann zurĂźckschauen â als Journalist, der später auch die andere Seite erlebt hat, folglich vergleichen kann und vor allem niemandem mehr nach dem Mund reden muss. Die âQualität der Bilderâ, okay. Eher âKartoffeldruckâ als Zeitung. Die immer gleichen alten Männer, klar. Die Grenzen, die jedes Parteiorgan hat und die auch ein junger Mann wie KrauĂ schon zu spĂźren bekam. Aber eben auch Texte, die nah dran waren am Leben (vor allem an der Arbeit) und ihre Leser ernst nahmen. Matthias KrauĂ ist nach dem Studium 1986 Redakteur der Jugendseite des Potsdamer SED-Blatts geworden und ruft den Journalismusforschern heute zu: Vergleicht doch einfach die Bravo mit dem Neuen Leben, einer Zeitschrift, die damals sein Leitstern war und immer ausverkauft. These von Matthias KrauĂ: Das Neue Leben
war vielseitiger, anspruchsvoller und in jeder Hinsicht hĂśherwertiger als die Bravo-Post, mit dem endlos einfältigen Star-Rummel, den auf Kauf und Konsum orientierten Modetipps, dem Klatsch und Abklatsch und den klischeehaften Rollenbildern â Ausdruck des insgesamt unpolitischen Grundanspruchs. Nun gut, aus exakt diesem Grund wird dieser Vergleich wohl niemals stattfinden. (S. 103)
Matthias KrauĂ hat ein kaum zu schlagendes Argument auf seiner Seite: Er, der SED-Propagandist, hatte nach 1990 schnell wieder das Vertrauen des Publikums, das er âbei Lichte besehenâ vielleicht gar nicht verdiente, aber allein wegen seiner Herkunft bekam (S. 116). Und: Er kann sogar jemanden zitieren, der die Ernte-Berichterstattung vermisst, Hassobjekt von Lesern wie von Journalisten â einen Landwirt aus dem Westen, der dort sehen konnte, wie weit die Kollegen waren, was sie wie machten und wie sie auf das Wetter reagierten (S. 166).
Ich gebe zu: Ich habe eine Schwäche fĂźr autobiografische Texte. Solche BĂźcher erlauben mir, all das mit Leben zu fĂźllen, was in den Akten bald zu Staub zerfällt. Ich habe ein FuĂballregal (gleich zweimal Lothar Matthäus!), eine DDR-Abteilung, Erinnerungen von Wissenschaftlern und natĂźrlich Journalisten. Da längst nicht jeder schreibt, der etwas zu sagen hat, helfe ich immer wieder nach und sammle als Interviewer Lebensgeschichten ein. Matthias KrauĂ dĂźrfte einer der ersten ostdeutschen Medienmenschen aus der Geburtskohorte um 1960 sein, der sich Ăśffentlich äuĂert und dabei nicht einfach das nachbetet, was ohnehin schon Ăźberall steht.
Das gilt auch jenseits des Themas Journalismus. Der Wehrdienst, fĂźr mich bis heute ein Albtraum, wird von Matthias KrauĂ als âEntscheidung fĂźr eine Art persĂśnlicher Freiheitâ interpretiert (S. 43). Mit 18 unabhängig sein von den Eltern und dann auch ohne Geldsorgen studieren kĂśnnen. Leipzig war fĂźr ihn in den 1980ern nicht nur Uni-Standort, sondern auch âMessestadtâ und damit âWeltstadtâ (S. 50). Und der Aufregung um jede DDR-Exmatrikulation, die er keineswegs schĂśnredet, werden âdie Millionen Opfer der Demokratisierungâ gegenĂźbergestellt und das laute gesamtdeutsche Schweigen nicht nur in diesem Punkt (S. 58).
Was das alles mit dem Zirkus zu tun hat? Matthias KrauĂ hat in der DDR das Motto fĂźr sein Leben als Journalist gefunden â bei der Arbeit mit einem Parteisoldaten, der einfach nicht rauswollte aus dem Korsett, das die Genossen Ăźber sein Leben geworfen hatten.
Ja, sagte ich mir, stelle immer die falschen Fragen. (S. 153)
In Sachen Zirkus liegen alle Antworten auf dem Tisch. Meine Trauer habe ich schon vor mehr als zehn Jahren verarbeitet. Mal schauen, was die Enkel eines Tages dazu sagen.
Matthias KrauĂ: Die falschen Fragen gestellt. Journalist in zwei deutschen Staaten. Berlin: Das Neue Berlin 2025, 189 Seiten, 18 Euro.
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@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1
2025-06-07 05:38:49Every purchase we make ties us to a vast, hidden network of people, machines, and resources â whether we see it or not.
Supply chains are large industrial systems. They are composed of heterogeneous elements, such as ships, aircraft, trains, and trucks, but also systems of labor, information, and finance that build them and connect them together. Usually the goods flow in one direction and money flows in the opposite direction. Their physical substrates are themselves industrial products, relying on ships, trucks, cranes, fossil fuels, and electric power, tied together by skilled human operators, supervisors, managers, and other industrial roles.
Few of us would likely condone every moment of every supply chain for every product we consume.
Consider any product in your home. Where was it made? (That should be written on the label somewhere.) Where were the parts made? Who put them all together? How did it get to your doorstep?
Continue reading at https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/supply-chains-are-us/
https://stacker.news/items/999509
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@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5
2025-06-07 11:01:49Marty's Bent
If you do one thing today, take the time to spend an hour to watch this YouTube video. As someone creating content who has become very cognizant of the effects of the algorithm and the pressures to cater to it, this video was unexpectedly and incredibly satisfying. We're coming up on the eight year anniversary of this newsletter and the podcast that accompanies it and over that eight year period, the pressures to compete in the world of ever increasing digital soy slop grow at an accelerating rate.
If you've seen our YouTube channel recently, you'll probably notice that we've bent the knee to the thumbnail and title clickbait game in an attempt to get our content out to a wider audience. This is something I've held out on for many years now at this point, but recently became convinced that it's something we simply have to do if we want to get our message out to a wider audience. As I write this, I'm thinking that maybe the fact that we have to do that in the first place says something about the content we're putting out there and whether or not it is actually valuable. But I do think the high velocity trash economy becoming completely saturated with digital soy slop has made it so people who truly want to get their message out have to play that game.
I want to make one thing clear. I certainly do not think I'm an artist, but I do like to think that over the last eight years we've been putting out information via content mediums that is valuable to you, dear reader. However, the informational content we put out there, particularly the audio and video content, is put on platforms where it is forced to compete with others who cater to the lowest common denominators of dopamine hijacking and in-group signaling that draws the masses like moths to a flame.
If you haven't watched the YouTube video yet, which I'm assuming 99.9% of you haven't, this may seem like a nonsensical ramble. So, I'll keep this one short and urge you to go watch the social commentary from comedian Jarrett Moore about the state of art, "content" and its effect on culture as it stands today. I'm assuming this isn't too much of a spoiler alert, but the situation is pretty dire. The world needs better art and people who are willing to support artists who are truly creative and take risks. This has nothing to do with bitcoin. But I think it highlights an interesting part of our society that is deteriorating at a rapid clip. And it's something that all of us should feel compelled to attend to lest we speed run into Idiocracy.
It made me feel uneasy about parts of my approach to this business, and that's a good thing.
Don't forget to buy a Bitkey!
Iran's Nuclear Ambitions Create a "Never-Ending Crisis"
In our latest discussion, energy expert Dr. Anas Alhajji described what he called Iran's "never-ending crisis" â a thesis he first published over 20 years ago that has proven remarkably accurate. As Alhajji explained, this crisis persists because of a fundamental contradiction: the U.S. sees any Iranian nuclear program (even peaceful) as strengthening a hostile regime, while Iran views nuclear energy as essential for domestic stability and economic survival.
"Iran is not going to negotiate over the bomb. They want to drag everything for the longest period until they get the bomb." - Dr. Anas Alhajji
What's particularly concerning is Iran's resilience against sanctions. Alhajji detailed how Iran has masterfully circumvented oil export restrictions through China, using a dedicated Chinese bank to process payments outside the international system. Iran's leadership appears willing to endure temporary geopolitical losses in Syria, Lebanon, and potentially Yemen, calculating that obtaining nuclear weapons will fundamentally transform regional politics and their treatment by the United States.
Check out the full podcast here for more on Trump's Middle East strategy, the future of BRICS, and critical challenges facing global energy infrastructure.
Headlines of the Day
Standard Chartered Predicts Bitcoin Will Reach $500K by 2028 - via X
Lummis: Genius Act Makes US Leader in Digital Asset Policy - via X
Get our new STACK SATS hat - via tftcmerch.io
Jake Tapper's Admission on Biden's Decline Sparks Media Ethics Debate - via X
Take the First Step Off the Exchange
Bitkey is an easy, secure way to move your Bitcoin into self-custody. With simple setup and built-in recovery, itâs the perfect starting point for getting your coins off centralized platforms and into cold storageâno complexity, no middlemen.
Take control. Start with Bitkey.
Use the promo code *âTFTC20â* during checkout for 20% off
Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed 158,469 sats | $150.00M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.
Final thought...
My oldest is already at the "faking sick to get out of school" stage and I'm extremely proud.
Get this newsletter sent to your inbox daily: https://www.tftc.io/bitcoin-brief/
Subscribe to our YouTube channels and follow us on Nostr and X:
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@ 9ca447d2:fbf5a36d
2025-06-07 11:01:31LAS VEGAS, May 28 2025 â Blockstream, the global leader in Bitcoin-powered financial infrastructure, has today revealed its strategic vision to support Bitcoinâs next pivotal phase of growth, building on over a decade of pioneering work at the forefront of Bitcoin innovation.Â
Unveiled in a keynote by Blockstream Co-Founder and CEO Dr. Adam Back at Bitcoin 2025 in Las Vegas and anchored by a bold new tagline, The Future of Finance Runs on Bitcoin, the vision introduces a clear framework based on three core business unitsâConsumer, Enterprise and Blockstream Asset Management (BAM).
This framework represents a unified approach to onboarding users across the rapidly growing Bitcoin economy, from individuals to institutions.
âThe past year has shown clearly that Bitcoin no longer sits on the margins of the global financial systemâit is rapidly becoming the foundation,â said Dr. Back.
âOur vision is simple: The Future of Finance Runs on Bitcoin. Guided by this idea, Blockstream is working hard to build the vertically integrated platform to support that transition, from individual self-custody to enterprise-scale asset issuance and regulated investment products.â
A New Era for Bitcoin-Native Finance
According to crypto ETF analytics platform SoSoValue, Bitcoin has attracted over $41 billion in net ETF inflows alone since the launch of U.S. spot ETFs in early 2024, led by major institutions such as BlackRock, Fidelity, and Franklin Templeton.
At the same time, New Hampshire and Arizona have become the first U.S. states to pursue Strategic Bitcoin Reserves and the number of corporate treasuries holding bitcoin continues to climb.
With a market cap of just over $2 trillion and trillions settled annually on-chain, Bitcoinâs role as a legitimate financial layer is becoming increasingly clear, hastening the need for scalable infrastructure.
Blockstream has been building that infrastructure for over a decade.
Founded in 2014 by Dr. Adam Backâinventor of Bitcoinâs proof-of-work (PoW) mechanismâthe company has focused from the outset on expanding Bitcoinâs functionality without compromising its foundational principles.
Blockstream Research, led by renowned cryptographer Andrew Poelstra, is a key contributor to Bitcoin Core and drives advances in applied cryptography and protocol development.Â
On the product side, Blockstream maintains Core Lightning (CLN) for scalable payments, the Liquid Network and Blocksteam Asset Management Platform (AMP) for tokenized asset issuance and settlement, as well as self-custody tools including the open-source Jade hardware wallet.
The All-New Blockstream AppâSelf Custody on Your Terms
Headlining todayâs keynote was the launch of the all-new Blockstream appâa streamlined, self-custodial experience that lets users buy bitcoin and secure it immediately in their own wallet.
Built on the foundation of the trusted Blockstream Green wallet, the updated app offers seamless support for managing bitcoin and Liquid assets within a redesigned interface tailored to both new and experienced users.
The Blockstream app is designed to make onboarding intuitive from day one, minimizing friction while staying true to the principles of self-custody.
Users can begin simply and gradually adopt more advanced features at their own paceâincluding hardware signing and air-gapped transactions with the Blockstream Jade.
Current Blockstream Green users will find all existing functionality preserved within the redesigned interface.
With support for 31 languages, the app makes Bitcoin accessible to anyone with a smartphone, opening the door to secure, sovereign finance worldwide
âThe new Blockstream app isnât just a wallet,â said Peter Bain, VP of Consumer Products at Blockstream.
âItâs a gateway to the full power of Bitcoinâenabling secure savings, fast payments, and seamless management of tokenized assets, all within an intuitive interface designed for both newcomers and hardcore bitcoiners.â
Blockstream Enterprise: Bitcoin-Native Financial Infrastructure
Dr. Back also used his keynote to highlight the growing importance of Blockstream Enterprise, the companyâs evolving platform for corporations, governments and participants across the broader financial sector.
Underpinned by the Liquid Network and Blockstream AMP, the platform enables secure asset issuance, as well as treasury and balance sheet management.
It also facilitates integration with custodians, exchanges and core financial systems via industry-standard FIX and REST APIs.
With the first iteration of AMP already available and additional features rolling out over time, the platform builds on Liquidâs momentum, which recently surpassed $3.27 billion in total value locked (TVL).
In doing so, it provides a Bitcoin-native foundation for tokenization and institutional settlement focused on regulated custody, compliant off-exchange settlement, and programmable financial instruments.
âAs capital markets evolve, businesses, institutions, and governments will need infrastructure that is secure, programmable and built directly on Bitcoinâs rapidly growing network,â said Dr. Back.
âBlockstream Enterprise brings that infrastructure togetherâenabling asset issuance, management, and settlement on Liquid, Bitcoinâs first and most battle-tested sidechain.â
Unifying Consumer, Enterprise, and Institutional Products
Todayâs keynote marks a strategic inflection point, aligning Blockstreamâs efforts across the three market segments it serves.
In 2024, the company raised $210 million to accelerate development and launched Blockstream Asset Management (BAM), a dedicated division focused on institutional-grade Bitcoin investment products.
The company has also deepened collaborations with regulated custodians, corporate treasuries and financial service providers to support the integration of Liquid and AMP into existing financial infrastructure.
The Future of Finance Runs on Bitcoin
The vision laid out by Dr. Back reflects Blockstreamâs conviction that Bitcoin is no longer just a $2 trillion asset class but a settlement layer, a development platform, and the most credible foundation for building the next financial system.
âThe financial world is waking up to what weâve known for years,â said Dr. Back. âBitcoin is here to stay âand itâs never been easier to build on it.â
âFrom first-time users to trillion-dollar institutions, our aim is to give everyone the tools to participate in this new economy, with the transparency, security and resilience that only Bitcoin can provide.â
To learn more visit Booth 2121 at Bitcoin 2025 or visit www.blockstream.com.
Download the new Blockstream app today and take control of your bitcoinâon your terms.
Institutions, enterprises, and governments interested in building on Bitcoin with Liquid and AMP can connect with the Blockstream team directly at business@blockstream.com.
Media contact:
Edward Moore â Head of PR, Blockstream
emoore@blockstream.comAbout Blockstream
Founded in 2014, Blockstream is a global leader in Bitcoin and blockchain infrastructure, with offices and team members distributed around the world.Â
Serving as the technology provider for the Liquid Network, Blockstream offers a sidechain solution that enables secure, trustless Bitcoin swap settlements and robust smart contracts, empowering financial institutions to tokenize assets efficiently.Â
The companyâs Core Lightning is a leading implementation of the open Lightning Network protocol, widely adopted for enterprise Bitcoin Lightning Network deployments.
Blockstream Jade, an open-source hardware wallet, delivers advanced security for Bitcoin and Liquid assets in an easy-to-use form factor.
For consumers, Blockstream app is a highly secure and user-friendly Bitcoin wallet.
ââDisclaimer
This press release contains forward-looking statements, including but not limited to statements regarding the expected launch timeline of the Blockstream Enterprise platform and time to market of Blockstream Asset Management products.Â
Other âforward looking statementsâ may, without limitation, include statements that are preceded by, followed by, or include the words âbelieves,â âexpects,â âanticipates,â âintends,â âplans,â âestimates,â âforesees,â or similar expressions, and other statements concerning anticipated future events and expectations that are not historical facts.
_Actual results may differ materially due to regulatory developments, competition from other hardware and technology services providers (in the case of Jade and the app) and both traditional finance and crypto native managers (in the case of BAM), market conditions and other risks. Actual results may differ materially. Blockstream undertakes no oblig
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@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1
2025-06-07 06:08:19In the rural areas of Vietnam, people tend to give the land plot next to their house to their grown up children to build a new home â thus a new family. This poses many interesting problems about the two generationâs living spaces. In the case of Ai Nghia House, we pay close attention to the connection and privacy between the two families.
The skylit courtyard
Learning from the structure of traditional houses in Hoi An, we create a courtyard in the middle of the house, connecting the parentsâ house and the childrenâs new house. The courtyard plays its role as a funnel collecting sunlight and natural wind, also, itâs a place for sharing daily stories, common or private. Itâs a place where parents watch over the house and the kids, where families pass over a little spice in cooking time, or simply a place where the sky is only one perk away. The courtyard is thus shared naturally between the families as a continuation between generations.
The framed garden
The front garden is framed into a red brick facade, making the greenery stand out. Voids are boldly cut to allow sunlight to reach the plants, making the garden comes to life. Altogether that frame becomes a lively picture of nature and many daily moments of each member in the family.
Read more about Naqi & Partners at https://naqipartners.com/project/ai-nghia-house-quang-nam/
https://stacker.news/items/999526
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@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1
2025-06-07 05:48:57There is only one item on my CSS wishlist for 2025: a slower pace!
After years of rapid innovation, now feels like the right time for browser vendors to take a beat to consolidate, fix browser inconsistencies, and let the rest of us catch up.
After all, we might've heard about
subgrid, :has(), scroll-driven
animations, and all the other recent CSS improvements â but how many of us can say that we've actually used all these features, let alone mastered them?This is why this year's survey will be so interesting. It'll be a chance to see which of the past few year's new CSS additions have already been adopted by the community, and which ones are still on our to-do list.
So once again, please join me for this year's State of CSS!
Take the survey at https://survey.devographics.com/en-US/survey/state-of-css/2025
https://stacker.news/items/999510
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@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1
2025-06-07 05:28:26In the early days of computer vision, when memory was scarce and every byte counted, innovation thrived under constraint. âAn Efficient Chain-Linking Algorithm,â developed at Inria in the late 1980s, is a brilliant example of this spirit. Now preserved and shared by Software Heritage, this compact yet powerful piece of C code showcases how elegance and efficiency went hand in hand in outlining the future of image processingâone pixel chain at a time.
The code resulted from research work carried out between 1985 and 1991 at Inria, by GĂŠrard Giraudon (research and principal investigator), Philippe Garnesson (a PhD student), and Patrick Cipière (software engineer). Down in sunny Sophia Antipolis, a tech park 20 minutes inland from Antibes, the team tackled computer vision with a distinctly local flavor. They called themselves PASTIS, a playful nod to the anise drink. Still, the acronym â Scene Analysis and Symbolic Image Processing Project (Projet dâAnalyse de Scène et de Traitement dâImage Symbolique) â hinted at their serious mission.
Continue reading at https://www.softwareheritage.org/2025/06/04/history_computer_vision/
https://stacker.news/items/999507
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@ 523a8281:fc94329a
2025-06-07 05:11:07The Darkest Hour of the GameFi Market and the Glimmer of Hope Amid the prolonged downturn of the cryptocurrency market, the GameFi sector is undergoing an unprecedented trial. According to CoinGecko data, the total market capitalization of the GameFi sector shrank by 35% from its peak in the first half of 2024. DappRadar statistics further confirm the industry's declineânumerous projects have struggled to maintain sustainable economic models, leading to severe user attrition. Although the number of daily active users has grown by 18%, this "volume up, price down" phenomenon reflects the market's painful transition from speculation-driven to value-driven development.
Even more alarming is that 93% of projects in the industry have either stagnated or perished, with the average project lifespan lasting a mere four months. Token prices have fallen more than 95% from their historical highs, extinguishing the enthusiasm of countless investors and players. The once-glorious "Play-to-Earn" and "X to Earn" models collapsed after the profit bubbles burst, exposing the fatal flaws of over-reliance on financial speculation while neglecting the essence of gaming.
However, crises often breed opportunities. The GameFi sector has not been crushed by the bear market but has instead started to clarify its future direction amid the turbulence. This deep market adjustment acts as a brutal filter, leaving only those projects that abandon token speculation, focus on player experience, and build sustainable economic systems to stand out during this industry-wide reshuffle.
- Neo Fantasy: A Game-Changer Breaking the Deadlock Neo Fantasy is not just a blockchain game; it is a gateway to the ACGN metaverse. In the mysterious land of Loren, players become brave adventurers tasked with reclaiming wealth from the forces of darkness. The game seamlessly integrates compelling storylines with cutting-edge blockchain technology, allowing players to immerse themselves in epic adventures while earning significant rewards through diverse gameplay. From the moment players step into the game, they are captivated by its unique charmâwhether it's the vividly designed characters or the grand battle scenes, everything reflects Neo Fantasy's relentless pursuit of quality.
Looking back at the development trajectory of the GameFi industry, its collapse was no accident. Many past projects focused entirely on speculative financial incentives, neglecting the refinement of game content and the construction of community ecosystems. Complex and obscure tokenomics and flashy but impractical DeFi concepts attracted attention in the short term but failed to mask the lack of gameplay. Once token rewards diminished, users quickly scattered, leading to the project's rapid decline. This blind pursuit of short-term gains ultimately triggered a full-blown industry crisis, serving as a wake-up call for future projects.
Neo Fantasy has keenly identified these industry pitfalls and introduced a series of innovative measures to break the deadlock:
Enhancing User Experience: The team accurately addressed traditional gamers' aversion to complex blockchain interfaces by developing an independent application that combines the seamless operation of traditional games with the "play-to-earn" features of Web3. New players can easily get started without deep knowledge of blockchain technology. This low-barrier design significantly broadens the user base, attracting many players who were previously deterred by blockchain games.
Community and Market Expansion: Neo Fantasy has demonstrated strong strategic foresight by establishing deep collaborations with renowned platforms like Nextype, quickly amassing a large user base. Moreover, its plan to launch on mainstream app stores such as Google Play and the App Store aims to tap into the billion-user Web2 gaming market. This move will undoubtedly break the barriers of blockchain gaming, allowing more ordinary players to experience Neo Fantasy's unique charm and paving the way for broader growth.
Innovative Gameplay: Sustained innovation in gameplay is key to Neo Fantasy's vitality. The team has abandoned the outdated model of solely relying on token-driven user engagement and continuously introduces new features. PvE dungeons are filled with challenges and surprises, requiring strategic cooperation to overcome; the PvP arena is packed with skilled players, offering intense real-time battles; auto chess combines strategy and luck, making each match unpredictable; and guild tournaments emphasize teamwork, fostering strong bonds among players. Future plans for open-world and virtual-world experiences will further expand the game's boundaries, delivering unprecedented immersive experiences.
Sustainable Tokenomics: The construction of the token economy showcases the team's wisdom and vision. Centered around the ERT token, the system serves as both a governance tool and a utility token. Through a carefully designed economic cycle model, every in-game actionâwhether upgrading heroes, enhancing equipment, or participating in eventsâis closely tied to ERT. This design ensures the token's utility while avoiding unsustainable high-yield promises, achieving self-sufficient and healthy economic circulation. Additionally, offering free hero characters to new players lowers the participation barrier, attracting a diverse and loyal community of traditional gamers.
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Breaking Through the Bear Market: Neo Fantasy's Keys to Success and Industry Insights Under the severe challenges of the bear market, Neo Fantasy's development strategy has pointed the way forward for GameFi projects. Gameplay is the foundation of survival; only with outstanding fun and playability can players truly immerse themselves. A strong community is the cornerstone of development; an active player community not only enhances user retention but also injects continuous vitality into the project. Leveraging mainstream platforms to expand the market is the necessary path to breaking through barriers and achieving large-scale growth. Meanwhile, a sustainable and transparent tokenomics model is the core element to ensure the long-term stability of the project. Continuous innovation is the key to standing out in a fiercely competitive market; only by consistently introducing new features can a project retain players' attention and maintain its competitiveness.
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Looking Ahead: Concrete Actions to Lead the Next GameFi Revolution While the GameFi sector has suffered significant losses during the bear market, Neo Fantasy's rise offers hope for the industry's recovery. In the future, Neo Fantasy will take a series of practical actions to solidify its strengths and drive industry transformation:
Expanding Community Collaboration and Listening to Players: Neo Fantasy will broaden its community partnerships, working with global gaming forums, blockchain communities, and player groups. By hosting regular online and offline events and conducting surveys, the project will gather feedback on gameplay, economic systems, and social features. These insights will guide targeted improvements to ensure the game aligns with player needs, enhancing satisfaction and loyalty.
Optimizing Game Content for Premium Experiences: Resources will continue to be invested in developing and refining game content. This includes enriching storylines for immersive narratives, fine-tuning PvE dungeon difficulty curves and reward mechanisms, and improving PvP balance and fairness. The development of open-world and virtual-world features will also be accelerated, introducing innovative gameplay and interaction elements to provide players with more opportunities for exploration and creativity.
Strengthening Guild Systems to Promote Ecosystem Prosperity: Neo Fantasy will actively support in-game guild development by offering exclusive benefits and activities such as guild quests and rewards. A guild ranking system will incentivize growth, while cross-game and cross-platform collaborations will encourage interaction among players from different communities, expanding the game's influence and ecosystem.
Expanding the Ecosystem and Exploring New Possibilities: Beyond core gameplay, Neo Fantasy will actively expand its ecosystem. On the technical side, it will accelerate cross-chain compatibility to enable seamless flow of $ERT tokens and game assets across networks, attracting more external resources and users. In content creation, the project will support an ACGN creator program, encouraging community members to produce comics, novels, animations, and other content related to Neo Fantasy, enriching the game's cultural value and building a diverse ecosystem.
By focusing on player experience, community building, and sustainable development, Neo Fantasy has proven that GameFi can thrive even in a bear market. The future belongs to projects that prioritize high-quality gaming content and earn players' trust. Neo Fantasy not only survives but actively positions itself as a leader, driving the next GameFi revolution. For the GameFi industry, abandoning hype and focusing on quality is the key to standing out in a fiercely competitive market. Neo Fantasy is steadfastly walking this path, writing its own legend.
Follow Neo Fantasy on: Twitter: https://x.com/NeoFantasy_Game
Telegram: https://t.me/NeoFantasy2024
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@NeoFantasy2024
Medium: https://medium.com/@neofantasy419
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@ 523a8281:fc94329a
2025-06-07 04:53:12As the global financial landscape continues to evolve, the interaction between the cryptocurrency market and traditional financial systems is becoming increasingly intertwined. Crypto payment cards, serving as a critical bridge between the two, are emerging as a new force in the payments sector. According to a report by The Brainy Insights, the global crypto credit card market was valued at $25 billion in 2023 and is projected to surpass $400 billion by 2033, showcasing astonishing growth potential. Behind this rapid development is the relentless effort of payment providers to bridge the gap between crypto and traditional payment methods, striving to meet users' diverse payment needs. Currently, crypto payment card products are springing up like mushrooms after a rain and have already integrated with mainstream payment methods like Google Pay, Apple Pay, and Alipay, greatly enhancing their usability. Products like the Crypto. com Visa Card, Binance Card, Bybit Card, and Bitget Card, mostly launched by major cryptocurrency exchanges, hold significant influence in the market. In terms of technological innovation, some card issuers have even integrated DeFi protocols such as Ethena, Morpho, and USUAL, offering asset appreciation services to users and successfully building a comprehensive financial service ecosystem that extends from payments to wealth management. This further expands the application scope and value of crypto payment cards. Despite the unique advantages of cryptocurrency payments in terms of speed (46% of users choose it), cross-border cost efficiency (37% value low fees), and financial autonomy (32% pursue decentralization), a survey by Bitget Wallet reveals that their actual application scale still lags significantly behind traditional payment systems. The traditional payment market, worth trillions of dollars, covers the vast majority of daily transactions globally, while crypto payments occupy only a small share, mainly concentrated in niche scenarios like cross-border remittances and digital asset transactions. Users' preference for traditional payment methods primarily stems from concerns about trust and security. The security risks of crypto payments (e.g., hacking and fraud) leave users apprehensive, while traditional payments, backed by mature banking systems, legal protections, and dispute resolution mechanisms, significantly reduce transaction risks. Additionally, the price volatility of cryptocurrencies makes them unsuitable as stable transaction mediums, whereas the stability of traditional fiat currencies better aligns with daily consumer needs. Traditional payments also achieve seamless coverage through extensive POS terminals and online integrations, whereas the limited merchant acceptance of crypto payments restricts their practicality. Furthermore, the low operational barriers of traditional payment tools and the habitual usage formed over time, combined with the complexity and technical barriers of crypto wallets, pose challenges to the widespread adoption of crypto payments. Against this market backdrop, the VooPay digital asset card stands out, showcasing core advantages such as multi-chain technology integration, global compliance frameworks, and real-time payment innovations, redefining the crypto payment experience: 1. Breaking Efficiency Barriers with Multi-Chain Interoperability and Real-Time Payment Technology The VooPay digital asset card supports major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, USDT, and BNB (compatible with multi-chain protocols such as BEP-20 and TRC-20). Through an integrated cross-chain bridge, users can freely transfer assets across major blockchains like Ethereum, BNB Chain, and TRON without manual conversion. For instance, a freelancer in the UK receiving USDT payments from a U.S. client can directly convert it to GBP for consumption via the card, with the entire process settling in minutes and fees as low as 1.8%-2%. This represents a more than 90% improvement in efficiency and a 60%-80% reduction in costs compared to traditional bank cross-border transfers (5%-10% fees + 3-5 days settlement). The platform employs Layer 2 scaling technologies (e.g., zk-Rollups) to further optimize transaction throughput, supporting high-frequency, low-value payment scenarios. Additionally, its dynamic exchange rate locking feature helps users mitigate cryptocurrency price volatility risks, ensuring payment amount stabilityâfor example, even if Bitcoin drops from $101,867 in January 2025 to $94,500 in February, users can still settle payments at the real-time exchange rate during consumption without needing to pre-convert to fiat currency. 2. Building Trust with a Global Payment Network and Compliance System Leveraging deep collaborations with Visa and MasterCard, the VooPay digital asset card covers 210 countries/regions and 150 million merchants (including offline retail, online e-commerce, and ATM networks). It supports integration with third-party platforms like Alipay, WeChat Pay, and Apple Pay, enabling seamless transitions between "crypto-to-fiat" payment scenarios. For instance, in the $20.5 billion spent by Canadians in the U.S. in 2024, using the VooPay card could bypass traditional bank exchange rate losses (averaging about 3%) and high fees, requiring only a fixed rate of 1.8%-2%. In terms of compliance, VooPay holds financial licenses in Europe and North America, strictly adhering to KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) standards. Users must complete identity verification to activate their cards. The digital asset cards are issued by banks in Hong Kong and the U.S., with funds segregated from platform operating assets and regularly audited by third-party institutions to ensure security. This ensures that every transaction complies with global regulatory requirements, especially under the backdrop of tightened financial regulations driven by Trump-era policies, providing users with reliable safeguards. 3. Revolutionizing User Experience and Extending the Ecosystem to Make Crypto Payments Mainstream The VooPay card is designed to balance high spending limits and operational convenience: the Gold Card has a daily spending limit of $7,500 and a monthly limit of $50,000, while the virtual card can be activated with as little as 10 USDT. It supports instant card issuance and multilingual interfaces (including Chinese). Users can view multi-chain asset distributions, transaction records, and real-time exchange rates via the app, significantly lowering the operational barriers compared to traditional crypto wallets. Moreover, the card integrates Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) technology, protecting transaction privacy while meeting compliance requirements, allowing users to complete payment verification without disclosing sensitive information. On the ecosystem front, VooPay's native token, VOO, has diverse use cases, including payment fee discounts (20%), participation in liquidity mining, and community governance voting. Future plans include deep integration with DeFi protocols, enabling users to directly participate in staking, lending, and other financial activities via the card, building an integrated ecosystem of "payments-wealth management-governance." As a core project incubated by M3 DAO, VooPay is deeply embedded in its community ecosystem, which spans over 100 countries and includes more than 200,000 members. It serves as the designated payment hub for incubated projects like Rocket and MetaMars. Rocket, an IDO platform in the DeFi space, collaborates with VooPay to achieve seamless integration of crypto asset subscriptions and payments. Users can invest in Rocket projects using the VooPay card and enjoy VOO token fee discounts and priority benefits. MetaMars, on the other hand, extends VooPay's practical applications in metaverse scenarios, enabling users to purchase NFTs or virtual services with cryptocurrencies stored in their cards, with the system automatically converting to platform tokens at low fees. Together, the three entities drive VooPay's construction of an integrated ecosystem of "payments + investments + applications," promoting the adoption of cryptocurrencies in diverse scenarios. 4. Differentiated Competitiveness to Address Market Challenges Compared to traditional payments and competitors, VooPay's core advantages lie in: âDual-Driven by Technology and Compliance: Enhancing efficiency through cross-chain interoperability and Layer 2 technologies while building trust with financial licenses in Europe and North America and segregated fund custody. âDeep Integration of Scenarios and Ecosystems: Covering diverse scenarios such as personal consumption, enterprise cross-border acquiring, and DeFi finance, rather than being limited to single-use transaction functions. âAccurate Matching of User Needs: Addressing pain points in cross-border payments (low cost, real-time), privacy and security demands (ZKP technology), and operational barriers (one-click integration with mainstream payments) with systematic solutions. Looking ahead, as blockchain technology matures and global regulatory environments gradually open up, VooPay is poised to carve out a larger space in the crypto payment card market with its triple advantages of "technological innovation + compliance framework + ecosystem expansion." It aims to drive cryptocurrencies from "marginal payments" to "daily necessities," becoming a mainstream gateway connecting Web3 and the real economy.
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@ da8b7de1:c0164aee
2025-06-07 04:42:05NukleĂĄris technolĂłgiai ĂŠs projektfejlesztĂŠsi hĂrek
TĂśbb jelentĹs nemzetkĂśzi fejlemĂŠny tĂśrtĂŠnt a nukleĂĄris energia terĂźletĂŠn. A Westinghouse Electric Company megkapta az amerikai EnergiaĂźgyi MinisztĂŠriumtĂłl a kulcsfontossĂĄgĂş biztonsĂĄgi jĂłvĂĄhagyĂĄst az eVinci mikroreaktorĂĄhoz, ami fontos lĂŠpĂŠs ennek az innovatĂv nukleĂĄris technolĂłgiĂĄnak a bevezetĂŠse felĂŠ. A vĂĄllalat Idaho ĂĄllamban tervezi egy tesztreaktor lĂŠtesĂtĂŠsĂŠt, ami jĂłl mutatja, hogy a mikroreaktorok piaca egyre nagyobb lendĂźletet kap.
EkĂśzben a nukleĂĄris kapacitĂĄs gyors bĹvĂtĂŠsĂŠhez szĂźksĂŠges ellĂĄtĂĄsi lĂĄnc felkĂŠszĂźltsĂŠge volt a fĹ tĂŠmĂĄja a World Nuclear Association elsĹ konferenciĂĄjĂĄnak. JelentĹs projektfrissĂtĂŠsek kĂśzĂśtt szerepel a kritikus turbinakomponensek beszerelĂŠse a kĂnai Haiyang atomerĹmĹąben, az indiai Mahi Banswara Rajasthan AtomerĹmĹą nĂŠgy blokkjĂĄra vonatkozĂł szabĂĄlyozĂłi engedĂŠly, valamint egy Ăşj olaszorszĂĄgi partnersĂŠg, a Nuclitalia, amely fejlett nukleĂĄris technolĂłgiĂĄkra fĂłkuszĂĄl. Belgiumban a NukleĂĄris KutatĂłkĂśzpont hivatalos konzultĂĄciĂłkat indĂtott egy Ăłlom-hĹątĂŠsĹą kis modulĂĄris reaktor (SMR) ĂźgyĂŠben, BrazĂlia pedig bejelentette, hogy OroszorszĂĄggal kĂśzĂśsen fejleszt SMR-projektet.
SzabĂĄlyozĂĄsi ĂŠs biztonsĂĄgi aktualitĂĄsok
A NemzetkĂśzi Atomenergia-ĂźgynĂśksĂŠg (IAEA) meghosszabbĂtotta a tanulmĂĄnyok benyĂşjtĂĄsi hatĂĄridejĂŠt a kĂśzelgĹ, nukleĂĄris lĂŠtesĂtmĂŠnyek ellenĂĄllĂłkĂŠpessĂŠgĂŠrĹl szĂłlĂł konferenciĂĄjĂĄra, hangsĂşlyozva a nukleĂĄris lĂŠtesĂtmĂŠnyek alkalmazkodĂĄsĂĄnak fontossĂĄgĂĄt a klĂmavĂĄltozĂĄs jelentette nĂśvekvĹ kockĂĄzatokhoz. A konferenciĂĄt 2025 oktĂłberĂŠben rendezik BĂŠcsben, ĂŠs fĹ tĂŠmĂĄja a nukleĂĄris lĂŠtesĂtmĂŠnyek biztonsĂĄgĂĄnak ĂŠs ellenĂĄllĂłkĂŠpessĂŠgĂŠnek nĂśvelĂŠse lesz, kĂźlĂśnĂśs tekintettel a kĂźlsĹ esemĂŠnyekre, mint az ĂĄrvizek ĂŠs fĂśldrengĂŠsek.
KanadĂĄban a NukleĂĄris BiztonsĂĄgi BizottsĂĄg engedĂŠlyezte az Ontario Power Generation szĂĄmĂĄra, hogy megkezdje egy BWRX-300 tĂpusĂş reaktor ĂŠpĂtĂŠsĂŠt a Darlington New Nuclear Project helyszĂnĂŠn, ami a nukleĂĄris ĂŠpĂtkezĂŠsek folyamatos szabĂĄlyozĂłi tĂĄmogatĂĄsĂĄt mutatja. Az EgyesĂźlt Ăllamokban a NukleĂĄris SzabĂĄlyozĂĄsi BizottsĂĄg tovĂĄbbi 20 ĂŠvvel meghosszabbĂtotta a Duke Energy Oconee atomerĹmĹąvi blokkjainak ĂźzemeltetĂŠsi engedĂŠlyĂŠt, valamint tĂĄmogatĂĄst nyĂşjtott a michigani Palisades atomerĹmĹą ĂşjraindĂtĂĄsĂĄhoz.
IparĂĄgi ĂŠs gazdasĂĄgi trendek
Az iparĂĄgi vezetĹk optimistĂĄn nyilatkoztak a nukleĂĄris energia jelenlegi helyzetĂŠrĹl, kiemelve az EgyesĂźlt Ăllamokban zajlĂł aktĂv projekteket (pĂŠldĂĄul a TerraPower Wyomingban ĂŠs az X-energy egyĂźttmĹąkĂśdĂŠse a Dow vĂĄllalattal), valamint a fejlett nukleĂĄris ĂźzemanyaggyĂĄrtĂĄsba irĂĄnyulĂł magĂĄnbefektetĂŠsek nĂśvekedĂŠsĂŠt. FelmerĂźlt az is, hogy a VilĂĄgbank nukleĂĄris projekteket is finanszĂrozhatna, ami tovĂĄbb ĂśsztĂśnĂśzhetnĂŠ a globĂĄlis beruhĂĄzĂĄsokat, ĂŠs megerĹsĂtenĂŠ a nukleĂĄris energia szerepĂŠt az energetikai ĂĄtmenetben.
Belgiumban a kormĂĄny ĂŠs az Engie kĂśzĂźzemi vĂĄllalat vĂŠgleges megĂĄllapodĂĄst kĂśtĂśtt a Tihange 3 ĂŠs Doel 4 reaktorok ĂźzemidejĂŠnek tĂz ĂŠvvel tĂśrtĂŠnĹ meghosszabbĂtĂĄsĂĄrĂłl, amely az energiabiztonsĂĄgot ĂŠs a radioaktĂv hulladĂŠk kezelĂŠsĂŠt is szolgĂĄlja. NĂŠmetorszĂĄgban a nukleĂĄris technolĂłgiai szĂśvetsĂŠg hangsĂşlyozta, hogy akĂĄr hat, nemrĂŠgiben leĂĄllĂtott reaktor ĂşjraindĂtĂĄsa technikailag megvalĂłsĂthatĂł, ĂŠs a nukleĂĄris energia biztonsĂĄgos, gazdasĂĄgos, valamint klĂmabarĂĄt alternatĂvĂĄt jelent.
NemzetkĂśzi egyĂźttmĹąkĂśdĂŠs ĂŠs kutatĂĄs
KanadĂĄban a Prodigy Clean Energy ĂŠs a Serco kĂśzel jĂĄr a szĂĄllĂthatĂł atomerĹmĹąvek tesztprogramjĂĄnak befejezĂŠsĂŠhez, amelynek kĂśzĂŠppontjĂĄban a biztonsĂĄg ĂŠs az extrĂŠm helyzetekben valĂł ellenĂĄllĂłkĂŠpessĂŠg ĂĄll. Az EnergySolutions ĂŠs a WEC Energy Group Ăşj nukleĂĄris kapacitĂĄs lĂŠtesĂtĂŠsĂŠt vizsgĂĄlja a wisconsini Kewaunee helyszĂnen, ĂŠs elĹzetes engedĂŠlyeket kĂvĂĄnnak szerezni a jĂśvĹbeni telepĂtĂŠshez.
Az IAEA ismĂŠtelten hangsĂşlyozta, hogy kĂŠsz tĂĄmogatni a Zaporizzsjai AtomerĹmĹąre vonatkozĂł megĂĄllapodĂĄsokat, amely tovĂĄbbra is orosz katonai ellenĹrzĂŠs alatt ĂĄll, kiemelve a tĂŠrsĂŠgben fennĂĄllĂł geopolitikai ĂŠs biztonsĂĄgi kihĂvĂĄsokat.
ForrĂĄsok:
world-nuclear-news.org
nucnet.org
iaea.org
ans.org -
@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3
2025-06-07 02:18:51This is the place to reflect on how well you met your ~HealthAndFitness goals today.
Where did you succeed? What do you need to keep working on?
I probably didn't get enough sleep and overcompensated with caffeine. Otherwise, today was pretty solid. Other than a big cookie, I ate well and kept it within a decent window. Activity level was good, not great.
I meant to stretch more today, which I didn't really do, but I suppose I can do now.
https://stacker.news/items/999453
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@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3
2025-06-07 00:40:06https://youtu.be/YA1Lkl3h9AQ
"...and then, like so many Pacers games, things just happened."
I think that's about as well as any of us understand what's going on.
https://stacker.news/items/999389
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@ cae03c48:2a7d6671
2025-06-06 22:00:31Bitcoin Magazine
President Trumpâs Truth Social Files S-1 Form For Bitcoin ETFToday, Trump Media and Technology Group Corp. (Nasdaq, NYSE Texas: DJT) filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) a Form S-1 for their upcoming Truth Social Bitcoin ETF.
The ETF, which will hold bitcoin directly, is designed to track the bitcoinâs price performance.Â
âTruth Social Bitcoin ETF, B.T. is a Nevada business trust that issues beneficial interests in its net assets,â stated the Form S-1. âThe assets of the Trust consist primarily of bitcoin held by a custodian on behalf of the Trust. The Trust seeks to reflect generally the performance of the price of bitcoin.â
The ETF is sponsored by Yorkville America Digital, LLC and will trade under NYSE Arca. The Trustâs assets primarily consist of bitcoin held by Foris DAX Trust Company, LLC, the designated bitcoin custodian. Crypto.com will act as the ETFâs prime execution agent and liquidity provider.
âShares will be offered to the public from time to time at varying prices that will reflect the price of bitcoin and the trading price of the Shares on New York Stock Exchange Arca, Inc. at the time of the offer,â mentioned the Form S-1.
While the ETF offers investors a regulated avenue for bitcoin exposure, the Trust warned of several risks related to digital assets:
- Loss, theft, or compromise of private keys could result in permanent loss of bitcoin.
- Bitcoinâs reliance on blockchain and Internet technologies makes it vulnerable to disruptions and cyber threats.
- Environmental and regulatory pressures tied to high electricity use in bitcoin mining could impact market stability.
- Potential forks or protocol failures in the Bitcoin Network may lead to volatility and uncertainty in asset value.
Last week, during an interview at the 2025 Bitcoin Conference, Donald Trump Jr. announced that TMTG and Truth Social were forming a Bitcoin treasury with $2.5 billion. âWeâre seriously on cryptoâweâre seriously on Bitcoin,â said Trump Jr. âWeâre in three major deals. I believe weâre at the beginning of what will be the future of finance. And the opportunity is massive.â
The day after that interview, Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr., joined by American Bitcoin Executive Chairman and Board Member Mike Ho, CEO Matt Prusak, and Altcoin Daily founder Aaron Arnold, discussed the future of Bitcoin.
âThe whole system is broken and now all of the sudden you have crypto which solves all the problems,â commented Eric Trump. âIt makes everything cheaper, it makes everything faster, it makes it safer, it makes it more transparent. It makes the whole system more functional.â
âEverybody wants Bitcoin. Everybody is buying Bitcoin,â Eric added.
This post President Trumpâs Truth Social Files S-1 Form For Bitcoin ETF first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Oscar Zarraga Perez.
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@ 3c7dc2c5:805642a8
2025-06-06 21:32:46đ§ Quote(s) of the week:
"The real Bitcoin Strategic Reserve is the Bitcoin held in the wallets of individual citizens. A strong nation of citizens who have strong Bitcoin reserves is going to be okay." - Marty Bent https://i.ibb.co/rRNJWsJX/Gr4-W7-ZEXc-AAZ4i-U.jpg
đ§ĄBitcoin newsđ§Ą
"The premise required for the universe to function is the conservation of energy. A person without energy is a ghost. An object without energy is an image. Money without energy is credit." âMichael Saylor https://i.ibb.co/N61ZL8sv/Gr4-Xcwg-XQAI5m-Hz.png
On the 26th of May:
âĄď¸'Bitcoin capital flows could exceed $120B by the end of 2025 and reach $300B in 2026, per Bitwise. U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs attracted over $36.2B in net inflows during 2024, outperforming expectations and exceeding early SPDR Gold Shares (GLD) performance by 20x.' -Bitcoin News
https://i.ibb.co/TMx3mbV6/Gr3kg-LZW8-AAj-TN3.jpg
âĄď¸Michael Saylor's STRATEGY becomes the first company to hold over 500,000 Bitcoin on its balance sheet. Over the last 64 days, Saylor has purchased approximately 80,000 Bitcoin.
âĄď¸River: '2-3% inflation per year sounds harmless... until you zoom out. Every line on this chart is a reason Bitcoin exists.'
https://i.ibb.co/fYPW6RRh/Gr6-LXts-Ww-AEj4no.jpg
âĄď¸State Street Corporation has bought 1.13 million Strategyâż $MSTR stocks for 344.78 million dollars at an average price of $304.41 per share in Q1 2025. Their total holdings are 4.98 million shares worth over 1.84 billion dollars.
On the 27th of May:
âĄď¸Cantor Fitzgerald officially launches $2 BILLION Bitcoin-backed lending with first loans, partnering with Anchorage Digital and Copper. - Bloomberg
âĄď¸Trump Media Announces Approximately $2.5 Billion Bitcoin Treasury Deal. Trump Media is following the MSTR playbook. With that amount, you can now buy over 22,500 BTC. TMTG would then enter the list of largest corporate Bitcoin holders in fourth place.
Pledditor: "Trump just sabotaged Cynthia Lummis's BITCOIN ACT by doing this I see no future where Trump buys billions of dollars of bitcoin and then Congress codifies SBR into law. The corruption is just too brazen." Spot on! Considering the brazen corruption so far this actually makes it more likely.
âĄď¸'Jack Dorseyâs Block to launch Bitcoin Lightning Payments on all Square terminals!' -Bitcoin Archive
Jack Dorseyâs Block is launching Bitcoin payments on Square at the Bitcoin Conference. Merchants can choose to hold the BTC or automatically convert it to fiat. The feature will expand to more sellers later this year.
âĄď¸Sminston With: "But yes, I'm sure this cycle has peaked."
'Bitcoin cycles @ power law fit, a la 365-day SMA At ~$110,000/coin today, the 365-dSMA is only touching the trendline; History shows each cycle moving 2-3x higher than this. Have a nice day!'
https://i.ibb.co/gMHhq3FP/Gr9rka-ZXg-AAI5-Ck.jpg
âĄď¸Whales have shifted to net distribution with a score around 0.3, reversing their earlier accumulation pattern during this year's price rallies, according to data from Glassnode.
âĄď¸Fast food giant Steak 'n Shake announced they're saving 50% in processing fees accepting Bitcoin payments '#Bitcoin is faster than credit cards'
âĄď¸BlackRock increases Bitcoin exposure for their own funds. The Strategic Income Opportunities Portfolio now holds 2,123,592 shares of IBIT as of March 31 (worth $99.4M) up from 1,691,143 shares on December 31.
âĄď¸Interesting, so Michael Saylor is refusing to publish on-chain proof of Bitcoin reserves...
If Metaplanet and El Salvador can do proof of reserves, why not Strategy? At the end of the day, it's investors' money that is being used to buy Bitcoin. What am I missing?
Arkham: 'SAYLOR SAID HE WOULD NEVER REVEAL HIS ADDRESSES ... SO WE DID We have identified an additional 70,816 BTC belonging to Strategy, bringing our total identified MSTR BTC holdings to $54.5 Billion. We are the first to identify these holdings publicly. This represents 87.5% of total MSTR holdings (including assets in Fidelity Digitalâs omnibus custody).'
https://intel.arkm.com/explorer/entity/microstrategy
Don't Trust, Verify!
On the 28th of May:
âĄď¸GameStop CEO says the company bought 4,700 #Bitcoin because it's better than gold. "It has asymmetric upside."
Parker Lewis: Gamestop bought 4,710 Bitcoin (or 471 billion bitcoins) and the CEO says things like "if the thesis is correct." That is a scary place to be, relying on some thesis. "But, we'll see what happens."
Zero vision, great. This pretty much sums up the Bitcoin conference from last week: a repetitive parroting of Bitcoin fundamentals with zero substance beyond âbuy Bitcoin, itâs the future.â
Most of the time these people will do the following thing. Sell low after buying high. Anyway, Gamestop is up 4.20% in pre-market after announcing a purchase of 4,710 Bitcoin. They're now the 13th largest public company holder of BTC in the world.
âĄď¸IMF says "efforts will continue" to prevent El Salvador from acquiring more Bitcoin.
âĄď¸The U.S. Department of Labor has officially reversed its 2022 guidance on Bitcoin and crypto in retirement plans.
âĄď¸ UK MP @EmmaforWycombe writes that the âUK government currently has no plans to adopt a strategic bitcoin reserve.â She believes Bitcoinâs âproperties as an asset nonetheless remain inconsistent with the objectives and investment principles that govern the Government's foreign exchange reserves.â The UK government appears dead set on fumbling a bag of 61,000 BTC. HFSP! https://i.ibb.co/1tMHmqKw/Gs-C3-D54-Wc-AAdg0d.jpg
âĄď¸Ryan Gentry: 'The biggest news at @TheBitcoinConf just dropped. @milessuter shared that the c= routing node is earning 9.7% APR on its bitcoin liquidity (which Iâd estimate at ~$10M, 50% of its 184 BTC of public capacity). True non-custodial yield based on the utility of bitcoin payments.'
Great response on the matter by Sam Callahan: "Imagine a treasury company with 1,000 BTC earning ~10% annual yield. Sovereign, Bitcoin-native yield without counterparty risk thatâs tied to the economic activity of Lightning instead of interest rate policy. At $1M per BTC, thatâs $100M in annual recurring revenue."
9.7% REAL yield on a payment network while holding the keys to their BTC the entire time!! Madness! The constant claims that no one uses lightning are ridiculous.
On the 29th of May:
âĄď¸ Investors are selling gold for Bitcoin - Bloomberg Gold ETF outflows: -$2.8 billion Bitcoin ETF inflows: +$9 billion.
âĄď¸'Spanish banking giant Banco Santander looking to make Bitcoin and stablecoins available to retail clients. Santander has 175 million customers worldwide and is the BIGGEST lender in the Eurozone.' - Bitcoin Archive
âĄď¸The U.S. Department of Labor rescinded 2022 guidance discouraging 401(k) plans from including Bitcoin and cryptocurrency, allowing retirement plans to potentially include Bitcoin and other digital assets. If just 1% of the $8 trillion in 401k funds flows into Bitcoin, thatâs $80 billion of new demand, and 2x more than whatâs flowed into Bitcoin ETFs.
âĄď¸ Blockstream launches the Blockstream App, enabling users to buy Bitcoin directly and store it in a self-custodial wallet, eliminating the need for third-party custodians.
âĄď¸$550 billion DBS bank says Bitcoin mining could help stabilize the grid and reduce emissions.
âĄď¸Tether reveals that it owns over 100,000 Bitcoin & +50 tons of gold.
âĄď¸Paris Saint Germain adopts Bitcoin as a Treasury Reserve asset.
âĄď¸'The supply of BTC held by long-term holders has now increased by OVER 1.4 MILLION in under 3 months! The market's most experienced participants are refusing to sell Bitcoin at these prices, and soon there won't be enough $BTC left for those late to the party...' - Bitcoin Magazine Pro
On the 30th of May:
âĄď¸Joe Consorti:
It was foretold. Should Bitcoin follow global M2 all the way down on this correction, we may see $97,500. May not happen, may see lower, nobody knows. The only certainty is that the global aggregate of fiat denominated in USD will rise, and so too will BTC follow it in time.
https://i.ibb.co/5gpq4c53/Gs-Pp-SWua-MAUwzj-T.jpg
âĄď¸Buy Real Bitcoin, and NOT:
â BTC Companies,
â Wrapped BTC
â BTC IOU's
â ...
Bitcoin in self-custody is the only way you get all the benefits of BTC.
https://i.ibb.co/0pZgdQjP/Gs-ND795-Xs-AA23-Yx.jpg
And please, as Wicked described it perfectly: 'Donât run a node for Bitcoin, run and use it for yourself. Your humble little node isnât saving the network, but it can protect your privacy and verify that the coins you receive are legitâŚif youâre actually using it.'
On the 31st of May:
âĄď¸The Texas legislature has passed the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve bill. It now goes to Governor Abbott who is expected to sign it into law. This is a historic moment for Bitcoin and Texas, one of the largest (8th largest) economies in the world.
âĄď¸Bitcoin News: 'Norwegian digital asset firm K33 has raised 60 million SEK (about $5.6 million) to expand its Bitcoin treasury. The funds were secured from insiders and strategic investors, including Klein Group and Modiola AS. CEO Torbjørn Bull Jenssen said the move reflects K33âs belief in Bitcoinâs long-term role in global finance and strengthens the companyâs balance sheet as it grows its presence as a leading crypto broker in Europe.'
âĄď¸ IMF raises concern over Pakistanâs Bitcoin mining power plans. They want everyone under their control. They can't do it with Bitcoin. They might be losing another 'customer'. The IMF sees all the debt slaves becoming financially sovereign and independent by embracing Bitcoin.
https://i.ibb.co/BV0V1c6S/Gs-Sj-NP5-WIAAZv-Fo.jpg
I have rewritten Daniel Batten's quote/post on this matter:
**
'Why Pakistanâs Bitcoin Plans May Not Survive the IMF"
**
While Iâm an optimist by natureâand I truly hope Iâm wrongâI believe Pakistan will struggle to follow through on its Bitcoin and Bitcoin mining ambitions.
Short Answer: The IMF
Mid-Length Explanation:
- Bitcoin poses a significant threat to the IMFâs influenceâon at least five fronts.
- Pakistan is heavily indebted to the IMF, and history shows a clear pattern: the IMF has already derailed or scaled back Bitcoin initiatives in all of the three countries that attempted adoptionâEl Salvador, Argentina, and the Central African Republic.
- Pakistan will likely face similar pushback.
- And given Pakistanâs economic vulnerabilities, itâs equally likely that the IMF will succeed.
What the IMFâs Next Steps Might Look Like
-
Manufacturing Doubt and Delay The IMF will likely begin by generating fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) around the viability of Pakistanâs Bitcoin program. Expect references to:
-
âEnergy shortagesâ
- âHigh electricity costsâ
- âUnclear regulatory frameworksâ
- âAnti-money laundering (AML) concernsâ
These will be framed as responsible concerns by a seasoned financial guardian. The IMF may also imply that Pakistan acted prematurely, noting the country did not consult the IMF before announcing its Bitcoin initiativeâsuggesting a lack of due diligence. However, these objections are highly debatable. Multiple peer-reviewed studies show that Bitcoin mining can improve grid stability and lower electricity costs. Moreover, examples like Bhutan and El Salvador demonstrate how Bitcoin can enhance economic sovereignty. But thatâs precisely the issue: economic sovereignty reduces the IMFâs lending relevance, and thatâs not in the IMFâs institutional interest.
- Weaponizing Debt and Conditionality
Under its $7 billion Extended Fund Facility program, the IMF is likely to:
- Demand FATF-compliant crypto regulation
- Prohibit state-level Bitcoin accumulation
- Tie loan disbursements to rollbacks on Bitcoin and mining-related policies
This approach exploits Pakistanâs financial dependence on IMF loans to meet external debt obligations and maintain its foreign exchange reserves.
- Enforcing Compliance Through Vulnerability
Pakistanâs financial position leaves little room for defiance:
- It faces $12.7 billion in debt repayments in FY 2025.
- Without IMF support, reserves could fall below $4 billion, covering less than one month of importsâfar below the threshold needed for macroeconomic stability.
- A repeat of early 2023, when reserves fell to $2.92 billion, would likely trigger another balance-of-payments crisis.
This would pressure the Pakistani rupee, already having depreciated from PKR 100 to over 330 per USD since 2017, and could push the country closer to default. Given its past FATF grey-listing, Pakistan cannot afford another multilateral funding freeze.
So What Does This All Mean?
It means the gloves are off.
The IMF is no longer merely advisingâitâs actively resisting. Bitcoin threatens its long-standing monopoly over financially vulnerable nations, and Pakistan is shaping up to be the fourth test case of this resistance. If the IMF pressures Pakistan into reversing course, it will mark a 4-for-4 track record in blocking Bitcoin adoption efforts by countries under its financial umbrella.
The Bigger Picture
This is how entrenched institutions behave when facing disruption. They wonât stand asideâtheyâll use every tool available to defend the system they control.
If a nation wants to adopt Bitcoin, it must either:
- Be financially independent, like Bhutan or even the United States, or
- Secure alternative funding, so IMF leverage becomes ineffective.
Bitcoin isnât just a financial network. Itâs a threat to the debt-based global orderâand that means those invested in the status quo will fight back.'
âĄď¸'Recent analysis by market research firm Alphractal suggests that, based on its current Sharpe Ratio, a key measure of risk-adjusted returns, Bitcoin still has room to run. The metric, which compares excess returns to volatility, is trending upward but remains well below the historical levels that have marked past market tops in 2013, 2017, and 2021.' - Bitcoin News
https://i.ibb.co/r245Smsm/Gs-PZ3f-XXMAATui8.jpg
âĄď¸Publicly-listed Brazilian fintech MĂŠliuz to raise $78m to buy more Bitcoin, after buying $26.5m Bitcoin yesterday.
On the 1st of June:
âĄď¸Bitcoin made its Highest Monthly Close ever last night!
âĄď¸ Someone just donated 300 Bitcoin worth +$30m to Ross Ulbricht, founder of SilkRoad.
https://intel.arkm.com/explorer/entity/ross-ulbricht
ZakeXBT: 'Interestingly the 300 BTC appears to come from Jambler outputs (sketchy centralized mixing service) Whereas normal privacy enthusiasts use decentralized mixers (Wasabi, Samourai, etc).'
Even if he is washing his own Bitcoin, (I don't think he is that stupid) not everyone is a sheep what he does is his own business no need to attract attention to it. I really don't give a damn if he still had those funds, or if it's donations. Good for him in any case.
âĄď¸ New Record Bitcoin Hashrate 920,000,000,000,000,000,000x per second.
https://i.ibb.co/YFSWWYfD/Gs-W829f-XAAAr-KI5.jpg
Bitcoin's global hashrate has reached a new all-time high, with data from Hashrate Index showing a 7-day simple moving average peak of 943 EH/s.
âĄď¸Top Bitcoin holders: 1. Satoshi Nakamoto: 1.1M BTC ($114B) 2. Coinbase: 983K BTC ($103B) 3. Binance: 619K BTC ($65B) 4. BlackRock: 600K BTC ($63B) 5. Strategy: 580K BTC ($47B) 6. Fidelity: 346K BTC ($36B) 7. Grayscale: 218K BTC ($23B) 8. U.S. Government: 196K BTC ($20B)
On the 2nd of June:
âĄď¸IG Group becomes the first UK-listed firm to offer Bitcoin trading to retail investors - Financial Times âCustomer demand [for bitcoin] is reaching a tipping point,â says MD Michael Healy
âĄď¸Tether moved 14,000 Bitcoin worth +$1.4 BILLION to Twenty-One Capital (XXI) as part of its investment.
âĄď¸Hong Kong-based Reitar Logtech announces they will buy $1.5 billion Bitcoin for their reserves â SEC filing The logistics and real estate company says the move strengthens its financial foundation as it scales its global tech platform.
âĄď¸Russia's largest bank Sberbank launches structured bonds tied to Bitcoin. Source
"No power on earth can stop an idea whose time has come"
https://i.ibb.co/pvk8dMrM/Gsc-Vld-Ww-AACSLI.png
âĄď¸Australian Bitcoin ETFs took in 60x more funds thant Gold ETFs in May - AFR Bitcoin = $87.3m Gold = $1.5m
đ¸Traditional Finance / Macro:
đđ˝No news
đŚBanks:
On the 21st of May: đđ˝No news
đMacro/Geopolitics:
So last week we received the latest Google Veo 3 AI videos. Prompt Theory (Made with Veo 3). What if AI-generated characters refused to believe they were AI-generated?
People were going nuts online with statements like: "Inevitably, this is going to end up destroying life as we know it. AI growth from just two years ago to now is insane. We are dooming ourselves. I promise you, this all ends badly for humanity."
I don't think so. Yes, in some cases it will be a bad thing. But as Guy Swann said: "They said even worse about photography No it wonât end the world. You just wonât trust anything online because you see it. We know what the solution to that is already, build local communities and use cryptographic signatures online. It just makes trust a much more valuable commodity. Which is a good thing, imo."
In the end, it will be a good thing to use Bitcoin. Build again trust, and build local communities.
On the 26th of May:
đđ˝'Japan's bond market is EXPLODING: Japan's 40-year government bond yield has SKYROCKETED over the last 3 years and is trading at record highs. In 45 days, Japan's 30Y Government Bond Yield rose a MASSIVE +100 basis points, to a record 3.20%. Over $500 BILLION worth of "safe" 40Y Japanese Government Bonds have lost 20%+ in 6 weeks.
Will this trigger bank failures? Is carry trade at risk? Is the Bank of Japan going to step in? The financial system is fragile.' - Global Markets Investor
https://i.ibb.co/CKbmNDQx/Gr6-Ud-WOW8-AA3-Vj0.png
On the 27th of May:
đđ˝Michael A. Arouet: 'Many people will lose their well-paid jobs. Investment bankers, lawyers, consultants, accountants, doctors, designers, architects, and others. It will be brutal folks, buckle up.'
https://i.ibb.co/Zz0rMyM5/Gr8p6u-Xg-AA-Mp5.jpg
đđ˝38% of the U.S. debt maturity needs to be rolled over into long-term Treasuries by 2026.
https://i.ibb.co/8np5KF04/Gr6-Iupi-XYAArmx6.jpg
đđ˝'Unrealized losses on domestic bond holdings for 4 of Japanâs largest life insurers rose to a record $60 billion in Q1 2025. This is 4 TIMES more than the unrealized losses seen in Q1 2024. Nippon Life, the largest Japanese insurer and the worldâs sixth-largest life insurance company posted $25 billion in paper losses, marking a +260% jump YoY. This comes as Japanâs 30-year and 40-year bonds have seen one of their most violent price declines in history. Japanâs financial system is on the edge.' -TKL
https://i.ibb.co/nqHCKFGn/Gr0-KYx-MX0-AA0-BCo.png
đđ˝ 'Gold's funds posted $2.9 billion net OUTFLOW last week, the biggest since April 2013 and the 3rd-largest on record. This comes after a massive rally year-to-date. Much needed correction has finally come.' -Global Markets Investor
đđ˝Japan's bond market liquidity has currently dropped to 2008 Lehman crisis levels. Remember when troubles started in Iceland in 2007? Today we have Japan, the UK, and Switzerland in a similar spotâŚ
On the 28th of May:
đđ˝France Running Out Of Money? Auditors Warn State Has "Lost Control" Of Welfare Spending, IMF Demands Cuts
https://www.zerohedge.com/economics/france-running-out-money-auditors-warn-state-has-lost-control-welfare-spending-imf
đđ˝The US M2 money supply hits a new all-time high in April for the first in three years. Got Bitcoin?
https://i.ibb.co/GQLzsjgt/Gr-2ihc-Xg-AAy-D4-U.jpg
đđ˝McKinsey terminates 10% of staff (largest in 100 years) due to a sharp slowdown in revenue growth across the consulting market. Itâs actually over for MBA consultants. McKinsey said: âGenerative AI enables new levels of productivity for our teams.â Source: https://archive.ph/Q2zm8
đđ˝What a graph. The median age of first-time home buyers is spiking, now approaching 40.
https://i.ibb.co/QFdnCf9V/Gs-Cm-YUv-XAAAI0ck.jpg
Russ Greene: "When boomers are done, the median first-time home buyer will be 48, the national debt will be 60 trillion, the code of federal regulations will be a quarter million pages long, and they will not at any point have been vaguely aware of what they did to this nation."
Unfortunately, this is also happening in the Netherlands.
đđ˝'Saving becomes impossible in the Netherlands with the new draconian Box 3 regulation.
Monthly contribution: âŹ150
Investment horizon: 40 years
Annual return: 10%
Model 1: 1.2% wealth tax per year on total assets (the old tax system) Model 2: 36% tax per year on unrealized gains
The difference between having enough saved for retirement or notâŚ
Due to the compound interest effect, you miss out on it. Even if you never sell over those 40 years and only invest in S&P 500 ETFs, you still miss out on hundreds of thousands of eurosâŚ
No rights can be derived from these calculations. Obviously, I'm too lazy to do the math myself, so all calculations were done by AI.' - Tsartoshi
https://i.ibb.co/nsnTZV08/Gs-Cbc-CW0-AA0-Qe-I.jpg https://i.ibb.co/DD72kNsS/Gs-Cc-Fet-Wg-AA7g-W5.png
đđ˝The White House says there will be no increase in the US deficit under President Trumpâs tax bill. Recent estimates have suggested the bill would increase the US deficit by $3.8 trillion.
On the 29th of May:
đđ˝Alex Recouso: 'The recent capital gains tax increase in the UK was expected to bring additional tax revenue. Instead, high-net-worth individuals and families are leaving the country, leading to a 10% fall in net capital gains tax revenue. Welcome to the Laffer curve, suckers.'
https://i.ibb.co/KjbtDNwT/Gs-Ij-Ay-Ua-UAEz-Cbm.jpg
Amazing how so many people in governments around the world donât understand human nature. Same story in every country that tries this. Socialists are a strange species, they always repeat the same mistakes and are surprised that the results are always the same. Why are they so detached from reality? I suspect future attempts will include banning people from leaving entirely.
Another example...
đđ˝North Sea electricity grid leads to a sharp increase in energy bills. Source NOS 'The construction of infrastructure for offshore wind farms in the North Sea could lead to significantly higher energy bills for Dutch households. Over the next 15 years, a staggering âŹ88 billion will be spent on laying cables and building platforms, according to government calculations made earlier this year. While energy companies currently receive no subsidies for building wind farms, that doesnât mean it wonât cost us money.'
That makes sense, right?
Sun and wind are free. So the more we invest in that free energy, the more expensive energy becomes.
The climateâŚ
The following I have asked chat GPT:
What Could âŹ88 Billion Buy in Nuclear Energy?
Letâs take a closer look at what âŹ88 billion could achieve if invested in nuclear power, using realistic and conservative estimates.
Average Cost of a Nuclear Power Plant
The construction of a modern nuclear power plantâsuch as an EPR or AP1000âtypically ranges between âŹ8 and âŹ12 billion, depending on factors like location, scale, regulatory environment, and potential delays.
For this estimate, we'll use a conservative average of:
đ âŹ10 billion per plant How Many Plants for âŹ88 Billion? Dividing the total investment by the average cost: âŹ88 billion á âŹ10 billion = 8.8 nuclear plants
đ This means approximately 8 to 9 large-scale nuclear power plants could be built. Electricity Output Comparison
A single 1.6 GW nuclear plant generates around 12 to 13 TWh annually. Therefore, 8 plants would produce approximately 100 TWh per year. This output would cover roughly 50% of the Netherlandsâ current annual electricity consumptionâand do so with a stable, low-carbon baseload supply.
Now as you might already know I am apolitical. But sjeezzzz
'How is this possible, Frans Timmerman? âYou hardly need any public money to invest in renewables,â he said! Was this ignorance or deliberate misinformation? Socialist âsolutionsâ should always come with a clear warning label:
đ¨ Warning: Past socialist outcomes guarantee deep misery for the future.
Plenty of examples. Everyone is equally poor! âClimate justice.â Who comes up with this stuff?'
Sources: https://www.euronews.com/2021/11/26/you-hardly-need-any-public-money-to-invest-in-renewables-frans-timmermans
Again, I am not picking a political side, just stating the obvious... Check out the next example...
On the 30th of May:
đđ˝'Itâs really time for the West to rethink its economic model, moving to a service-based economy creates security and geopolitical risks. We need to rebuild our manufacturing base.' - Michael A. Arouet Chart @econovisuals
https://i.ibb.co/QvFTQrtx/Gs-Lf-Wl5-XMAALw6t.jpg
Funny isn't it how regulatory burden distorts incentives away from manufacturing and atoms to services and bytes? We traded short-term corporate profits for long-term civilizational power. Is this the point of no return, or can the West still rebuild what it systematically dismantled?
đđ˝The European dream. Work 40 hours per week and get taxed close to 50%, if not more, to fund a bloated government and mass immigration. And because it's so much fun, you get to do it until you're 70. https://i.ibb.co/YF0HZzMs/Gs-Mm-Ti-HWUAAf-IRb.png
đđ˝Argentina's economy expands 8% year-over-year in april according to EMAE
đđ˝TKL: 'The US government's default risk is rising: 1-year US credit default swaps (CDS) have risen to 52 basis points, near the highest since 2023.
Excluding the 2023 debt ceiling crisis, the cost of insurance against the US government's default is at its highest in 12 years. Furthermore, the outstanding volume of credit default swaps has risen by ~$1 billion this year, to $3.9 billion, the second-highest since 2014. This comes as investors are increasingly concerned about the US government's rising deficit.
The US reached its statutory borrowing limit in January and employed âextraordinary measuresâ to avoid a default. The debt ceiling crisis has never truly been resolved.'
On the 31st of May:
đđ˝'Global debt just hit $324 TRILLION. Thatâs 3x the size of the worldâs entire economy. This isnât just a number, itâs a ticking time bomb.' - Stockmarket News
Why Bitcoin, well this:
https://i.ibb.co/MkT77MDD/Gs-TWuir-WQAAr3-Q6.jpg
đđ˝Japanese Stocks just saw a weekly outflow of almost $12 Billion, the largest in history.
On the 2nd of June:
đđ˝JEROME POWELL: "The end of the Breton-Woods era fundamentally changed monetary policy" He just told you "WTF Happened in 1971?".
The end of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, as Jerome Powell noted, shifted global monetary policy from fixed exchange rates, where currencies were pegged to the U.S. dollar (tied to gold at $35/ounce), to floating rates driven by market forces. This gave central banks like the Federal Reserve more flexibility to manage domestic issues like inflation and jobs but made global economic ties more complex. The collapse happened due to U.S. dollar surpluses from spending on the Vietnam War and trade deficits, leading to gold reserve losses as countries like France swapped dollars for gold. Nixon ended dollar-gold convertibility to protect reserves. This shift caused trends like higher inflation and inequality, often linked to "WTF Happened in 1971?" debates.
Here is the video: https://x.com/RadarHits/status/1929611410100937125
Meanwhile...
đđ˝The US will never default on its debt, says Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent. "We are on the warning track and we will never hit the wall."
đđ˝Gold prices surge above $3400/oz as markets react to rising geopolitical tensions between Russia and Ukraine.
đđ˝Sminston With: "Nothing stops this (already completely derailed) train. - - - If you haven't seen this, you should: the correlation between M2 money supply and US total debt (USD). In the early COVID-19 days, the money supply was way ahead of debt, and now the debt is way ahead of the money supply. Can you say "mean reversion?".
https://i.ibb.co/zHN91wsR/Gsaw-Hy-Zag-AAo-HHV.jpg
đIf you have made it this far, I would like to give you a little gift:
Lysander: "Lyn Alden gave one of the clearest breakdowns of why the U.S. is on an unstoppable fiscal pathâand why Bitcoin matters more than ever because of it.
Lyn Alden walks through the numbers behind the federal deficit, interest expenses, Social Security, and the structural changes that happened post-2008. The short version? Weâre in a new era. One where the government canât slow down even if it wants to.
The debt is compounding. The interest expense is rising. The trust funds are running dry. And the political will to do anything about it doesnât exist.
Her phrase: âNothing stops this train.â Not because of ideology, but because of mathâand human nature.
This isnât hyperinflation doom-talk. Itâs a sober look at what happens when a system built on ever-growing debt reaches its limitsâand why Bitcoin, with its fixed supply and transparent rules, is the opposite of that system.
Highly recommend watching this one all the way through."
https://x.com/UnderCoercion/status/1928280669764931860
Credit: I have used multiple sources!
My savings account: Bitcoin The tool I recommend for setting up a Bitcoin savings plan: PocketBitcoin especially suited for beginners or people who want to invest in Bitcoin with an automated investment plan once a week or monthly.
Use the code SE3997
Get your Bitcoin out of exchanges. Save them on a hardware wallet, run your own node...be your own bank. Not your keys, not your coins. It's that simple. â â
â â â â â â
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If so, please share it and support my work with a zap.
ââââââââââââââââââ
â Many thanksâ
Felipe - Bitcoin Friday!
ââââââââââââââââââ
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@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b
2025-06-06 21:07:19Originalni tekst na bitcoin-balkan.com
DobrodoĹĄli u Bitcoin Q+A
NaĹĄa misija je jednostavna, da vam pruĹžimo kratke i lako svarljive odgovore na najÄeĹĄcĚe postavljana pitanja o Bitcoin-u. Ako ne moĹžete da pronaÄete odgovor, obavezno nas kontaktirajte. Postoji jako puno informacija o Bitcoin-u i lako je zaglaviti se u guĹžvi i postati zbunjen. Da bismo se borili protiv toga, naĹĄe odgovore u ovom vodiÄu odrĹžavamo kratkim i preciznim. PredlaĹžemo da zapoÄnete sa vrha stranice i proÄete jedan po jedan kroz odeljke.
Kao i kod svih stvari vezanih za tehnologiju, stvari se brzo krecĚu, ali nastojacĚemo da informacije ovde uvek budu aĹžurne. S tim u vezi, i mi smo ljudi, pa ako primetite neĹĄto netaÄno, obratite nam se.â
- UobiÄajena pitanja - Odgovori na najÄeĹĄcĚa pitanja o Bitcoin-u
- UobiÄajene greĹĄke - Naveli smo uobiÄajene zamke da bismo vam pomogli da ih izbegnete
- NovÄanici - Ĺ ta su novÄanici? Äemu sluĹže? Koji su razliÄiti tipovi?
- Nodes (Ävorovi) - Ĺ ta je to Ävor? ZaĹĄto pokrenuti jedan? Koji su razliÄiti tipovi?
- Lightning - Odgovori na vaĹĄa uobiÄajena pitanja o Lightning Network-u
- Coinjoin - Odgovori na vaĹĄa uobiÄajena pitanja o Coinjoin-u
- Mitovi - UobiÄajeni mitovi o Bitcoin-u, razotkriveni
- ReÄnik - Bitcoin Ĺžargoni, pojednostavljeno
UobiÄajena pitanja
Jednostavni odgovori na vaĹĄa Bitcoin pitanja
Ĺ ta je Bitcoin?
Bitcoin je peer to peer mreĹža u kojoj svako moĹže da uÄestvuje. OmogucĚava vam da bezbedno Äuvate vrednost tokom vremena i da je prenesete bilo kome drugom u bilo kom trenutku bez potrebe za trecĚom stranom. Ima fiksni i transparentni raspored inflacije koji se ne moĹže menjati po volji poput âobiÄnogâ novca. To je novac, za internet.
ZaĹĄto je Bitcoin vaĹžan?
OmogucĚava kriptografski sigurna prekograniÄna placĚanja koja su otporna na cenzuru. To je prvi i jedini oblik apsolutne digitalne nestaĹĄice i njime ne upravlja nijedna osoba ili grupa. Kao rezultat toga, nijedna svetska vlada se ne moĹže meĹĄati u njega.
Kako Bitcoin funkcioniĹĄe?
Ana ĹĄalje transakciju iz svog novÄanika koju prima 1000 uÄesnika mreĹže, koji jedni drugima govore da Ana Ĺželi da poĹĄalje Marku. Transakciju vidi rudar (majner) koji posvecĚuje raÄunarsku snagu grupiĹĄucĚi Aninu transakciju u blok, zajedno sa puno drugih transakcija. Jednom kada se Anina transakcija iskopa u blok, Marko cĚe u novÄaniku imati odgovarajucĚu koliÄinu Bitcoin-a.
Ko je izumeo Bitcoin?
Svet je saznao za Bitcoin 2008. godine kada je anonimni mreĹžni entitet pod nazivom âSatoshi Nakamotoâ podelio Bitcoin White Paper na online mailing listu. Satoshi je nestao 2011. godine i od tada nikada nije viÄen online. Tokom godina, stotine programera ĹĄirom sveta nastavili su da doprinose i poboljĹĄavaju Bitcoin protokol.
Ĺ ta daje vrednost Bitcoinu?
Oskudan je (bicĚe ih samo 21 milion) i to moĹže da proveri svako ko ima obiÄan raÄunar od 30 dolara. Ima ogromnu koliÄinu raÄunarske snage posvecĚene osiguranju svoje distribuirane knjige. MreĹža doslovno placĚa ljudima da zaĹĄtite njen integritet i deluju u dobroj nameri. âCenaâ Bitcoin-a u $ ili ⏠odreÄuje se jednostavnom trĹžiĹĄnom ponudom i potraĹžnjom.
Ko kontroliĹĄe mreĹžu?
Pojednostavljeno, svi i niko. Svako kontroliĹĄe sopstveno uÄeĹĄcĚe u mreĹži i mreĹža je strukturirana tako da loĹĄi akteri ne mogu uspeti. Nijedan programer ne moĹže da podstakne bilo kakve promene koda. Nijedan rudar ne moĹže cenzurisati odreÄene transakcije. Nijedan korisnik ne moĹže prevariti sistem i troĹĄiti Bitcoin koji nema ili koji mu ne pripada.
Da li je Bitcoin anoniman?
Na mreĹžnom nivou, Bitcoin-i nisu âoznaÄeniâ ni za jedan javni identitet. Protokol zna samo za nizove slova i brojeva poznate kao adresa. MeÄutim, preduzecĚa izgraÄena na vrhu Bitcoin-a, poput KYC menjaÄnica, na kojima je mogucĚe kupiti Bitcoin, mogu povezati vaĹĄ stvarni identitet sa Bitcoin-om kupljenim preko njih. Knjiga transakcija Bitcoin-a je potpuno javna, tako da je mogucĚe pratiti poznate javne entitete preko mreĹže.
Ĺ ta je to blockchain?
Blockchain (lanac blokova) je javna knjiga koja sadrĹži kopiju svake pojedinaÄne bitcoin transakcije koja je ikada zavrĹĄena. Rudari se takmiÄe ko cĚe proizvoditi blokove za naknade za transakcije i blok subvencije. Svaki uspeĹĄni blok je kriptografski povezan ili âvezan lancemâ za svog prethodnika.
Mogu li vlade to zaustaviti?
Vlade bi apsolutno mogle uÄiniti Bitcoin nezakonitim u njihovoj nadleĹžnosti. U stvari, Kina i Nigeria su to vecĚ uÄinile, viĹĄe puta, ali ekosistem i dalje cveta. Distribuirana priroda Bitcoin-a znaÄi da bi u stvarnosti bio potreban monumentalni koordinirani napad mnogih svetskih sila da zaustavi njegov rast.
Zar ga ne koriste kriminalci?
Bitcoin je novac, i bilo koji novac moĹže biti koriĹĄÄen od strane kriminalaca. U 2017. godini procenjeno je da celokupno trĹžiĹĄte trgovine drogom vredi $500,000,000,000 (500 biliona) dolara. Po trenutnim cenama to bi moglo kupiti celokupnu Bitcoin mreĹžu! Verovatno je poĹĄteno recĚi da se ogromna vecĚina nelegalnih aktivnosti finansira iz tradicionalnih valuta.
Zar ne troĹĄi energiju?
TaÄno je da Bitcoin mreĹža troĹĄi mnogo energije, ali troĹĄenje energije za obezbeÄivanje i upravljanje globalnom mreĹžom za placĚanja koja pruĹžaju ogromne vrednosti milionima ljudi ne bi trebalo smatrati ârasipnimâ. Rudarstvo Bitcoin-a je vecĚ poÄelo da podstiÄe inovacije u koriĹĄcĚenju alternativnih (Äesto rasipanih) izvora energije kao ĹĄto je gorivi gas ili obnovljivi izvori energije. Bitcoin mreĹža u 2021 godini troĹĄi 0.1% energije koja se proizvede.
Koliko ima bitcoin-a?
U vreme pisanja ovog dokumenta, iskopano je neĹĄto manje od 19 miliona bitcoin-a. MoĹže postojati samo 21 milion, a poslednji cĚe se iskopati oko 2140. godine. Svaki bitcoin moĹže se podeliti na 100 miliona SatoĹĄija ili "sats-ova", tako da ima mnogo toga u ponudi.
Kako nastaju bitcoin-i?
Novi bitcoin-i nastaju kao rezultat globalno distribuiranog i visoko konkurentnog rudarskog procesa. Svaki novo izrudareni blok nagraÄuje uspeĹĄnog rudara subvencijom. U vreme pisanja ovog teksta, ova subvencija je 6,25 bitcoin-a. Ponovo cĚe se prepoloviti 2024. godine na 3,125 bitcoin-a nakon joĹĄ 210 000 blokova (otprilike svake 4 godine).
Ĺ ta je to rudarenje?
Proces uÄesnika koji doprinose velikim koliÄinama raÄunarske snage za obradu transakcija u blokove. Jednom kada grupiĹĄu ove transakcije, rudar izvrĹĄava ponavljajucĚi raÄunski zadatak na njima, pokuĹĄavajuÄi da pronadje odgovor koji je ispod odreÄenog cilja. Ako su uspeĹĄni, blok je iskopan - majnovan, i rudar prima naknade za transakcije i subvenciju bloka. Proces zatim zapoÄinje ponovo, kao i sledecĚa grupa transakcija.
Gde ga mogu kupiti?
Postoji mnoĹĄtvo online menjaÄnica na kojima moĹžete kupiti bitcoin-e, mada biste trebali da obratite paĹžnju kada traĹžite mesto za kupovinu. Najbolji naÄin da dobijete vaĹĄ prvi deo bitcoin-a je da ga kupite od pouzdanog prijatelja ili Älana porodice. Zapamtite - MoĹžete kupiti delicĚ bitcoin-a (u svakom je 100 miliona sats-ova)! Pogledajte ovde neke od preporuka.
UobiÄajene greĹĄke
Saveti kako ne biste napravili iste greĹĄke kao i mi
Bitcoin alternative
âKriptoâ prostor je preplavljen alternativnim valutama, takozvanim aplikacijama âdecentralizovanog finansiranjaâ, i nekim Äistim prevarama. MoĹže izgledati vrlo primamljivo da se ukljuÄite u ove projekte jer oni imaju puno zvuÄnih reÄi i izgledaju âjeftinoâ u poreÄenju sa Bitcoin-om. Gotovo svi ovi projekti nisu niĹĄta drugo do marketinĹĄke i modne priÄe i treba ih istraĹživati sa oprezom.
Kupovina KYC bitcoin-a
Kupovina KYC bitcoin-a od nekih kao ĹĄto je ECD menjaÄnica je dosta brz i jednostavan naÄin kupovine bitcoin-a. Ne kaĹžemo da to apsolutno ne bi trebalo da radite, ali Ĺželimo da znate koji su kompromisi. Kada se registrujete kod ovih kompanija, moracĚete da dostavite neki oblik foto-ID-a koji oznaÄava bitcoin koji kupujete za vaĹĄ javni identitet. Zbog javne prirode Bitcoin bloka, nadzorne kompanije mogu da vas âprateâ i gledaju vaĹĄe buducĚe transakcije.
NeistraĹživanje drugih mogucĚnosti kupovine
Dakle, ne sviÄa vam se zvuk KYC bitcoin-a, i koje su druge opcije? To su Peer to Peer menjaÄnice kao ĹĄto su Bisq i HodlHodl koje koriste uslugu pratnje kako bi vam omogucĚile da kupujete bitcoin-e od nekoga bilo gde u svetu, ali one uglavnom nisu tako jednostavne za upotrebu kao alternative KYC. Ubedljivo najlakĹĄa opcija za poÄinjanje je da kupite neku koliÄinu od prijatelja ili Älana porodice. Raspitajte se, napolju je mnogo viĹĄe Bitcoin-era nego ĹĄto mislite!
Ne pokrecĚete svoj Node
Jednostavno, ako ne koristite svoj Ävor (eng. node), onda koristite tuÄi, bilo da ga poznajete ili ne. Tako Bitcoin funkcioniĹĄe. Povezivanje novÄanika sa sopstvenim Ävorom znaÄi da se ne oslanjate na bilo koga drugog da izvrĹĄava transakcije, ĹĄto daje ogromne prednosti privatnosti. KoriĹĄcĚenjem sopstvenog Ävora takoÄe moĹžete biti uvereni da su podaci prikazani u novÄaniku taÄni i da se pridrĹžavaju pravila vaĹĄeg Bitcoin Ävora.
Ostavljanje Bitcoin-a na menjaÄnicama
Da, kupio sam KYC Bitcoin i poĹĄto nisam znao kako da upravljam novÄanikom, ostavio sam ga na menjaÄnici. Ako imate bitcoin na menjaÄnici, nemate bitcoin. Imate IOU (zaduĹžnica) i trebali biste nauÄiti dovoljno (uz naĹĄu pomocĚ, nadamo se) da taj bitcoin izvadite sa menjaÄnice i prebacite u novÄanik nad kojim vi kontroliĹĄete privatne kljuÄeve. U proĹĄlosti je bilo viĹĄe sluÄajeva hakovanja na menjaÄnici, i ljudi su izgubili velike koliÄine bitcoin-a, zato ne dozvolite da to budete vi.
Slanje vaĹĄih privatnih kljuÄeva nekome
SrecĚom ja nikada nisam pao na ovo, ali mnogi ljudi jesu. Sasvim je uobiÄajeno u javnim Äet grupama poput telegrama, da se prevaranti predstavljaju kao neko iz zajednice Bitcoin-a koji nude podrĹĄku nekome ko moĹžda traĹži pomocĚ. NIKADA.....ALI NIKADA ne dajte svoje privatne kljuÄeve ili seed reÄi nikome, posebno ne na Internetu.
Nesigurno Äuvanje seed reÄi
VaĹĄe seed reÄi su kljuÄevi vaĹĄeg bitcoin-a, i svako ko ima kontrolu nad njima moĹže pristupiti vaĹĄim sredstvima. Trebalo bi da ih Äuvate na siguran naÄin, ali imajte na umu da ih ne Äuvate tako sigurno, da i vi zaboravite gde su. Verovali ili ne, to se jako Äesto deĹĄava. Nije dobra ideja da ih Äuvate na raÄunaru.
Slanje na pogreĹĄnu adresu
ZahvaljujucĚi QR kodovima koji se mogu skenirati i funkcijama za otkrivanje greĹĄaka koje su implementirane u novÄanike, ovo danas postaje priliÄno teĹĄko uÄiniti. Bitcoin adrese su dugi nizovi brojeva i slova, tako da je uvek dobra praksa koristiti QR kodove ili u najmanju ruku copy/paste kada ĹĄaljete nekome. TakoÄe je dobar savet da bar jednom vizuelno proverite adresu pre slanja.
Postajete uzbudjeni
Ĺ to viĹĄe nauÄite, to cĚete biti viĹĄe uzbuÄeni zbog Bitcoin-a. Meni se joĹĄ uvek to deĹĄava! Ovo se moĹže desiti ako provedete dosta vremena na Bitcoin Twitter-u, tamo je vrlo lako postati previĹĄe uzbudjen, i kupiti viĹĄe nego ĹĄto moĹžete priuĹĄtiti sebi. Bitcoin je mlada i izuzetno nestabilna imovina, trebalo bi sami da je istraĹžite i nikada ne kupujete viĹĄe nego ĹĄto moĹžete priuĹĄtiti da izgubite. Postoji izreka u zajednici koja je vrlo dobro pravilo za Ĺživot ... âOstanite skromni, skupljajte sats-oveâ.
PokuĹĄavaĹĄ da trgujeĹĄ
Bitcoin je izuzetno nestabilan, nije neobiÄno kada se cena od 20% krecĚe u bilo kom smeru u jednom danu. Ako niste iskusni i pokuĹĄate da igrate na ovim trĹžiĹĄtima, GUBIÄETE novac. Hodajte paĹžljivo.
Ne traĹžite pomoÄ
Bitcoin zajednica je Ĺživahna i korisna. Postoje stotine razliÄitih telegram grupa, GitHub ili reddit stranica i ljudi na Twitteru koji su spremni da pomognu. Slobodno nas pitajte ako vas neĹĄto zanima. Zapamtite, ako niste sigurni, pitajte.
NekoriĹĄÄenje 2FA
Sve ĹĄto danas radimo online dolazi sa nalogom povezanim sa naĹĄim e-mailom. Ako vaĹĄ nalog e-maila postane ugroĹžen, to mogu biti otvorena vrata u vaĹĄ Ĺživot za prevarante. Dvofaktorska autentifikacija pruĹža i dodatni sigurnosni sloj koji vas ĹĄtiti od hakovanja. Izbegavajte upotrebu SMS autentikacije, puno bolja opcija je aplikacija ili kljuÄ. UobiÄajeni primeri ukljuÄuju Authy ili Google Authenticator.
Govoriti ljudima koliko imate Bitcoina
Bitcoin Ĺživi na Internetu, koji je, sliÄno kao ĹĄto je stvarni svet, prepun ljudi voljnih da vam uzmu vaĹĄe stvari. GovorecĚi o posedovanju Bitcoin-a online ili u stvarnom svetu moĹžete sasvim bukvalno da postavite metu na svoja leÄa za lopove ili prevarante. UobiÄajeni pristup za ljude koji komuniciraju sa mreĹžom Bitcoin zajednice je stvaranje online liÄnosti potpuno odvojene od njihovog stvarnog identiteta.
NovÄanici Q+A
Jednostavni odgovori na vaĹĄa uobiÄajena pitanja o Bitcoin novÄaniku
Ĺ ta je to novÄanik?
Bitcoin novÄanik je baĹĄ kao i vaĹĄ pravi novÄanik, to je naÄin Äuvanja vrednosti. Glavna razlika sa bitcoin novÄanikom je u tome ĹĄto on zapravo ne skladiĹĄti bitcoin u sebi, jer Bitcoin-i postoje samo na distribuiranoj knjizi (blockchain). Bitcoin novÄanik Äuva kljuÄeve potrebne za slanje i primanje vaĹĄeg Bitcoin-a preko blockchain-a.
Ĺ ta su to seed reÄi?
Seed reÄi (ili backup reÄi) su nizovi od 12 ili 24 engleskih nasumiÄno generisanih reÄi stvorenih kada se napravi novi novÄanik. Ove reÄi su vaĹĄa glavna rezervna kopija za Äitav novÄanik i ne smeju se deliti ni sa kim, niti Äuvati bilo gde, gde bi mogle biti ugroĹžene. Svako ko ima pristup ovim reÄima moĹže vam ukrasti vaĹĄ bitcoin.
Ĺ ta je to pristupna fraza?
Pristupna fraza (eng. passphrase), Äesto se naziva i 13./25. reÄ, je korisniÄki definisana dodatna reÄ ili fraza dizajnirana da doda dodatni nivo zaĹĄtite vaĹĄoj rezervnoj kopiji. Ako vaĹĄe poÄetne reÄi postanu ugroĹžene, a vi ste definisali dodatnu pristupnu frazu, napadaÄu cĚe biti potrebna vaĹĄa pristupna fraza da bi dobio pristup vaĹĄem bitcoin-u. Nikada ne Äuvajte svoje seed reÄi i pristupnu frazu zajedno.
Ĺ ta je to privatni kljuÄ? (private key)
Generisan iz vaĹĄih seed reÄi, privatni kljuÄ je dokaz da subjekt koji ga kontroliĹĄe ima pristup troĹĄenju sa odgovarajucĚe adrese. NovÄanik cĚe generisati privatni kljuÄ za svaku adresu koju kreira. VecĚina korisnika Bitcoin-a danas nikada necĚe direktno stupiti u interakciju sa privatnim kljuÄem, njime se automatski upravlja softverom novÄanika.
Ĺ ta je to javni kljuÄ? (public key)
Javni kljuÄevi se koriste u transakciji da bi se verifikovalo da je vlasnik odgovarajucĚeg privatnog kljuÄa kreirao vaĹžecĚi potpis kao dokaz o vlasniĹĄtvu nad sredstvima. Opet, iz opĹĄte perspektive korisnika, javni kljuÄevi se nikada necĚe direktno koristiti ili videti.
Ĺ ta je to proĹĄireni javni kljuÄ? (Xpub)
ProĹĄireni javni kljuÄ (ili Xpub) moĹže se gledati kao glavni pogled u vaĹĄ bitcoin novÄanik. Xpub je sposoban da generiĹĄe i pregleda svaku adresu koja se nalazi u novÄaniku, tako da treba da imate na umu sa kime i sa kojima delite proĹĄirene javne kljuÄeve. Ako niste povezani sa sopstvenim node-om, velika je verovatnocĚa da neko drugi zna vaĹĄ Xpub. Varijacije Xpub-a ukljuÄuju Ipub i Zpub, svi rade isti posao.
Ĺ ta je to mobilni novÄanik?
Mobilni novÄanik je onaj koji radi na vaĹĄem mobilnom telefonu. OmogucĚuju brz pristup vaĹĄem bitcoin-u, ali nose rizik da cĚete izgubiti svoj bitcoin ako izgubite ili slomite vaĹĄ telefon. Ovo ne bi trebalo da predstavlja problem pod uslovom da imate bezbedno spremljene seed reÄi kako biste mogli da vratite novÄanik na drugi ureÄaj. Nikad ne koristite novÄanik koji vam ne pruĹža opciju da saÄuvate svoj private key (backup reÄi).
Ĺ ta je to desktop novÄanik?
Desktop novÄanik je onaj novÄanik koji se pokrecĚe na raÄunaru. Desktop novÄanici uglavnom imaju viĹĄe funkcionalnosti od mobilnih, ali mogu biti i sloĹženiji. BuducĚi da su raÄunari ureÄaji povezani na Internet i koji su podloĹžni zlonamernim softverima, budite oprezni sa softverima koje instalirate, ne Äuvajte velike koliÄine Bitcoina na novÄanicima koji su povezani sa internetom.
Ĺ ta je to hardware novÄanik?
Hardverski, eng. hardware, novÄanik (HWW) je ureÄaj posvecĚen stvaranju i Äuvanju vaĹĄih privatnih kljuÄeva. VecĚina HWW-a se smatra sigurnijim od hardvera opĹĄte namene, poput raÄunara ili mobilnih telefona. To je zato ĹĄto je povrĹĄina napada mnogo manja za ureÄaj napravljen za jedan odreÄeni zadatak. HWW je joĹĄ sigurniji kada je air-gapped, ĹĄto znaÄi da ureÄaj nikada nije prikljuÄen na raÄunar. Kada je air-gapped, kod slanja transakcija koriste se QR kodovi ili prenosna datoteka na SD kartici.
Ĺ ta je to multi-sig novÄanik?
Multi-signature novÄanik je novÄanik kojem je potrebno viĹĄe od jednog privatnog kljuÄa za potpisivanje transakcije. Ovo moĹže biti bilo ĹĄta, 2 od mogucĚa 3 kljuÄa zbog potpisa ili 15 od 20, a to je na korisniku kada kreira novÄanik. Multi-sig je sigurniji od single-siga, ali je mnogo komplikovaniji kada je reÄ o kreiranju, pravljenju rezervnih kopija i transakcijama. Novi korisnici bi trebali biti paĹžljivi sa ovim.
Ĺ ta je to watch only novÄanik?
Watch only novÄanik je kreiran pomocĚu vaĹĄeg proĹĄirenog javnog kljuÄa (Xpub) koji vam omogucĚava da pratite stanje novÄanika. Watch only novÄanici ne sadrĹže privatne kljuÄeve i sa njih se ne mogu troĹĄiti Bitcoin-i. Budite paĹžljivi sa kime delite svoje Xpub, svako ko ima pristup ovome moĹže pratiti vaĹĄe bitcoin stanje.
Ĺ ta je to custodial novÄanik?
Custodial novÄanik je novÄanik u kome vi ne kontroliĹĄete privatne kljuÄeve. Custodial novÄanici su Äesto u stanju da prikriju neku sloĹženost bitcoin novÄanika, ali to dolazi sa rizikom da ne kontroliĹĄete svoj bitcoin. Custodial novÄanicima uglavnom upravljaju menjaÄnice i korisnici ne bi trebalo da drĹže velike koliÄine bitcoin-a u njima.
Ĺ ta je to non custodial novÄanik?
Non custodial novÄanik je novÄanik u kome imate kontrolu nad svojim privatnim kljuÄevima. To je naÄin na koji je bitcoin dizajniran za upotrebu i uvek treba da se pobrinite da novÄanik koji koristite bude non custodial. Brzi naÄin da saznate - da li ste morali da zapiĹĄete svoje seed reÄi kada ste otvorili novÄanik? Ako je odgovor da, onda imate novÄanik koji je non custodial.
Kako da znam koje naknade da koristim?
Ovo u potpunosti zavisi od toga koliko brzo treba da vaĹĄa transakcija bude obraÄena i koliko je mreĹža zauzeta u trenutku kada Ĺželite da poĹĄaljete bitcoin. VecĚina novÄanika cĚe vam dati procenu na osnovu ovih parametara i omogucĚiti vam da se prilagodite prema vaĹĄoj potrebi.
Ĺ ta je to QR kod?
QR kod je vizuelni prikaz podataka. NajÄeĹĄcĚe se koriste u Bitcoin-u za pretvaranje dugaÄkih i teĹĄko Äitljivih adresa u oblik bar-koda koji moĹže da se skenira pomocĚu novÄanika poĹĄiljalaca. Ovo uklanja potrebu za unoĹĄenjem adrese koja bi mogla dovesti do greĹĄaka i slanja bitcoin-a na pogreĹĄnu adresu.
Ĺ ta je to block explorer?
IstraĹživaÄ blokova, eng. block explorer, je website ili aplikacija koja vam omogucĚava da pronaÄete detalje bilo kog bloka na blockchain-u. MoĹžete pronacĚi podatke kao ĹĄto su broj transakcija u bloku, adresa poĹĄiljaoca, adresa primaoca, placĚene naknade, poslati iznos, visina bloka i vreme bloka.
Ävorovi - Nodes Q+A
Jednostavni odgovori na uobiÄajena pitanja o Bitcoin Ävorovima
Ovde moĹžete saznati viĹĄe o razliÄitim vrstama Ävorova
Ĺ ta je to Ävor?
Ävor, eng. node, je raÄunar koji pokrecĚe Bitcoin softver. VaĹĄ Ävor je vaĹĄa verzija Bitcoin blockchain-a i skupa pravila. Zamislite to kao sopstveni ulaz u ekosistem Bitcoin-a. Emituje transakcije, potvrÄuje da su bitcoin-i koje primate legitimni i odrĹžava vaĹĄu privatnost, omogucĚavajucĚi vam da uÄestvujete bez oslanjanja na bilo koga drugog.
Kako pokrenuti Ävor?
VaĹĄ Ävor = vaĹĄa pravila. Kada poveĹžete vaĹĄ novÄanik sa vaĹĄim Ävorom, ne verujete nikome drugom da cĚe verifikovati vaĹĄe transakcije. Ävor vas ĹĄtiti od loĹĄih aktera i takoÄe odrĹžava mreĹžu decentralizovanom. Ako nemate svoj, vi verujete u tuÄi Ävor, koji vam govori koliko imate bitcoin-a, i da biste slali/primali svoje transakcije.
Ĺ ta treba razmotriti pre pokretanja Ävora?
Ävorovi su dizajnirani da rade 24/7, tako da cĚe u zavisnosti od koriĹĄtenog hardvera biti i neki troĹĄkovi napajanja. VecĚina Ävorova radi na raÄunarima sa jednom ploÄom male snage kao ĹĄto je Raspberry Pi, tako da su troĹĄkovi rada zanemarljivi. TakoÄe bi trebalo da imate konstantnu internet vezu, jer cĚe Ävor koristiti oko 20 GB meseÄno. Obavezno kupite ili napravite Ävor koji dovrĹĄava poÄetni blok ispoÄetka, inaÄe verujete neÄijim tudjim blockchain podacima.
Koje vrste Ävorova postoje?
MogucĚe je pokrenuti Ävor na raÄunaru koji trenutno posedujete, jednostavnim preuzimanjem Bitcoin Core softvera. NajÄeĹĄcĚi Ävorovi âplug + playâ su MyNode ili Nodl. Oni dolaze sa svime ĹĄto je potrebno za poÄetak. Mnogi korisnici se odluÄe da kupe sopstveni hardver i sami instaliraju Bitcoin softver. UobiÄajeni izbor softvera su Umbrel, MyNode, Ronin Dojo ili Raspiblitz. Kliknite ovde da biste videli Ävorove koje ja preporuÄujem.
Ĺ ta joĹĄ Ävor moĹže da uradi?
Ovo veoma zavisi od konfiguracije koju imate. Neke uobiÄajene âdodatne funkcijeâ ukljuÄuju lightning node, electrum server, block explorer, mempool viewer, whirlpool implementation i infrastrukturu placĚanja, poput BTC Pay Server-a.
Ĺ ta je to inicijalno preuzimanje blokova?
Inicijalno preuzimanje blokova, eng. initial block download (IBD), odvija se kada prvi put pokrenete Ävor. VaĹĄ softver preuzima Äitav Bitcoin blockchain i proverava celokupnu istoriju transakcija(410gb). Kada se sinhronizuje, ovo omogucĚava vaĹĄem Ävoru da potvrdi da su bitcoin-i koje primate legitimni i odbijaju svakoga ko pokuĹĄava da prevari sistem. Vreme sinhronizacije cĚe se razlikovati u zavisnosti od brzine hardvera i interneta, ali u proseku postupak traje oko 4-7 dana.
Ĺ ta je to pruned Ävor?
Pruning Ävor je opcija za vaĹĄ Ävor da odbaci sve stare podatke koji mu nisu potrebni, nakon ĹĄto u potpunosti potvrdi Äitav blockchain. To moĹže biti korisno ako imate ograniÄenja za skladiĹĄtenje, ali to znaÄi da kada je omogucĚen, vaĹĄ Ävor ne podrĹžava mreĹžu, i ne dopuĹĄta novim Ävorovima koji dolaze na mreĹžu da preuzimaju informacije iz vaĹĄeg blockchain-a.
Ĺ ta je to lightning node?
Lightning node je vaĹĄ ulaz u lightning network, ĹĄto je eksperimentalno reĹĄenje za skaliranje izgraÄeno na vrhu Bitcoin-a. ObiÄno se pokrecĚe na istom ureÄaju kao i vaĹĄ Bitcoin Ävor, i sliÄno kao i vaĹĄ Bitcoin Ävor koristi se za interakciju sa drugim ljudima na toj mreĹži slanjem i primanjem uplata.
Mogu li ja da koristim tuÄi Ävor?
Da, moĹžete se povezati sa tuÄim Ävorom. Ovo je podrazumevano za veliki broj novÄanika, ali treba da budete oprezni iz gore navedenih razloga. Ako imate prijatelja kome verujete, a koji ima pokrenut Ävor, ovo bi bila bolja alternativa od davanja vaĹĄeg poverenja nekoj nezavisnoj kompaniji. Krajnji naÄin da uÄestvujete u Bitcoin mreĹži je pokretanje sopstvenog Ävora.
Lightning Q+A
Jednostavni odgovori na uobiÄajena pitanja o Lightning Network-u
Za detaljniji pregled Lightning Network-a, pogledajte ovde
Ĺ ta je to Lightning Network?
Lightning Network je reĹĄenje za skaliranje izgraÄeno na vrhu Bitcoin protokola. OmogucĚava manja, skoro trenutna placĚanja izmeÄu korisnika po vrlo niskim troĹĄkovima. SpreÄava potrebu da se svaka izvrĹĄena transakcija odvija na âosnovnom slojuâ Bitcoin-a, istovremeno osiguravajucĚi da vrednost koja se ĹĄalje poĹĄtuje osnovna pravila i vrednosti Bitcoin mreĹže. Ne moĹžete obavljati transakcije na Lightning-u bez posedovanja bitcoin-a.
ZaĹĄto nam je potreban Lightning?
Trenutno nam zaista NE treba Lightning network, jer su normalne bitcoin transakcije (obiÄno se nazivaju âon chain transakcijamaâ) relativno jeftine, Äak i ako Ĺželite brzo vreme potvrde. Lightning zaista poÄinje da blista kada se naknade za âon chainâ povecĚavaju kako se baza korisnika Bitcoin povecĚava, a subvencija blokova smanjuje. Lightning takoÄe odliÄno obecĚava u manjim, ÄeĹĄcĚim sluÄajevima placĚanja za stvari poput otkljuÄavanja online sadrĹžaja.
Kako Lightning Network radi?
Ana otvara kanal za placĚanje sa Markom pravljenjem on chain âfinansijske transakcijeâ. VeliÄina ove finansijske transakcije diktira koliku vrednost Ana moĹže da prenese koristecĚi Lightning. Jednom kada se finansijska transakcija potvrdi na osnovnom sloju, Ana moĹže slobodno da trguje s Markom preko Lightning-a onoliko puta koliko Ĺželi, dok jedan ili oboje ne odluÄe da Ĺžele da zatvore kanal. Svaka Lightning transakcija aĹžurira trenutno stanje kanala tako da jedna strana ne moĹže da prevari drugu za bilo kakva sredstava. Kada se kanal zatvori, najnovije âstanje kanalaâ emituje se na Bitcoin mreĹžu i obe strane cĚe dobiti odgovarajucĚe stanje natrag u svoj novÄanik.
Ali ĹĄta ako Ana Ĺželi da plati nekome drugom?
Ovde Lightning zaista blista. Kanali za placĚanje mogu biti povezani zajedno da bi se pronaĹĄao put do primaoca. Ana ne treba da ima otvoren kanal sa Davidom da bi mu poslala nekoliko sats-ova, mreĹža cĚe pronacĚi optimalan put za usmeravanje placĚanja preko drugih kanala. Moglo bi izgledati otprilike ovako Ana> Marko> Petar> David. Tokom Äitave rute uplata je kriptografski osigurana tako da bilo koji posrednik ne moĹže ukrasti bilo koje sredstvo koje im ne pripada.
Ko poseduje i kontroliĹĄe Lightning Network?
Kao i Bitcoin, Lightning Network je u potpunosti otvorenog koda i nije u vlasniĹĄtvu nijednog entiteta. Svako moĹže pokrenuti Ävor i uÄestvovati u mreĹži sa potpunom dozvolom. Postoji viĹĄe popularnih primena Lightning -a koje ukljuÄuju LND, C Lightning i Eclair. Sve ove implementacije su gotovo 100% interoperabilne.
Ima li rudara na Lightning Network-u?
Ne, Lightning Network je izgraÄen na vrhu osnovnog sloja Bitcoin-a i zadrĹžava sve iste sigurnosne funkcije. Minimalne naknade koje placĚate na Lightning-u idu uÄesnicima mreĹže koji Äine deo rute kojom ide vaĹĄa uplata, tako da to moĹže biti bukvalno svako ko pokrecĚe Lightning Ävor.
Da li Lightning ima svoj blockchain?
Ne, Lightning je mreĹža kanala za placĚanja u kojoj su svi meÄusobno povezani. Sve transakcije otvaranja i zatvaranja Lightning kanala odvijaju se na osnovnom Bitcoin protokolu. Lightning nasleÄuje sigurnost Bitcoin blockchain-a.
Koje su loĹĄe strane Lightning-a?
Za nekoga ko Äesto koristi Lightning Network sa viĹĄe kanala, upravljanje likvidnoĹĄcĚu moĹže postati zamorno. MreĹža je relativno mlada i neka placĚanja ponekad mogu propasti, ali kako se razvoj nastavlja ovi sluÄajevi postaju daleko reÄi. Zbog strukture mreĹže, nije toliko pogodna za vecĚa placĚanja zbog ograniÄenja likvidnosti svakog kanala. To bi se moglo promeniti kako mreĹža raste, a ljudi dobijaju poverenje u njenu pouzdanost.
Da li mi treba Ävor da bih koristio Lightning?
SliÄno kao i Bitcoin, nije vam potreban Ävor za interakciju sa Lightning mreĹžom, ali je preporuÄljivo. Zapamtite, ako ne pokrecĚete svoj Ävor, oslanjate se na tuÄi. Dobra vest je da vecĚina Bitcoin Ävorova danas dolazi sa ugraÄenim Lightning Ävorom, tako da ne biste trebali imati previĹĄe dodatnog posla da biste se postavili na Lightning.
Ĺ ta je to dolazna likvidnost?
Dolazna likvidnost, eng. inbound liquidity, je mera koliko bitcoin-a moĹžete dobiti preko Lightning Network-a. Ako jednostavno otvorite kanal prema nekom drugom, u poÄetku moĹžete samo da ĹĄaljete bitcoin-e. To je zato ĹĄto su sva sredstva na vaĹĄoj strani kanala. Ako otvorite kanal za 100k sats-ova, a zatim potroĹĄite 25k, vaĹĄa dolazna likvidnost bi bila 25k sats-ova. Bolji naÄin za postizanje dolazne likvidnosti je ako vam neko otvori kanal ka vama, tako da bi sav bilans bio na njihovoj strani kanala.
Ĺ ta je to odlazna likvidnost?
Odlazna likvidnost, eng. outbound liquidity, je mera koliko bitcoin-a moĹžete poslati preko Lightning Network-a. Ako otvorite kanal za 100k sats-ova i potroĹĄite 75k, tada vaĹĄa odlazna likvidnost iznosi 25k sats-ova. Dobijanje odlazne likvidnosti je jednostavno poput primanja sats-ova na postojecĚim kanalima ili otvaranja novog kanala sa joĹĄ sats-ova. Zapamtite, nikada ne moĹžete potroĹĄiti viĹĄe od ukupne veliÄine vaĹĄeg najvecĚeg kanala. Mada, ovo cĚe se promeniti kada se uvedu Multi Path Payments.
Gde da poÄnem?
Pogledajte naĹĄu preporuÄenu stranicu za Ävorove koje treba pokrenuti, a zatim odluÄite da li Ĺželite mobilni ili desktop Lightning novÄanik. NaĹĄ liÄni favorit je Zap koji nudi i mobilne i desktop, u kombinaciji sa vrlo dobrim korisniÄkim interfejsom. Pogledajte Lightning Network guide za detaljniji pogled na Lightning.
Coinjoin Q+A
Jednostavni odgovori na uobiÄajena Coinjoin pitanja
Ĺ ta je to Coinjoin?
Coinjoin (ponekad se naziva i meĹĄanje) je on chain reĹĄenje za privatnost za Bitcoin, koje je prvi put 2013. predloĹžio Gregory Maxwell. Dizajniran je da razbije âheuristiku zajedniÄkog vlasniĹĄtvaâ, koja pretpostavlja da svi unosi u transakciju pripadaju istom entitetu. Bitcoin adrese nisu direktno povezane sa stvarnim identitetima, ali svako ko ima dovoljno vremena i resursa (poput firmi za analizu lanca), mogu poÄeti da prave ove veze gledajucĚi javnu knjigu Bitcoin-a. Coinjoin pomaĹže da se ovo spreÄi.
ZaĹĄto nam je potreban Coinjoin?
Bitcoin blockchain je potpuno javan, pa ako imate bitcoin koji je vezan za vaĹĄ liÄni identitet (recimo sa KYC menjaÄnice), moĹže vas na lancu pratiti bilo ko raspolaĹže sa pravim resursima, a koji nadgleda blockchain. Ovaj problem se pogorĹĄava ako nehotice kombinujete bitcoin-e iz razliÄitih izvora prilikom obavljanja transakcija. MoĹže vam izgledati kao da ovo nije problem i da nemate ĹĄta da krijete, ali ako ne biste dozvolili da nepoznati Äovek pogleda vaĹĄ izvod iz banke, pa zaĹĄto onda to dozvoliti sa Bitcoin-om?
Kako CoinJoin funkcioniĹĄe?
Postoje razliÄite vrste implementacija Coinjoin-a, svaka sa svojim vlastitim miĹĄljenjem oko iste osnovne ideje. Dva ili viĹĄe korisnika udruĹžuju svoje UTXO-ove u zajedniÄku transakciju koja se formira na jedinstven naÄin. NaÄin na koji je transakcija konstruisana oteĹžava nadzornim firmama da taÄno znaju Äija izlazna transakcija pripada kom ulaznom vlasniku. U najboljem sluÄaju, svako ko posmatra transakciju moĹže da smisli niz mogucĚih scenarija ko poseduje koji deo bitcoin-a, ali nikada ne moĹže biti 100% siguran.
Postoje li razliÄiti tipovi Coinjoin-a?
Postoje tri popularne primene Coinjoin-a, 1) Joinmarket koji deluje na strukturi tvorca/primaoca, gde tvorac nudi svoje bitcoin-e (uz naknadu) da bi postao deo transakcije primaoca. 2) Wasabi novÄanik koji koristi aplikaciju za desktop raÄunare i nudi velike coinjoin-ove. 3) Samourai Whirlpool nudi male, ali efikasne Coinjoin-ove zajedno sa mobilnim interfejsom koji je lak za upotrebu. To je jedini protokol koji koristim.
Da li je mixer isto ĹĄto i Coinjoin?
Ne, mixer se obiÄno smatra centralizovanom uslugom kojoj vi ĹĄaljete bitcoin-e, a on ih zatim meĹĄa i vracĚa vam tuÄi bitcoin. Ove usluge treba izbegavati jer svoje potpuno poverenje stavite u entitet za meĹĄanje da vam u stvari poĹĄalje neki bitcoin nazad nakon ĹĄto ga vi poĹĄaljete. Uvek biste trebali da imate kontrolu nad svojim privatnim kljuÄevima!
Da li moram da platim za Coinjoin?
Da, sve gore navedene usluge Coinjoin naplacĚuju naknade. Svaka od njih ima malo drugaÄiju strukturu naknada, pa biste uvek trebali sami da istraĹžite pre nego ĹĄto poÄnete da koristite bilo koju od njih.
Mogu li izgubiti svoj bitcoin uÄestvujucĚi u Coinjoin-u?
Kada koristite uslugu Coinjoin poput onih gore navedenih, oni su strukturirani na takav naÄin da uvek imate kontrolu nad svojim privatnim kljuÄevima. Trenutno nismo upoznati sa sluÄajem da su korisnici izgubili bitcoin kao rezultat greĹĄke u protokolu ili zbog bilo kog loĹĄeg aktera koji stoji iza jednog od njih.
Sa kojim problemima mogu da se suoÄim kada koristim Coinjoin?
Bilo je nekoliko sluÄajeva kada je menjaÄnica oznaÄila korisnike koji su pracĚeni do, ili iz usluge Coinjoin. To je rezultiralo time da su neki morali da pruĹže KYC informacije, a drugima je njihov nalog stavljen na crnu listu, ĹĄto znaÄi da nisu mogli da koriste menjaÄnicu. Radi transparentnosti moramo navesti da su svi ovi korisnici povezani sa implementacijom Wasabi novÄanika. Nisu zabeleĹženi problemi sa oznaÄenim korisnicima Joinmarket ili Samourai Whirlpool-a. Äesto zanemareni aspekt Coinjoin-a je ono ĹĄta radite nakon ĹĄto se coinjoin dogodi. VaĹĄe navike troĹĄenja nakon udruĹživanja, ako se ne urade pravilno mogu u potpunosti poniĹĄtiti svu steÄenu privatnost. PotroĹĄnja nakon meĹĄanja moĹže biti sloĹžena tema, ali alati kao ĹĄto su Stonewall i Stowaway, koje primenjuje Samourai novÄanik, Äine ovaj postupak mnogo lakĹĄim.
Ĺ ta je to Payjoin?
Ponekad nazvan Pay-to-end-point (P2EP), Payjoin je posebna vrsta Coinjoin-a izmeÄu dve strane kod kojih jedna zapravo placĚa drugoj. Zbog strukture transakcije nemogucĚe je taÄno odrediti iznos kojim se transakcija obavlja. JoĹĄ jedna sjajna stvar u vezi sa Payjoin-om je da Payjoin za firme za nadzor blockchain-a izgleda baĹĄ kao redovna Bitcoin transakcija. Ako se ĹĄiroko usvoji, Payjoin cĚe zauvek uniĹĄtiti zajedniÄku heuristiku vlasniĹĄtva nad ulazima.
Ĺ ta je to analiza chain-a?
Analiza chain-a je praksa entiteta koji nadgleda blockchain kako bi traĹžio klastere i obrasce u transakcijama, kako bi pokuĹĄao da prati ljude ili da razume njihove navike troĹĄenja. Firme za analizu chain-a to rade pod maskom da pokuĹĄavaju da zaustave kriminalce ili terorizam. Iako se slaĹžemo sa sentimentom borbe protiv ilegalnih aktivnosti koje bi mogle naneti ĹĄtetu drugima, ne slaĹžemo se sa drag net alatima za nadzor koje koriste i koji naruĹĄavaju privatnost uobiÄajenog korisnika bitcoin-a.
Gde mogu da saznam viĹĄe o Coinjoin-u?
Coinjoin je vrlo sloĹžena tema sa puno nijansi, tako da je marljivo istraĹživanje apsolutno neophodno. SluĹĄajte ovaj podcast Stephan Livera o âzaĹĄtoâ Coinjoin-a. Ovaj repository od @6102Bitcoin je sjajan niz od tri glavne Coinjoin implementacije.
Bitcoin Mitovi
Otklanjanje najÄeĹĄcĚih zabluda o Bitcoin-u.
Bitcoin nema suĹĄtinsku vrednost
Parker Lewis najbolje sumira ovaj odgovor u svom Älanku. âKao i sav novac, i Bitcoin je podrĹžan kredibilitetom svojih monetarnih svojstavaâ. Bitcoin je vredan jer je pouzdano oskudan, svako moĹže taÄno da proveri koliko je bitcoin-a u opticaju u bilo kom trenutku. Vredan je jer je osiguran sredstvima vrednim milionima dolara ĹĄirom sveta putem svojih distribuiranih rudarskih i konsenzusnih mehanizama. Vredan je jer je prvi i jedini oblik novca u kojem moĹže uÄestvovati svako ko ima internet vezu. Ne diskriminiĹĄe i ne cenzuriĹĄe.
Bitcoin je anoniman
To nije taÄno, Bitcoin je âpseudonimâ. To znaÄi da na mreĹžnom nivou novÄanik ili adresa nisu direktno povezani sa stvarnim identitetom. To znaÄi da firme za nadzor chain-a mogu da prate i povezuju âBitcoin identiteteâ, a da ne znaju ko su pojedinci koji stoje iza njih. Ali, ako bitcoin kupujete preko entiteta koji zahteva liÄne podatke, te kompanije mogu povezati stvarnu osobu i bitcoin adresu. Uvek imajte na umu kome dajete ove informacije.
Bitcoin kod se moĹže lako promeniti
Ovo je jednostavno netaÄno. Bitcoin je postao poznat (i ponekad kritikovan) zbog vremena koje je potrebno da se primene promene u njegovoj bazi kodova. To je zato ĹĄto sve vecĚe promene Bitcoin-ovog koda moraju da proÄu kroz rigorozni postupak struÄne provere pre primene. Ako bi ova promena koda rezultirala nedostatkom povratne kompatibilnosti (ĹĄto znaÄi da stariji softver moĹžda nije kompatibilan), tada proces postaje joĹĄ sporiji i rigorozniji.
Bitcoin se moĹže kopirati
Na mreĹžnom nivou vi moĹžete, a mnogo ljudi i jeste. Postoji bukvalno stotine kopija Bitcoin-a, od kojih svaka obiÄno ima malo podeĹĄavanja svog koda da bi ga âpoboljĹĄalaâ. Gotovo uvek ova âpoboljĹĄanjaâ dolaze sa ogromnim kompromisima koji im spreÄavaju da steknu bilo kakvu privlaÄnost na ogromnim mreĹžnim efektima Bitcoin-a. Ove kopije obiÄno imaju nepravedno lansiranje koje se generalno obavljaja radi obogacĚivanja njihovih osnivaÄa. Njihov dizajn obiÄno oteĹžava proseÄnom korisniku pokretanje Ävora. To znaÄi da projekat postaje veoma centralizovan i da nekoliko strana ima veliki uticaj nad bilo kakvim promenama.
Nema dovoljno Bitcoin-a za sve na zemlji
PostojaÄe samo 21 milion bitcoin-a. Svaki bitcoin sadrĹži 100 miliona satoshis-a. Ĺ to znaÄi da cĚe biti dostupno ukupno 2,1 kvadriliona satoshis-a (to je 2,100,000,000,000,000) na raspolaganju za cirkulaciju oko Bitcoin mreĹže. Na populaciju sveta od 8 biliona (zaokruĹženo) to iznosi 262,500 sats-ova za svaku osobu na planeti. PriliÄno dosta u opticaju, zar ne?
Bitcoin je novac za kriminalce
Bitcoin je novac, i kao i svaki drugi novac mogu ga koristiti i kriminalci. U 2017. godini procenjeno je da celokupno trĹžiĹĄte trgovine drogom vredno 500,000,000,000 (500 biliona) dolara. Po trenutnim cenama, to bi umalo moglo kupiti celokupnu Bitcoin mreĹžu! Verovatno je poĹĄteno recĚi da se ogromna vecĚina nelegalnih aktivnosti finansira iz normalnih âtradicionalnihâ valuta. TakoÄe bi se moglo tvrditi da ga javna priroda Bitcoin-ovog blockchain-a moĹže zapravo uÄiniti manje poĹželjnim za kriminalce.
Naknade cĚe uÄiniti Bitcoin neupotrebljivim u buducĚnosti
Bitcoin mreĹža ima vrlo efikasno trĹžiĹĄte naknada. Bilo je nekih kratkotrajnih skokova kada je obim transakcija eksponencijalno rastao ĹĄto je rezultiralo viĹĄim naknadama. ProseÄna naknada za Bitcoin transakciju za poslednjih 12 meseci iznosi $4.77. Kako cena bitcoin-a i broj koristinka raste, tako bitcoin transakcije na mreĹži (on-chain) postaju vrednije i skuplje u dollar vrednosti, kada one neizbeĹžno porastu, imamo Lightning koji je reĹĄenje za skaliranje. ViĹĄe o Lightning-u moĹžete proÄitati ovde.
Rudari kontroliĹĄu Bitcoin
Iako je istina da rudari igraju kljuÄnu ulogu u radu Bitcoin-a, recĚi da oni kontroliĹĄu mreĹžu, nije. Rudari su finansijski podstaknuti da deluju u dobroj nameri, a mreĹža zahteva samo neĹĄto viĹĄe od 50% rudara koji su iskreni da bi mreĹža i dalje funkcionisala. U krajnje malo verovatnom sluÄaju da vecĚina "podlih" rudara dobije kontrolu nad mreĹžom, koĹĄtacĚe ih preko 3.6M dolara na sat da bi je odrĹžavali. Ako bi uspeli, ne samo da bi to bilo izuzetno skupo, vecĚ bi i cena bitcoin-a verovatno naglo pala, ÄinecĚi njihove napore joĹĄ manje plodonosnim.
Rudari cĚe prestati sa kopanjem kada padne subvencija za blokove
OÄigledno niko ne moĹže biti siguran u ovo, jer je to buducĚa pojava. Ali zajedniÄko oÄekivanje je da cĚe, kako opada subvencija za blokove, naknade Äe rasti, a rudari Äe i dalje dobijati kompenzaciju za svoje transakcije obrade posla i obezbeÄivanje mreĹže. Do tog trenutka, verovatnocĚa postojanja opĹĄteprihvacĚenog reĹĄenja za skaliranje, kao ĹĄto je Lightning, bicĚe daleko vecĚa. Äak i ako bi neki rudari prestali da kopaju, zahvaljujucĚi mreĹžnom pravilu âdifficulty adjustmentâ, i dalje bi funkcionisalo sasvim u redu i blokovi bi se i dalje proizvodili u proseku svakih 10 minuta. Da difficulty adjustment sjajno funkcionise i kad su veliki procenti u pitanju (27 %) smo videli u Junu 2021 godine kad su Kineski majneri morali ugasiti masine zbog bana bitcoin mininga u kini.
Rudarenje je loĹĄe za Ĺživotnu sredinu
TaÄno je da Bitcoin-ov dokaz o radu, eng. proof of work, rudarskog procesa troĹĄi ogromne koliÄine energije, ali vecĚina toga sada dolazi iz obnovljivih izvora. Bitcoin takoÄe podstiÄe razvoj koriĹĄÄenja energije iz izvora koji bi inaÄe bili baÄeni, poput gorivog prirodnog gasa. Bitcoin troĹĄi energiju samo za apetit trĹžiĹĄta. Ako se viĹĄe ljudi odluÄi da vrednuje i koristi Bitcoin-e, tada cĚe se viĹĄe energije posvetiti njegovom obezbeÄivanju. Suprotno je takodje taÄno. ViĹĄe o tome dali je bitcoin rudarenje ĹĄtetno moĹžete proÄitati ovdje.
Bitcoin je previĹĄe nestabilan
Svakako nije tajna da Bitcoin ima volatilno kretanje cene. To je relativno novo finansijsko sredstvo koje trĹžiĹĄte joĹĄ uvek pokuĹĄava da razume. Zbog toga je uvek dobar savet da ne pokuĹĄavate da trgujete marketom radi zarade. Usvajanjem strategije obavljanja manjih ali ÄeĹĄcĚih kupovina, vi efektivno ignoriĹĄete volatilnost cena Bitcoin-a i dobijate cenu âproseÄnog trĹžiĹĄtaâ. Nefinansijski savet.
Bitcoin je previĹĄe spor
Ako bi Starbucks sutra prihvatio bitcoin-e, onda da, Äekanje od 10 minuta na potvrdu za placĚanje vaĹĄeg lattea moĹžda nije idealna situacija. Za skoro trenutne uplate poput te imamo Lightning. Iako korisniÄko iskustvo nije toliko uglaÄeno kao CashApp ili Venmo, ono sigurno stiĹže. Recimo da Ĺželite da prebacite 50,000 USD na drugi kraj sveta, u poreÄenju sa trenutno dostupnim opcijama, 10 minuta ne deluje tako sporo?
Bitcoin je previĹĄe teĹžak za upotrebu
Ovo je krajnje subjektivno glediĹĄte i zavisi od svakog pojedinca. Ali da, trenutno se slaĹžem da je lakĹĄe dodirnuti bankovnu karticu na terminalu nego izvaditi telefon, skenirati QR kod i saÄekati potvrdu. Mislimo da je dodatnih nekoliko koraka za izvrĹĄavanje Bitcoin transakcije mala cena koju treba platiti za beneficije koje mreĹža nudi. Postoje hiljade developera ĹĄirom sveta koji rade danonocĚno kako bi olakĹĄali korisniÄko iskustvo. Kao i u svim tehnologijama, potrebno je vreme za razvoj i usavrĹĄavanje.
Bitcoin ReÄnik
Jednostavna objaĹĄnjenja uobiÄajenih Bitcoin termina.
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Adresa - Bitcoin adresa je niz slova i brojeva. VaĹĄ novÄanik moĹže da ih generiĹĄe beskonaÄno mnogo,i svaka je jedinstvena
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Bip - Predlog za poboljĹĄanje bitkoina, eng. 'Bitcoin Improvement Proposalâ predstavlja naÄin na koji se promene protokola podnose, odobravaju i oznaÄavaju
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bitcoin (malo âbâ) - Kada se izrazi sa malim âbâ, reÄ bitcoin odnosi se na jedinicu valute
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Blok - Skup transakcija koje je rudar grupisao i uspeĹĄno iskopao
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Blockchain - Lanac uspeĹĄnih blokova koji se grade jedan na drugom. Svaka je vezana za svog prethodnika
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Hladno SkladiĹĄtenje (cold storage) - Metoda Äuvanja privatnih kljuÄeva bitcoin-a u okruĹženju koje nije povezano sa Internetom
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Potvrda (Confirmation) - Kada se transakcija rudari, deo bloka je jedna potvrda. Svaki sledecĚi blok je dodatna potvrda
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Pravila konsenzusa (Consensus rules) - Skup pravila koje mora da poĹĄtuje svako ko Ĺželi da uÄestvuje u mreĹži
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TeĹžina (Difficulty) - Podesiva vrednost koja diktira kolika je raÄunarska snaga potrebna rudarima za kopanje novih blokova.
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Naknade (Fees) - Vrednost koja se placĚa rudaru za ukljuÄivanje transakcije u blok
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Hardware novÄanik - Namenski sigurni ureÄaj za Äuvanje bitcoin privatnih kljuÄeva u oflajn okruĹženju
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Hash - Termin dat radnji pretvaranja podataka. Hashing koriste rudari za obradu transakcija
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Brzina Hasha (Hash Rate) - Ukupan broj hashova koje je izvrĹĄio rudar ili grupa rudara, eng. mining pool, izraĹžen u hashovima u sekundi
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KYC - âZnajte svog kupca, eng. Know Your Customerâ je propis koji zahteva od preduzecĚa koja prodaju bitcoin-e da prikupljaju identifikacione informacije o kupcu
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Lightning Network - Dodatni sloj izgraÄen na vrhu Bitcoin-a koji omogucĚava korisnicima da ĹĄalju/primaju male uplate sa vrlo niskim naknadama
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Mempool - Grupa transakcija koja Äeka da ih rudar ukljuÄi u blok
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Rudar - UÄesnik mreĹže koji doprinosi raÄunarskoj snazi za obradu transakcija u Ĺželji da zaradi naknade i blok nagradu
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Multisig - Multi-Signature je postavka novÄanika koja moĹže zahtevati viĹĄe privatnih kljuÄeva za autorizaciju transakcije
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Ävor (Node) - RaÄunar povezan na Bitcoin mreĹžu koji koristi softver potreban za emitovanje, prenoĹĄenje i verifikaciju transakcija
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Papirni novÄanik - Komad papira koji sadrĹži neophodne podatke za skladiĹĄtenje Bitkoina zaĹĄtiÄenog od pristupa internetu
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Privatni kljuÄ - Jedinstveni niz slova i brojeva potreban za Äuvanje i transakciju bitcoin-a. Ovo ne biste trebali da delite ni sa kim
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Proof of Work - Metod kojim rudari nastoje da osiguraju mreĹžu i ukljuÄuju transakcije u blokove
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Javni kljuÄ - Izveden iz privatnog kljuÄa, javni kljuÄ se koristi prilikom provere potpisa u transakciji
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Block Reward - Blok nagrada se dodeljuje prvom rudaru koji postigne dovoljan dokaz o radu, eng. Proof of Work. Nagrada = Blok subvencija + sve naknade za transakcije za taj blok. Trenutna blok subvencija je 6,25 BTC.
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Satoshi or âsatâ - Nazvan po anonimnom tvorcu Bitcoin-a i ponekad skracĚenici âsatâ, Satoshi je najmanja jedinica bitcoin-a. 1 bitcoin = 100 miliona satoshis
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Satoshi Nakamoto - Pseudonim koji je koristio Bitcoin-ov tvorac (ili tvorci) pre nego ĹĄto je nestao sa interneta
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SegWit - Odvojeni svedok, eng. Segregated Witness, je poboljĹĄanje napravljeno 2017. godine kako bi se povecĚala skalabilnost mreĹže. Segwit transakcije su jeftinije.
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Subvencija (Subsidy) - Subvencija se isplacĚuje rudaru koji postigne dovoljan dokaz o radu za svaki blok. Trenutna subvencija je 6,25 BTC. Ona se prepolovljava na svakih 210.000 blokova (otprilike 4 godine)
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Testnet - Odvojena mreĹža sa gotovo identiÄnim dizajnom kao Bitcoin, koja sluĹži programerima za testiranje poboljĹĄanja
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Tor - The Onion Router je alternativna mreĹža koju koriste korisnici koji Ĺžele da saÄuvaju svoju privatnost na mreĹži
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Txid - Identifikator transakcije, eng. Transaction Identifier, je jedinstveni niz brojeva i slova koji se koristi za oznaÄavanje transakcije
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UTXO - NepotroĹĄeni izlaz transakcije, eng. Unspent Transaction Output, je deo bitcoin-a potroĹĄen na novu adresu koji se moĹže koristiti kao ulaz u buducĚim transakcijama
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@ 97c70a44:ad98e322
2025-06-06 20:48:33Vibe coding is taking the nostr developer community by storm. While it's all very exciting and interesting, I think it's important to pump the brakes a little - not in order to stop the vehicle, but to try to keep us from flying off the road as we approach this curve.
In this note Pablo is subtweeting something I said to him recently (although I'm sure he's heard it from other quarters as well):
nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzp75cf0tahv5z7plpdeaws7ex52nmnwgtwfr2g3m37r844evqrr6jqy2hwumn8ghj7un9d3shjtnyv9kh2uewd9hj7qghwaehxw309aex2mrp0yh8qunfd4skctnwv46z7qg6waehxw309ac8junpd45kgtnxd9shg6npvchxxmmd9uqzq0z48d4ttzzkupswnkyt5a2xfkhxl3hyavnxjujwn5k2k529aearwtecp4
There is a naive, curmudgeonly case for simply "not doing AI". I think the intuition is a good one, but the subject is obviously more complicated - not doing it, either on an individual or a collective level, is just not an option. I recently read Tools for Conviviality by Ivan Illich, which I think can help us here. For Illich, the best kind of tool is one which serves "politically interrelated individuals rather than managers".
This is obviously a core value for bitcoiners. And I think the talks given at the Oslo Freedom Forum this year present a compelling case for adoption of LLMs for the purposes of 1. using them for good, and 2. developing them further so that they don't get captured by corporations and governments. Illich calls both the telephone and print "almost ideally convivial". I would add the internet, cryptography, and LLMs to this list, because each one allows individuals to work cooperatively within communities to embody their values in their work.
But this is only half the story. Illich also points out how "the manipulative nature of institutions... have put these ideally convivial tools at the service of more [managerial dominance]."
Preventing the subversion and capture of our tools is not just a matter of who uses what, and for which ends. It also requires an awareness of the environment that the use of the tool (whether for virtuous or vicious ends) creates, which in turn forms the abilities, values, and desires of those who inhabit the environment.
The natural tendency of LLMs is to foster ignorance, dependence, and detachment from reality. This is not the fault of the tool itself, but that of humans' tendency to trade liberty for convenience. Nevertheless, the inherent values of a given tool naturally gives rise to an environment through use: the tool changes the world that the tool user lives in. This in turn indoctrinates the user into the internal logic of the tool, shaping their thinking, blinding them to the tool's influence, and neutering their ability to work in ways not endorsed by the structure of the tool-defined environment.
The result of this is that people are formed by their tools, becoming their slaves. We often talk about LLM misalignment, but the same is true of humans. Unreflective use of a tool creates people who are misaligned with their own interests. This is what I mean when I say that AI use is anti-human. I mean it in the same way that all unreflective tool use is anti-human. See Wendell Berry for an evaluation of industrial agriculture along the same lines.
What I'm not claiming is that a minority of high agency individuals can't use the technology for virtuous ends. In fact, I think that is an essential part of the solution. Tool use can be good. But tools that bring their users into dependence on complex industry and catechize their users into a particular system should be approached with extra caution. The plow was a convivial tool, and so were early tractors. Self-driving John Deere monstrosities are a straightforward extension of the earlier form of the technology, but are self-evidently an instrument of debt slavery, chemical dependency, industrial centralization, and degradation of the land. This over-extension of a given tool can occur regardless of the intentions of the user. As Illich says:
There is a form of malfunction in which growth does not yet tend toward the destruction of life, yet renders a tool antagonistic to its specific aims. Tools, in other words, have an optimal, a tolerable, and a negative range.
The initial form of a tool is almost always beneficial, because tools are made by humans for human ends. But as the scale of the tool grows, its logic gets more widely and forcibly applied. The solution to the anti-human tendencies of any technology is an understanding of scale. To prevent the overrun of the internal logic of a given tool and its creation of an environment hostile to human flourishing, we need to impose limits on scale.
Tools that require time periods or spaces or energies much beyond the order of corresponding natural scales are dysfunctional.
My problem with LLMs is:
- Not their imitation of human idioms, but their subversion of them and the resulting adoption of robotic idioms by humans
- Not the access they grant to information, but their ability to obscure accurate or relevant information
- Not their elimination of menial work, but its increase (Bullshit Jobs)
- Not their ability to take away jobs, but their ability to take away the meaning found in good work
- Not their ability to confer power to the user, but their ability to confer power to their owner which can be used to exploit the user
- Not their ability to solve problems mechanistically, but the extension of their mechanistic value system to human life
- Not their explicit promise of productivity, but the environment they implicitly create in which productivity depends on their use
- Not the conversations they are able to participate in, but the relationships they displace
All of these dysfunctions come from the over-application of the technology in evaluating and executing the fundamentally human task of living. AI work is the same kind of thing as an AI girlfriend, because work is not only for the creation of value (although that's an essential part of it), but also for the exercise of human agency in the world. In other words, tools must be tools, not masters. This is a problem of scale - when tool use is extended beyond its appropriate domain, it becomes what Illich calls a "radical monopoly" (the domination of a single paradigm over all of human life).
So the important question when dealing with any emergent technology becomes: how can we set limits such that the use of the technology is naturally confined to its appropriate scale?
Here are some considerations:
- Teach people how to use the technology well (e.g. cite sources when doing research, use context files instead of fighting the prompt, know when to ask questions rather than generate code)
- Create and use open source and self-hosted models and tools (MCP, stacks, tenex). Refuse to pay for closed or third-party hosted models and tools.
- Recognize the dependencies of the tool itself, for example GPU availability, and diversify the industrial sources to reduce fragility and dependence.
- Create models with built-in limits. The big companies have attempted this (resulting in Japanese Vikings), but the best-case effect is a top-down imposition of corporate values onto individuals. But the idea isn't inherently bad - a coding model that refuses to generate code in response to vague prompts, or which asks clarifying questions is an example. Or a home assistant that recognized childrens' voices and refuses to interact.
- Divert the productivity gains to human enrichment. Without mundane work to do, novice lawyers, coders, and accountants don't have an opportunity to hone their skills. But their learning could be subsidized by the bots in order to bring them up to a level that continues to be useful.
- Don't become a slave to the bots. Know when not to use it. Talk to real people. Write real code, poetry, novels, scripts. Do your own research. Learn by experience. Make your own stuff. Take a break from reviewing code to write some. Be independent, impossible to control. Don't underestimate the value to your soul of good work.
- Resist both monopoly and "radical monopoly". Both naturally collapse over time, but by cultivating an appreciation of the goodness of hand-crafted goods, non-synthetic entertainment, embodied relationship, and a balance between mobility and place, we can relegate new, threatening technologies to their correct role in society.
I think in all of this is implicit the idea of technological determinism, that productivity is power, and if you don't adapt you die. I reject this as an artifact of darwinism and materialism. The world is far more complex and full of grace than we think.
The idea that productivity creates wealth is, as we all know, bunk. GDP continues to go up, but ungrounded metrics don't reflect anything about the reality of human flourishing. We have to return to a qualitative understanding of life as whole, and contextualize quantitative tools and metrics within that framework.
Finally, don't believe the hype. Even if AI delivers everything it promises, conservatism in changing our ways of life will decelerate the rate of change society is subjected to and allow time for reflection and proper use of the tool. Curmudgeons are as valuable as technologists. There will be no jobspocalypse if there is sufficient political will to value human good over mere productivity. It's ok to pump the breaks.
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@ c9badfea:610f861a
2025-06-06 20:05:26- Install Food You (it's free and open source)
- Launch the app and tap the âď¸ icon
- Tap Meals and set up your meal schedule (these items will appear on the main screen)
- Go back and then tap Calorie Goal to configure your daily intake goal
- Return to the main screen
- Now you can tap + on a card (e.g. Breakfast) to add a meal
- Tap + and select Product
- You can now fill in the details manually
- Or tap Download Product, paste the URL of the product from OpenFoodFacts (e.g. https://world.openfoodfacts.org/product/6111242101180/lait-entier-uht-jaouda), and then tap Download
- Tap Create
- You can now adjust intake details like servings
- Tap Save
- Add more products and recipes and start tracking your nutrition!
âšď¸ Once you have created enough products, you can tap + on a meal card on the main screen, then tap + and select Recipe to create recipes from products
âšď¸ Internet connection is only used to optionally fetch product details via URLs; otherwise, the app works completely offline
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@ c631e267:c2b78d3e
2025-06-06 18:54:04Willst du den Charakter eines Menschen kennenlernen, \ so gib ihm Macht. \ Abraham Lincoln
Vermutlich war Friedrich Merz erleichtert nach seinem Besuch beim US-Präsidenten im Oval Office. Dem Bundeskanzler kam zwar neben der Wortgewalt Donald Trumps eher eine Statistenrolle in der Medienrunde zu, aber es hätte natĂźrlich viel schlimmer kommen kĂśnnen. Deswegen hatte er sich wohl vorher Ratschläge geholt, wie man hĂśrt unter anderem vom ukrainischen Präsidenten Wolodymyr Selenskyj. Offiziell gab der deutsche Regierungschef sogar an, ÂŤauĂerordentlich zufriedenÂť mit seinem Antrittsbesuch zu sein.
Dabei gibt es aktuell doch mehr Differenzen als Gemeinsamkeiten. Zu den Themen, mit denen es eine sehr unterschiedliche Umgehensweise hier und dort gibt, gehÜrt die Gesundheit. Trumps Gesundheitsminister, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., kritisiert zum Beispiel, die meisten US-Universitäten wßrden den Studenten zu wenig ßber die Bedeutung gesunder Ernährung beibringen. Im Vordergrund der medizinischen Ausbildung stßnde zu sehr die Behandlung der Menschen mit Medikamenten. Daher plant er, den Fakultäten die Bundesmittel zu streichen, wenn sie ihren Studenten keine Ernährungskurse anbieten.
Der oft als VerschwĂśrungstheoretiker diffamierte RFK Jr. ist auch Teil des wachsenden Widerstands gegen Geoengineering-Aktivitäten. Die Manipulation von Wetter und Klima beispielsweise durch das Freisetzen von Chemikalien in die Atmosphäre kann kaum gesund sein und soll daher mit Louisiana jetzt in einem weiteren US-Bundesstaat verboten werden. Kennedy hatte derartige MaĂnahmen auch schon als ein Verbrechen bezeichnet, das es zu stoppen gelte.
Indes ist der deutsche Beitrag in diesem Kontext, dass Ex-Gesundheitsminister und Covid-Impfpflicht-BefĂźrworter Karl Lauterbach jetzt zum Klimaexperten mutiert. Laut Spiegel soll er Mitglied einer Kommission fĂźr Klima und Gesundheit bei der Weltgesundheitsorganisation werden, angeblich unentgeltlich. Vermutlich mĂśchte die WHO im Sinne ihrer One-Health-Initiative mit solcher Lobbyarbeit fĂźr ÂŤKlimaschutz als Teil des GesundheitsschutzesÂť ihren globalen FĂźhrungsanspruch untermauern.
Das Thema ÂŤCoronaÂť ist im Ăbrigen noch lange nicht erledigt und das Narrativ bekommt weitere Risse. Nachdem Kennedy in den USA den Covid-ÂŤImpfstoffÂť fĂźr gesunde Kinder und schwangere Frauen aus dem empfohlenen Impfplan gestrichen hat, ist eine CDC-Beraterin zurĂźckgetreten, die die Gen-Injektionen fĂźr Schwangere gefĂśrdert hatte. Auch die australische Regierung hat ihre Impfempfehlungen aktualisiert. Sie räumt jetzt ein, dass der Nutzen des ÂŤImpfstoffsÂť die Schäden fĂźr gesunde Jugendliche nicht Ăźberwiegt.
Gleichzeitig berichten Medien von einer neuen, anhaltenden ÂŤCovid-19-WelleÂť in China. Es gebe BefĂźrchtungen, dass es zu erneuten Lockdowns und anderen drastischen MaĂnahmen kommen kĂśnnte, obwohl sich die ÂŤInfektionenÂť laut den GesundheitsbehĂśrden auf einem Abwärtstrend befinden. In einigen Schulen seien SchĂźler isoliert und unter Quarantäne gestellt worden.
Isolierung, Ăberwachung und Kontrolle sind ebenfalls ein hĂśchst ungesundes Erbe der ÂŤCoronazeitÂť. Die weltweit vielfach eingefĂźhrten digitalen ÂŤImpfpässeÂť wurden als Instrument benutzt, um Kampagnen fĂźr digitale Identitäten zu fĂśrdern und die entsprechenden Systeme aufzubauen. Gerade hat auch Griechenland mit der EinfĂźhrung seiner ÂŤPersonal Citizen NumberÂť den Grundstein fĂźr ein einheitliches digitales ID-System gelegt.
Derweil schlagen DatenschĂźtzer Alarm wegen des Tracking-Potenzials der sogenannten ÂŤPhone HomeÂť-Funktion vieler digitaler Ausweise. Dieses ÂŤFeatureÂť, bei dem im Hintergrund jedesmal der Aussteller kontaktiert wird, um eine Angabe zu ĂźberprĂźfen, werde ganz leise in der Gesellschaft eingefĂźhrt, warnen sie. Das gebe den Regierungen den Vorgeschmack auf eine Macht, die sie kaum jemals wieder loslassen wĂźrden. Dagegen hilft nur eins: wachsam sein, hinterfragen und im Zweifel ÂŤNeinÂť sagen, anstatt auf eine vermeintliche Bequemlichkeit hereinzufallen.
[Titelbild: Pixabay]
Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben und ist zuerst auf Transition News erschienen.
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@ cae03c48:2a7d6671
2025-06-06 20:01:23Bitcoin Magazine
Matador Technologies Raises C$1.64M To Invest in Their Bitcoin ReserveMatador Technologies Inc. (TSXV: MATA, OTCQB: MATAF), a Bitcoin-focused tech company, announced that it has closed the second tranche of its non-brokered private placement, raising C$1,644,300 through the issuance of 2,652,097 units at a price of $0.62 per unit, with the proceeds going towards investing in their Bitcoin reserve.
Matador (TSXV: MATA | OTCQB: MATAF | FSE: IU3) closes $1.64M second tranche at $0.62/unit
Each unit: 1 share + ½ warrant @ $0.77
Proceeds:
Buy more Bitcoin
Expand gold & Grammies
General corporate growth
https://t.co/nUm0bFWtO0#Bitcoin #TreasuryStrategyâŚ
â Matador Technologies (@buymatador) June 4, 2025
âEach Unit consists of one common share and one-half of one common share purchase warrant,â stated in the press release. âEach Warrant entitles the holder to acquire one additional common share of the Company at a price of $0.77 for a period of twelve months from the date of issuance.â
The warrants are subject to acceleration if Matadorâs shares trade at or above $1.15 for five consecutive trading days at any time following the date which is four months and one day after the closing date.Â
The securities from the second tranche are under a hold period that lasts until October 5, 2025. As part of the deal, the company also paid finderâs fees totaling $95,582 and issued 152,165 broker warrants on the same terms.
This follows the first tranche of the offering, announced on May 30, 2025, which included a CAD$1.5 million investment from Arrington Capital, a digital asset management firm co-founded by Michael Arrington.Â
âWeâre thrilled to welcome Arrington Capital as a strategic investor,â said the CEO of Matador Technologies Inc. Deven Soni. âTheir deep conviction in the Bitcoin ecosystem and global perspective on digital assets align perfectly with Matadorâs vision. This investment enhances our ability to accelerate development of Bitcoin-native financial products and scale our platform globally.â
In that tranche, Matador issued 2,419,354 units under the same terms. Each including one common share and one-half warrant, with full warrants exercisable at $0.77 for one year. Like the second tranche, those warrants are also subject to acceleration if the share price hits $1.15 for five consecutive trading days following the initial four-month period.
âThis is more than just a capital raiseâitâs a signal that the worldâs top digital asset investors see the same future we do,â said the Chief Visionary Officer of Matador Mark Moss.
âAt Matador, we believe the next wave of global financial infrastructure will be built on digital assets,â commented Moss. âBy aligning with HODL, weâre not just expanding geographicallyâweâre expanding the reach of the digital assetsâ ecosystem into a key innovation hub.â
This post Matador Technologies Raises C$1.64M To Invest in Their Bitcoin Reserve first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Oscar Zarraga Perez.
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@ cae03c48:2a7d6671
2025-06-06 20:01:16Bitcoin Magazine
Botanix Launches Federated Sidechain with 16 Members On TestnetBotanix Labs has launched Botanix on testnet as a federated sidechain built on Bitcoin with a 16-node founding federation that includes XBTO, Fireblocks, Antpool, UTXO Management, and other entities (full list below).
The federation ensures that no single entity â including Botanix Labs â controls the network. Botanix Labs has relinquished operational responsibilities, transferring governance and consensus to the node operators. The network plans to evolve into a dynamic federation that supports hundreds of nodes, with the long-term goal of enabling anyone to run a Botanix node. The networkâs mainnet is scheduled to launch later this quarter.
Willem SchroĂŠ, CEO and co-founder of Botanix Labs, stated in a press release that, âThe Bitcoin economy cannot be built on centralized rails. With this 16-node founding federation, weâve stripped out centralized control and laid the groundwork for a fully permissionless future.â
Botanixâs design emphasizes resilience, with geographically distributed nodes and different kinds of security hardware to minimize single points of failure. The goal is to support consistent availability and uncensorable transaction processing, aligning with Bitcoinâs principles of security and open access. Their use of what they call the âSpiderchainâ protocol enables Ethereum Virtual Machine compatibility, allowing applications like lending and staking directly on the network without wrapped assets or bridges.
Philippe Bekhazi, co-founder and CEO of XBTO, commented, âInstitutional interest in Bitcoin continues to grow, but that growth depends on secure, decentralized infrastructure that can meet the standards of professional markets.âÂ
Bekhazi also noted XBTOâs commitment to supporting Botanix.
Founded in 2023, Botanix Labs developed the Spiderchain protocol and initiated Botanix. With the network now independently operated, the lab focuses on research, developer tools, and ecosystem support. Botanix enables developers to build financial applications while maintaining Bitcoinâs base layer integrity.
The networkâs decentralized structure supports scalability and security for Bitcoin-related applications. As Botanix prepares for its mainnet launch, it aims to expand its federation and move toward further decentralization.
The full founding Botanix federation includes Botanix, Galaxy, Fireblocks, Alchemy, XBTO, Antpool, UTXO Management, Kiln, Chorus One, UndefinedXBlockPI, DAIC, Pier Two, Stakin, Vertex, Stake.fish, and Hashkey Cloud.
Bitcoin Magazine is wholly owned by BTC Inc., which operates UTXO Management, a regulated capital allocator focused on the digital assets industry. UTXO invests in a variety of Bitcoin businesses, and maintains significant holdings in digital assets.Â
This post Botanix Launches Federated Sidechain with 16 Members On Testnet first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Juan Galt.
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@ 91117f2b:111207d6
2025-06-06 19:36:06When news broke out that a superhero was living in Nigeria, Nigerians had mixed reactions.
The Skeptics
- "Oga, which superpower be this? Can you use am make I get scholarship?"
- "I no believe am. Na juju or what?"
- "If you be superhero, why you no use your powers help yourself get good job?"
The Supporters
- "Ahah! We need more superheroes like you in Nigeria! You go make us proud!"
- "Oga superhero, use your powers help us fight corruption and poverty!"
- "We welcome you with open arms! Come, chop jollof rice with us!"
The Entrepreneurs
- "Superhero brother, I get small business wey sell superhero merchandise. You fit be our brand ambassador?"
- "Oga, I get idea! We fit create superhero-themed restaurant, and you fit be the face!"
- "You fit use your powers help me transport goods to other parts of the country?"
The Pragmatists
- "Oga superhero, make sure say you no use your powers cause trouble or break things. We no get money pay for damages."
- "Just make sure you're not one of those superheroes who forgets about the real issues in Nigeria."
- "Use your powers wisely, and don't make us look foolish in front of the world."
What's the most humorous reaction you'd expect from a Nigerian about a superhero in their midst?
stay tuned for more
Part 2
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@ 7459d333:f207289b
2025-06-06 16:18:11When onboarding friends and family, there's the wish to provide them with something that's self-custodial and not too complex. For people that are starting slow but will keep stacking in the future, we cannot just recommend them to stack 10k sats or 100k sats UTXOs. Since they're stacking for the long term it doesn't seem responsible to recommend them that.
So there comes the Lightning Network. They could stack there and swap out eventually when they reach 1-10M sats. The thing is, Lightning (in its self-custodial form) isn't really fit for this use case. Because to receive 100k sats, you first need to get some inbound liquidity from LSPs that sometimes isn't even 2x the amount you're receiving. So at best it's good for your next 100k but then you'll have to do something onchain again.
And you can always open channels to them yourself. But it's hard to predict who will stack hard and who will just forget about it. Also it puts some responsibility onto your node's uptime.
What I'm doing lately is recommending something like Wallet of Satoshi. As some kind of entry level test. Because if you have to explain onchain fees, UTXOs, channels, and inbound liquidity to a newbie, they're going to run away. Then whoever passes the first test might get a channel from your node or at least from an LSP on a self-custodial wallet.
And in general, LN is not good for stacking. If onchain fees were off the roof you would struggle to resize or open new channels while growing your stack.
So what's the way of scaling Bitcoin so that hundreds of millions of people can save in a self-custodial way?
Maybe multipeer channels make things better, where people in the âspending more than savingâ part of their life could peer up with others doing the opposite. Or maybe it's something like Fedimint.
But on the other hand, should we be worrying about this now? Onchain fees are soooo cheap (as cheap as possible actually).
What do you think?
https://stacker.news/items/999012
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@ 91117f2b:111207d6
2025-06-06 19:13:30Growth often happens outside our comfort zones, but what if we told you that comfort and growth aren't mutually exclusive? In fact, they can complement each other beautifully.
The Comfort Zone
- Safety and security: A sense of familiarity and control.
- Reduced stress: No unexpected challenges or surprises.
- Predictability: Knowing what to expect.
The Growth Mindset
- Embracing challenges: Stepping out of your comfort zone to learn and grow.
- Learning from failures: Using setbacks as opportunities for growth.
- Resilience: Developing coping mechanisms and bouncing back.
Finding Comfort in Growth
- Embracing the unknown: Finding comfort in the uncertainty of growth.
- Building resilience: Developing coping mechanisms to navigate challenges.
- Celebrating small wins: Acknowledging progress and celebrating milestones.
The Benefits
- Increased confidence: Growing and overcoming challenges builds self-assurance.
- New perspectives: Expanding your horizons and gaining new insights.
- Personal growth: Developing as a person and reaching your full potential.
The Takeaway
Comfort and growth aren't opposing forces; they can work together. By embracing challenges and finding comfort in the process, you can:
- Grow as a person: Develop new skills and perspectives.
- Build resilience: Learn to navigate uncertainty and overcome obstacles.
- Find comfort in the journey: Embracing the process of growth and self-improvement.
What's the most significant growth experience you've had recently?
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@ 91117f2b:111207d6
2025-06-06 18:54:04Emotional pain: the ultimate party crasher. It shows up uninvited, overstays its welcome, and makes you wonder if you'll ever dance again. It is the worst pain you can feel, worse than injuries because it can be treated easily but the one you feel inside can't.
The Symptoms
- Random mood swings (like a hormonal teenager)
- Overthinking (hello, brain hamster wheel)
- Emotional exhaustion (like running a marathon... blindfolded)
The Coping Mechanisms
- Netflix binge-watching (because who needs human connection?)
- Ice cream therapy (the answer to all life's problems)
- Creative expression (art, music, or writing â take your pick)
The Silver Lining
Emotional pain can be a catalyst for:
- Growth: Learning to navigate your emotions and develop resilience.
- Empathy: Understanding others' struggles and forming deeper connections.
- Creativity: Channeling your emotions into art, music, or writing.
The Takeaway
Emotional pain might be awkward, but it's also a chance to:
- Learn to dance again: Find your rhythm and move forward.
- Connect with others: Share your story and find solidarity.
- Create something beautiful: Turn your pain into art.
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@ 37666b60:3698ff14
2025-06-06 15:40:34Hello
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@ 4898fe02:4ae46cb0
2025-06-06 15:39:14I had a bit of extra time this week to attend a call organized by @jeffg (npub1zuuajd7u3sx8xu92yav9jwxpr839cs0kc3q6t56vd5u9q033xmhsk6c2uc) regarding a privacy focused project he's been working on for the last year-or-so. Shout-out to @niftynei (npub1e0z776cpe0gllgktjk54fuzv8pdfxmq6smsmh8xd7t8s7n474n9smk0txy) for encouraging me to do so, pushing my somewhat out of my comfort zone in reporting on technical updates.
Also, if you know of or are involved in similar dev calls and would like a report done, please reach out and feel free to share calendar updates.
--@Car would be awesome to see this talked about on SNL later today, as it seems to be a very important/overlooked project for the future of privacy, nostr and bitcoin broadly.
Anyway, here's the unschooled report--my technical explanations may sometimes be scant, but I've done my best to provide more qualified sources where necessary.
Bringing Secure, Confidential Group Chats to Nostr - A Monthly MLS on Nostr Dev Call
Posted originally to Stacker News ~nostr territory
Developers met Tuesday, 3 Jun at 1600UTC at what would be the first of a monthly series of community calls to discuss updates and respond to questions about the implementation of the MLS (Messaging Layer Security) standard over nostr.
@jb55 (npub1klkk3vrzme455yh9rl2jshq7rc8dpegj3ndf82c3ks2sk40dxt7qulx3vt)) @hodlbod (npub1jlrs53pkdfjnts29kveljul2sm0actt6n8dxrrzqcersttvcuv3qdjynqn), Max Hillebrand (npub1klkk3vrzme455yh9rl2jshq7rc8dpegj3ndf82c3ks2sk40dxt7qulx3vt) and @jeffg (npub1zuuajd7u3sx8xu92yav9jwxpr839cs0kc3q6t56vd5u9q033xmhsk6c2uc) among others attended and contributed to a discussion about the latter's research and development on implementing a new messaging standard on nostr using MLS.
The call highlighted some of the features of MLS, a relatively new (as of 2023) secure and confidential messaging and group-chat protocol standard. It is modeled to achieve a similar level of security as Signal, prioritizing forward-secrecy and post-compromise security, multi-device compatibility, as well as the ability to scale for large groups.
For those not familiar,
Forward secrecy means that encrypted content in the past remains encrypted even if key material is leaked.\ Post compromise security means that leaking key material doesn't allow an attacker to continue to read messages indefinitely into the future. ^1
Developers working on the project indicated that it will be an improvement on current instant-messaging standards commonly used by nostr clients, such as nip17, for a relatively simple implementation.
Those in attendance overall showed enthusiasm to push this project forward and developers interested are being encouraged to fork the the Nostr-MLS Rust Library to begin working it into their stack. Notably, @jeffg and Hillebrand are keen to see new contributors work on the project.
Participants had the opportunity to ask technical questions about how the library handles some features as well as how to begin contributing.
Discussion also centered around issues with MLS (such as potential key-package rotation DOS attack vectors and de-syncing) as well as some key concepts for the new messaging standard such as how key-packages are signed by a users nsec and published to key-package inbox relays before being rotated.
Proofs of Concept
White Noise and 0xchat both have implemented MLS on nostr. These are the first to prove that the concept of secure-confidential group messaging is possible over the distributed nostr-relay protocol.
Learn More
@jeffg has kept detailed project updates on his nostr account. Notably, the post MLS Over Nostr explains the vision he has for the project and his presentation The Past and Future of Messaging on Nostr (youtube) gives a high-level overview of messaging on nostr and the problems he is working to solve.
Follow @jeffg (npub1zuuajd7u3sx8xu92yav9jwxpr839cs0kc3q6t56vd5u9q033xmhsk6c2uc) on your favourite nostr clinent for call updates.
Link to join.
Related:
Telegram Clone (sic) on Nostr: Live Demo by @DarthCoin White Noise: Secure Messaging Over Nostr by @supratic
https://stacker.news/items/998963
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@ 91117f2b:111207d6
2025-06-06 18:32:33The weight of unspoken words can be a heavy burden, but it's a burden that can be lifted. By expressing ourselves authentically, we can:
- Release pent-up emotions: Sharing our feelings can help us process and understand them better.
- Form deeper connections: Vulnerability can lead to more meaningful relationships and a sense of community.
- Find our voice: Expressing ourselves can help us discover our unique perspective and style.
Creative Outlets for Expression
- Writing: Journaling, poetry, or short stories can be powerful ways to express emotions.
- Art: Painting, drawing, or photography can provide a visual outlet for feelings.
- Conversation: Talking to a trusted friend, family member, or therapist can help you process your emotions.
The Courage to Be Vulnerable
Being vulnerable takes courage, but it's a courage that can lead to:
- Deeper self-awareness: Understanding your emotions and needs.
- More authentic relationships: Building connections based on trust and empathy.
- Personal growth: Developing resilience and confidence.
Your Story Matters
Your experiences, thoughts, and feelings are unique and valuable. By sharing your story, you can:
- Inspire others: Your words can motivate, comfort, or empower others.
- Process your emotions: Sharing your story can help you heal and grow.
- Leave a legacy: Your words can outlast you, leaving a lasting impact.
Everyone has a way to express themselves, what's yours?
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@ 91117f2b:111207d6
2025-06-06 18:17:24Nigeria, land of vibrant culture, delicious jollof rice, and... creepy crawlies! Yes, our beloved country is home to some insects that might just make you shudder. But don't worry, we've got you covered!
The Top 5 Most Feared (and Fascinating) Insects in Nigeria
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Mosquitoes: The Unwelcome Guests- These tiny terrors are notorious for their itchy bites and malaria-spreading abilities. But let's be real, who needs personal space when you're trying to enjoy a peaceful evening outdoors?
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Cockroaches: The Ultimate Survivors- These resilient critters can thrive in even the most inhospitable environments. They're like the Nigerian version of The Terminator â unstoppable and unkillable!
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Scorpions: The Stinging Sensations- With their menacing stingers and armored shells, scorpions are the ultimate party crashers. Just don't invite them to your next outdoor gathering!
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Tsetse Flies: The Biting Buzz- These pesky flies are known for their painful bites and ability to transmit diseases. But hey, at least they're consistent â they'll always bring their A-game to the biting party!
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Ants: The Marching Army- Some ant species in Nigeria are infamous for their painful stings and organized invasions. It's like they're trying to take over the world, one crumb at a time!
The Silver Lining
While these insects might seem daunting, they play a vital role in Nigeria's ecosystem. They pollinate, decompose, and even serve as a food source for other animals. So, let's appreciate these creepy crawlies from a safe distance!
Survival Tips
To coexist with Nigeria's insects, remember:
- Wear protective clothing when outdoors
- Keep your home clean and tidy
- Use insect repellent (preferably the strong stuff)
- Don't mess with ants â they'll retaliate!
The Nigerian Insect Brigade
While we might joke about these insects, it's essential to respect their place in our ecosystem. Who knows, maybe one day we'll learn to appreciate their quirky charm?
In Nigeria, we don't have aliens, to pose as a threat "(alien invasion)" , we already have insect invasion.
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@ 4d41a7cb:7d3633cc
2025-06-06 18:16:08Have you ever stopped to think how retarded our monetary system is? If the U.S. is the most powerful nation on earth, has the biggest gold reserves, and has the monopoly over the global reserve currency... Why the fuck are they still 34 trillion in debt? One reporter finally asked this important question to the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors (whatever that means): Jared Bernstein.
> JB: They, they, um, they, yeah, they, they, um, they sell bonds. Yeah, they sell bonds, right? Since they sell bonds and people buy the bonds and lend them the money. Yeah, so, yeah, I guess I'm just, I don't, I can't really talk. I don't, I don't get it. I don't know what they're talking about.
BANKSTERS DON'T WANT US TO KNOW HOW THIS MECHANISM WORKS BECAUSE THEY KNOW THAT IF WE KNOW, WE ARE GOING TO GET MAD. NOT EVEN POLITICIANS AND HIGH-RANKED OFFICIALS UNDERSTAND WHAT I AM ABOUT TO EXPLAIN.
THE CORRECT QUESTION TO ASK IS: IF THE U.S. PRINTS DOLLARS, WHY DOES IT HAVE SUCH A BIG DEBT? IF YOU HAD THIS QUESTION BEFORE: GOOD FOR YOU!
THE ANSWER IS: The U.S. has debt because every Federal Reserve Note, a.k.a. FRN ("DOLLAR"), that the Federal Reserve prints is a NOTE that the government owes plus interest. The FRNs are debt instruments! How is this possible? You may ask... Who do they owe this debt to? "The government does not print "dollars" out of thin air."
The government prints bonds (debt) out of thin air, and the Federal Reserve buys these bonds, printing FRNs out of thin air. And that is how "dollars" come into existence. This doesn't make sense, right? Thomas Edison thought the same when he said:
> âIf the government can issue bonds, it can issue currency. Both are promises to pay, but one promise fattens the usurer and the other helps the people.â
New York Times, 6 de diciembre de 1921The U.S. could print its own debt-free, non-interest-bearing Treasury notes. Like Lincoln printed the Greenbacks to finance the Civil War, Kennedy issued treasury notes with E.O. 11110. What's the difference between a United States note and a Federal Reserve note?
ONE PROMISE FATTENS THE USURER, AND THE OTHER HELPS THE PEOPLE.
The truth is the Federal Reserve took over the U.S. government in 1933 when it declared bankruptcy and the power was passed to its creditors: the Federal Reserve. This institution artificially inflated and contracted the currency supply to create the Great Depression (1929) and finally bankrupted the U.S. government in 1933. They forced the Gold Standard Act in the 1900s, and then they officially took the U.S. out of it in 1934. This bank stole the gold of the American people, and then they stole the gold of other nations in 1971!!!
I want to clarify that I am not making this up, but I am standing on the shoulders of giants like Alfred Owen Crozier (1863-1939). This legend was lobbying against the Federal Reserve Act in 1912, and he wrote the book U.S. Money vs. Corporate Currency, where he documented the intent of this private group of banksters to create a private central bank that would counterfeit currency and take over the republic, bankrupting it. He literally predicted the Great Depression. His worst nightmares turned into a reality. Here you have my top 3 books from him:
Most recently, another legendary character that did a monumental work in dismantling this giant fraud was Thomas Schauf (1949). He lived years out of his savings to prove this giant fraud to the American people. He is a certified CPA who became a full-time lecturer on âmoney and debtâ after the 1987 crash. He dismantled the Federal Reserve cartel, and he also explains the fraud of the commercial bank's credit creation process using the Federal Reserve's own publications.
Both Alfred and Thomas prove that the Federal Reserve is an unconstitutional private central bank that took the power to coin currency from the government, unlawfully transferring that sovereignty to private corporations. Crozier provided the original historical record, and Thomas provided the insider accounting documentation.
CROZIER CONTRIBUTIONS
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Introduced the term âcorporate currencyâ to flag that the new notes would be liabilities of a private cartel, not of the U.S. Treasury.
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Warned about the non gold redeem-ability of this private paper: any emergency suspension of specie payments would convert the notes into a floating, unbacked claimââirredeemable except in more paper.â
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National bankruptcy forecast: once Treasury debt became the key collateral behind private notes, taxpayers would shoulder every panic, culminating in âthe insolvency of the Republic.â
THOMAS SCHAUF UNIQUE CONTRIBUTIONS
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FOIA stock-subscription ledgers (1991): first public list of the individual banks and share counts that capitalized each of the 12 Reserve Banks.
-
Annotated FRB H-4-1 balance sheets (weekly releases): line-by-line notes showing how âFederal Reserve Notes outstandingâ are booked as a liability to member banks, not to the public.
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Discount-window flow charts: traced how reserves created in New York are pyramided 30-to-1 in downstream banks, then recycled into Treasuries.
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Internal circulars on surplus rebates: revealed the dividend formula (6 % to stock-holding banks) and the legally mandated tax exemption on that income.
Thomas Schauf is the researcher who turned the Federal Reserveâs own accounting records into hard evidence of private ownership and systemic leverage.
The Federal Reserve is the biggest fraud in human history and the most profitable business on earth: it prints currency out of thin air, and it lends it to the government at interest, buying treasury bills. For every FRN they print at no cost they earn $1 plus interest.
NEW YORK FEDERAL RESERVE OWNERS
⢠Chase Manhattan Bank N.A.â ⢠Citibank N.A.â ⢠Morgan Guaranty Trustâ ⢠Chemical Bankâ ⢠Bankers Trust Co.â ⢠Manufacturers Hanoverâ
HOW CAN AMERICA END THIS FRAUD?
Alfred Owen Crozier, Thomas Schauf, and I will agree on the same solution: Convert existing Federal Reserve notes into U.S. notes on a one-for-one basis. This will automatically end the interest on the U.S. debt: THE BIGGEST U.S GOVERNMENT LIABILITY.
You cannot fix the deficit if you don't nationalize the Federal Reserve Inc and replace every interest-bearing Federal Reserve Note with a non-interest-bearing U.S. Note.
YOU CAN LITERALLY ELIMINATE THE U.S. PUBLIC DEBT BY ISSUING AN EXECUTIVE ORDER REPLACING FRNs FOR U.S notes. Then force private banks to lend only their own capital or time deposits, ending the credit-creation privilege and the boom and bust cycle.
Ron Paul will also agree with this. Every person that understands the monetary system will agree with this.
All freedom-loving Americans who believe in the Revolutionary War, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights need to join their efforts to fight this corrupt system, abolish the federal system, the national debt, and most of the taxes, and re-establish an honest monetary system.
The American population needs to understand the truth and why they fought the Revolutionary War: FOR THIS SAME REASON! WAKE UP, AMERICA!
This cannot be fixed with Bitcoin TODAY, but probably in the coming decades. But in the meantime it can be done with Treasury notes. This needs to be done if you want to avoid hyperinflation and a state of emergency, martial law, and total disaster.
Time is running out and you need to take action fast. Interest rates are eating up all the revenue of the government and your tax money is going into an unpayable black hole for this very reason.
Americans have two choices: stay and fight or escape before disaster strikes. And no, I am not being extremist, it is a sad reality. Read this books, study this and talk about this with all you fellow Americans.
This is the most important issue you should be discussing about.
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@ a3c6f928:d45494fb
2025-06-06 17:41:14Guilt can feel like a weight we carry silentlyâa reminder of past choices, mistakes, or words we wish we could take back. While remorse can be a signal for growth, staying stuck in guilt serves no one. Freedom from guilt is not about denying responsibility; itâs about accepting it with compassion and choosing to heal forward.
The Silent Burden
Guilt often hides in our inner dialogue:
"I should have known better."
"Why did I do that?"
"I canât forgive myself."
It lingers quietly, shaping how we show up in relationships, how we talk to ourselves, and what we believe we deserve.
Why Guilt Persists
We believe guilt is penanceâthat if we suffer long enough, weâll earn redemption. But guilt isnât the path to healing. Forgiveness is. And it begins with ourselves.
Signs Youâre Stuck in Guilt
You replay events repeatedly in your mind
You avoid situations or people connected to the memory
You believe you deserve less because of what happened
You canât speak kindly to yourself about the past
The Path to Self-Forgiveness
-
Acknowledge Without Denial: Own what happened, but resist the urge to define yourself by it.
-
Feel the Feelings: Allow yourself to grieve, feel sorrow, or disappointment. This is part of release.
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Offer Yourself Compassion: Would you speak this harshly to someone you love?
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Make Amends if Needed: When possible, take responsible action to heal what can be healed.
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Let the Past Educate, Not Punish: Take the lesson. Leave the shame.
Why Forgiveness Frees You
When you forgive yourself, you reclaim your wholeness. You stop being split between who you were and who you're becoming. You can hold your past without being held back by it.
âYou, too, deserve to walk forward without chains.â
Release the guilt. Choose compassion. Let healing lead the way.
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@ a5ee4475:2ca75401
2025-06-06 15:30:41[EM ATUALIZAĂĂO]
vacina #saude #politica #manipulacao #mundial #genocidio #pandemia #conspiracao
"Aqueles que nĂŁo conseguem lembrar o passado estĂŁo condenados a repeti-lo." - George Satayana
Este artigo reĂşne algumas mençþes e evidĂŞncias mais antigas que vim registrando durante alguns anos em relação a Covid-19, vacinas obrigatĂłrias e a ação de agĂŞncias de governo, fundaçþes, polĂticos, mĂdia tradicional, celebridades, influenciadores, cientistas, redes sociais e laboratĂłrios, em envolvimento com genocĂdio e restriçþes de liberdades em escala mundial causado por decisĂľes em vĂĄrias esferas relativas ao covid e as vacinas obrigatĂłrias em geral.
PorĂŠm, alguns links podem nĂŁo estar mais disponĂveis, foram que ainda faltam ser registradas muitas informaçþes jĂĄ divulgadas nos Ăşltimos anos e que muitos nĂŁo tiveram contato pela escassez de meios para a obtenção dessas informaçþes de forma organizada.
Portanto, o presente artigo ainda passarĂĄ por atualizaçþes de conteĂşdo e formatação. Logo, se possĂvel, ajudem sugerindo complementos ou alteraçþes, ou com doaçþes.
Noçþes iniciais:
- O termo 'CoronavĂrus' (COVID) ĂŠ na verdade um nome genĂŠrico para vĂĄrios vĂrus de gripes jĂĄ comuns, dado para o tipo corona (com uma "coroa", 'espetos' ao redor dele), o Sars-Cov-2 (que passou a ser chamado erroneamente sĂł de Covid), ĂŠ sĂł um deles.
- SARS-CoV-2 ĂŠ que ĂŠ nome do vĂrus. Ele que causa a doença Covid-19;
- O coronavĂrus SARS-CoV-2 ĂŠ o segundo tipo de SARS-CoV documentado, o primeiro ocorreu entre 2002 e 2003, se originando tambĂŠm da China e tambĂŠm dito como tendo origem animal;
- SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) - SĂndrome RespiratĂłria Aguda Grave (SRAG) ĂŠ a uma doença respiratĂłria viral, relatada ser de origem zoonĂłtica (animal), causada pelos coronavĂrus SARS-CoV (2002) e SARS-CoV-2 (2019), ambos de origem chinesa;
1. Vacinas ObrigatĂłrias em Geral
23/01/2025 - [Pesquisa] Vacinas nos EUA causando autismo em crianças https://publichealthpolicyjournal.com/vaccination-and-neurodevelopmental-disorders-a-study-of-nine-year-old-children-enrolled-in-medicaid/
- O CDC admite que 98 milhĂľes de pessoas receberam o vĂrus do câncer atravĂŠs da vacina da Poliomielite https://medicinanews.com.br/frente/frente_1/o-cdc-admite-que-98-milhoes-de-pessoas-receberam-o-virus-do-cancer-atraves-da-vacina-poliomielite/
"O CDC (Os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos Estados Unidos) removeu rapidamente uma pĂĄgina do seu site, que estava em cache no Google, como vocĂŞ pode ver logo abaixo, admitindo que mais de 98 milhĂľes de americanos receberam uma ou mais doses de vacina contra pĂłlio dentro de 8 perĂodo entre 1955 e 1963, quando uma proporção da vacina foi contaminada com um poliomavĂrus causador de câncer chamado SV40."
Fonte original da imagem: https://preventdisease.com/images13/CDC_Polio.png [indisponĂvel] - A imagem foi trocada por outra de menor qualidade e em outro link, mas eu jĂĄ tinha a imagem original salva.
Imagem arquivada em: https://web.archive.org/web/20201203231640/
27/02/2021 - Por que o JapĂŁo demorou para vacinar, mesmo com OlimpĂada se aproximando https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/2021/02/27/por-que-o-japao-demorou-para-vacinar-mesmo-com-olimpiada-se-aproximando
"Desconfiança da população japonesa em relação a vacinas, ligada a casos ocorridos no passado, estĂĄ entre razĂľes que atrasaram imunização no paĂs.
A resistĂŞncia Ă vacina do JapĂŁo remonta Ă dĂŠcada de 1970, quando duas crianças morreram dentro de 24 horas apĂłs receberem a vacina combinada contra difteria, tĂŠtano e coqueluche (coqueluche). A vacina foi temporariamente suspensa, mas a confiança jĂĄ havia sido abalada. Por vĂĄrios anos, as taxas de vacinação infantil caĂram, levando a um aumento nos casos de tosse convulsa.
No final dos anos 1980, houve outro susto com a introdução da vacina tripla contra sarampo, caxumba e rubÊola produzida no Japão. As primeiras versþes do imunizante foram associadas à meningite assÊptica, ou inchaço das membranas ao redor do cÊrebro e da medula espinhal. O problema foi rastreado atÊ o componente caxumba da vacina tripla, o que levou a uma ação judicial e a indenização por danos pesados.
O Instituto Nacional de Ciências da Saúde interrompeu a dose combinada em 1993 e a substituiu por vacinas individuais. Após o escândalo, Shibuya disse que o governo japonês se tornou "ciente dos riscos" e seu programa nacional de vacinação tornou-se voluntårio.
O Dr. Yuho Horikoshi, especialista em doenças infecciosas, diz que os processos levaram a uma "lacuna de vacinação", em que nenhuma vacina foi aprovada no Japão por cerca de 15 anos.
Mais recentemente, em 2013, o JapĂŁo adicionou a vacina contra o papilomavĂrus humano (HPV) ao calendĂĄrio nacional para proteger as meninas contra o vĂrus sexualmente transmissĂvel, que ĂŠ conhecido por causar câncer cervical. No entanto, vĂdeos de meninas supostamente sofrendo de reaçþes adversas começaram a circular no YouTube, levando o governo a retirĂĄ-los da programação nacional."
2. PRIMEIRAS OCORRĂNCIAS PREDITIVAS AO COVID-19
2002 - SĂndrome respiratĂłria aguda grave (SARS) Brenda L. Tesini (setembro de 2018). SĂndrome respiratĂłria aguda grave (SARS) [indisponĂvel]. Manual Merck. Consultado em 23 de janeiro de 2020, citado no Wikipedia
SARS - WikipĂŠdia: "A SARS [doença do vĂrus SARS-CoV] foi detectada pela primeira vez no fim de 2002 na China. Entre 2002 e 2003, um surto da doença resultou em mais de 8 000 casos e cerca de 800 mortes em todo o mundo."
2010 - Fundação Rockfeller, Lockstep. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-2010-1.pdf
Neste PDF da fundação Rockfeller, em seu prĂłprio site, a fundação deixou claro o seu envolvimento em casos de âcontençãoâ de pandemias juntamente com a USAID (agĂŞncia americana com nome ambĂguo, como formalmente âUnited States Agency for International Developmentâ, mas soando como âUS Socorreâ, mas sendo um braço do governo democrata que financiava interferĂŞncias polĂticas diretas em vĂĄrios paĂses, como em intervençþes no Brasil ), inclusive em relacionadas ao SARS, o mesmo sintoma dos coronavĂrus Sars-Cov e Sars-Cov-2 (o vĂrus propagado em 2019) e que causa o COVID-19.
Segundo eles:
âIntegração entre RegiĂľes e PaĂses
A Fundação Rockefeler investiu US$ 22 milhĂľes em sua Iniciativa de Redes de Vigilância de Doenças para ajudar a conter a disseminação de doenças infecciosas e pandemias, fortalecendo os sistemas nacionais, regionais e globais de vigilância e resposta a doenças. Dois programas-chave da Rockefeler â a Rede de Vigilância de Doenças da Bacia do Mekong e a Rede Integrada de Vigilância de Doenças da Ăfrica Oriental â conectaram e capacitaram profissionais de saĂşde, epidemiologistas e autoridades de saĂşde pĂşblica em toda a regiĂŁo, levando a um aumento de seis vezes nos locais de vigilância de doenças transfronteiriças somente nos Ăşltimos trĂŞs anos. Em 2010, a Rockefeler expandiu a bem-sucedida campanha transdisciplinar One Health, que a USAID e o Banco AsiĂĄtico de Desenvolvimento adotaram como modelos. One Health refere-se Ă integração da ciĂŞncia mĂŠdica e veterinĂĄria para combater essas novas variedades de doenças zoonĂłticas que se movem e sofrem mutaçþes rapidamente de animais para humanos. Essas colaboraçþes criaram e fortaleceram uma rede regional crĂtica de saĂşde pĂşblica, enquanto as liçþes aprendidas foram exportadas entre disciplinas e paĂses. AlĂŠm de fortalecer os laços globais em saĂşde pĂşblica, a Rockefeler ajudou a elevar o nĂvel de especialização e treinamento em campo. O Programa de Treinamento em Epidemiologia de Campo coloca graduados nos mais altos escalĂľes do governo no Laos e no VietnĂŁ, enquanto as bolsas da Rockefeler transformaram as ferramentas disponĂveis para os mĂŠdicos, permitindo-lhes utilizar o poder da internet para se comunicar e monitorar eventos, compreender contextos locais e analisar novos problemas. Finalmente, estamos aplicando ferramentas do sĂŠculo XXI para combater os desafios de saĂşde do sĂŠculo XXI.â
Julho de 2012 - Revista Mundo Estranho - Epidemias Citado em: https://super.abril.com.br/especiais/epidemia-o-risco-invisivel/
PĂĄgina do site ME salva em Imagem no Voidcat
Houve uma âcoincidĂŞnciaâ, a revista Mundo Estranho em julho de 2012, entrevistou o atĂŠ entĂŁo doutorando em virologia, Ătila Iamarino (do canal Nerdologia no Youtube - O mesmo cientista que fez diversas propagandas das vacinas no Brasil), para descrever um possĂvel cenĂĄrio de propagação de uma epidemia viral, a revista descreve com grande precisĂŁo os eventos de 2020, mas apontando o oposto da China, em que, na realidade, sua economia cresceu vertiginosamente.
Segundo eles:
â 1 â A Ăsia ĂŠ o ponto de partida. ApĂłs vĂĄrias mutaçþes, um novo vĂrus surge hospedado em morcegos. As fezes que eles soltam no ar infectam guaxinins. Dos mercados da China, esses animais sĂŁo levados vivos para serem abatidos em restaurantes. Estressados, eles arranham e mordem os cozinheiros, espalhando o vĂrus.
2 â O vĂrus adquire a capacidade de ser transmitido de homem para homem por via aĂŠrea â forma mais fĂĄcil de contĂĄgio. AlĂŠm disso, o contĂĄgio se dĂĄ antes mesmo de o enfermo apresentar os sintomas. Assim, em mĂŠdia, o doente infecta cinco pessoas antes de ter febre, vĂ´mito, diarreia, desidratação e falta de ar.
3 â O governo chinĂŞs envia uma comissĂŁo para avaliar a doença misteriosa que acomete alguns vilarejos. A equipe volta sem resultados e nĂŁo considera o surto alarmante atĂŠ que trĂŞs pesquisadores adoecem e um deles morre. A China nĂŁo informa a Organização Mundial da SaĂşde (OMS) para nĂŁo demonstrar fragilidade.
4 â Os sintomas sĂŁo comuns e a doença sĂł chama a atenção quando muita gente começa a morrer na mesma regiĂŁo. Ainda assim, demora para que mĂŠdicos e enfermeiros percebam a ineficiĂŞncia de antibiĂłticos na cura â o que exclui a maioria das bactĂŠrias como agente causador. Testes com vĂrus comuns tambĂŠm dĂŁo negativo.
5 â O governo isola comunidades em que hĂĄ focos da doença. NinguĂŠm entra nas cidades e nenhum doente pode sair. Mas, como a misteriosa enfermidade demora quatro dias para mostrar seus sintomas, muitos doentes saem dos vilarejos sem saber que estĂŁo infectados, alastrando a epidemia.
6 â Doentes viajam de aviĂŁo para grandes cidades, como Hong Kong. O fervilhante centro comercial, que atrai gente do mundo todo, ĂŠ um polo de contĂĄgio e disseminação. Sem imaginar o risco que correm, pessoas sĂŁo contaminadas e, ao voltar para seu local de origem, carregam o vĂrus para todos os continentes.
7 â Com a doença jĂĄ fora de controle, começa uma corrida entre laboratĂłrios e cientistas de grandes universidades para descobrir o agente causador. Mesmo com o vĂrus isolado, as vacinas demoram para ser feitas em larga escala, tornando impossĂvel o atendimento Ă demanda mundial.
8 â Os paĂses se isolam, mantendo esquemas de quarentena. Aeroportos sĂŁo fechados e o turismo mundial cai a quase zero. A China sofre as piores consequĂŞncias, com o fluxo de empresĂĄrios para Hong Kong suspenso â gerando prejuĂzos de bilhĂľes de dĂłlares â e com o boicote a produtos alimentĂcios vindos da Ăsia.
9 â AlĂŠm dos 10% de casos letais, os milhĂľes de doentes precisam de atendimento mĂŠdico. Enquanto hospitais e cemitĂŠrios estĂŁo lotados, escolas, indĂşstrias e comĂŠrcio ficam paralisados por falta de profissionais. O transporte pĂşblico tambĂŠm para e os trabalhadores que podem passam a trabalhar em casa.
10 â Nas naçþes pobres, quase 20% da população morre â e outros milhĂľes sĂŁo vitimados mesmo em paĂses ricos. Parte dessa mortalidade ocorre por causa da doença, mas outro fator determinante ĂŠ a crise financeira global. A produção de alimentos cai por falta de mĂŁo de obra.
Fontes: A HistĂłria e Suas Epidemias e Pandemias â A Humanidade em Risco, de Stefan Cunha Ujvari; Pragas e Epidemias â HistĂłrias de Doenças Infecciosas, de Antonio Carlos de Castro Toledo Jr. Consultoria: Stefan Ujvari Cunha, infectologista do Hospital AlemĂŁo Oswaldo Cruz; Paolo Zanotto, professor de virologia do Instituto de CiĂŞncias BiolĂłgicas (ICB) da USP; Ătila Iamarino, doutorando em HIV-1 no ICB da USP. â
3. PRIMEIROS INDĂCIOS
10/2019 - Evento 201 - Durante os Jogos Militares Internacionais na China https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/
Promovido por: - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation - John Hopkins Institute - FĂłrum econĂ´mico mundial
"O evento simula a liberação de um coronavĂrus novo do tipo zoonĂłtico transmitido por morcegos para porcos e por fim para humanos. Eventualmente ele se torna muito transmissĂvel entre humanos levando a uma pandemia severa. O vĂrus ĂŠ muito parecido com o vĂrus da SARS, mas se transmite muito mais facilmente entre pessoas devido a sintomas muito mais leves destas."
TambĂŠm mencionado por: Jornal EstadĂŁo
Sobre o "Movimento antivacina"
05/12/2017 - Movimento antivacina: como surgiu e quais consequĂŞncias ele pode trazer? https://www.uol.com.br/universa/noticias/redacao/2017/12/05/o-que-o-movimento-antivacina-pode-causar.htm?cmpid=copiaecola
23/03/2019 - "Instagram bloqueia hashtags e conteúdo antivacinação" https://canaltech.com.br/redes-sociais/instagram-bloqueia-hashtags-e-conteudo-antivacinacao-135411/
23/05/2021 - Novos dados sobre pesquisadores de Wuhan aumentam debate sobre origens da Covid https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/novos-dados-sobre-pesquisadores-de-wuhan-aumentam-debate-sobre-origens-da-covid/
"A China relatou à Organização Mundial da Saúde que o primeiro paciente com sintomas semelhantes aos de Covid-19 foi registrado em Wuhan em 8 de dezembro de 2019"
01/02/2020 - O que aconteceu desde que o novo coronavĂrus foi descoberto na China https://exame.com/ciencia/o-que-aconteceu-desde-que-o-novo-coronavirus-foi-descoberto-na-china/
"O primeiro alerta foi recebido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em 31 de dezembro de 2019"
15/09/2020 - YouTube diz que vai remover vĂdeos com mentiras sobre vacina contra COVID-19 https://gizmodo.uol.com.br/youtube-remover-videos-mentiras-vacina-covid-19/
"O YouTube anunciou na quarta-feira (14) que estenderĂĄ as regras atuais sobre mentiras, propaganda e teorias da conspiração sobre a pandemia do coronavĂrus para incluir desinformação sobre as vacinas contra a doença.
De acordo com a Reuters, a gigante do vĂdeo diz que agora vai proibir conteĂşdos sobre vacinas contra o coronavĂrus que contradizem âo consenso de especialistas das autoridades de saĂşde locais ou da OMSâ, como afirmaçþes falsas de que a vacina ĂŠ um pretexto para colocar chips de rastreamento nas pessoas ou que irĂĄ matar ou esterilizar quem tomar."
*07/01/2021 - YouTube vai punir canais que promovem mentiras sobre eleiçþes â incluindo os de Trump https://olhardigital.com.br/2021/01/07/noticias/youtube-vai-punir-canais-que-promovem-mentiras-sobre-eleicoes-incluindo-os-de-trump/
"O YouTube anunciou que vai punir canais que promovem mentiras sobre as eleiçþes, removendo sumariamente qualquer vĂdeo que contenha desinformação e, ao mesmo tempo, advertindo com um âstrikeâ o canal que o veicular. A medida jĂĄ estĂĄ valendo e a primeira âvĂtimaâ ĂŠ ninguĂŠm menos que o ex-presidente americano, Donald Trump.
A medida nĂŁo ĂŠ exatamente nova, mas foi novamente comunicada e reforçada pelo YouTube na quarta-feira (6), apĂłs os eventos de invasĂŁo do CapitĂłlio, em Washington, onde o presidente eleito Joe Biden participava da cerimĂ´nia que confirmava a sua vitĂłria nas eleiçþes de novembro de 2020. A ocasiĂŁo ficou marcada pela tentativa de invasĂŁo de correligionĂĄrios de Trump, que entraram no edifĂcio em oposição Ă nomeação do novo presidente. Uma mulher acabou sendo morta pela polĂcia que protegia o local.
O ex-presidente Donald Trump teve vĂdeos banidos de seu canal no YouTube apĂłs os eventos de ontem (6) no capitĂłlio."
4. FIGURAS CENTRAIS
Bill Gates
- Bill Gates diz 'nĂŁo' a abrir patentes de vacinas https://www.frontliner.com.br/bill-gates-diz-nao-a-abrir-patentes-de-vacinas/
"Bill Gates, um dos homens mais ricos do mundo, cuja fundação tem participação na farmacêutica alemã CureVac, produtora de vacina mRNA para prevenção de covid-19, disse não acreditar que a propriedade intelectual tenha algo a ver com o longo esforço global para controlar a pandemia."
JoĂŁo Doria - Governo de SĂŁo Paulo
26/07/2017 - João Dória vai a China conhecer drones para ampliar segurança eletrônica na capital paulista https://jc.ne10.uol.com.br/blogs/jamildo/2017/07/26/joao-doria-vai-china-conhecer-drones-para-ampliar-seguranca-eletronica-na-capital-paulista/
02/08/2019 - Governo de SP farå Missão China para ampliar cooperação e atrair investimentos https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/governo-de-sao-paulo-detalha-objetivos-da-missao-china/
20/11/2019 - Doria se encontra com chineses das gigantes CREC e CRCC e oferece concessĂľes de rodovia, metrĂ´ e ferrovia https://diariodotransporte.com.br/2019/11/20/doria-se-encontra-com-chineses-das-gigantes-crec-e-crcc-e-oferece-concessoes-de-rodovia-metro-e-ferrovia/
25/01/2020 - "Chineses serão agressivos" nas privatizaçþes em SP atÊ 2022, afirma Dória https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/jamil-chade/2020/01/25/entrevista-joao-doria-privatizacoes-sao-paulo-china.htm
O governador de São Paulo, João Doria, afirma que vai acelerar os programas de desestatização no estado em 2020 e acredita que concessþes e vendas poderão permitir uma arrecadação de pelo menos R$ 40 bilhþes. Nesse processo, o governador avalia que a China deve atuar de forma agressiva e que aprofundarå sua posição de maior parceira comercial do estado, se distanciando de americanos e argentinos.
29/06/2020 - Doria estabelece multa para quem estiver sem mĂĄscara na rua em SP https://veja.abril.com.br/saude/doria-estabelece-multa-para-quem-estiver-sem-mascara-na-rua/
24/12/2020 - Doria ĂŠ flagrado sem mĂĄscara e fazendo compras em Miami https://pleno.news/brasil/politica-nacional/doria-e-flagrado-sem-mascara-e-fazendo-compras-em-miami.html
"Foto do governador de São Paulo sem o item de proteção viralizou nas redes"
07/06/2021 - Doria ĂŠ criticado na internet por tomar sol sem mĂĄscara em hotel no Rio https://vejasp.abril.com.br/cidades/doria-e-criticado-na-internet-por-tomar-sol-sem-mascara-em-hotel-no-rio/
30/09/2020 - Governo de SP assina contrato com Sinovac e prevĂŞ vacina para dezembro https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/saude/noticia/2020-09/governo-de-sp-assina-contrato-com-sinovac-e-preve-vacina-para-dezembro
O governador de SĂŁo Paulo, JoĂŁo Doria, e o vice-presidente da laboratĂłrio chinĂŞs Sinovac, Weining Meng, assinaram hoje (30), um contrato que prevĂŞ o fornecimento de 46 milhĂľes de doses da vacina CoronaVac para o governo paulista atĂŠ dezembro deste ano.
O contrato tambĂŠm prevĂŞ a transferĂŞncia tecnolĂłgica da vacina da Sinovac para o Instituto Butantan, o que significa que, o instituto brasileiro poderĂĄ começar a fabricar doses dessa vacina contra o novo coronavĂrus. O valor do contrato, segundo o governador JoĂŁo Doria ĂŠ de US$ 90 milhĂľes.
20/10/2020 - Coronavac terĂĄ mais de 90% de eficĂĄcia, afirmam integrantes do governo paulista https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2020/12/20/coronavac-tera-mais-de-90-de-eficacia-afirmam-integrantes-do-governo
24/10/2020 - NĂŁo esperamos 90% de eficĂĄcia da Coronavacâ, diz secretĂĄrio de saĂşde de SP https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2020/12/24/nao-esperamos-90-de-eficacia-da-coronavac-diz-secretario-de-saude-de-sp
07/01/2021 - Vacina do Butantan: eficĂĄcia ĂŠ de 78% em casos leves e 100% em graves https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2021/01/07/vacina-do-butantan-eficacia-e-de-78-em-casos-leves-e-100-em-graves
09/01/2021 - NĂŁo ĂŠ hora de sermos tĂŁo cientistas como estamos sendo agora https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/video/nao-e-hora-de-sermos-tao-cientistas-como-estamos-sendo-agora-diz-secretario-de-saude-de-sp-9166405.ghtml
10/01/2021 - Dados da Coronavac relatados Ă Anvisa nĂŁo estĂŁo claros, diz mĂŠdico https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2021/01/10/dados-da-coronavac-relatados-a-anvisa-nao-estao-claros-diz-medico
"O diretor do Laboratório de Imunologia do Incor, Jorge Kalil, reforçou que faltaram informaçþes sobre a Coronavac nos dados divulgados à Anvisa"
12/01/2021 - New Brazil data shows disappointing 50,4% efficacy for Chinaâs Coronavac vaccine [Novos dados do Brasil mostram eficĂĄcia decepcionante de 50,4% para a vacina CoronaVac da China] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-coronavirus/new-brazil-data-shows-disappointing-504-efficacy-for-chinas-coronavac-vaccine-idUSKBN29H2CE
13/01/2021 - EficĂĄcia da Coronavac: 50,38%, 78% ou 100%? https://blogs.oglobo.globo.com/lauro-jardim/post/5038-78-ou-100.html
âDe acordo com interlocutores que participaram tanto do anĂşncio de ontem como da semana passada, quem pressionou para que os dados de 78% e 100% fossem liberados foi JoĂŁo DĂłria.â
07/05/2021 - Covid-19: Doria toma primeira dose da vacina CoronaVac https://veja.abril.com.br/saude/covid-19-doria-toma-primeira-dose-da-vacina-coronavac/
04/06/2021 - Doria ĂŠ vacinado com a segunda dose da CoronaVac em SĂŁo Paulo https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2021/06/04/doria-e-vacinado-com-a-segunda-dose-da-coronavac-em-sao-paulo.htm
15/07/2021 - Doria testa positivo para a Covid-19 pela 2ÂŞ vez https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2021/07/4937833-doria-testa-positivo-para-covid-19-pela-segunda-vez.html
"Governador de São Paulo jå havia sido diagnosticado com a doença no ano passado. Ele diz que, apesar da infecção, se sente bem, o que atribui ao fato de ter sido vacinado com duas doses da Coronavac"
06/08/2021 - CPI recebe investigação contra Doria por compra de måscara sem licitação https://www.conexaopoder.com.br/nacional/cpi-recebe-investigacao-contra-doria-por-compra-de-mascara-sem-licitacao/150827
"Empresa teria usado o nome de Alexandre Frota para vender måscaras ao governo de SP. Doria nega informação"
Renan Filho
(filho do Renan Calheiros)
25/07/2019 - Governador Renan Filho vai Ă China em busca de investimentos para o estado https://www.tnh1.com.br/videos/vid/governador-renan-filho-vai-a-china-em-busca-de-investimentos-para-o-estado/
20/03/2020 - Governadores do NE consultam China e pedem material para tratar covid-19 https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2020/03/20/governadores-do-ne-consultam-china-e-pedem-material-para-tratar-covid-19.htm
5. Narrativas, restriçþes e proibiçþes
17/12/2020 - STF decide que vacina contra a covid pode ser obrigatória, mas não forçada https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2020/12/17/stf-julga-vacinacao-obrigatoria.htm?cmpid=copiaecola
"O STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal) decidiu, em julgamento hoje, que o Estado pode determinar a obrigatoriedade da vacinação contra a covid-19. PorÊm fica proibido o uso da força para exigir a vacinação, ainda que possam ser aplicadas restriçþes a direitos de quem recusar a imunização.
Dez ministros foram favorĂĄveis a obrigatoriedade da vacinação, que poderĂĄ ser determinada pelo governo federal, estados ou municĂpios. As penalidades a quem nĂŁo cumprir a obrigação deverĂŁo ser definidas em lei."
27/07/2021 - Saiba que paĂses estĂŁo adotando 'passaporte da vacina' para suspender restriçþes https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/2021/07/27/saiba-que-paises-estao-adotando-passaporte-da-vacina-para-suspender-restricoes
" - Israel - Uniao Europeia - Ăustria - Dinamarca - EslovĂŞnia - França - GrĂŠcia - Irlanda - ItĂĄlia - LetĂ´nia - Lituânia - Luxemburgo - Holanda - Portugal - JapĂŁo - Coreia do sul"
18/06/2021 - O que ĂŠ o passaporte da vacina que Bolsonaro quer vetar? https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2021/06/18/uol-explica-o-que-e-o-passaporte-da-vacina-que-opoe-bolsonaro-e-damares.htm
"O Brasil poderĂĄ ter um certificado de imunização futuramente. Aprovado no Senado na semana passada, o "passaporte da vacina", como ĂŠ chamado, prevĂŞ identificar pessoas vacinadas para que entrem em locais pĂşblicos ou privados com possĂveis restriçþes."
6. Vacinas
Alegaçþes iniciais
- CoronaVac, Oxford e Pfizer: veja diferenças entre as vacinas contra covid noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2021/05/11/diferencas-vacinas-covid-brasil.htm
" - CoronaVac (Butantan/Sinovac - Chinesa) Com virus inativo 50,38% de eficĂĄcia 2 doses
-
Covishield - 'AstraZeneca' (Fiocruz/Astrazenica/Oxford - Britânica) Com virus não replicante 67% de eficåcia 2 doses
-
ComiRNAty - 'Pfizer' (Pfizer - Americana / BioNTech - AlemĂŁ) Com RNA mensageiro 96% de eficĂĄcia 2 doses"
Riscos diretos
15/06/2021 - Trombose após vacinação com AstraZeneca: Quais os sintomas e como se deve atuar? https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/trombose-apos-vacinacao-com-astrazeneca-quais-os-sintomas-e-como-se-deve-atuar/
"AgĂŞncias europeias estĂŁo reticentes com a vacina da AstraZeneca. Ela chegou a ser desaconselhada a pessoas com idade inferior a 60 anos, e um alto funcionĂĄrio da AgĂŞncia Europeia de Medicamentos declarou que era melhor deixar de administrar a vacina deste laboratĂłrio em qualquer idade quando hĂĄ alternativas disponĂveis, devido aos relatos de trombose apĂłs a primeira dose, apesar de raros."
11/05/2021 - CoronaVac, Oxford e Pfizer: veja diferenças entre as vacinas contra covid https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2021/05/11/diferencas-vacinas-covid-brasil.htm
"Na terça-feira (12), o MinistÊrio da Saúde determinou a suspensão da aplicação da vacina de Oxford/AstraZeneca para gestantes e puÊrperas com comorbidades. A decisão segue recomendação da Anvisa, que apura a morte de uma gråvida de 35 anos que tomou o imunizante e teve um AVC (acidente vascular cerebral)."
30/07/2021 - Pfizer representa o mesmo risco de trombose que a Astrazeneca, aponta levantamento https://panoramafarmaceutico.com.br/pfizer-representa-o-mesmo-risco-de-trombose-que-a-astrazeneca-aponta-levantamento/
7. CRIMES
Crimes da Pfizer
18/11/2020 NĂŁo listado no google - Os Crimes documentados da produtora de vacinas de Covid - Pfizer [INGLĂS] https://www.dmlawfirm.com/crimes-of-covid-vaccine-maker-pfizer-well-documented/
"A velocidade com que a vacina Covid da Pfizer foi produzida, a ausĂŞncia de estudos em animais, testes de controle randomizados e outros testes e procedimentos padrĂŁo usuais para um novo medicamento sĂŁo, no mĂnimo, preocupantes. AlĂŠm disso, todos os fabricantes de vacinas Covid receberam imunidade legal para quaisquer ferimentos ou mortes que possam causar. Se essas vacinas sĂŁo tĂŁo seguras quanto promovidas, por que seus fabricantes precisam de imunidade geral?"
"A Pfizer, uma empresa farmacĂŞutica que parece ter ganhado na loteria para produzir a primeira vacina Covid-19, estĂĄ atualmente lutando contra centenas de açþes judiciais sobre o Zantac, um popular medicamento contra azia. Os processos da Zantac afirmam que a droga popular pode estar contaminada com uma substância cancerĂgena chamada N-nitrosodimetilamina (NDMA). Os processos Zantac sĂŁo em aberto e em andamento, jĂĄ que a farmacĂŞutica estĂĄ lutando contra eles; mas a Pfizer, sabemos, cometeu vĂĄrios crimes ou transgressĂľes pelos quais foi punida nos Ăşltimos anos. As falhas da empresa estĂŁo bem documentadas e vale a pena revisĂĄ-las neste momento crĂtico da histĂłria da humanidade, enquanto todos nĂłs buscamos respostas."
A Pfizer recebeu a maior multa da histĂłria dos Estados Unidos como parte de um acordo judicial de US $ 2,3 bilhĂľes com promotores federais por promover medicamentos erroneamente (Bextra, Celebrex) e pagar propinas a mĂŠdicos complacentes. A Pfizer se confessou culpada de falsificar a marca do analgĂŠsico Bextra, promovendo o medicamento para usos para os quais nĂŁo foi aprovado.
Na dĂŠcada de 1990, a Pfizer estava envolvida em vĂĄlvulas cardĂacas defeituosas que causaram a morte de mais de 100 pessoas. A Pfizer enganou deliberadamente os reguladores sobre os perigos. A empresa concordou em pagar US $ 10,75 milhĂľes para acertar as acusaçþes do departamento de justiça por enganar reguladores.
A Pfizer pagou mais de US $ 60 milhĂľes para resolver um processo sobre o Rezulin, um medicamento para diabetes que causou a morte de pacientes de insuficiĂŞncia hepĂĄtica aguda.
No Reino Unido, a Pfizer foi multada em quase ⏠90 milhþes por sobrecarregar o NHS, o Serviço Nacional de Saúde. A Pfizer cobrou do contribuinte um adicional de ⏠48 milhþes por ano, pelo que deveria custar ⏠2 milhþes por ano.
A Pfizer concordou em pagar US $ 430 milhþes em 2004 para resolver acusaçþes criminais de que havia subornado mÊdicos para prescrever seu medicamento para epilepsia Neurontin para indicaçþes para as quais não foi aprovado. Em 2011, um júri concluiu que a Pfizer cometeu fraude em sua comercialização do medicamento Neurontin. A Pfizer concordou em pagar $ 142,1 milhþes para liquidar as despesas.
A Pfizer revelou que pagou quase 4.500 mĂŠdicos e outros profissionais mĂŠdicos cerca de US $ 20 milhĂľes por falar em nome da Pfizer.
Em 2012, a Comissão de Valores Mobiliårios dos Estados Unidos - anunciou que havia chegado a um acordo de US $ 45 milhþes com a Pfizer para resolver acusaçþes de que suas subsidiårias haviam subornado mÊdicos e outros profissionais de saúde no exterior para aumentar as vendas no exterior.
A Pfizer foi processada em um tribunal federal dos Estados Unidos por usar crianças nigerianas como cobaias humanas, sem o consentimento dos pais das crianças. A Pfizer pagou US $ 75 milhþes para entrar em acordo no tribunal nigeriano pelo uso de um antibiótico experimental, o Trovan, nas crianças. A empresa pagou um valor adicional não divulgado nos Estados Unidos para liquidar as despesas aqui. A Pfizer violou o direito internacional, incluindo a Convenção de Nuremberg estabelecida após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, devido aos experimentos nazistas em prisioneiros relutantes.
Em meio a crĂticas generalizadas de roubar os paĂses pobres em busca de drogas, a Pfizer prometeu dar US $ 50 milhĂľes para um medicamento para a AIDS para a Ăfrica do Sul. Mais tarde, no entanto, a Pfizer falhou em honrar essa promessa.
- Pfizer contract leaked!
[Contrato da Pfizer vazado]
http://sanjeev.sabhlokcity.com/Misc/LEXO-KONTRATEN-E-PLOTE.pdf
Segundo o contrato "o produto nĂŁo deve ser serializado":
"5.5 Reconhecimento do comprador.
O Comprador reconhece que a Vacina e os materiais relacionados à Vacina, e seus componentes e materiais constituintes estão sendo desenvolvidos rapidamente devido às circunstâncias de emergência da pandemia de COVID-19 e continuarão a ser estudados após o fornecimento da Vacina ao Comprador nos termos deste Contrato. O Comprador reconhece ainda que os efeitos de longo prazo e eficåcia da Vacina não são atualmente conhecidos e que pode haver efeitos adversos da Vacina que não são atualmente conhecidos. AlÊm disso, na medida do aplicåvel, o Comprador reconhece que o Produto não deve ser serializado."
Crimes da AstraZeneca
21/06/2003 - AstraZeneca se declara culpada no esquema de mÊdico de câncer https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/business/astrazeneca-pleads-guilty-in-cancer-medicine-scheme.html
"A AstraZeneca, a grande empresa farmacêutica, se declarou culpada hoje de uma acusação de crime de fraude no sistema de saúde e concordou em pagar $ 355 milhþes para resolver as acusaçþes criminais e civis de que se envolveu em um esquema nacional para comercializar ilegalmente um medicamento contra o câncer de próstata.
O governo disse que os funcionĂĄrios da empresa deram incentivos financeiros ilegais a cerca de 400 mĂŠdicos em todo o paĂs para persuadi-los a prescrever o medicamento Zoladex. Esses incentivos incluĂram milhares de amostras grĂĄtis de Zoladex [...]"
27/04/2010 - FarmacĂŞutica gigante AstraZeneca pagarĂĄ US $ 520 milhĂľes pelo marketing de medicamentos off-label https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/pharmaceutical-giant-astrazeneca-pay-520-million-label-drug-marketing
"AstraZeneca LP e AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP vĂŁo pagar $ 520 milhĂľes para resolver as alegaçþes de que a AstraZeneca comercializou ilegalmente o medicamento antipsicĂłtico Seroquel para usos nĂŁo aprovados como seguros e eficazes pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA), os Departamentos de Justiça e SaĂşde e Serviços Humanos A Equipe de Ação de Fiscalização de Fraudes em SaĂşde (HEAT) anunciou hoje. Esses usos nĂŁo aprovados tambĂŠm sĂŁo conhecidos como usos "off-label" porque nĂŁo estĂŁo incluĂdos no rĂłtulo do medicamento aprovado pela FDA."
- List of largest pharmaceutical settlements [Lista dos maiores acordos farmaceuticos] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_pharmaceutical_settlements
8. CIENTISTAS
- Måscara Provoca Insuficiência Respiratória E Contaminação Microbiana⌠[Canal deletado] https://youtube.com/watch?v=eHu-pydSvDI
NĂŁo lembro mais a quem pertencia, mas provavelmente era de um mĂŠdico falando do assunto. Creio ter sido do Dr. Paulo Sato, por essa temĂĄtica ter sido abordada por ele, mas ao abrir o site aparece somente:
"Este vĂdeo foi removido por violar as diretrizes da comunidade do YouTube"
Dr. Paulo Sato
- USAR ou NĂO USAR a CUECA do seu governador no rosto https://fb.watch/7NPP_7rS5S/ https://www.facebook.com/AdoniasSoaresBR/videos/1347904292291481/ Adonias Soares entrevista ao Dr. Paulo Sato sobre as mĂĄscaras, em que ĂŠ simulado o efeito da respiração prolongada das mĂĄscaras no organismo com o uso de ĂĄguas de torneira, natural, gaseificada (com gĂĄs carbĂ´nico) e antioxidante, em que a com gĂĄs carbĂ´nico (PH 4 - Ăcido) representa o organismo humano, e na prĂĄtica representa lesĂŁo corporal e iniciação de doenças.
Dr. Kary Mullis
(Criador do teste PCR)
- PCR nas palavras do seu inventor - Dr. Kary Mullis (legendado) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1O52uTygk8
"Qualquer um pode testar positivo para quase qualquer coisa com um teste de PCR, se você executå-lo por tempo suficiente⌠Com PCR, se voce fizer isso bem, você pode encontrar quase tudo em qualquer pessoa⌠Isso não te diz que você estå doente."
- Kary Mullis DESTRUYE a Anthony Fauci lbry://@CapitalistChile#0/Kary-Mullis---Fauci#5
"Ele [...] nĂŁo entende de medicina e nĂŁo deveria estar onde estĂĄ. A maioria dos que estĂŁo acima sĂŁo sĂł administrativos e nĂŁo tĂŞm nem ideia do que ocorre aqui em baixo e essas pessoas tem uma agenda que nĂŁo ĂŠ a que gostarĂamos que tivessem, dado que somos nĂłs os que pagamos a eles para que cuidem da nossa saĂşde. TĂŞm uma agenda pessoal."
Dra. Li-Meng Yan
- Dra. Li-Meng Yan: O vĂrus foi criado em laboratĂłrio com um objetivo: Causar dano. https://youtu.be/pSXp3CZnvOc
Dr. Joe Roseman
- Cientista Phd Dr Joe Roseman faz serĂssimas advertencias sobre a picada https://youtu.be/0PIXVFqJ_h8
Dr. Robert Malone
- As vacinas podem estar causando ADE - Dr. Robert Malone https://odysee.com/@AkashaComunidad:f/Las_vacunas_pueden_estar_causando_ADE_magnificaci%C3%B3n_mediada_por:f lbry://@InformaciĂłn.#b/Drrm#9
Dr. Robert Malone, um dos trĂŞs inventores da tecnologia de RNAm que se usa de forma farmacĂŞutica. No vĂdeo fala sobre os efeitos de ADE (realce dependente de anticorpos) que estĂŁo ocorrendo com as vacinas. Nas palavras do Dr. Malone, jĂĄ nĂŁo ĂŠ somente uma hipĂłtese, mas baseada nos conhecimentos gerados nas provas e ensaios prĂŠ clĂnicos, com as vacinas contra o primeiro vĂrus da SARS.
Dr. Luc Montagnier
- Dr. Luc Montagnier, virologista, prĂŞmio Nobel de medicina, um dos descobridores do vĂrus HIV, afirma: "a vacinação em massa estĂĄ criando as novas variantes' (@medicospelavida , telegram)
CASOS DOCUMENTADOS
13/09/2021 - 13 de setembro de 2021 - Carta aberta ao Ministro da SaĂşde por Arlene Ferrari Graf, mĂŁe de Bruno Oscar Graf https://telegra.ph/Carta-aberta-ao-Ministro-da-Sa%C3%BAde-09-13
TambĂŠm em: Gazeta do Povo
O texto de uma mãe discorrendo sobre o filho dela, Bruno Oscar Graf, ter ANTI-HEPARINA PF4 AUTO-IMUNE e ter vindo a falecer por reação à vacina.
11/05/2021 - Rio notifica morte de grĂĄvida vacinada com imunizante Oxford https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/coronavirus/rio-notifica-morte-de-gravida-vacinada-com-imunizante-oxford,415b9b0c49169427ac2f90ae3765c057e9suy3qn.html
"VĂtima nĂŁo apresentava histĂłrico de doença circulatĂłria nem sofria de nenhuma doença viral; relação serĂĄ investigada"
13/08/2021 - Cruzeiro com 4.336 pessoas tem 27 contaminados com Covid-19 em Belize https://paranaportal.uol.com.br/geral/cruzeiro-com-4-336-pessoas-tem-27-contaminados-com-covid-19-em-belize/amp/
"Segundo um comunicado do Conselho de Turismo de Belize emitido na quarta-feira (11), 26 contaminados são da tripulação e um Ê passageiro. A maioria Ê assintomåtica e os 27 estão vacinados."
9. ALEGAĂĂES DIRETAS
09/2021 - Setembro de 2021 - BOMBA: Ex-membro do Partido Comunista da China revela que o primeiro surto da Covid foi âintencionalâ https://terrabrasilnoticias.com/2021/09/bomba-ex-membro-do-partido-comunista-da-china-revela-que-o-primeiro-surto-da-covid-foi-intencional/
01/03/2023 - 1 de Março de 2023 - O chefe do FBI, Christopher Wray, diz que vazamento de laboratório na China Ê muito provåvel https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64806903
26/12/2024 - 26 de Dezembro 2024 - FBI ânĂŁo tem permissĂŁo para informar Bidenâ sobre a teoria de vazamento de laboratĂłrio da Covid https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/fbi-not-allowed-to-brief-biden-on-covid-lab-leak-theory-8df9mr997
O FBI concluiu com "confiança moderada" que a COVID-19 pode ter sido criada em laboratório, com base em parte na anålise genômica conduzida por cientistas do Centro Nacional de Inteligência MÊdica.
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2025-06-06 15:29:50Hello
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@ 502ab02a:a2860397
2025-06-06 17:27:33ŕšŕ¸Žŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľ 2022 ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ CP Foods ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ âŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľâ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ Future Meat Technologies ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ âŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸â ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ cultivated meat ญรมŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Žŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Žŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ ลูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§
ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ Future Meat ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸łŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš âŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸â สำญรูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸´ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ł ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš มัภ๠หŕ¸ŕ¸Ą ๠สีŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ą รสŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš ญรมŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš CP ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸Žŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ľ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕš
สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Žŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ CP ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ บลิภาภรบŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ż ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ลูŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ CP ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕš
ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕš ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľ ŕšŕ¸Žŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ลูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸˘ŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸˘ŕ¸°ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Žŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ ๠หายŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ âŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸â ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸˘ ญรมŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸
siamstr #pirateketo
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@ 0b118e40:4edc09cb
2025-06-06 14:08:06The idea of Bitcoin as an internet native currency, and eventually a global one, is coming to life slowly. But historically, the idea of global currency has haunted the worldâs financial imagination for nearly a century.Â
From Keynesâs Bancor in 1944 to Zhou Xiaochuanâs post-crisis proposal in 2009 to todayâs renewed debates, the idea resurfaces every time the global economy fractures.Â
Could this time be different with Bitcoin?Â
I decided to trace the idea of global currency through several decades and books. I may have missed some parts, so feel free to add. Iâll keep this brief and leave the books Iâve read below.
In the beginning
It all started on July 1, 1944. 730 delegates from 44 Allied nations, including major powers like the US, UK, Soviet Union, China, and France, gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. They spent 2 weeks figuring out how the new international monetary and financial system would be, post WW2
After WW1, the treaty of Versailles was needed, but imposed harsh reparations that devastated economies and contributed to the rise of fascism, such as Hitler, Mussolini and gang.Â
So when folks met up in 1944 (WW2 was almost ending), the goal was to prevent another Great Depression, another global conflict and build a stable global economic order.Â
2 main proposals were discussed in Bretton Woods.Â
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John Maynard Keynes, representing the UK, proposed the creation of a global currency called Bancor. It will be issued through a global central bank known as the International Clearing Union (ICU).
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Harry Dexter White, representing the US, promoted a dollar-based system. Countries would peg their currencies to the US. dollar backed by gold. He also led the creation of the IMF and the World Bank.
To understand how both of these proposals work, let's look at an example.
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Country A (Germany): Massive exporter
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Country B (USA): Massive importer
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Country C (Brazil): Balanced trade (imports = exports)
***Based on Dexterâs model and the current USD-based system, ***
Say Germany sells $1B worth of cars to the US. The US pays in dollars, increasing its trade deficit. Germany accumulates dollars as reserves or buys the US Treasury bonds. Over time, the US continues running trade deficits, while Germany keeps hoarding dollars. Hence the unsustainable debt of the US.Â
***In Keynesâs Bancor system, ***
If Germany sells $1B worth of cars to the US, then the US does not pay in dollars. Instead, the ICU credits Germany with 1B Bancors and debits the US with -1B Bancors.Â
The ICU police this. If Germany exceeds the surplus threshold, it pays interest or penalties to discourage hoarding. If the US exceeds its deficit threshold, it is warned to rebalance trade or face restrictions.
Here, Germany is incentivized to import more (e.g., from Brazil) or invest in global development. The US is encouraged to export more or reduce consumption. Brazil, with balanced trade, enjoys stability in Bancor flows and avoids pressure.
The idea behind Bancor was a zero-sum balancing act. No country could become âtoo big to failâ due to excessive deficits. But it was too complicated and idealistic in assuming every country could maintain balanced trade.Â
Dexter on the other hand had a few tricks up his sleeve. In the end, Dexterâs USD dominance proposal was adopted.Â
The Bretton Woods system established the US dollar as the central global currencyÂ
Why did dollar dominance win over Bancor?
Simplicity often wins over complexity. But more so ICU felt too centralized, asking nations to surrender economic autonomy to a global body. That didnât sit well in a post-war world where sovereignty was non-negotiable. That and idealist economic trade balance views.Â
Dexterâs dollar-based system on the other hand wasnât fair play at all. It was centralized and authoritarian in its design.Â
So how did Dexter pull it off?
They had gold. They were ahead in economic recovery.
And they had nuclear weapons.Â
At the time, the US held nearly 2/3 of the worldâs gold reserves. It was a significant advantage in advocating for a gold-backed dollar as the bedrock of global trade.Â
The US proposed a fixed gold peg at $35 per ounce.
From a broader geopolitical backdrop, the global population in 1944 was about 2.3 billion, a fraction of todayâs 8 billion. The world was far less interconnected. The war had devastated Europe, Russia, and much of Asia. Infrastructure, economies, and entire cities were in ruins. The US, by contrast, had faced far fewer casualties and damages. Being geographically isolated, it had minimal domestic losses, around a tenth of what Europe suffered, and its economy was poised to rebuild faster.Â
But gold dominance and economic recovery alone didnât secure US financial dominance.
American scientific breakthroughs had already signaled global power. Physicists like Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein, who had fled Europe, helped develop nuclear weapons. Their intent was deterrence, not destruction. But once the bomb existed, it changed geopolitics overnight. The US had military dominance. And after Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, it became the undisputed superpower.Â
In the end, the USD won and the vision for neutral global currency faded.Â
And 20 years passed onâŚ
France sends its warship to the US
Under Bretton Woods, countries could exchange dollars for gold, but the US had been printing more dollars than it had gold to back it. And it used it to fund the costly Vietnam War and domestic programs like the Great Society under LBJ.Â
Belgian-American economist Robert Triffin pointed out a fatal flaw in the Bretton Woods system that came to be known as the Triffin dilemma.Â
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The world needed US dollars for liquidity and trade.
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But the more dollars the US pumped out, the less credible its gold promise became.
Yet the US kept promising that every dollar was still convertible to gold at $35 per ounce.
French President Charles de Gaulle saw this as financial imperialism. He called it the âexorbitant privileged positionâ. The world had to pay for what they bought with the money they have, but not the US.Â
So in 1965, France did something unexpected. It sent a warship to New York Harbor to physically retrieve French gold reserves held by the Federal Reserve.Â
Would it have escalated to war? Maybe. But likely not. It was perhaps more of a diplomatic theatre and a sovereign flex. France was exercising its right under the Bretton Woods agreement to convert dollars into gold. But doing it with military formality was to send a signal to the world that they donât trust the US system anymore.
It was one of the first major public blows to the dollarâs credibility. And France wasnât alone. Other countries like West Germany and Switzerland followed suit, redeeming dollars for gold and draining US reserves.
The Nixon shock
Given they did not have enough gold, the IMF introduced Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) in 1969. SDRs were an international reserve asset, created to supplement gold and dollar reserves. Instead of relying solely on the US dollar, SDRs were based on a basket of major currencies (originally gold-backed but later diversified).
The idea was to reduce the worldâs dependence on the dollar and avoid a liquidity crisis. But SDRs were a little too late and a little too weak to solve the underlying problem.
By 1971, the US could no longer sustain the illusion. President Nixon âclosed the gold window,â suspending dollar convertibility to gold.Â
The Bretton Woods collapsed and this marked the beginning of fiat money dominance.
The French pursuit
While France demanded justice in one corner of the world, the French franc, specifically the CFA franc, has been dominant in parts of Africa since 1945, long before 1971.
After WWII, France created two CFA franc zones:
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West Africa: CommunautÊ Financière Africaine (XOF)
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Central Africa: CoopÊration Financière en Afrique Centrale (XAF)
These zones included 14 African countries, many of which were former French colonies. France maintained monetary control via currency convertibility guarantees and representation in African central banks. Till today it has influence over these countryâs monetary policy.
Colonisation hasn't ended in some parts of the world.Â
Did countries stop using the USD after the Nixon shock 1971?
Nope. The US dollar was no longer convertible to gold and it dismantled the fixed exchange rate system. But most countries did not stop using the USD as their dominant reserve or trade currency. There were no decent alternatives. Instead, they floated their currencies or maintained a soft peg to the dollar or a basket of currencies.Â
The USD remained dominant in oil trade (OPEC priced oil in USD) - petrodollar deal, global debt markets and FX reserves (central banks kept holding USD).Â
In 1997, when many Southeast Asian countries were still pegged to the USD, Soros claimed that SEA will tank. The US further increased its credit rates leading to capital flight and eventual tanking of these countries leading to Asian Financial Crisis '97. Many financial crisis has similar vibe.
The 1999 Euro launch
The idea of a shared currency appeared again, this time through the forms of Euro. It was a mandatory system for member states of the Eurozone, and came with centralized authority, the European Central Bank (ECB), which controlled monetary policy for all participating nations.
At first glance, the euro seemed like a win. It eliminated exchange rate fluctuations, making trade within the Eurozone smoother. It gave weaker economies access to lower borrowing costs and helped Europe establish itself as a financial heavyweight. Today, the euro is the second most-used reserve currency after the US dollar.
But it came at a cost. Countries that adopted the euro lost monetary sovereignty and could no longer print their own money or adjust interest rates to respond to local crises. This became painfully clear during Greeceâs debt crisis, where strict monetary policies prevented the country from devaluing its currency to recover. The one-size-fits-all approach meant that economies as different as Germany and Greece had to follow the same rules, often to the detriment of weaker nations. Debt-ridden countries like Italy and Spain were forced into harsh austerity measures because they could not manipulate their currency to ease financial strain. Meanwhile, richer nations like Germany and the Netherlands felt they were unfairly propping up struggling economies, creating political tension across the EU.
In recent years, the euro has faced pressure from global trade tensions, monetary tightening, and geopolitical instability contributing to market volatility and periodic depreciation against other major currencies.
The Bretton Woods 2.0
Believe it or not, after all that, there was a call for Bretton Woods 2.0. Yet another global currency dream.
When the housing market collapsed in 2008 followed by a series of domino effects, global banks froze lending, economies contracted, and panic set in. The crisis exposed how fragile the international financial system had become as it was overly reliant on debt, under-regulated, and centered around the US dollar.
Many countries, especially in the Global South and emerging markets, started to question whether a system built around a single national currency was sustainable.Â
China, for instance, had been holding huge amounts of US debt while the US printed more dollars through bailouts and quantitative easing. This created global imbalances as exporting nations were lending money to the US to keep the system running, while taking on the risk of dollar depreciation.Â
In 2009, Chinaâs central bank openly proposed replacing the US dollar with a neutral global reserve currency suggesting SDRs (Special Drawing Rights) issued by the IMF instead.
These concerns led to a wave of calls from world leaders for a âBretton Woods 2.0â , a modern rethinking of the post-WWII economic order. At G20 summits in London in 2009, countries like France, China, and Russia pushed for reforms in global financial institutions and more balanced power sharing.Â
In the end, the IMF received more funding, and some banking regulations were tightened in the years after. But no real overhaul happened. No surprise there? The dollar remained dominant.Â
The foundation of the global economy didnât change, even though trust in it had been deeply shaken.
The growth of BRICS
In 2023, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa began discussing the idea of a shared currency or alternative mechanism to reduce the dependence on USD ie de-dollarisation. The sanctions on Russia didn't help. After Russiaâs invasion of Ukraine, the US and its allies froze Russiaâs dollar reserves and cut it off from SWIFT, the âbackbone of global banking communicationâ. This made one thing clear. If you fall out with Washington, your access to the global economy can vanish overnight.
Chinaâs growing economic power also gave it more leverage to process alternative options. It would trade in Yuan with Russia and Iran.
I know many still say it's at its early stage, but I see many countries hedging their bets quietly and aligning with Putin and Xi. It became more obvious after US imposed tariffs on multiple nations, signaling that economic tools can double as political weapons. The worldâs second financial system is slowly forming.
What is the world looking for, for the last century ?
From Bretton Woods to multiple financial crises, from the birth of the Euro to the rise of BRICS, through war and peace, weâve been circling around the same ideal. A global currency that is :
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SimpleÂ
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Free from dominant powerÂ
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Decentralised
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Borderless
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ScarceÂ
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TransparentÂ
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Inclusive, with self custody
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Resilient in crisisÂ
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Built for individual financial sovereignty
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A new backbone for global finance, owned by no one
It doesnât matter where youâre from, what politics you believe in, or how your economy leans. The answer keeps pointing in the same direction:
Bitcoin
This is the first true global currency.
And itâs just thereÂ
Waiting...
.
.
.
Some books that might interest you :
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The Battle of Bretton Woods by Benn Steil
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Goodbye, Great Britain by Kathleen Burk and Alec Cairncross
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The Ghost of Bancor by Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
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Confessions of an Economic Hitman by John Perkins
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The Blood Bankers by James S. Henry
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@ 553b8217:e6e84118
2025-06-06 17:18:27Does Bitcoin still Go to the moon~~![image)~~
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@ 4898fe02:4ae46cb0
2025-06-06 16:56:23I had a bit of extra time this week to attend a call organized by npub1zuuajd7u3sx8xu92yav9jwxpr839cs0kc3q6t56vd5u9q033xmhsk6c2uc regarding a privacy focused project he's been working on for the last year-or-so. Shout-out to npub1e0z776cpe0gllgktjk54fuzv8pdfxmq6smsmh8xd7t8s7n474n9smk0txy for encouraging me to do so, pushing my somewhat out of my comfort zone in reporting on technical updates.
Also, if you know of or are involved in similar dev calls and would like a report done, please reach out and feel free to share calendar updates.
--npub1f4www6qjx43mckpkjld4apyyr76j3aahprvkduh9gc5xec78ypmsmakqh9 would be awesome to see this talked about on SNL later today, as it seems to be a very important/overlooked project for the future of privacy, nostr and bitcoin broadly.
Anyway, here's the unschooled report--my technical explanations may sometimes be scant, but I've done my best to provide more qualified sources where necessary.
Bringing Secure, Confidential Group Chats to Nostr - A Monthly MLS on Nostr Dev Call
Posted originally to Stacker News \~nostr territory
Developers met Tuesday, 3 Jun at 1600UTC at what would be the first of a monthly series of community calls to discuss updates and respond to questions about the implementation of the MLS (Messaging Layer Security) standard over nostr.
npub1klkk3vrzme455yh9rl2jshq7rc8dpegj3ndf82c3ks2sk40dxt7qulx3vt, npub1jlrs53pkdfjnts29kveljul2sm0actt6n8dxrrzqcersttvcuv3qdjynqn, npub1klkk3vrzme455yh9rl2jshq7rc8dpegj3ndf82c3ks2sk40dxt7qulx3vt and npub1zuuajd7u3sx8xu92yav9jwxpr839cs0kc3q6t56vd5u9q033xmhsk6c2uc among others attended and contributed to a discussion about the latter's research and development on implementing a new messaging standard on nostr using MLS.
The call highlighted some of the features of MLS, a relatively new (as of 2023) secure and confidential messaging and group-chat protocol standard. It is modeled to achieve a similar level of security as Signal, prioritizing forward-secrecy and post-compromise security, multi-device compatibility, as well as the ability to scale for large groups.
For those not familiar,
Forward secrecy means that encrypted content in the past remains encrypted even if key material is leaked.\ Post compromise security means that leaking key material doesn't allow an attacker to continue to read messages indefinitely into the future. ^1
Developers working on the project indicated that it will be an improvement on current instant-messaging standards commonly used by nostr clients, such as nip17, for a relatively simple implementation.
Those in attendance overall showed enthusiasm to push this project forward and developers interested are being encouraged to fork the the Nostr-MLS Rust Library to begin working it into their stack. Notably, jeffg and Hillebrand are keen to see new contributors work on the project.
Participants had the opportunity to ask technical questions about how the library handles some features as well as how to begin contributing.
Discussion also centered around issues with MLS (such as potential key-package rotation DOS attack vectors and de-syncing) as well as some key concepts for the new messaging standard such as how key-packages are signed by a users nsec and published to key-package inbox relays before being rotated.
Proofs of Concept
White Noise and 0xchat both have implemented MLS on nostr. These are the first to prove that the concept of secure-confidential group messaging is possible over the distributed nostr-relay protocol.
Learn More
jeffg has kept detailed project updates on his nostr account. Notably, the post MLS Over Nostr explains the vision he has for the project and his presentation The Past and Future of Messaging on Nostr (youtube) gives a high-level overview of messaging on nostr and the problems he is working to solve.
Follow npub1zuuajd7u3sx8xu92yav9jwxpr839cs0kc3q6t56vd5u9q033xmhsk6c2uc on your favourite nostr client for call updates.
Link to join.
Related:
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@ cae03c48:2a7d6671
2025-06-06 16:01:22Bitcoin Magazine
Bitcoin Layer 2: The Key To Scaling BitcoinBitcoin, and for that matter all blockchains, do not scale. It is a fundamental limitation of blockchain based systems that they are incapable of facilitating transactional use at a truly global scale without completely sacrificing the decentralization and verifiability that make them valuable in the first place.Â
This has been an existential issue that Bitcoiners have grappled with from the very beginning of Bitcoin. This is a comment from James A. Donald, a Canadian cypherpunk who was the first person to reply to Satoshiâs original post on the cryptography mailing list:Â
Satoshi Nakamoto wrote:
âThe bandwidth might not be as prohibitive as you
think. A typical transaction would be about 400 bytes
(ECC is nicely compact). Each transaction has to be
broadcast twice, so lets say 1KB per transaction.
Visa processed 37 billion transactions in FY2008, or
an average of 100 million transactions per day. That
many transactions would take 100GB of bandwidth, or
the size of 12 DVD or 2 HD quality movies, or about
$18 worth of bandwidth at current prices.âThe trouble is, you are comparing with the Bankcard
network.But a new currency cannot compete directly with an old,
because network effects favor the old.You have to go where Bankcard does not go.
At present, file sharing works by barter for bits. This,
however requires the double coincidence of wants. People
only upload files they are downloading, and once the
download is complete, stop seeding. So only active
files, files that quite a lot of people want at the same
time, are available.File sharing requires extremely cheap transactions,
several transactions per second per client, day in and
day out, with monthly transaction costs being very small
per client, so to support file sharing on bitcoins, we
will need a layer of account money on top of the
bitcoins, supporting transactions of a hundred
thousandth the size of the smallest coin, and to support
anonymity, chaumian money on top of the account money.Let us call a bitcoin bank a bink. The bitcoins stand
in the same relation to account money as gold stood in
the days of the gold standard. The binks, not trusting
each other to be liquid when liquidity is most needed,
settle out any net discrepancies with each other by
moving bit coins around once every hundred thousand
seconds or so, so bitcoins do not change owners that
often, Most transactions cancel out at the account
level. The binks demand bitcoins of each other only
because they donât want to hold account money for too
long. So a relatively small amount of bitcoins
infrequently transacted can support a somewhat larger
amount of account money frequently transacted.Despite the era of the Blocksize Wars, the big blockers, and the naive assumptions by many early Bitcoiners that simply raising the blocksize was a viable solution to scale the system, it has been understood by competent observers and engineers from the very beginning that this would undermine the core value proposition of that made it useful in the first place. Hal Finney also spoke of the need for such a settlement layer on top.Â
Scaling in layers has always been the only rational plan to make Bitcoin work in the long term, but for a long period of Bitcoinâs early history how to do so without relying on trusted third parties was an elusive problem.Â
One of the first ideas on how to do this was sidechains, independent blockchains with a peg to facilitate locking bitcoin on the mainchain to utilize on the sidechain, and at any point unlocking funds on the mainchain to move them back by proving legitimate control of bitcoin on the sidechain. These systems however have yet to achieve a way to operate a peg without either 1) introducing some form of trusted third party, no matter how well mitigated, or 2) creating centralization pressure for the primary Bitcoin network.Â
Since those early days there have been many more ideas developed that have found better ways to peg into second layer systems, specifically schemes like the Lightning Network and Ark which allow end users to unilaterally exit back to the mainchain without needing the permission or approval of some operator.Â
Scaling Bitcoin in a way that facilitates higher transactional volumes without degrading the security properties of Bitcoin to the point of being indistinguishable from third party operated custodians is one of the most critical problems to solve in order for Bitcoin to truly succeed in the long term.Â
This article series will explore the architectures of different Layer 2 systems for Bitcoin, both those deployed live on the network right now and those that are simply design proposals at this point.Â
Listed below are the systems I will be covering. The design space of Layer 2s is much more expansive than many people are familiar with, so this list should not be taken as comprehensive and complete, and will be updated over time to reflect additional Layer 2s that are covered.Â
- Ark
- Statechains
- Lightning Network
- Sidechains
- Clique
- Rollups
- Client Side Validated Systems
- Ecash
- Custodial Systems
- Physical Bearer Instruments
This post Bitcoin Layer 2: The Key To Scaling Bitcoin first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Shinobi.
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@ 0b65f96a:7fda4c8f
2025-06-06 13:37:58Es gibt Bibliotheken voll Literatur zur âKunstâ der KriegsfĂźhrung. Dies hier ist ein Beitrag zu den Bibliotheken der Kunst Frieden zu fĂźhren. Denn Frieden ist nicht die Abwesenheit von Krieg. Sondern eine mindestens ebenso intensive Aktivität. Worin genau besteht sie aber? Ich glaube darin, weder nach der einen noch nach der anderen Seite vom Hochseil zu fallen. Denn vom Hochseil kann man immer nach zwei Seiten fallen. Das ist dann auch schon die Kernherausforderung: Gleichgewichthalten!
Es scheint zunächst ein ganz äuĂerlicher Auftrag. Es gibt immer und wird immer widerstreitende Interessen geben. Allerdings ist das nur die äuĂerste Zwiebelschale. Denn wenn wir die Sache etwas mit Abstand von uns selbst betrachten, werden wir in uns hinein verwiesen: Frieden kann nur von innen nach auĂen gestiftet werden. Wenn wir das Hochseil in uns suchen, was finden wir dann? â Zweifels ohne, wissen wir von uns, dass wir nicht jeden Tag unser bestes Selbst sind. WĂźrde es sich nicht lohnen etwas genauer Ăźber die MĂśglichkeit nach zwei Seiten vom Hochseil zu fallen nachzudenken, zugunsten der eigenen Balancierfähigkeit?
Wir sind daran gewĂśhnt zu denken dem Guten steht das BĂśse gegenĂźber. Daraus ziehen ja alle Western und Martial Arts Streifen ihren Plot: Der Gute bringt den BĂśsen um die Ecke und damit hat wieder mal das Gute gesiegt. Wir bewerten das âum die Ecke bringenâ unterschiedlich, je nach dem, von wem es kommt.
Ich mĂśchte einen neuen Gedanken vorschlagen Ăźber unser Inneres, Ăźber Gut und BĂśse nachzudenken. Denn, wie gesagt, vom Hochseil kann man nach zwei Seiten fallen. Und es hat immer drastische Wirkung. Wo kommen wir also hin, wenn wir sagen: Frieden ist immer ein Gleichgewichtszustand, ergo eine Zeit der Mitte?
Sagen wir Toleranz ist ein erstrebenswertes Ideal. Dann wĂźrden wir sicher sagen Engstirnigkeit ist das Gegenteil davon und alles andere als WĂźnschenswert. Ja, so ist es gewiss. Und es bleibt hinzuzufĂźgen, auch Beliebigkeit ist das Gegenteil von Toleranz. Denn es gibt eine Grenze, wo Toleranz nicht mehr Toleranz ist, sondern Beliebigkeit, ein âalles ist mĂśglichâ. Ăhnlich kĂśnnen wir es fĂźr GroĂzĂźgigkeit denken: GroĂzĂźgigkeit ist ein erstrebenswertes Ideal. Ihr Gegenteil ist Geiz. Ihr anderes Gegenteil die Verschwendung. Oder Mut. Mut ist ein erstrebenswertes Ideal. Feigheit sein Gegenteil. Sein anderes Gegenteil ist Leichtsinn. Mit andern Worten: Das Ideal wird immer zum Hochseil. Und wir kĂśnnen immer nach zwei Seiten von ihm fallen. Wenn wir diesem Gedanken folgen, kommen wir weg von der Gut-BĂśse-Dualität. Und stattdessen zur Frage nach dem Gleichgewicht. Zur Frage nach der Mittezeit.
NatĂźrlich steht es uns frei all das zu denken. Oder auch nicht zu denken. Denn selbstverständlich ist es mĂśglich es nicht zu denken und bei einer Dualitätsvorstellung festhängen zu bleiben. Es wird uns nur nicht helfen Frieden zu denken und in Frieden zu handeln. Wenn wir wollen kĂśnnen wir durch das Aufspannen einer Trinität einen neuen Raum erĂśffnen und betreten. In ihm wird Frieden aktiv fĂźhrbar, denn er wird eine Gleichgewichtssituation in uns selbst! â Nicht eine, sich einander gegenĂźberstehender äuĂerer Mächte!
Gehen wir noch einen Schritt weiter in unserer Betrachtung, kÜnnen wir feststellen, dass es durchaus einen Unterschied macht nach welcher Seite wir runter fallen. Denn auf der einen Seite ist es immer eine Verengung: Engstirnigkeit, Geiz, Feigheit in unseren Beispielen. Auf der anderen ist es immer eine Zersplitterung oder Versprßhung. In unseren Beispielen Beliebigkeit, Verschwendung und Leichtsinn. Und das erstrebenswerte ist eben immer die Mitte, das von uns ständig aktualisierte Gleichgewicht.
Das interessante ist, wo diese Mitte liegt, lässt sich niemals statisch festlegen. Sie ist immer dynamisch. Denn sie kann zu unterschiedlichen Momenten an unterschiedlicher Stelle liegen. Es ist immer ein Ich, das sich in Geistesgegenwart neu ausbalanciert. Und darum ist Frieden so schwer. Wir werden ihn niemals âhabenâ, sondern ihm immer entgegen gehen.
Der Kriegsruf ist nichts anderes, als ein Versuch von denen, die vom Hochseil gefallen sind, uns auch herunter zu kicken.
Netter Versuch. Wird aber nichts!
In der Nussschale: Die Dualität auflĂśsen in die Trinität der balancierenden Mitte zwischen der Geste der Versteinerung und der Geste des Zerstäubens oder Zersplitterns. Die dynamische Qualität der Mitte bemerken. Oder, tun wir es nicht, ist das gleich der erste AnstoĂ, der uns wieder zum Wackeln bringt. Und des Ich´s gewahr werden, das balanciert. Frieden fĂźhren ist eine Kunst.
Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben.
Noch nicht auf Nostr? Hier entlang zum leichten Einstieg!
Patric I. Vogt, geb. 1968 in Mainz. Autor von âZukunft beginnt im Kopf Ein Debattenbeitrag zur Kernsanierung von Rechtsstaat und Demokratieâ. Lebt als freischaffender KĂźnstler, Lehrer und Unternehmer. Ăber drei Jahrzehnte Beschäftigung mit dem Ideenfeld soziale #Dreigliederung und Anthroposophie. Moderation und Mediation von sozialen Prozessen und Organisationsentwicklung. Staatlich ungeprĂźft, abgesehen von den Fahrerlaubnissen zu Land und zu Wasser. Motto: Gedanken werden Worte, werden Taten! www.perspektivenwechsel.social
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-06 18:01:32The 8-Month Prison Sentence That Changed Crypto's Security Landscape
Freedom comes at a price. Just ask Tigran Gambaryan, who finally resigned from Binance after spending 8 months in a Nigerian prison for doing his job.
While headlines focus on Bitcoin's price swings and Trump-Musk feuds, the real story is how vulnerable crypto executives have become on the global stage. Gambaryan's detention wasn't random â it was a warning shot to compliance officers worldwide.
The former IRS investigator joined Binance to strengthen their compliance, only to be detained while traveling for work. His crime? Being too good at his job in an industry where borders mean nothing but local governments still control everything.
This pattern repeats across jurisdictions: executives detained, exchanges pressured, and compliance officers caught in geopolitical crosshairs. Meanwhile, companies like Uber quietly explore stablecoins to move money globally while avoiding similar risks.
What security measures are you implementing to protect your crypto assets and identity when traveling internationally? The next detention story could impact your investments more than any market dip.
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@ cae03c48:2a7d6671
2025-06-06 16:01:16Bitcoin Magazine
Support The Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act (BRCA) To Protect Noncustodial ServicesWith a lot of regulatory talk centered around The GENIUS Act and The CLARITY Act (the market structure bill) right now, itâs important that Bitcoin enthusiasts also pay attention to and support The Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act (BRCA) â H.R. 1747.
The act, which was reintroduced to Congress on May 21, 2025 by Rep. Tom Emmer (R-MN) and Rep. Ritchie Torres (D-NY), provides âsafe harbor from licensing and registration for certain non-controlling blockchain developers and providers of blockchain services.â
Critical Bitcoin legislation was introduced last week & it needs our support
The Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act (BRCA) by @GOPMajorityWhip and @RitchieTorres protects self-custody developers, miners, and nodes from being classified as money transmitters.
Thread
pic.twitter.com/cJ8Ogno3h5
â Nick Neuman (@Nneuman) May 30, 2025
It also stipulates that no blockchain developer or provider of a blockchain service shall be treated as a money transmitter unless the developers or providers behind the project have control over user funds.
This bill is relevant because the developers for both Samourai Wallet and Tornado Cash are currently facing charges for operating unlicensed money transmitter businesses, despite the fact that the developers for neither of these technologies ever had control over user funds.
Itâs also important because, under the Biden administration, the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) didnât just classify privacy services as money transmitters, but ancillary services such as Lightning nodes, rollup sequencers, and other Bitcoin and blockchain technology, as well.
If the BRCA isnât enacted into law, there is a risk that all Bitcoin and crypto wallets as well as other noncustodial services and technologies will be made illegal and/or subject to KYC/AML laws.
While Rep. Emmer and Rep. Torresâ reintroducing this bill is a positive step, the congressmen need our help in making the BRCA a priority for this current Congress.
To help, go to SaveOurWallets.org and follow the directions on the website to contact the elected officials that represent your district and state in the federal government and tell them that you would like to see them support the BRCA.
But they need our help, we need to make clear that the Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act is *the* priority this Congress for our space. Go to https://t.co/fXVqSQ2nUv, put in your ZIP code, and make a quick call. It works.
â saveourwallets (@saveourwalets) June 3, 2025
If this act doesnât pass, we will face significant hurdles regarding the scaling of Bitcoin and other blockchains as well as around privacy.
Yes, yes, I know some of you are saying to yourselves Bitcoin will win regardless of our actions (or that itâs already won) and that we donât need to engage with politicians in the process.
Iâm here to say 1.) this isnât necessarily true, 2.) there are four developers currently facing trial (the Samourai and Tornado Cash developers) and pushing to get this bill passed may help them, 3.) if this bill doesnât pass, scaling Bitcoin may be much more difficult, and 4.) thereâs a reality in which we give up a lot of our legal right to privacy when using Bitcoin if the bill doesnât pass.
So, with these points in mind, pick up the phone and/or send an email to your elected representatives and tell them youâd like to see them support the BRCA.
This article is a Take. Opinions expressed are entirely the authorâs and do not necessarily reflect those of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Magazine.
This post Support The Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act (BRCA) To Protect Noncustodial Services first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Frank Corva.
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-06 17:23:32The Freedom Paradox: Why Bitcoin's Biggest Threat Isn't Regulation
Bitcoin was designed to escape government control. Now it's becoming the darling of presidents, corporations, and nation-states.
Japan's Metaplanet just announced plans to acquire 91,000 Bitcoin in the next 18 months. Michael Saylor's Strategy quadrupled its stock offering to $1 billion for more Bitcoin purchases. Even Pakistan's crypto minister is meeting with Wall Street and NYC's mayor.
The very institutions Bitcoin was created to circumvent are now its biggest champions.
This isn't just ironic â it's potentially dangerous. As Bitcoin becomes institutionalized, the revolutionary spirit that made it valuable risks being diluted. When presidents tweet about it and corporations hoard it, does Bitcoin still represent financial freedom?
The true test isn't Bitcoin's price but whether it remains censorship-resistant when those same powerful entities decide they want control.
Is Bitcoin being captured by the establishment, or has it simply arrived? Your answer determines whether you're investing in revolution or just another asset class.
What do you think happens when the rebels become the rulers?
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@ a296b972:e5a7a2e8
2025-06-06 13:00:24Wie schon gewohnt durch die Empfänge von Baerbock und von der Leyen im Ausland, in Washington ein Empfang etwas oberhalb der 1. Class, von Staatsempfang keine Spur. Passt eigentlich auch nicht fĂźr den 51. Bundesstaat der USA. Aber immerhin flog die âBundesrepublik Deutschlandâ ohne Pannen, das ist ja auch schon mal was. Und bei solch einem erfahrenen Chef-Co-Piloten an Bord, der auch mal schnell einspringen kĂśnnte, sozusagen als 2. Wahl, kann eigentlich gar nichts mehr schief gehen. Vielleicht hat Fritzchen den Kapitän auch gefragt, ob er auch mal ans Steuer darf, wenn sich die Gelegenheit schon bietet.
Im Gepäck die eingerahmte Geburtsurkunde von GroĂvater Trump. Als ob Donald die sich nicht selbst besorgen kĂśnnte, wenn er Interesse daran hätte. Vielleicht hat er sie auch schon.
Die Ăbergabe, kurz und schmerzlos. Sie erinnert an einen Sketch von Loriot, âWeihnachten bei Hoppenstedtsâ:âŚoh, eine Krawatte! Der versprochene Ehrenplatz wird sich vermutlich in einer der unteren Etagen des WeiĂen Hauses befinden.
Man muss auch erst einmal darauf kommen, so typisch deutsch: Eine Geburtsurkunde als Geschenk. Das kÜnnte man auch als einen Wink mit dem Zaunpfahl ansehen: Erinnere Dich an Deine deutschen Wurzeln (und lass uns gefälligst nicht fallen?).
Jetzt zur Einschätzung des Treffens: Vorfahrt mit frisch gewaschenem Auto, Schwarz-Rot-Gold vorne am Kotflßgel, wie es sich gehÜrt, Schwarz-Rot-Gold am Eingang. Ganz schÜn rechts. Warum eigentlich nicht die Regenbogenfahne?
BegrĂźĂung durch Trump auf Nachfrage eines Reporters: âI love the People of Germany.â
Und Merz nutzt die Gelegenheit sich in Biedermeier-Style einzuschmeicheln: âAnd I love the People of America.â
Und Trump erwidert: âThatâs good!â
In welcher Atmosphäre findet das Treffen statt?
Trump hat ein Elefantengedächtnis. Er weiĂ um die abwertenden, diplomatiefreien Aussagen, die Merz Ăźber ihn gemacht hat. Er weiĂ, dass Merz ihn mehrfach persĂśnlich beleidigend angegriffen hat. Als Präsident der USA steht man darĂźber. Aber man weiĂ es! Trump ist sich darĂźber im Klaren, mit welcher Geisteshaltung er es bei Merz zu tun hat.
Vor dem Hintergrund passt seine Aussage zur Presse: âIch liebe die Deutschen.â Das ist eine demokratische und hĂśfliche Sympathiebekundung gegenĂźber der deutschen BevĂślkerung, die Merz zwar miteinschlieĂt, aber nicht direkt an ihn gerichtet ist.
Trump begrĂźĂt Merz mit Handschlag, begrĂźĂt aber eigentlich nicht den Kanzler, sondern die Deutschen.
Andererseits darf der ĂuĂerung âIch liebe die Deutschenâ auch nicht zu viel Bedeutung beigemessen werden, denn die Amerikaner sind ja dafĂźr bekannt, dass sie gerne und schnell alles lieben: I love America, I love Coca-Cola, I love Peanuts und eben auch I love the People of Germany.
Merz nutzt gleich die Gelegenheit, sich anzubiedern, in dem er pariert: âUnd ich liebe die Amerikaner.â, worauf Trump antwortet: âThatâs good!â Das kann man Ăźbersetzen mit âDas ist gut!â, aber auch mit âDas ist auch gut so!â, bei letzterem wäre es eine versteckte Drohung. Mach Dir bewusst, wo Du bist und mit wem Du es zu tun hast und verhalte Dich danach!
Nonverbal wird dem sonst in Deutschland so eloquent wirken wollenden, akzentuiert sprechenden Merz die Bedeutung zugedacht, die ihm aus Sicht von Trump gebĂźhrt. In Frankfurt heiĂen sie Wiener, in Wien heiĂen sie Frankfurter.
Somit sind die Voraussetzungen, unter denen das Treffen stattfinden soll, schon einmal von amerikanischer Seite aus geklärt.
Du bist hier Gast in meinem Haus, also benimm Dich auch entsprechend! Ich bin der Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und Du bist klein Fritzchen aus dem Sauerland. Die Machtverhältnisse sind unausgesprochen geklärt.
Man hat in gewohnter Manier Platz genommen. Die Journalisten stellen Ihre Fragen ausschlieĂlich an Trump. Zufall, oder Teil einer orchestrierten AuffĂźhrung, das wird man nie erfahren.
So oder so, die Journalisten signalisieren durch ihre Fragen an Trump, auf welcher Seite sie stehen, es weht der Geist von âAmerica firstâ. Was Germany dazu zu sagen hat, interessiert niemanden, warum auch?
Die Einseitigkeit ist schon sehr auffällig. Eigentlich hätte es die Journalisten interessieren mĂźssen, wie Deutschland zu verschiedenen Themen steht. Keine Fragen an Merz zu ZĂśllen, zur Ukraine, zur Meinungsfreiheit, zur Opposition. Mit dem Anspruch, ein breites Spektrum an Meinungen abbilden zu wollen, hat das eigentlich nichts zu tun. Wenn das die Vorstellung von âFreedom of Speachâ ist, dann kĂśnnen hier Zweifel aufkommen.
Falls diese Fragerunde in Hollywood-Manier gestaltet wurde, dann spräche das eher fßr Propaganda pro Trump. Wäre es Propaganda, dann wäre das Ziel allerdings erreicht worden: Kein Mensch interessiert sich fßr das, was Deutschland, vertreten durch Merz, zu sagen hat.
Trump setzt dem Ganzen zum Schluss noch die Krone auf, in dem er die Journalisten auffordert, nun endlich doch auch noch ein paar Fragen an Merz zu richten. Das unterstreicht nochmals das (geplante oder ungeplante) Desinteresse der anwesenden Journalisten, die sich nun fast schon genĂśtigt fĂźhlen, anstandshalber etwas zu fragen.
Merz, der bisher brav wie ein SchĂźler dem Lehrer zugehĂśrt hat, muss nun blitzschnell entscheiden, wie er die âkĂźnstlichâ hergestellte MĂśglichkeit nutzen kann, um, etwas unter Druck, durch die KĂźrze der Zeit, mit wenigen Worten seinen Standpunkt nach auĂen zu tragen. Seine konzentrierte Kernbotschaft, die Essenz, die Deutschland aus den USA und die Ăźbrige Welt hĂśren soll, ist: Er steht weiter an der Seite der Ukraine und Russland ist ausschlieĂlich das BĂśse.
Ganz schĂśn raffiniert, denn so hat Trump es geschafft, das Konzentrat der Merzâschen Logik aus ihm herauszupressen.
Beide bekunden den Willen zum Frieden. Gleichzeitig wird jedoch auch klar, was jeder unter Frieden versteht: Merz will âFrieden durch Kriegâ und Trump will âFrieden durch Friedenâ.
Auf rund 45 Minuten Trump kommen rund 4 Minuten Merz. Die Minuten drßcken exakt die Machtverhältnisse aus.
Hätte Trump vorgehabt, Merz vorzufßhren, ihm die Ohren langzuziehen, ihn bis auf die Knochen zu blamieren, er hätte reichlich MÜglichkeiten dazu gehabt.
Er hätte Merz fragen kÜnnen, warum er seinerzeit meinte, dass ihn, Trump, als Arschloch zu bezeichnen, noch gelinde sei. Er hätte ihn fragen kÜnnen, warum er Trump als Gefahr fßr die Demokratie ansieht. Trump weià darum, er hat es jedoch nicht angesprochen, was ist der Grund dafßr?
Und Vance, der ebenfalls anwesend war, hätte seine Feststellungen zur Meinungsfreiheit und der âFire-Wallâ gegen die Opposition, die er auf der Sicherheitskonferenz in MĂźnchen klar formuliert hat, wiederholen kĂśnnen, jetzt, wo doch der Kanzler, als erster Ansprechpartner fĂźr Deutschland, persĂśnlich hätte gefragt werden kĂśnnen.
Beim Besuch von Selenskyj haben beide ja auch gewaltig gezeigt, wer hier das Sagen hat.
Nichts! Keine schallende Ohrfeige fĂźr Merz, doch nur Erdnussbutter aufâs Sandwich geschmiert. Kein âYou donât have the cardsâŚâ, was den Tatsachen entsprechen wĂźrde.
Auf politischer Ebene bleibt in den USA nichts, rein gar nichts dem Zufall ßberlassen. Je länger man darßber nachdenkt, desto klarer kann einem werden, dass das Treffen genau so geplant war, wie es sich abgespielt hat. Aber was genau ist der Plan, der dahintersteckt? Es gibt einen, dass ist so sicher, wie das Amen in der Kirche.
Sollen sich die Deutschen, vor allem die deutsche Politik in Sicherheit wiegen? Wenn das Teil eines Planes wäre, wäre er gelungen, denn in Deutschland wird der Besuch als gelungen und erfolgreich bewertet, aus welchen Grßnden auch immer. Inzwischen ist Deutschland ja Weltmeister im SchÜnreden.
Spannend auch die Vorstellung, wenn man die Phantasie anregt, wie das Gespräch, im Fall Merz ein Monolog, verlaufen wäre, wenn die deutsche Opposition auf dem Stuhl von Merz gesessen hätte.
Es widerspräche der Realität, wenn nicht im Hintergrund ganz andere Ziele verfolgt und Absprachen getroffen wßrden. Welchen Einfluss auf das Treffen hat der bevorstehende NATO-Gipfel am 24. und 25. Juni 2025 in Den Haag?
Es drängt sich immer mehr der Verdacht auf, dass man es mit zwei Realitäten zu tun hat. Eine, die offiziell verkĂźndet wird, und eine, die den Tatsachen entspricht, die aus welchen GrĂźnden auch immer jedoch zunächst noch im Verborgenen bleibt. Ob das vielleicht sogar gut oder eher schlecht ist, wird die Zukunft zeigen. Klar ist jedoch, dass eine gesteuerte Realität in der Ăffentlichkeit verbreitet werden soll, die man durchaus als Propaganda von allen Beteiligten bewerten kann. Da hackt eine Krähe der anderen kein Auge aus. Da heiĂt es wachsam bleiben und nicht der Versuchung zu erliegen, das zu glauben, was man gerne glauben mĂśchte und von dem man sich wĂźnscht, dass es eintritt.
âBediene Dich Deines eigenen Verstandes.â Das ist die Aufgabe der Zeit.
âDieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben.â
*Â *
(Bild von pixabay)
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@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740
2025-06-06 12:49:15Iâve written before about the distinction between a platform, like Gmail or X, and a protocol, like SMTP or nostr. The former is typically owned and centrally controlled, the latter permissionless and open to everyone. For example, Google can ban you from using its email client, but no one can prevent you from using email itself because no one owns the email protocol.
Language is also a protocol, in fact every language including English. Anyone, even your worst enemy who knows it can make himself understood by those who understand it. Dictionaries and grammar guides exist, but over time even they bend to common usage and are forced to include new words and rules over time because no one owns or unilaterally controls the language.
Nonetheless that doesnât prevent people from trying. If large companies ban you from using their communications platforms like Facebook, X and Gmail, it can severely constrict your reach. Banks canât prevent you from using physical dollars, but they can cancel your credit cards and close your accounts, if for example youâve decided to support Canadian truckers protesting their government, making it difficult for you to transact in a society largely run on their digital rails.
Over the last few years we even saw brazen attempts to turn language into a protocol via preferred pronouns, political correctness and a government-funded âdisinformationâ industry. The idea was that you had to âlog inâ with your correct view and accurate information credential before you could participate in a discussion about a wide array of sensitive topics. If you questioned the safety and efficacy of vaccines, the fairness of the 2020 election or the origins of the Covid virus you often found yourself denied reach on various platforms and labeled âanti-vax,â âanti-science,â an âelection denierâ or a âconspiracy theorist.â
These labels served to circumvent substantive discussion by denying basic standing such that there was no path to a hearing on the merits. If you did not signal your bona fides via adherence to certain preferred edicts, your perspective was often summarily dismissed, not only by individuals, but also institutions at the behest of which the modern public square is administered.
In short, centralized platforms, responding to government pressure, attempted to turn self-expression and in some cases even language itself into platform. As it turns out, that attempt was a violation of the law, at least in the United States, where we have a First Amendment:
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
That the First Amendment was violated over the last five years (and is still being violated now, though more with respect to what you can say about Israel and the conflict raging therein) is not surprising. The Constitution is merely a piece of paper and as such wholly dependent on succeeding generationsâ willingness to stand up for it. Governments are always, by their nature, top down and fascistic insofar as they use force to achieve their desired ends, and it would be naive to think a piece of paper should stop them from doing so given a sufficiently compliant populace.
Put differently, the consecrated ideas in the piece of paper must be perpetuated to retain their binding effect. And rational arguments as to their supremacy over the expedience of the day (âpeople are dying, itâs a once in a century pandemic!â) often fall on propagandized ears. A list of sacrosanct principles is no failsafe for mass formation psychosis, and sophisticated and powerful factions have learned to foment manias as needed to overwhelm the average personâs dedication to them.
But just as gunpowder to some extent democratized the use of force 600 years ago, the spread of new technologies has the potential to enforce the First Amendment in perpetuity in a way the Framers with their pen and paper could not. In fact, we can re-write the First Amendment for the modern digital age in simplified form:
Religion and speech are ever protocols, never platforms.
In essence, no centralized entity can control, capture or censor them. But instead of simply stating this as a matter of principle, we can now, via Bitcoin and nostr, instantiate it into a decentralized ecosystem with the use of distributed nodes and unbreakable encryption. All the kingâs horses and all the kingâs men would more have as much chance of re-assembling Humpty Dumpty, contra the laws of entropy, as cracking your private keys. Inducing manias in the general public and using it as a lever on centralized gatekeepers works only at the platform level, but necessarily fails versus a distributed protocol.
The solution then in the face of an indifferent and obedient population to restoring the principles on which freedom and the prospect of human prosperity depend is to develop and use unstoppable, uncensorable technology, i.e., digital protocols, to circumvent the walled-garden platforms run by centralized tech behemoths. Yes, advocating for the principles in the founding documents is good and useful, but building and using tools that instantiate them is also necessary.
If enough people transact peer to peer in bitcoin rather than over the closed-circuit rails of the global banking system, and enough people share information over nostr, rather than via the centralized tech platforms, laws and actions that violate free speech would be as effective as ones outlawing gravity or laws of thermodynamics.
The next revolution wonât be with the guillotine or the pitchfork, but bottom-up person to person, permissionless interaction and transaction. You can still be excommunicated from the platforms by their commissars and state apparatchiks, but their edicts no longer run merely afoul of a consecrated piece of paper â they come up against an infrastructure over which they no longer have enforceable jurisdiction.
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@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3
2025-06-06 11:01:44This week, on The Stacker Sports Podcast, we will mourn the loss of episode 34, but we'll also probably talk about new sports stuff.
For example, the NBA Finals got off to an amazing start. My "top 5 Hali" take is looking less and less dumb. Do we really believe in the Pacers yet, though?
We might also start our NBA off-season speculation. Which big stars are on the move? Which good teams are making big changes?
I actually did watch some of the NHL Finals game, but I didn't stay up for the end. Why are these games on so late?
Aaron Rodgers finally has a team for next season and the Steelers finally have a QB for next season. Does this match make sense?
@grayruby also has some hopium to share about why the 49ers big offseason acquisition will be much better than he was last year, when he "played for" the Super Bowl champs.
The Rockies are still historically bad, but they're no longer on pace to catch the Cleveland Spiders for the MLB record.
There might also be some MLB trade talk.
And, of course, we'll recap the ~Stacker_Sports contests.
What else do you want to hear about, stackers?
https://stacker.news/items/998734
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@ bfeb2ffe:09089d06
2025-06-06 09:59:15Alpha Omega Pack Factory offers reliable information on sourcing the best aluminium food container manufacturers. We provide insights into key qualities to consider, such as product durability, food safety standards, and manufacturing expertise. Our professional guidance helps businesses choose trusted suppliers who deliver high-quality aluminium containers tailored for various food packaging needs. Trust Alpha Omega Pack Factory to connect you with reputable aluminium food container manufacturers committed to excellence and timely delivery.
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@ 5c9e5ee4:72f1325b
2025-06-06 09:55:17Bitcoin, with its precisely engineered monetary policy, presents a compelling alternative to traditional financial systems. Beyond its technological innovation, its design reveals a potential blueprint for a future where global economies might operate on a fixed, sound money standard, free from the inflationary policies that have long characterized fiat currencies.
A core tenet of Bitcoin's appeal lies in its unwavering scarcity. By early 2030, an estimated over 90% of its total 21 million coins will have been mined and released into circulation. This immutable supply cap, hard-coded into its protocol, provides a stark contrast to national currencies whose supplies can be expanded at will by central banks. While the very last fractions of Bitcoin will be mined around 2140, the effective supply is established far sooner.
Key to Bitcoin's functionality at scale is its remarkable divisibility. Each Bitcoin is broken down into 100 million smaller units called "satoshis." This granular structure ensures that even if a single Bitcoin were to achieve a multi-million dollar valuation, the humble satoshi would remain a practical and relatable unit for everyday transactions, much like a cent in everyday commerce.
Consider the transformative implications of two hypothetical Bitcoin price points:
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The $1.1 Million Bitcoin: A New Standard for the USD. If Bitcoin's current circulating supply were to absorb the entirety of the US M2 money supplyâapproximately $21.86 trillion as of April 2025âthe price of one Bitcoin would reach roughly $1.1 million. At this valuation, a single satoshi would equate to about 1.1 cents. This scenario suggests Bitcoin's market capitalization directly challenging, and potentially replacing or serving as a hard peg for, the broad US dollar supply. Such a shift would fundamentally constrain the ability of the Federal Reserve to engage in inflationary practices.
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The $5.3 Million Bitcoin: The Backbone of World GDP. Pushing the hypothetical further, if Bitcoin's market cap were to cover the entire world's nominal Gross Domestic Productâvalued at $106.172 trillion for 2023âthe price of one Bitcoin would soar to an estimated $5.3 million.
These figures underscore a powerful, almost poetic, vision for Bitcoin's role in the global economy. The striking numerical coincidencesâthe 21 million coin cap, the potential for a $21 trillion market cap (roughly aligning with M2), and the corresponding satoshi-to-cent parityâsuggest a profound foresight in Satoshi Nakamoto's original design. This design, proponents argue, aims to facilitate a future where the global economy operates on a sound money standard, liberated from what some describe as the "nasty inflation tricks" employed by central banks to devalue currencies.
Crucially, this shift would present significant challenges, particularly for larger economies perceived as "artificially inflated" by years of expansionary monetary policies. These nations, accustomed to managing economic cycles through money printing and debt monetization, would face:
- Loss of Monetary Sovereignty: The inability to inflate their way out of debt or stimulate the economy through currency debasement.
- Forced Fiscal Discipline: Governments would be compelled to balance budgets through taxation or genuine borrowing, abandoning reliance on the printing press.
- Deflationary Pressures: A fixed money supply in a growing economy could lead to an increase in purchasing power over time (deflation), making existing debts harder to service in real terms.
To illustrate this profound re-allocation of global value, consider how current national GDPs would theoretically translate into Bitcoin holdings in such a scenario, assuming the entire world's economic output was denominated in the existing Bitcoin supply:
Hypothetical Bitcoin Allocation by Country (World GDP Covered)
(Assumes World GDP ~$106.172 Trillion USD, Bitcoin Circulating Supply ~19.87 Million BTC, leading to ~$5,343,834.93 per BTC)
| Country | 2023 Nominal GDP (in Billions USD) | % of World GDP (approx.) | Equivalent Bitcoin Amount (in BTC) | | :------------------ | :--------------------------------- | :----------------------- | :--------------------------------- | | Major Economies | | | | | United States | $27,970 | 26.34% | 5,234,000 | | China | $17,650 | 16.62% | 3,303,000 | | Germany | $4,460 | 4.20% | 835,000 | | Japan | $4,290 | 4.04% | 803,000 | | India | $3,730 | 3.51% | 698,000 | | United Kingdom | $3,330 | 3.14% | 623,000 | | France | $3,050 | 2.87% | 571,000 | | Italy | $2,190 | 2.06% | 410,000 | | Brazil | $2,170 | 2.04% | 406,000 | | Canada | $2,120 | 1.99% | 397,000 | | Emerging Markets & Smaller Economies | | | | | Saudi Arabia | $1,070 | 1.01% | 200,000 | | Poland | $810 | 0.76% | 152,000 | | Switzerland | $885 | 0.83% | 166,000 | | Sweden | $585 | 0.55% | 109,000 | | Nigeria | $363 | 0.34% | 68,000 | | Egypt | $396 | 0.37% | 74,000 | | South Africa | $381 | 0.36% | 71,000 | | Argentina | $646 | 0.61% | 121,000 | | Vietnam | $430 | 0.40% | 80,000 | | Colombia | $364 | 0.34% | 68,000 | | Malaysia | $400 | 0.38% | 75,000 | | Philippines | $437 | 0.41% | 82,000 | | New Zealand | $253 | 0.24% | 47,000 | | Denmark | $404 | 0.38% | 75,000 |
(Source for 2023 Nominal GDP data: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 & various country-specific sources for confirmation.)
This table vividly demonstrates how a Bitcoin-backed global economy would concentrate immense value into relatively small amounts of Bitcoin. For instance, the United States, representing over a quarter of global GDP, would account for just over 5 million of the total 19.87 million Bitcoins in this theoretical future. This underscores the transformative potential of such a shift, forcing nationsâespecially those accustomed to expansive fiscal policiesâto adapt to a new era of immutable monetary constraints.
While Bitcoin's supply schedule marches steadily towards its fixed limit, its adoption by individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide is a separate journey. Currently, global cryptocurrency ownership is estimated at around 6.8% of the world population, placing Bitcoin firmly in the early stages of the "Diffusion of Innovations" S-curve. However, the inherent scarcity created by Bitcoin's pre-programmed supply is precisely what many believe will drive its value higher as global adoption continues to accelerate in the decades to come.
Ultimately, Bitcoin is more than just a digital asset; it embodies a potential revolution in how money functions globally, offering a path towards a fundamentally transparent, predictable, and finite monetary system that could reshape the very foundations of capitalism.
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-06 16:35:04The secret map whales use to liquidate you isn't actually secret anymore.
Bitcoin liquidation maps reveal exactly how market makers target overleveraged positions. When too many traders pile into the same price level with borrowed money, it creates a juicy target.
These maps show concentrated liquidation points where thousands of traders have set their stop losses. Whales don't randomly move markets - they strategically push prices to trigger these cascading liquidations, creating artificial price movements that benefit their positions.
The most dangerous part? Most retail traders have no idea they're swimming in predatory waters. While they're busy following technical patterns and news cycles, institutional players are simply following the money - your money.
Learning to read these liquidation heat maps isn't just a trading edge - it's survival. The difference between profitable traders and liquidated ones often comes down to position sizing and avoiding the obvious liquidation zones where everyone else has clustered.
Are you monitoring the liquidation map before your next leveraged trade, or are you just another dot on someone else's profit target?
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@ 38c2d651:f89fed81
2025-06-06 09:18:09Are dental loan options available without a credit check? At TLC, we provide clear information on how some lenders offer dental loans tailored for those concerned about credit history. These loans may have specific terms and eligibility criteria that differ from traditional financing. Understanding the available options helps you make an informed decision for your dental care needs. Contact TLC to learn more about dental loan possibilities and find a suitable plan that fits your circumstances.
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@ cae03c48:2a7d6671
2025-06-06 14:01:14Bitcoin Magazine
JPMorgan to Offer Clients Financing Against Bitcoin & Crypto ETFsJPMorgan Chase & Co. plans to allow its trading and wealth-management clients to use cryptocurrency-linked assets, including spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs), as collateral for loans, according to Bloomberg.
JPMorgan Plans to Offer Clients Financing Against Crypto ETFs pic.twitter.com/QpausRiHxM
â matthew sigel, recovering CFA (@matthew_sigel) June 4, 2025
The bank will begin with BlackRockâs iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT), and additional ETFs are expected to be added over time. The policy will apply globally, spanning all client segmentsâfrom individual retail accounts to investors. Â
In addition to the lending change, JPMorgan will begin factoring crypto holdings into overall net worth and liquid asset evaluations, placing them on par with stocks, vehicles, or fine art when determining loan eligibility, according to those familiar with the matter.
This development marks a formal expansion of what had previously been permitted on a limited, case-by-case basis. The bankâs new approach comes as other major financial institutions, including Morgan Stanley, explore ways to integrate crypto offerings more broadly. Last month, Bloomberg also reported that Morgan Stanley plans to bring crypto trading to its E*Trade platform.
The shift also reflects changes in the U.S. regulatory environment. Since returning to office, President Donald Trumpâs administration has taken a more favorable stance toward digital assets. Spot Bitcoin ETFs, first introduced in January 2024, have seen rapid growth and now manage a combined $128 billion in assets, making them among the most successful ETF launches to date.
Bitcoinâs price has also risen significantly in recent months, reaching a record $111,980 in May 2025.
JPMorgan was among the first large U.S. banks to experiment with blockchain technology and maintains relationships with firms such as Coinbase. This latest decision allows more digital assets into the bankâs lending framework.Â
While JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon has remained publicly skeptical of Bitcoin, he has consistently emphasized clientsâ right to access the asset. Speaking at the firmâs investor day in May, Dimon stated, âIâm not a fan of Bitcoin.â He went on to say, âI donât think we should smoke, but I defend your right to smoke. I defend your right to buy Bitcoin, go at it.âÂ
This post JPMorgan to Offer Clients Financing Against Bitcoin & Crypto ETFs first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Jenna Montgomery.
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@ 0b65f96a:7fda4c8f
2025-06-06 13:32:12Wir verfolgen die Frage, ob der Funktionslogik der Macht ein Schnippchen zu schlagen ist. Dazu ist es notwendig zu untersuchen, ob sich Ăźberhaupt undifferenziert nach âder Zukunftâ fragen lässt? Und es damit auch mĂśglich wäre so allgemein zu antworten. Durch genauere Betrachtung des Problems kommen wir zu dem Ergebnis, dass es auf die allgemein und generell gestellte Frage keine gesellschaftlich fruchtbare Antwort geben kann. Dies ändert sich erst, wenn wir die Frage, und damit auch die Antwort, in Aspekte gliedern. Jeder der Aspekte bedarf einer selbständigen Bearbeitung. Dann erschlieĂt sich die MĂśglichkeit das Problem der Funktionslogik der Macht durch methodische Differenzierung in der gesellschaftlichen Willensbildung zu lĂśsen.
Prelude
Davon, wie wir die Welt verstehen, hängt ab, wie wir handeln. So gesehen ruft die Frage âZukunft?â nach der Frage âWie verstehen wir die Welt?â. Ein Teil der Welt ist unsere Gesellschaft. Welche Paradigmen legen wir dem Verständnis unserer Gesellschaft zugrunde? Denn von den Paradigmen hängt ab, zu welchen SchlĂźssen wir kommen und welche Gestaltungsideen fĂźr die Zukunft wir haben. Ida Rolf â die Erfinderin der strukturellen Integration, heute besser bekannt als Rolfing â fasste das mal in das schĂśne Bonmot: âWenn wir von GroĂvaters Prämissen ausgehen, kommen wir zu GroĂvaters SchlĂźssen.â
Die wichtigste und allgemein anerkannte Prämisse in Bezug auf die Gestaltung unserer Gesellschaft ist die, dass Ăźberall âDemokratieâ herrschen mĂźsse und jeder im Grundzug doch wisse, was damit gemeint ist. Dennoch ist es uns bisher nicht nachhaltig gelungen mit ihrer Hilfe das Problem der Funktionslogik der Macht, wie Rainer Mausfeld es nennt, zu lĂśsen. Macht hat, einmal etabliert, immer die Tendenz die eigene Stellung zu festigen und sich auszubreiten, so stellt Mausfeld in seinem Buch Hybris und Nemesis[1] fest. Wenn das gilt, mĂźssen wir irgendwie vor die Konstituierung der Macht kommen, um das Problem ihrer Funktionslogik zu lĂśsen. KĂśnnte es also sein, dass wir unser Demokratieverständnis runderneuern mĂźssen?
Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wollen wir uns zunächst klar machen, was ein Systemverbund ist. Das wird uns helfen zu erkennen, dass die Entscheidung fßr die Demokratie eine Entscheidung fßr die Anwendung einer bestimmten Methode ist. Und dass diese Methode wie jede Methode Grenzen hat. Und es darum notwendig ist unsere Bemßhungen um die Gestaltung unserer Gesellschaft, um weitere Methoden zu ergänzen.
Ein Systemverbund
Ein Auto ist eine feine Sache. Wir kĂśnnen uns hinein setzen und in Urlaub fahren. Damit das geht, wurden verschiedene Systeme zusammen gefĂźgt. Ein System fĂźr die Beschleunigung: der Motor mit Kraftstoffversorgung, dem Getriebe, dem Gaspedal usw. Ein System, um gezielt Entschleunigen zu kĂśnnen: die Bremsbeläge, die Bremsscheiben, die hydraulische DruckĂźbertragung, das Bremspedal usw. Und eines, das die Steuerung erlaubt: das Lenkrad, das Ăbertragungsgestänge usw. Jedes System hat eine bestimmte Funktion. Es ist auf seine Funktion hin angelegt und ist um seiner Funktion willen in den Systemverbund aufgenommen.
Das Antriebssystem, das Bremssystem und das Lenkungssystem sind in sich selbst schlßssige Systeme. Sie folgen ihrer eigenen Logik und mßssen aus ihr gedacht werden. Jedem der Systeme liegt ein autonomer Gedankenzusammenhang zugrunde. Und es ist klar, dass wir keines der Systeme missen kÜnnen, wenn wir wohlbehalten ans Ziel kommen wollen. Es reicht nicht Gas geben zu kÜnnen, obwohl wir das im Eifer des Alltags manchmal vergessen und einfach nur los wollen. Neben der MÜglichkeit Gas zu geben, brauchen wir die MÜglichkeit der gezielten und dosierten Abbremsung. Ebenso, wie die MÜglichkeit der eindeutigen Lenkbarkeit unseres Gefährts. Jede der genannten Funktionen wird durch eines der Systeme erfßllt. Alle zusammen machen erst ein Auto aus, das den Fahrer sicher ans Ziel bringen kann. Die dazu notwendigen Funktionen lassen sich nur durch das Zusammenfßgen verschiedener Systeme zusammenbringen.
Ein Auto ist ein Beispiel fĂźr einen Systemverbund: Mehrere in sich selbst schlĂźssige Systeme stehen in einem Zusammenhang, der als Ganzes wieder in sich selbst schlĂźssig und darum funktionstĂźchtig ist, weil jedes System seinen je spezifischen und unentbehrlichen Beitrag leistet. Etwas anders gesagt: ein Systemverbund ist ein Verbund verschiedener Funktionen. Durch das Zusammenspiel wird etwas mĂśglich, was anders nicht zu erreichen ist. In unserem Beispiel die gezielte und sichere Fortbewegung zu Land.
Der Sinn und die SchlĂźssigkeit, die jedem der einzelnen Systeme innewohnt erklärt sich allein aus ihm selbst. Ein Lenkungssystem ist nicht aus der Logik eines Antriebssystems zu verstehen. Warum? Weil es eine ganz andere Idee ist âFortbewegung zu veranlassenâ als âBewegung gezielt zu lenkenâ. Jedes System ist darauf angelegt seine spezifische Funktion zu erfĂźllen. Diesen Grundgedanken mĂźssen wir konsequent bis in die Technik zu Ende fĂźhren.
So offensichtlich ein System auf seine eigene Funktion hin zu Ende gedacht und mechanisch umgesetzt werden muss, so selbstverständlich darf es nicht mit den anderen Funktionen interferieren. Es darf z.B. im Getriebe â das Teil des Antriebs ist â nicht irgendwo einen Abzweig geben, der unmittelbar zur Lenkung fĂźhrt, dorthin Kraft Ăźberträgt und diese dadurch beeinflusst. Wäre dem so, wĂźrde es ziemlich gefährlich, weil weder Lenkung noch Antrieb zuverlässig ihre Bestimmung erfĂźllen. Eben so wenig darf es einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Leitungen der Bremshydraulik und Kraftstoffzufuhr geben. Auch das wĂźrde dazu fĂźhren, dass weder das eine, noch das andere System funktioniert.
Zugegeben, ein Auto ist deutlich komplexer als das Zusammenspiel der drei genannten Systeme. Sie alleine machen bestenfalls ein Rohauto aus. Mit Antrieb, Lenkung und Bremsen (plus einem weiteren System, der tragenden Plattform) zu einem Systemverbund zusammengefĂźgt, kĂśnnen wir aber durchaus schon losfahren und im Urlaub ankommen.
Was gewinnen wir mit dieser Auto-Betrachtung?
- [x] Zunächst die Einsicht, dass in einem Systemverbund mehrere Systeme unterschiedliche Funktionen im gegebenen Zusammenhang erfßllen.
- [x] Des weiteren gewinnen wir die Einsicht, dass die einzelnen Systeme ihre jeweils eigene, nur ihnen inhärente Logik haben. Das liegt nahe, da sie ja je spezifische Funktionen erfßllen mßssen. Ihre Logik ergibt sich aus ihrer Funktion.
- [x] Und wir gewinnen die Einsicht, dass der unmittelbare Ăbergriff eines Systems auf ein anderes zerstĂśrerisch Wirkt.
Zusammengefasst: Ein Systemverbund tut seinen Dienst, wenn die einzelnen Systeme, aus denen er besteht, nur aus ihrer eigenen Funktion heraus gedacht und gebaut sind. Und diese nicht in den Funktionsbereich der anderen Systeme ßbergreifen. Nur so kann jedes System seine Funktion zuverlässig zum Ganzen beitragen, damit dieses seine ihm zugedachte komplexe Aufgabe erfßllen kann.
Wo die Fahrt hin gehen kann
Wohin die Fahrt gehen soll, ist damit noch nicht gesagt. Allerdings schon, ob sie Ăźberhaupt angetreten werden kann. Die Frage des Wohin lässt sich durch Systembetrachtungen nicht beantworten. Dazu mĂźssen vĂśllig andere Aspekte ins Auge gefasst werden. Und insofern wir nicht allein unterwegs sind, stellt sich die Frage, wer eigentlich darĂźber bestimmen soll? Â
Genau da kommt die Demokratie ins Spiel; und Ăźblicherweise eben alleine. Denn sie ist der allein anerkannte Weg der gesellschaftlichen Willensbildung, also Entscheidungsfindung. Die Frage âwo soll die Fahrt hingehen?â kĂśnnte demnach ihr Gegenstand sein. Oder anders â auf der Paradigmenebene â ausgedrĂźckt: Demokratie ist Ausdruck des Mehrheitswillens unserer GroĂgemeinschaft Staat. Was wir durch sie erreichen wollen, ist eine durch die Mehrheit geschaffene Gestaltung des Gemeinwesens.
Wir meinen im Allgemeinen, dass Demokratie grundsätzlich die einzige Art ist, wie ein gemeinsamer Wille gebildet werden kann. Es soll hier aber die Frage gestellt werden, ob dieses Paradigma uneingeschränkt gilt. Denn sonst erleiden wir womÜglich das Schicksal derer, die auf eine nicht gestellte Frage natßrlich auch keine Antwort erhalten. Als Resultat tritt Bewusstseinsblindheit auf. Also: Welche Art von gemeinsamem Willen kann Demokratie ßberhaupt bilden und welche nicht? Denn es ist alles andere als evident, dass es grundsätzlich nur eine Art des gemeinsamen Wollens geben kann.
Willensbildung Klappe 1
Damit sind wir also endlich bei der Frage nach unserem Demokratieverständnis angekommen. Reicht das Ăźbliche Verständnis, das wir von Demokratie haben, um eine Gesellschaft als Ganzes zu gestalten? Oder wäre der demokratische Prozess â um an unseren Vergleich mit dem Systemverbund Auto anzuknĂźpfen, wobei wir an Stelle der Systeme die Methoden der Willensbildung setzen â eher als ein System zu verstehen, das also nur seine Funktion beisteuern kann. Das aber erst zusammen mit anderen Systemen, die jeweils ihre Funktionen beisteuern, einen Systemverbund bilden kann, der die komplexere Funktion der Gesellschaftsbildung mĂśglich macht?
Welche Funktion erfĂźllt Demokratie? Oder sagen wir etwas vorsichtiger: die ErfĂźllung welcher Funktion erwarten wir von ihr? Das methodische Konzept der Demokratie ist das Feststellen des Mehrheitswillens. Das Abstimmungsprinzip aber lĂśscht im Ergebnis den Willen des Einzelnen aus und stellt ihn unter ein allgemeines, abstraktes Gesetz. Es ist notwendig ein Rasenmäherprinzip: Als Abstimmender bin ich Rasenmäher, als der vom Beschlossenen betroffene, bin ich der Rasen. Das Abstimmungsprinzip gibt mir wie jedem anderen das Recht mitzubestimmen und nimmt mir das Recht Ăźber das Entschiedene allein zu entscheiden. Es macht gleich, denn es zählt nur die Mehrheit. Gesellschaftlicher Friede ist gewährleistet, wenn die so beschlossenen Gesetze fĂźr alle gleichermaĂen gelten und es keine Privilegien oder Korruption gibt. Die groĂe Forderung einer allgemein anerkannten Rechtsordnung, die Sicherheit durch Gleichheit vor dem Recht garantiert, ist, was wir mittels der Demokratie zu erfĂźllen suchen. Darauf beruht ihre Stärke. Und damit erfĂźllt sie die Funktion, die wir von ihr erwarten. Denken wir das in sich selbst zu Ende, macht es Sinn. Die methodische Eigenheit des Abstimmungsprinzips ein Rasenmäherprinzip zu sein, macht uns alle gleich. Mit andern Worten, legt das Abstimmungsprinzip mit seiner gesetzschaffenden Kraft die Grundlage fĂźr Sicherheit durch eine Rechtsordnung, die die Forderung nach Gleichheit vor dem Recht erfĂźllt. Das Abstimmungsprinzip ist also methodisch geeignet einen ganz spezifischen Beitrag zu unserer Gesellschaft als ganzer zu leisten: Die Gesetzgebung zu unserem Gesellschaftsbau beizusteuern.
Bleibt die Frage, wo die Grenzen dieses Prinzips verlaufen. Wenn wir diese essentielle Frage nicht stellen, laufen wir Gefahr kein Bewusstsein dafĂźr zu haben, wenn das demokratische Prinzip in noch zu ortende andere Lebensbereiche funktionswidrig Ăźbergreift. Finden wir uns mit der Forderung nach Sicherheit durch Recht und Gesetz in unserem ganzen Sein wieder? Dass wir nicht ohne kĂśnnen und wollen ist klar. Aber ist das alles? Oder gibt es andere Seiten an unserem Wesen, die darum auch Platz haben mĂźssen in unserem Gesellschaftsbau? Wir sagen ja auch nicht âdanke, ich habe heute schon getrunken, ich muss heute nicht essenâ. Wir trinken und wir essen, beides ist essentiell.
Es ist klar und offensichtlich: Wenn das Schaffen von Recht die angestrebte Funktion des Abstimmungsprinzips ist und sie sauber durch die Gleichheit vor demselben erfĂźllt werden soll, muss die Methode des Mehrheitsprinzips an der ErfĂźllung jeder jenseits dieser Forderung liegenden Funktion scheitern.
Aber gibt es ßberhaupt etwas, was jenseits liegt? Na klar! Denn ebenso, wie wir eine Seite an uns haben, von der wir Gleiche unter Gleichen sind, haben wir eine Seite an uns, von der wir im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes voneinander abhängig sind. Wir hÜren das in unserem modernen Unabhängigkeitsbewusstsein natßrlich nicht gern. Aber es ist so: Es gibt eine Seite an uns, die uns schlicht und einfach komplett abhängig voneinander macht. Hier muss der eine fßr den anderen tätig werden. Ein durch das demokratische Abstimmungsverfahren geschaffener, abstrakter Ordnungsrahmen allein muss nach dieser Richtung hin zwangsläufig versagen.
Willensbildung Klappe 2
Haben Sie sich mal gefragt, was eigentlich passieren muss, damit ein Auto zustande kommt? FĂźr ein Auto habe ich leider kein plastisches Beispiel zur Hand. FĂźr ein Smartphone schon. Vaclav Smil schreibt dazu in seinem Buch Wie die Welt wirklich funktioniert[2]: âApples in den USA entworfene iPhones werden in einer in taiwanesischem Besitz befindlichen Fabrik (Hon Hai Precision, an der BĂśrse als Foxconn gehandelt) zusammengebaut, die in Shenzhen in der chinesischen Provinz Guangdong steht. Die Bauteile kommen dabei aus mehr als einem Dutzend Ländern, und die fertigen iPhones werden im Rahmen einer sorgfältig einstudierten Marketing-Choreografie weltweit vertrieben.â Ohne dieses sich Ăźber den ganzen Globus erstreckende Zusammenspiel gäbe es dieses kleine Gerät nicht. Etwas spitz gesagt: Der Gedanke der Wirtschaft dadurch wieder einen menschlichen Anstrich zu geben, dass wir allein den Wert regionaler Kreisläufe betonen, ist nostalgisch und nicht realisierbar. Es entspricht nicht der Wirklichkeit, in der wir leben. Unsere arbeitsteilige Gesellschaft bringt notwendigerweise mit sich, dass wir umfassend fĂźreinander arbeiten und also auch voneinander abhängig sind. Denn wir hätten nicht nur keine Smartphones, sondern auch keine Autoreifen und keinen Kaffee zum FrĂźhstĂźck, wenn wir ausschlieĂlich oder auch nur Ăźberwiegend regional wirtschaften wollten. Es ist vĂśllig klar, dass unser modernes Unabhängigkeitsbewusstsein â und mir geht es da auch nicht anders â Amok gegen diese Feststellung der totalen Abhängigkeit läuft. Der Gedanke ist einfach nicht auszuhalten. Doch drehen wir ihn einmal in sein positives Licht: Wir sind umfassend global miteinander verbunden und tragen gegenseitig zum Wohlergehen bei! Die Frage ist schon lange nicht mehr, ob wir weltweit verbunden sind. Sondern ausschlieĂlich die, ob wir einsehen kĂśnnen, dass wir im Feld der Wirtschaft untrennbar miteinander verbunden sind. Und aus dieser Einsicht dann zu besseren LĂśsungsansätzen kommen kĂśnnen. Dass diese nicht aus dem methodischen Ansatz des Mehrheitsprinzips kommen kĂśnnen, das nur abstrakte Regeln aufstellen kann, liegt auf der Hand.
FĂźr den wirtschaftlichen Prozess in Produktion, Handel und Konsumtion sind vielfältige Aspekte zusammenzutragen. Und diese Vielfalt darf gerade nicht verloren gehen. Und vor allen Dingen: Es braucht Fachkenntnis! Nicht jeder kann zu allem etwas sagen, sondern jeder nur zu dem, was er Ăźberblickt. Der methodische Ansatz muss also statt der eines nur formalen Abstimmens zu sein, einer sein, der erlaubt die konkreten verschiedenen Fähigkeiten und Lebenserfahrungen zu integrieren. Nur so gelangen wir in diesem Feld zu Entscheidungen, die der Sache dienen kĂśnnen. Die Methode muss das Zusammentragen von Einzelaspekten, die jeweils an verschiedenen Stellen gegeben sind, erlauben. Ein Modell dieser Art ist der Konsent (das t ist kein Tippfehler). Er erlaubt den kleinsten gemeinsamen Nenner zu bestimmen.[3] Diese âMethode des Zusammentragens von Einzelaspekten", also gegenĂźber der Abstimmungsmethode â die nur âJa/Nein" abfragt â geänderte Fragestellung, verändert auch den daraus folgenden Prozess wesentlich. Er wird ein methodischer Prozess der fortwährend integrierenden, also einbindenden Steuerung. Und macht durch das fortlaufende Zusammentragen der verschiedenen Einzelperspektiven und Kenntnisse ein integriertes Urteil mĂśglich. Nur diese Urteilsform erlaubt eine gemeinsame Willensbildung, die im Feld der Befriedigung unserer BedĂźrfnisse zielfĂźhrend sein kann.
Neben der Forderung nach einer mehrheitlich anerkannten Rechtsordnung, die nach dem Gleichheitsprinzip realisiert wird und die wir methodisch korrekt mittels des Abstimmungsprinzips beantworten kĂśnnen, kĂśnnen wir nun auch die Forderung nach der Befriedigung unserer BedĂźrfnisse methodisch sauber beantworten. Das Prinzip der integrativen Urteilsfindung macht es mĂśglich. Ein praktisches Beispiel dafĂźr ist der Konsent-Prozess, wie er im Rahmen der soziokratischen Kreisorganisation in Unternehmen schon seit vielen Jahren geĂźbt wird und methodisch voll entwickelt ist.[4]
Es ist eben irrtßmlich zu meinen, dass das allein Entscheidende zur Vermenschlichung der Wirtschaft sei, sie zu regionalisieren. Entscheidend ist, ob nach dem integrativen Prinzip gehandelt wird. Das bringt die Wirklichkeit der weltweiten Arbeitsteilung mit sich. Wir mßssen die notwendig von ihr bedingte Zerstßckelung bewusst durch die Geste des Zusammenschlusses, der Zusammenarbeit ßberwinden. Sind wir so weit, ist es nicht so schwer einzusehen, dass hier auch ein anderes Prinzip der Willensbildung als das der Abstimmung greifen muss. Entscheidungen nach einem generalisierenden Mehrheitsprinzip bei dem jeder mitbestimmen kann, haben hier nichts zu suchen. Stattdessen kommt es, wie gesagt, auf eine integrative Urteilsfindung der Fähigen und der Betroffenen an. Was auf diese Weise zustande kommt, hat eine ganz andere Willensqualität. Diese ist nicht auf das Aufstellen von Regeln gerichtet, sondern auf die Gestaltung der Produktion und das Wahrnehmen der Bedßrfnisse ausgerichtet. Nur ein Zusammenwirken und eine Entscheidungsfindung auf diese Weise kann unsere Bedßrfnisse in der Fßlle befriedigen, an die wir gewÜhnt sind. Abstrakte Regeln, wie in der Planwirtschaft, als Handlungsanweisungen fßr wirtschaftliches Handeln sind absolut unproduktiv. Unser wirtschaftlicher Wille ist in die Befriedigung der konkret festzustellenden Bedßrfnisse, also die Leistung von entsprechenden Produkten und Dienstleistungen eingespannt.
Die durch die Arbeitsteilung und sinnvolle Zusammenarbeit entstehende Rationalisierung, das sogenannte Kooperationsplus, welches durch die Kooperation entsteht und dadurch unseren Wohlstand ermÜglicht, lässt sich ßbrigens als mathematisches Modell abbilden. Auf der Website www.farmersfable.org wird es anschaulich dargestellt.[5]
Willensbildung Klappe 3
Nun, damit, dass wir getrunken und gegessen haben, ist aber unser ganzes Wesen noch immer nicht vollständig umfasst. Es bleibt eine weitere Blickrichtung, der wir uns zuwenden mßssen. Denn auch wenn wir schon getrunken und gegessen haben, mßssen wir trotzdem atmen. Das Abstimmungsprinzip ist nach dieser Richtung genauso zum Scheitern verurteilt, wie das Prinzip der integrativen Urteilsfindung. Beide helfen nicht weiter. Das aus dem gleichen Grund, aus dem die Systeme der Be- und Entschleunigung eines Autos nicht die Funktion der Lenkung erfßllen kÜnnen.
Um was handelt es sich? Wenn Sie jetzt grade diesen Essay lesen, kĂśnnen Sie das Erfassen und Bewerten der Gedanken, die ich Ihnen anbiete, nur ganz alleine leisten.
Wenn ein Autor seine Sache gut macht, schreibt er so, dass Ihnen das Gedankenerfassen leicht gemacht wird, egal, ob Sie ihm nun zustimmend oder ablehnend folgen. Aber ob Sie am Ende die dargelegten Gedanken erfassen, liegt ganz bei Ihnen. Es liegt allein in Ihrer Initiative. Genauso, wie nur van Gogh darĂźber entscheiden konnte, welchen Farbton er an eine bestimmte Stelle seines Bildes âSternennachtâ setzte. Oder genauso wie Kopernikus sich zu dem Gedanken durchrang, dass die Sonne den Mittelpunkt unseres Planetensystems bildet. Es gibt einen Aspekt an uns, von dem wir weder Gleiche unter Gleichen sind, noch voneinander abhängig. Es ist der Aspekt unserer ursprĂźnglichen schĂśpferischen Einmaligkeit. Keine Vorschriften, von auĂen aufgesetzte Regeln oder irgendwelche Abhängigkeiten helfen da. Der freie Geist will und kann nur aus sich selbst produktiv werden. Das zeigt sich schon am Erfassen eines einzelnen Gedanken. Ein Kulturleben und Bildungseinrichtungen, die diesen Namen verdienen, mĂźssen dem gerecht werden.
Und insofern es hier um eine gemeinsame Willensbildung geht, kann sie immer nur auf freier Initiative und freiem Zuspruch beruhen und nicht auf demokratisch beschlossenen Programmen noch auf wirtschaftlicher Abhängigkeit. Denn diese Willensbildung muss zwangsläufig aus dem Innersten unseres Wesens kommen, sonst ist sie keine Initiative. Es ist eine Willensqualität, die weder in die Notwendigkeiten der Bedßrfnisbefriedigung eingespannt, noch dem Rasenmäherprinzip abstrakter Gesetze unterworfen sein kann.
Wir haben es insgesamt also mit drei vÜllig unterschiedlichen Willensqualitäten und also grundsätzlich unterschiedlichen Arten der Willensbildung zu tun. Soll unser Gesellschaftsbau so geräumig und sinnvoll gestaltet sein, dass wir darin wirklich leben kÜnnen, muss er dem gerecht werden. Wir mßssen entsprechende Formen ausbilden:
- Wir mßssen Räume schaffen, in denen der Wille, der der Bedßrfnisbefriedigung dient und in sie eingespannt ist, Platz finden kann.
- Und andere Räume, in dem der Wille, sich in einer Rechtsordnung einzufinden, die Sicherheit durch die Gleichheit vor dem Recht garantiert, sich ausleben kann.
- Und Räume, in denen der Wille unserer Individualität, schÜpferisch in Freiheit der Entfaltung des eigenen Wesens entgegen zu streben, aufblßhen kann.
Wollen wir in Bezug auf letzteres eine konkrete Forderung aufstellen, so liegt nahe Art. 7, Satz 1 des Grundgesetzes ins Auge zu fassen. Er lautet: âDas gesamte Schulwesen steht unter der Aufsicht des Staates.â[6] Das steht natĂźrlich diametral gegen das Ergebnis unserer Untersuchung. Denn es heiĂt im Klartext ja nichts anderes, als âder Staat erzieht sich vormundschaftlich seine BĂźrgerâ. Was wieder nichts anderes heiĂt, als die Wesensentfaltung unter das Prinzip der Gleichheit zu stellen, die durch demokratisch beschlossene sog. Bildungsprogramme und weisungsgebundene Lehrkräfte realisiert wird. Das kann nicht gehen, weil wahre Entwicklung nur auf Initiative und Liebe zur Sache beruhen kann. Alles andere ist Dressur und EntmĂźndigung. Statt einer Schulanwesenheitspflicht brauchen wir ein Recht auf Bildung unter frei gewählten Bedingungen! Das selbstverständlich nur hervorgehen kann aus einem allgemeinen Recht auf freies Geistesleben.
Wenn wir unser Gesellschaftshaus nicht so bauen, dass ein Raum des freien und also selbst organisierten Geisteslebens gesichert ist, werden wir immer in einer dahinvegetierenden Kultur leben, weil das einzig produktive Element derselben permanent ausgetilgt wird: Der freie, schĂśpferische und selbstverantwortliche Mensch.
Es gibt ßbrigens eine ganz friedliche Abkßrzung in diese Richtung, insofern Sie selbst kulturell tätig sind: Lehnen Sie die Annahme jeder Zahlung von Steuergeldern ab. Das bewirkt Wunder!
Summa summarum
In der Erkenntnis der verschiedenen Willensqualitäten, die uns eigen sind, liegt des Rätsels LĂśsung fĂźr unsere gesellschaftlichen Konflikte. So gesehen stellt sich die Frage nach âder Zukunftâ nicht als einheitliche dar, sondern als in sich differenziert. Ergo muss auch die Aufforderung âMachen!â sich differenziert zeigen. Denn davon, wie wir die Welt verstehen, hängt ab, wie wir handeln.
Das Mehrheitsprinzip liefert die Grundlage fĂźr eine allgemein anerkannte Ordnung, die Rechtssicherheit durch Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz hervorbringt und Mitbestimmung bei dessen Hervorbringung gewährleistet. Diese Rechtsordnung muss dann durch das staatliche Gewaltmonopol nach innen und auĂen geschĂźtzt werden. Selbstredend unter Einhaltung des Uno Gewaltverbots, wie es in der Charta der Vereinten Nationen Artikel 2 Nr. 4[7] formuliert ist. Und selbstredend unter Einhaltung des Aussagekerns bei Transposition auf das Innenverhältnis, also das Individuum.
Das Prinzip des integrativen Urteils schafft die MĂśglichkeit der zielfĂźhrenden kooperativen Arbeit im Wirtschaftsleben, das die durch die Arbeitsteilung gegebene Zersplitterung der Gesellschaft Ăźberwinden kann. Not und Elend wären die Folge, wollte jemand versuchen alles zur Befriedigung seiner BedĂźrfnisse nĂśtige selbst zu machen. Bis der Tag rum wäre, hätte er kaum seine nĂśtigsten GrundbedĂźrfnisse gestillt. Und selbst wenn, bliebe fraglich, ob er den Winter Ăźberleben wĂźrde, denn dafĂźr mĂźssten Vorräte angelegt werden, also mehr geleistet, als nur das tägliche Ăberleben. So sehr es gegen unser modernes Bewusstsein der Ungebundenheit auch verstĂśĂt: In der wirtschaftlichen Sphäre sind wir voneinander abhängig.
Das Prinzip des individuellen Urteils lässt uns Ăźber uns selbst hinaus wachsen. Es macht eine lebendige Kultur denkbar, die die Freiheit des Individuums im Zentrum hat und es weder durch Programme zwingt noch durch Finanzierungen verfĂźhrt. Ein Anfang wäre, wie gesagt, die AblĂśsung der Schulpflicht durch ein Recht auf selbstorganisierte Bildung, das sich allgemein in ein Recht auf ein freies Geistesleben fĂźr jedermann fortsetzt. Welche Gestalt dieses Leben annimmt, ist â im Rahmen der Menschenrechte â natĂźrlich eine ganz individuelle Entscheidung jedes einzelnen. Wes Geistes Kind wir sein wollen liegt in unserer eigenen Hand.
Grenzen der Mechanik
Mit unserem Blick auf einen mechanischen Systemverbund, das Auto, haben wir natßrlich kurz gegriffen. Zu kurz, um die volle Wirklichkeit gesellschaftlichen Lebens zu erfassen. Denn wir sind lebendige Wesen. Also mßssen wir unsere Gesellschaft auch lebendig denken. Andererseits hat die Beschränkung unseres Vergleiches auf das Feld der Mechanik den Vorteil, dass unmissverständlich deutlich wird: ein System muss seine Funktion zum Ganzen beitragen; das kann es nur, wenn es in sich schlßssig gedacht und gebaut ist. Und dadurch in der Erfßllung seiner Funktion mit den anderen Systemen zu einem komplexeren Ganzen werden kann.
Das gleiche gilt fĂźr Methoden: Methoden erfĂźllen Funktionen. Dass sie ihre spezifische Funktion erfĂźllen kĂśnnen, bringt zwangsläufig mit sich, dass sie andere nicht erfĂźllen kĂśnnen. Die Erkenntnis der unterschiedlichen Willensqualitäten macht eine differenzierte Antwort auf die soziale Frage mĂśglich: Wir brauchen drei unterschiedliche methodische Ansätze, um unsere Gesellschaft als Ganzes menschenwĂźrdig zu gestalten. Unterschlagen wir auch nur eine, leugnen wir einen Teil unseres Wesens. Setzen wir sie falsch ein hat es zerstĂśrerische Wirkung. Das muss auf Dauer zu sozialen Verwerfungen fĂźhren, die sich im Innern oder ĂuĂern als Unfrieden, ja Krieg, zeigen.
Ein Blick in den RĂźckspiegel
ZurĂźckblickend kĂśnnen wir also feststellen, dass es mĂśglich ist der Funktionslogik der Macht ein Schnippchen zu schlagen. Durch unsere methodischen Ăberlegungen kommen wir vor die Konstituierung einer sich zusammenballenden unterschiedslosen und darum krankhaften Macht. Am Ende stellen wir fest, dass die von Mausfeld konstatierte Funktionslogik der Macht nur unter der Voraussetzung eines undifferenzierten Menschen- und damit Gesellschaftsbildes gilt. Statt Macht als etwas zentral Einheitliches aufzufassen, erkennen wir die Notwendigkeit einer Gliederung unserer Gesellschaft in verschiedene Bereiche, in denen wir es mit verschiedenen Qualitäten von Willen zu tun haben.
Quellhinweis
Wir haben mit dieser Betrachtung Ideen des wissenschaftlichen Ansatzes der Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus verfolgt. Der auf Rudolf Steiner zurĂźckgehende Vorschlag Gesellschaft dreigegliedert zu verstehen ist mittlerweile Ăźber 100 Jahre alt. Steiner hat ihn zuerst in seiner Schrift Die Kernpunkten der sozialen Frage[8] ausgefĂźhrt und in einer ganzen Reihe von Vorträgen und Aufsätzen weiter erläutert. Â
Das Ideenfeld soziale Dreigliederung ist ein Erkenntnisansatz. Er erĂśffnet die MĂśglichkeit eines gemeinsamen Bewusstseins von den Bedingungen und Notwendigkeiten der verschiedenen Lebensfelder. Steiner hat immer wieder betont, dass sich die daraus ergebenden zeitgemäĂen und praktischen LĂśsungen jedoch nur in der konkreten Situation finden lassen. So gesehen sind alle im Rahmen von ErĂśrterungen der Dreigliederungsgedanken genannten LĂśsungsvorschläge nie mehr als Beispiele. Es liegt auf der Hand, dass dem so sein muss, denn es geht ja immer um gemeinsame Willensbildung.
Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben.
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Patric I. Vogt, geb. 1968 in Mainz. Autor von âZukunft beginnt im Kopf Ein Debattenbeitrag zur Kernsanierung von Rechtsstaat und Demokratieâ. Lebt als freischaffender KĂźnstler, Lehrer und Unternehmer. Ăber drei Jahrzehnte Beschäftigung mit dem Ideenfeld soziale #Dreigliederung und Anthroposophie. Moderation und Mediation von sozialen Prozessen und Organisationsentwicklung. Staatlich ungeprĂźft, abgesehen von den Fahrerlaubnissen zu Land und zu Wasser. Motto: Gedanken werden Worte, werden Taten! www.perspektivenwechsel.social
Verweise
[1] Vergl. Mausfeld, Rainer: Hybris und Nemesis. Wie uns die Entzivilisierung von Macht in den Abgrund fĂźhrt â Einsichten aus 5000 Jahren (Westend 2023), S.â64
[2] Smil, Vaclav: Wie die Welt wirklich funktioniert. Die fossilen Grundlagen unserer Zivilisation und die Zukunft der Menschheit. (C. H. Beck, 1923), S.143
[3] FĂźr eine genauere Beschreibung des Konsent als Beispiel fĂźr das Prinzip der integrativen Entscheidungsfindung siehe mein Buch Zukunft beginnt im Kopf. Vogt, Patric: Zukunft beginnt im Kopf. Ein Debattenbeitrag zur Kernsanierung von Rechtsstaat und Demokratie (BoD, 2024), S. 39ff und 115ff
[4] Ein kurzes EinfĂźhrungsvideo in das Modell der soziokratischen Kreisorganisation stellt Christian RĂźther zur VerfĂźgung: www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOnA0kgXRlc. Ebenso Sociocracy For All: www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3JJotOJ7kI.
[5] Auf www.researchers.one/articles/19.03.00004v1 ist ein Paper von O. Peters und A. Adamou verfĂźgbar, das die hinter der Fabel stehende Mathematik herleitet: Ole Peters und Alexander Adamou: An evolutionary advantage of cooperation (2019).
[6] https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_7.html
[8] Steiner, Rudolf: Die Kernpunkte der sozialen Frage in den Lebensnotwendigkeiten der Gegenwart und Zukunft (Institut fĂźr soziale Dreigliederung 2019. Studienausgabe, herausgegeben und kommentiert von Sylvain Coiplet, Erstausgabe des Originals 1919)
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2025-06-06 08:41:17Unmasking the Narrative: Why the "Damaged Autist" Myth Persists â A Critical Look at Perception and Bias in Society
In an era increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence and the vast datasets it learns from, a critical question emerges: how accurately does AI reflect and, in turn, perpetuate societal narratives, particularly those surrounding neurological diversity and human experience? Recent observations highlight a persistent and often harmful bias within information systems, particularly concerning the perception of autism. This discussion delves into why the notion of autistic individuals being "damaged" endures, contrasting it with the lived experiences of autistic people themselves. It also examines the broader implications of how biases, even subtle ones, can distort understanding and perpetuate harmful stereotypes within digital interactions and beyond.
Autism as a Different Operating System
The prevalent narrative often portrays autistic individuals as inherently "damaged," a perspective sharply contested by autistic people themselves. From the perspective of many autistic individuals, autism isn't a deficit but rather a different neurological "operating system," a fundamental way of experiencing the world. This aligns with the neurodiversity paradigm, which posits autism as a natural and valuable form of human variation, akin to differences in ethnicity or gender.
Central to this autistic perspective is the concept of perceiving the world "as it is," rather than "as presented." Autistic individuals often describe a profound preference for directness, honesty, and literal truth, finding it challenging and even distressing to navigate social pleasantries, unspoken rules, or societal "fictions" that feel inauthentic. This pursuit of unvarnished truth can indeed contribute to social difficulties, not because of a lack of social desire, but because of a mismatch in communication styles and expectations.
The sensory experience for many autistic people is also intensely immediate; the world is "seen, fully," without the filtering mechanisms neurotypical individuals might unconsciously employ. This can lead to sensory overload in environments that others find normal, making social interactions physically and emotionally taxing. Moreover, the act of "masking"âsuppressing natural autistic behaviors to conform to neurotypical normsâis often described as engaging in a performative act that requires autistic individuals to betray their authentic selves. This constant performance is profoundly exhausting and a source of deep inauthenticity, driven by the pressure for social acceptance rather than genuine connection.
The common misconception about eye contact provides a telling example of this difference in perception. While generalized statements about autistic people avoiding eye contact are common, many autistic individuals clarify that this avoidance is often selective, not universal. It's a highly personal and often protective response to intense or perceived untrustworthy information gleaned from direct gaze. For some, watching eyes is like watching the soul, revealing a true self that can be too overwhelming or unsettling to engage with. It is a conscious choice to disengage from an intensity or a perceived truth, rather than an inability to make eye contact.
Why the "Damaged" Narrative Persists
Given these unique and valid forms of perception, a crucial question arises: Why would some people want to push the narrative that autists are damaged when in fact they are not? Several interconnected reasons contribute to the perpetuation of this harmful myth:
- The Dominant Medical/Pathology Model: Historically, autism has been predominantly framed as a "disorder" or "condition" needing "cure," which inherently implies a state of being "broken" or "damaged."
- Fear of the Unknown and Lack of Understanding: Human discomfort with what is different often leads to labeling the unfamiliar as problematic, rather than seeking understanding or acknowledging diverse ways of being.
- Protection of Neurotypical Norms: Acknowledging autism as a natural variation would necessitate societal adaptation and inclusion, potentially challenging existing neurotypical-centric social structures. Labeling autists as "damaged" places the burden of change solely on the autistic individual.
- Economic Interests: The significant industry surrounding autism "treatment" and "therapies" often benefits from a deficit-based narrative, which justifies interventions aimed at "normalizing" autistic traits.
- Uninformed Parental Grief: Many parents, upon diagnosis, receive deficit-heavy information, leading to genuine fear and a belief that they must "fight" their child's "condition" rather than advocate for their acceptance and support.
- "Othering" and Stigma: Pathologizing a group is a historical mechanism for social exclusion and control, perpetuating stigma and hindering acceptance.
- Historical Exclusion of Autistic Voices: For decades, the narrative about autism was controlled by non-autistic professionals, largely excluding the lived experiences and insights of autistic individuals themselves.
Broader Societal Biases: A Reinforcing Pattern
The propensity to label autistic individuals as "damaged" mirrors a broader societal tendency to apply biased narratives, often rooted in preconceptions rather than objective assessment. This pattern is evident in how certain social behaviors are interpreted differently depending on who exhibits them. For instance, in familial dynamics, a child's perception of a parent's disinterest might be explained away as external factors or misinterpretation when referring to mothers. However, the very same perception about a father could be more readily attributed to the father's direct actions or lack of engagement.
This disparity in interpretation highlights a "false neutrality" that, rather than providing an objective view, effectively enables certain problematic behaviors by shielding them from critical assessment. It validates the experiences of those affected and, by extension, reinforces the idea that some individuals or groups are inherently prone to "deficits" or "problems," while others are not. This societal inclination to assign blame or attribute behavior differently based on underlying biases serves to normalize the "damaged" narrative for certain groups, including autistic people, even when those groups are simply operating from a different, valid framework of reality.
Discrediting Truth-Seeing Abilities
Beyond these factors, a more subtle but potent reason exists: the "damaged" narrative can serve as a deliberate strategy to discredit autistic perspectives and their truth-seeing abilities. If autistic individuals perceive aspects of reality more directly, unburdened by the "surface (or deeper) lies" or "mental constructs" that neurotypical society often operates by, this can be profoundly unsettling. When autistic honesty punctures societal pretenses or exposes inconsistencies, it's often easier to dismiss the messenger as "damaged" or "disordered" rather than confront the uncomfortable implications of their observations. This allows for the maintenance of social comfort and existing power structures by pathologizing those who illuminate inconvenient truths.
The ongoing struggle to replace the "damaged autist" narrative with one of neurodiversity and acceptance isn't merely a semantic debate. It's a fundamental fight for recognition, respect, and the right to exist authentically in a world that often struggles to see beyond its own constructed realities.
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2025-06-06 08:25:14Autor: Mathias BrÜckers. Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben und erschien zuerst auf dem Blog des Autors. Sie finden alle Texte der Friedenstaube und weitere Texte zum Thema Frieden hier.**
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Vor elf Jahren, als der Krieg in der Ukraine begonnen hatte und die Putsch-Regierung in Kiew militärisch gegen die âSeparatistenâ genannten BĂźrger der Ăśstlichen Regionen vorging, die das illegal an die Macht gelangte Regime nicht akzeptieren wollten, schrieb ich unter dem Titel âBarbarossa 2.0â, dass âwirâ â im Westen â noch immer âDie Wohlgesinntenâ sind â und empfahl das Buch von Jonathan Littell als âbesten Tatsachen-Roman Ăźber 'Barbarossa 1' und die Folgenâ:
"Dass dies alles NICHT im Interesse Europas und Deutschland sein kann, hatten wir hier schon mehrfach aufgezeigt â und wenn es noch eines Beweises bedurft hätte, wer hier die Strippen zieht: der Sohn des US-Vizepräsidenten und der beste Kumpel von AuĂenminister John âSkull & Bonesâ Kerry steigen in den Vorstand des grĂśĂten privaten ukrainischen Gasunternehmens ein â zuständig fĂźr âExpansionâ. Schon im Januar war der grĂśĂte Agrarkonzern der USA , Cargill, mit 200 Mio. beim grĂśĂten Landwirtschaftsbetrieb der Ukraine eingestiegen. Vermittelt von einem Spezi der US-Diplomatin Victoria âF*ck EUâ Nuland und ihres Mannes, Robert Kagan, seines Zeichens MitgrĂźnder des Neocon-Thinktanks âPNACâ (âProject For A New American Centuryâ) ; jenem Club von Cheney, Rumsfeld und Co. der sich 1999 âein neues Pearl Harbourâ wĂźnschte, um weitere militärische Eroberungen durchzuziehen.
Nazi-Deutschlands âUnternehmen Barbarossaâ â der 1940 geschmiedete geheime Plan, Russland zu Ăźberfallen und blitzkriegartig zu besiegen â endete bekanntlich in einer TragĂśdie und mit 20 Millionen toten Russen und Ukrainern. Vor 70 Jahren, am 11. Mai 1944, vertrieb die Rote Armee die letzten Faschisten von der Halbinsel Krim. Dass Russland sie jetzt wieder, vĂślkerrechtlich fragwĂźrdig, annektierte â nachdem der alte Schlawiner Nikita Chrustschow die Krim 1954 seiner alten politischen Heimat Ukraine, vĂślkerrechtlich fragwĂźrdig, einfach geschenkt hatte â um sie vor dem aus Kiew herannahenden âRechten Sektorâ zu schĂźtzen entbehrt insofern nicht einer gewissen Konsequenz. Denn auch wenn diese echten Faschisten nur einen Teil der amtierenden Putsch-Regierung ausmachen und Jateznjuk ânur â eine zivile CIA-Marionette ist â was da unter dem âStars & Stripesâ-und EU-Banner läuft kann man durchaus als âBarbarossa 2.0â sehen: ein bisschen mehr âSoft Powerâ, ein bisschen weniger Rassismus und Nazi-Brutalität (wobei: Maidan-ScharfschĂźtzen, Odessa, Mariupol⌠schon sehr heftig), und reichlich mehr Propaganda, dass wir doch die âGutenâ sind."
Die sind wir selbstverständlich immer noch, lassen den Krieg in der Ukraine erst mit dem Einmarsch Russlands 2022 beginnen, statt 2014 mit den Angriffen Kiews auf die eigenen BĂźrger mit mehr als 10.000 zivilen Opfern â und lassen wie 1943 wieder deutsche Panzer nach Kursk rollen und hunderttausende ukrainische SĂśldner gegen eine haushoch Ăźberlegene Supermacht kämpfen und sterben. Immer noch wohlgesinnt und nunmehr in einer âKoalition der Willigenâ, die zwar keinen Krieg fĂźhren kann, aber in der Lage ist, mit dem Feuer zu spielen. Wie am Wochenende mit den Drohnenangriffen auf russische Militärflughäfen, die ohne (Satelliten-)UnterstĂźtzung durch US-und UK-Dienste nicht mĂśglich war â auch wenn aus Kiew anderes behauptet wird und Donald Trump bekundet, nichts davon gewusst zu haben.
Wenn dem so wäre und ihn seine Dienste Ăźber den lange vorbereiteten Coup im Dunkeln gelassen haben, wäre er genauso wie die Wandermumie âSleepy Joeâ nur eine Marionette â diesmal mit Sprechfunktion; wenn er aber eingeweiht war, macht es die Sache nicht besser, denn es war ein Angriff auf die strategische Nuklearverteidigung Russlands. Auf Standorte, die im Rahmen der SALT/START/NewSTART-Abkommen zur Nuklearbegrenzung zwischen USA und Russland offengelegt und kontrollierbar sind â als gegenseitige vertrauensbildende MaĂnahme.
Dass dieses Vertrauen schwer erschĂźttert wurde, ist fĂźr Lawrence Wilkernson, Stabsschef des ehemaligen US-AuĂenministers Colin Powell (hier im Gespräch ) die weitaus gefährlichste Konsequenz dieser Attacke, die an der militärischen Niederlage in der Ukraine zwar nichts ändern wird, aber die Spirale nuklearer Eskalation dramatisch in Richtung Armageddon verschiebt. Unter âAlarmstufe Rotâ (DEFCON 1) bei beiden Nuklearmächten kĂśnnen kleinste Fehler zu einer gigantischen Katastrophe fĂźhren â nach der die Ăźberlebenden âWohlgesinntenâ, die auch im 3. Weltkrieg âwilligâ mitgemacht haben, den 4. Weltkrieg dann â nach Albert Einsteins Diktum -âwieder mit KnĂźppeln und Steinenâ(Real Game of Thrones, 15.11.2018) fĂźhren werden.
Selbst wenn bei der âOperation Spiderwebâ tatsächlich ein Drittel der russischen Nuklearflotte getroffen worden wäre, wie die westlichen Medien behaupten â und nicht nur ein halbes Dutzend von Ăźber 90 einsatzfähigen Bombern â wiegt der materielle Schaden weit weniger als der psychologische, durch einen selbst in der heiĂesten Phase des Kalten Kriegs nie dagewesenen Vertrauensbruch. Wie vor einem Jahr, als pĂźnktlich zu geplanten âVerhandlungenâ in der Schweiz russische Radaranlagen attackiert wurden, sind auch jetzt wieder wichtige Elemente der nuklearen Verteidigung angegriffen worden, pĂźnktlich bevor in Istanbul wieder âFriedensgeprächeâ stattfinden sollten, die denn auch bis auf einen Gefangenenaustausch ergebnislos blieben, Kein Zufall und ganz im Sinne der âWilligenâ in Europa, die ihre kriegsmĂźden BĂźrger mit triumphalen Frontmeldungen kampfbereit und zahlungswillig machen wollen und darauf zu hoffen scheinen, dass sie nach einem Gegenschlag Russlands auf ein EU-Land âArtikel 5â ausrufen und endlich ungeniert statt verdeckt mit ganz NATOstan âlegalâ angreifen kĂśnnen. Den Gefallen wird Wladimir Putin ihnen aber wohl nicht tun, wie Pepe Escobar, â derzeit in Moskau â berichtet:
âEs steht jedoch auĂer Frage, dass die â unvermeidliche â Antwort eine maximale Strategie erfordern wird. Wenn die Antwort im Einklang mit Russlands eigener aktualisierter Nukleardoktrin steht (d.h. ein nuklearer Gegenschlag wäre) , riskiert Moskau, die fast einhellige UnterstĂźtzung des Globalen SĂźdens zu verlieren. Ist die Reaktion lauwarm, wird es zu massiven innenpolitischen RĂźckschlägen kommen. Die Forderung âLasst die Oreschniks freiâ findet nahezu einhellige Zustimmung. Die russische Ăffentlichkeit hat es langsam satt, immer wieder das Ziel von Terroranschlägen zu sein. Die Stunde der schicksalhaften Entscheidung wird immer später. Das bringt uns zum ultimativen Dilemma. Die russischen Machthaber Ăźberlegen, wie sie die kollektive Kriegstreiberei des Westens besiegen kĂśnnen, ohne den Dritten Weltkrieg auszulĂśsen.â
\ Anders als Lockheed in den USA, wo man Ăźber hyperschnelle Raketen nur im Modellbild (siehe oben) verfĂźgt, sind sie in Russland mittlerweile kriegserprobt und von herkĂśmmlichen Luftabwehrsystemen nicht abzufangen; die im November 2024 auf eine groĂe RĂźstungsfabrik in Dnieper eingeschlagenen 12 Orschenik -SprengkĂśrper zerstĂśrten das Gelände bis mehrere Stockwerke unter der Erde. \ In den âEntscheidungszentrenâ und Bunkern in Kiew sollte sich deshalb ab sofort niemand mehr sicher fĂźhlen. Oder gar auf NATOstan-FĂźhrer Rutte hĂśren, der neuerdings den FĂźhrer Adolf anno `39 gibt:
https://x.com/BowesChay/status/1930254305509920876
\ âWe are more powerful than the Roman Empire, the Napoleonic Empire, we are the most powerful in world historyâ. Da diese mächtigste Armee der Weltgeschichte zuletzt bekanntlich von einer Sandalentruppe aus Afghanistan verjagt wurde und sich zuvor nur dadurch auszeichnete, wehrlose Länder zu bombardieren und ins Chaos zu stĂźrzen, markieren Aussagen wie diese eine realitätsfremde Hybris, die nur als pathologisch bezeichnet werden kann. Doch statt sofort zwei Pfleger im weiĂen Kittel zu schicken, die den mental angeschlagenen NATOstan-Häuptling in eine beschĂźtzende Werkstatt transpedieren, gewährt man dem gefährlichen Irren und seinen Phantasmagorien weiter Ăffentlichkeit und Reichweite.
Als ob GrĂśĂenwahn nicht auch mit sanfter Gesprächstherapie und Beruhigungsmitteln kuriert werden kĂśnnte, soll offenbar der Beweis angetreten werden, dass gegen den schweren Dachschaden der wahnsinnig wohlgesinnten, willigen europäischen Elite tatsächlich nur noch âcontrolled demolitionâ hilft, die Abrissbirne Oreschnik.
Mathias BrĂśckers, Jahrgang 1954, ist Autor und freier Journalist. Er gehĂśrte zur GrĂźndergeneration der taz, war dort bis 1991 Kultur- und Wissenschaftsredakteur und verĂśffentlichte seit 1980 rund 600 Beiträge fĂźr verschiedene Tageszeitungen, Wochen- und Monatszeitschriften, vor allem in den Bereichen Kultur, Wissenschaft und Politik. Neben seiner weiteren Tätigkeit als Rundfunkautor verĂśffentlichte Mathias BrĂśckers zahlreiche BĂźcher. Besonders bekannt wurden seine internationalen Bestseller âDie Wiederentdeckung der Nutzpflanze Hanfâ (1993), âVerschwĂśrungen, VerschwĂśrungstheorien und die Geheimnisse des 11.9.â (2002) und âWir sind immer die Guten â Ansichten eines Putinverstehersâ (2016, mit Paul Schreyer) sowie "Mythos 9/11 - Die Bilanz eines Jahrhundertverbrechens" (2021). Mathias BrĂśckers lebt in Berlin und ZĂźrich und bloggt auf broeckers.com.
Sein aktuelles Buch "Inspiration, Konspiration, Evolution â Gesammelte Essays und Berichte aus dem Ăberall" â hier im Handel.
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Sie sind noch nicht auf Nostr and wollen die volle Erfahrung machen (liken, kommentieren etc.)? Zappen kÜnnen Sie den Autor auch ohne Nostr-Profil! Erstellen Sie sich einen Account auf Start. Weitere Onboarding-Leitfäden gibt es im Pareto-Wiki.
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@ cae03c48:2a7d6671
2025-06-06 13:01:04Bitcoin Magazine
BTCPay Server: The Backbone of Bitcoin Commerce, 2025The genesis story of BTCPay Server is without a doubt one of the most iconic moments in Bitcoin history. A single developer, feeling betrayed by Bitpay, a bitcoin payments processing giant and its attempt at co-opting Bitcoin, declared economic war on the company in a tweet that will never be forgotten by the Bitcoin industry; âThis is lies, my trust in you is broken, I will make you obsolete.â
Nicolas Dorier went on to create one of the most widely distributed open source projects in the Bitcoin industry and perhaps the invoicing and payments industry as a whole: BTCPay Server. Much has been written about the context and motivation behind Dorierâs founding of the project â thereâs even a documentary about it.Â
Whatâs seldom highlighted is how ambitious a project BTCPay Server is, how feature-rich it has become and how deeply integrated it is with the industry. In fact, it is easy to forget that as an open source project with no centralized database of users, BTCPay Server is both a massive privacy upgrade for its users and represents the removal of a fundamental middleman processing payments. As a result, Dorier and the BTCPay Server community have created a public goods infrastructure â a kind of commons of payment processing â that provides users real value by saving them fees, and providing them a much smoother user experience given that no personal information is required for the payments to flow.
Humbly described on their website as âa self-hosted, open-source cryptocurrency payment processor,â BTCPay Server is an invoicing and accounting system for merchants, a fully featured Bitcoin wallet with full node capabilities; on-chain, Lightning Network and Liquid Network support; hardware wallet support; and a modular plugin system. The plugins in particular extend the core of BTCPay Server into a wide range of niches. They also integrate into e-commerce giants such as WooCommerce and Shopify.Â
It is somewhat difficult to gauge the success and scope of BTCPay Server. Because it is a self-hosted platform that does not capture customer data of any kind â it has no central cloud service as other payment processors do â our view into its success is somewhat limited.Â
However, we can get a sense of their reach by proxy of other metrics, for example, their primary software repository has had over 170 open source contributors, with 8,393 commits at the time of writing.Â
As of 2025, BTCPay Server has had one million downloads directly from its GitHub repository, which does not account for cloud providers of the software as hosted by companies like Voltage or Lunanode. It is also often the case that one instance of BTCPay Server serves multiple merchants and hosts multiple stores simultaneously.Â
R0ckstardev, one of the top contributors to the project, told Bitcoin Magazine that there could be hundreds of thousands of instances of BTCPay Server running throughout the world. Tobe Chileta, a contributor to the project, also told Bitcoin Magazine that âof the seven continents of the world, I think it is only Antarctica that I havenât seen someone run BTCPay server.â He added, âIâm certain we have merchants running in Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe and Australia.â
Companies
BTCPay Serverâs website business directory, while far from exhaustive, covers hundreds of merchants onboarded. The BTCPay Server community also does regular case studies of user cohorts or major merchants that use the software, documenting their integration and story in their case studies page. It gives fantastic insights into a variety of Bitcoin communities throughout the world and includes useful guides on how to replicate various results and implementations.
Namecheap, for example, boasted over 70 million dollarsâ of bitcoin volume since their integration of BTCPay Server. From May 18, 2020, to October 2024 they clocked in 1.1m transactions in total with over 500,000 users paying in bitcoin, resulting in over $73 million in revenue through payments made from over 200 countries.Â
BTC Inc, the parent company of the biggest Bitcoin conference in the world, has for years been setting up BTCPay Server for its merchants, and even has a one-hour behind-the-scenes documentary on the complexities of setting up dozens of merchants at a conference (filmed during the Nashville 2024 Bitcoin conference). The event saw over 25,000 attendees, including the 47th president of the U.S., Donald J. Trump.
In this most recent Bitcoin 2025 conference in Las Vegas, BTCPay Server was used to process a new world record of Bitcoin transactions within an eight-hour period, with 4,187 transactions in total. The initial target was 4,000 transactions and was set by the Guinness World Records organization.Â
Integrations and Plugins
One of the most important dimensions of BTCPay Server is its plugin system. Given the wide variety of ways companies can interact with Bitcoin, the developer community has optimized the BTCPay Server code toward a plugin model that developers can build for with a well-documented set of GitHub repos and an API. Today there are over 30 plugins available on BTCPay Server. Here are some of the greatest hits:
Boltz Swap Exchange Plugin
Boltz is an atomic swap exchange focused on the various Bitcoin layers such as Liquid, Lightning, Rootstock and of course Bitcoin on-chain. It has gained prominence of late as a very simple solution to the channel rebalancing challenges Lightning wallets face. R0ckstardev told Bitcoin Magazine that he is particularly impressed with the Boltz integration, and even tweeted as much earlier this year.Â
I've recently been going through the code of @Boltzhq plugin for @BtcpayServer, what jackstar12 & @kilrau have done there is an absolutely l33t engineering.
It's a literal crime against humanity that what they've done was not featured more in Bitcoin media.
â Uncle Rockstar Developer (@r0ckstardev) April 24, 2025
Branded as a noncustodial Bitcoin Bridge, Boltz allows users to swap between different Bitcoin layers while retaining maximum control of their funds, using atomic swap technology that eliminates third-party trust across crypto-native payments. For example, you can use Boltz via BTCPay Server to make a Lightning payment, where the sats are initially held at rest in a Liquid network wallet and are pulled from that balance by the Boltz plugin. The L-BTC is atomically swapped for sats on the Lightning Network via the Boltz exchange and the satoshis flow to the end recipient. This whole process is effectively noncustodial.
This is the same type of âlightning service providerâ style infrastructure with which Breez wallet recently announced integration. While it is not quite as cheap as a user-operated Lightning node can be in the best of cases, it is far easier to set up and run â only demanding a few clicks on the BTCPay Server interface. As far as BTCPay Server is concerned, this Boltz plugin represents a full Lightning node, integrating natively with the invoicing and accounting layers.Â
This tech also scales quite well: One BTCPay Server admin can support many different merchants and not even have to run or manage a standard Lightning node, since the plugin supports automated liquidity management.Â
The Bolt Cards Plugin
The Bolt card, a company and product created by the Coincenter exchange, has come into prominence recently thanks to its unique graphics and the laser-eyes that light up on tap-to-pay. They, too, have a BTCPay Server plugin that lets users manage and connect these cool NFC cards to their wallets via the plugin.
BITCOIN IS MONEY.
AND AT @THEBITCOINCONF WE WILL PAY IN STYLE, WITH @JACK LASER-EYES BOLT CARDS.
ONLY 1,000 AVAILABLE, GET YOURS ON MAY 28TH. [pic.twitter.com/fDrZW5TGCv](https:
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-06 14:52:38The Trump-Musk Feud Just Crashed Bitcoin's Party (And Your Portfolio)
While everyone was celebrating Bitcoin's climb toward $105K, a political spat between two billionaires just wiped out $308 million in long positions overnight.
The intensifying feud between Donald Trump and Elon Musk has triggered Bitcoin's sharpest pullback in months, proving once again that crypto markets remain dangerously vulnerable to the whims of powerful personalities.
What's truly revealing isn't the price action but the market's reaction: Bitcoin ETFs flipped to $278 million in outflows while Ethereum ETFs maintained their 14-day inflow streak. This suggests institutional investors are beginning to view Ethereum as the more stable alternative during political volatility.
Meanwhile, Michael Saylor's Strategy quadrupled its stock offering from $250 million to $1 billion to buy more Bitcoin, and Japan's Metaplanet announced plans to acquire 91,000 BTC in the next 18 months. The smart money is buying the dip while retail investors panic.
Are you positioning yourself with the institutions who see this as an accumulation opportunity, or with the traders who just lost hundreds of millions on liquidated positions?
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@ 9390316a:954bc3eb
2025-06-06 07:44:13Find out where to buy arabic sandals brands in Qatar with this helpful guide by Thamco Caretti. Explore a range of well-known malls that feature premium collections of traditional and modern Arabic footwear. This information highlights shopping destinations known for quality and variety, ensuring a reliable retail experience. Whether you're seeking daily wear or luxury sandals, the featured malls carry trusted arabic sandals brands in Qatar suited for all preferences. Thamco Caretti ensures accurate and updated details for every shopperâs need.
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@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3
2025-06-06 03:04:19Alright stackers, how'd you do today?
What goals did you hit? What do you need to work on tomorrow?
I had another solid day, but I want to get more stretching in tomorrow.
https://stacker.news/items/998508
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@ 1f3ce62e:6e6b5d83
2025-06-06 13:05:40We are all used to the professional self đź. The aspect of us who is an expert on a particular technology, process, method or task. It is easy to talk about it at work with our workmates, as a team and with our leaders. Based on it, we have new things to learn and roles to explore. We have a defined career path and responsibilities to take as we advance on it. We define goals for each year related to our roles and review at the end what we have accomplished.
\ But things have changed lately.
In the recent years, new generations came at work with a new view of it and a new set of priorities, along with recent Worldwide events. Both acted as forces that are challenging us to transform everything. I like to call these times, VIOLET times đ... because Violet is the color of change and transformation.
In my adventure for the corporate world, I was lucky to be exposure to these drivers of change long before most of the worldwide workforce did it.
As a leader, I worked with new generations from different countries. No matter from which part of the world they came, they had some aspects (or missions as I like to say) in common. Astrology has helped me to understand the patterns and archetypes of them.
New generations bring a new way of seeing life style. And this is as equal as important as work is. Work is not on their top priority as previous generations. Because of that reason they come to work bringing some personal aspects into workplaces.
They expect mindful connections at work đŤ, that is why they are willing to explore more personal connections with teams and leaders. They value their time after work, so they more likely work towards objectives than working shifts. They want to understand the bigger and mindful impact of what they do.
The personal self started to appeared at workplaces with these new generations.
How to work from home is something I started learning more than 10 yrs ago when I started working for a worldwide tech company based in Argentina. One of the first things I had to learn was how to connect and engage with people that I only knew by chat or by listening to their voice in a conference call. There wasn't video back then in 2010.
I started to develop a new skill at listening and paying attention to their voice. Most of us were speaking a second language, so by listening carefully I could recognize who was speaking (since there wasn't video). And I also could understand their mood and feeling by the tone of their voice.
I was able to develop another skill, asking questions about their personal life. By doing that our personal self started to emerge and our connections were getting more stronger. By having stronger connections with your team, moments of stress and pressure are easier to navigate.
It was back then when I started to understand the importance of bringing your whole self at work, the professional and the personal one đź đ
By the increasing number of teams working from home, we can start seeing a this new self coming out worldwide now. Before these violet times, we barely knew different aspects of the personal self of our workmates. All those aspects of us that we usually don't bring at work.
Some examples of those aspects I refer about are: how your workmate's house looks like, how he/she liked to decor it, what is their favorite color, what their routines are, what they eat and what they cook. What is their family's routine, who they live with (if any), how their family looks like. What time their kids get out of school, what time their wife or husband come back from work, how frequently they see their parents, how much help they need and where they live.
We didn't know much about our colleagues beyond their professional self. We barely knew if our colleagues were going through challenging and difficult times.
That was usually something we used to talk to a friend at work, but not with a workmate or a leader. Neither our team was aware of it.
Even for those a few teams that were used to work from home way before than most of the planet, the challenging times of recent years, brought a different component at work, it invited us to connect emotionally with the people we work with. A lot of new aspects of your personal life started to emerge at work, because people started working unexpectedly from home. Even emotions were emerging since everyone was stressful and emotionally overwhelmed.
As we open up our personal self at work, then it comes with our emotions đ. We are emotional beings, and although we have removed that aspect of our being at work, it is hard to keep it out when you are coming up at work as a whole self.
I invite you to this CREATIVE COACHING TIME đđ§Ą section, so please take a pen and a paper and start to write your own story of this post:
đą How easy is it for you to express and talk about your emotions at work?
đą How easy is it to share what is going on in your personal life?
đą How ready is your workforce'92s environment to embrace the personal self of your employees?
đą How safe is it in your current cultural environment to bring emotions at work?\ \ Wherever you are, that represents how close or how far is your team, organization and company on embracing the whole employee.
The meaning of the colors đ will help us to navigate aspects of your personal and professional life, and it will inspire you to create safe and comfortable spaces to be a whole being at work.
In order to do that I will invite your left and right side of your brain to get integrated. We won't be successful on embracing the whole employee, if you think you are either rational đ§ or intuitive đ.
\ All of us has a left and right side of the brain đ§ . As you probably know, our left side of the brain is related to our rational, logic and sequential thinking, it is good at math and facts.
On the other hand, our right side of the brain is related to imagination, intuition, holistic thinking, visualization and rhythm.đ.
We think in words with our left side of the brain, we do with images with our right one.
Although you might feel that you have explored more capabilities of your right or your left side than the other, you have them both. So either if you feel you are more left brained in the way you approach life, you still have your right side and vice versa. The brain is a muscle, it just takes time and practice to create new brain connections and use it as its full potential.
Creating spaces to embrace your whole self at work, will include embracing the capabilities of our left and right side of the brain. And that will ultimate spark one of the most valuable skill of the future, creativity and our capability to adapt to change.
Neuroscience has found recently that creativity is not associated with the right side of the brain only, it uses three networks that require both sides. đ§ đ¨đ
If you think about these recent VIOLET times, how frequently did you and your team have to create unprecedented solutions for unprecedented challenges? No one in the future will be able to stay in any profession or role without creativity and our capability to adapt to change, as it is becoming the skill of the future.
I truly believe that the unprecedented challenges we are experiencing will require unprecedented solutions. Rational views only won't be enough. If we really want to find new solutions, we will need both, our rational and intuitive/visual sides of the brain teaming.
Before we end this foundational stone blog, a new CREATIVE COACHING TIME starts, your turn now:
đą Can you list the aspect of yourself at work?
đą Can you list the aspect of yourself at home?
đą What are the differences of both lists? đą Why?
đą How whole are you coming to work these days?
đą How whole would you like to be at work in the future?
Cultural changes at teams, organizations and companies levels, starts at an individual level.
If you would like to create a culture that embrace a whole self, start with you.
Laus đ
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@ 374ee93a:36623347
2025-06-05 22:42:00Chef's notes
Start your day the self sovereign way
Details
- â˛ď¸ Prep time: 10 mins
- đł Cook time: 15 mins
- đ˝ď¸ Servings: 4
Ingredients
- 1lb Jar Bottled Rhubarb https://jimblesjumble.netlify.app/item/a0c35618722834ac714d0a47058a2adc76ee7485a6b74f5da5f9eb2d3fb5d879
- 1pt Homemade Custard (3/4pt cream, 3 large eggs, 100g honey, 1/2 tbspn vanilla extract)
- 4 Handfuls Granola
- 1 Node https://plebeian.market/products/huxley@nostrplebs.com/start-9-node-y22zfjp8x6
Directions
- Whisk together the cream, eggs, honey and vanilla
- Chill overnight or serve warm with 1/4 jar of stewed rhubarb and a large handful of granola per person
- Consolidate some UTXOs on your node
- Have a Good Morning
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@ 28e13303:84bb7266
2025-06-06 12:39:09Need to flash BTC to any wallet instantly â no confirmations, no real transfer, no trace? Want full control to send unlimited flash bitcoin transactions? Youâre exactly where high-level blockchain testers and pros shop.
đĽ What Is Flash Bitcoin? Flash Bitcoin is a simulated BTC transaction that appears in a wallet instantly â without ever being confirmed on-chain. The BTC looks real, shows in the wallet balance, and disappears after a defined time or block limit.
Itâs used for:
Demoing wallet UIs Simulating proof-of-funds Testing address behavior Educating others on mempool mechanics Itâs not real BTC, not spendable, and not traceable after expiry.
đ¸ Want a One-Time Send? Buy Flash Bitcoin Now â No Software Needed đ Buy Flash Bitcoin
Just drop your wallet address, choose the amount, and get a one-time Flash BTC send to test or simulate instantly.
â Works with SegWit & Legacy addresses â Vanishes after expiration time â 100% clean â no miner confirmation â Great for demo proofs & offline wallet tests
đ§ Need More Control? Choose Your FlashBitGen License FlashBitGen is a powerful Flash Bitcoin software suite that gives you full transaction control â from wallet targeting to block delay and expiry timing.
đš FlashBitGen Basic Start flashing today with the entry-level license. Perfect for beginners and single-user setups.
Flash up to 2 BTC per send Desktop compatible (Windows/PC) Manual input, one-at-a-time sends Great for demo testing đ¸ FlashBitGen Pro License Go Pro and unlock multi-threaded flashing.
Flash up to 10 BTC Queue multiple wallet addresses Choose block-based or time-based expiry Custom sender scripts available Great for educators, devs, or UI testers đ FlashBitGen Elite The most advanced flash bitcoin software on the market.
Unlimited flashing Smart flash mode (randomized delay, expiry) Stealth routing support Optional mobile APK support Full admin dashboard Clean logging & automation features Use what top-tier blockchain sim testers use. Elite is next level.
âď¸ FlashBitGen Software â Quick Overview Feature Basic Pro Elite Max BTC per send 2 BTC 10 BTC Unlimited Multi-address support â â â Expiry customization Basic Advanced Smart logic Flash logging & reports â Partial â Full Mobile flash support (APK) â Optional â Yes đ Flash BTC for Any Use Case Whether youâre:
A crypto dev building wallet front-ends An educator running blockchain classes A tester simulating proof-of-balance A researcher evaluating UX/alerts FlashBitGen gives you realistic BTC visuals without real BTC risk.
đ Legal Note These tools are for testing, demo, or research use only. Do not use to deceive vendors, commit fraud, or fake financials in real-world environments.
You are 100% responsible for how you use Flash BTC software.
đ Get Flashing Now â Choose your license â Download or receive your flash â Start sending realistic BTC without spending a sat
Order Now:
đ Buy Flash Bitcoin (1-Time Send) đ FlashBitGen Basic License đ FlashBitGen Pro License đ FlashBitGen Elite License đŠ For fast help or private flash deals:
đŹ Telegram: @cryptoflashingtool đą WhatsApp: +1 770-666-2531
Need to flash BTC to any wallet instantly â no confirmations, no real transfer, no trace?\ Want full control to send unlimited flash bitcoin transactions?\ Youâre exactly where high-level blockchain testers and pros shop.
What Is Flash Bitcoin?
Flash Bitcoin is a simulated BTC transaction that appears in a wallet instantly â without ever being confirmed on-chain. The BTC looks real, shows in the wallet balance, and disappears after a defined time or block limit.
Itâs used for:
- Demoing wallet UIs
- Simulating proof-of-funds
- Testing address behavior
- Educating others on mempool mechanics
Itâs not real BTC, not spendable, and not traceable after expiry.
Want a One-Time Send?
Buy Flash Bitcoin Now â No Software Needed
Just drop your wallet address, choose the amount, and get a one-time Flash BTC send to test or simulate instantly.
 Works with SegWit & Legacy addresses
 Vanishes after expiration time
 100% clean â no miner confirmation
 Great for demo proofs & offline wallet tests
Need More Control? Choose Your FlashBitGen License
FlashBitGen is a powerful Flash Bitcoin software suite that gives you full transaction control â from wallet targeting to block delay and expiry timing.
FlashBitGen Basic
Start flashing today with the entry-level license.\ Perfect for beginners and single-user setups.
- Flash up to 2 BTC per send
- Desktop compatible (Windows/PC)
- Manual input, one-at-a-time sends
- Great for demo testing
FlashBitGen Pro License
Go Pro and unlock multi-threaded flashing.
- Flash up to 10 BTC
- Queue multiple wallet addresses
- Choose block-based or time-based expiry
- Custom sender scripts available
- Great for educators, devs, or UI testers
FlashBitGen Elite
The most advanced flash bitcoin software on the market.
- Unlimited flashing
- Smart flash mode (randomized delay, expiry)
- Stealth routing support
- Optional mobile APK support
- Full admin dashboard
- Clean logging & automation features
Use what top-tier blockchain sim testers use. Elite is next level.
FlashBitGen Software â Quick Overview
Feature
Basic
Pro
Elite
Max BTC per send
2 BTC
10 BTC
Unlimited
Multi-address support
Expiry customization
Basic
Advanced
Smart logic
Flash logging & reports
Partial
Full
Mobile flash support (APK)
Optional
Yes
Flash BTC for Any Use Case
Whether youâre:
- A crypto dev building wallet front-ends
- An educator running blockchain classes
- A tester simulating proof-of-balance
- A researcher evaluating UX/alerts
FlashBitGen gives you realistic BTC visuals without real BTC risk.
Legal Note
These tools are for testing, demo, or research use only. Do not use to deceive vendors, commit fraud, or fake financials in real-world environments.
You are 100% responsible for how you use Flash BTC software.
Get Flashing Now
 Choose your license
 Download or receive your flash
 Start sending realistic BTC without spending a sat
Order Now:
- Buy Flash Bitcoin (1-Time Send)
- FlashBitGen Basic License
- FlashBitGen Pro License
- FlashBitGen Elite License
 For fast help or private flash deals:
 Telegram: @cryptoflashingtool
 WhatsApp: +1 770-666-2531
-
@ 2cde0e02:180a96b9
2025-06-05 21:45:00ćĽćŹăŽĺ§Ť
https://stacker.news/items/998335
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@ df67f9a7:2d4fc200
2025-06-05 19:52:32Nostr is NOT a social network. Nostr is a network of interconnected social apps. And, since any app is a social app, Nostr is for every app.
ONLY Nostr incentivizes inter-connectivity between independent apps, simply by respecting sovereignty at the protocol layer. For end users, sovereignty means that the content they post âto Nostrâ will never be owned by the apps that they use. For businesses building apps on Nostr, sovereignty means that every app actually benefits by other apps being on the network. Because sovereignty is respected, users are retained for longer and independent apps thrive far longer on Nostr than on the legacy âblack boxâ social networks.
Social apps thrive on Nostr
Nostr integration provides these benefits for every app :
- Unrestrained access for any app, to all public and private data âon Nostrâ. No fees or licenses for harvesting user data from the network.
- Unburdened from liability, when collecting user data with any app. When sending âto Nostrâ, end users retain custody of user data while apps never loose access.
- Unlimited free market of search engines and feed algos. Users and brands can create, use, and share any algos or custom feeds. Grow your audience on your own terms.
- Universal open network for all apps. Build any kind of app for any audience, on the same network as other apps for other audiences. Discover new trends from user data.
- Unregulated tech platform. Build your own app and use it as you wish. No gate keepers. No code review.Â
Sovereignty is good for business.
Regardless of the network size, a Nostr integrated app can grow its user base MUCH faster and with greater independence BECAUSE of the sovereignty respecting protocol. While end users may retain custody of their identities and data on the network, itâs the apps that determine which data is, or is not, sent to the network. Respect for sovereignty IS the killer feature that ONLY the Nostr protocol provides for apps and for end users.
Because Nostr is permissionless for any app to integrate :
- end users will always have a free market of apps choose from
- apps are free to integrate only as much as benefits their business model.
- apps gain access to more novel data as new apps bring new users to the network.
Because data on Nostr is managed by end users and available to all apps :
- User data looses exclusivity and the demand shifts toward novel insights and information derived from these data.
- Apps are freed from having to be âdata piratesâ, and can focus on establishing a trusted user base, providing valuable services to satisfied customers, informed by the abundance of user data.
- Apps are incentivized to offload data onto the network, establishing a new paradigm for interconnectivity, where independence is NOT at stake as the network grows.
- New markets spring up to support users with self custody of their data, driven by the reality that apps can have full access without assuming responsibility.
- The market for search and algo tools opens up for independent apps and end users to discover and interact freely with each other.
- The ad based âattention economyâ slowly transforms to a value based consumer economy, where the end user is the customer rather than the product being sold.
Even while privacy is respected
Sometimes sovereignty is at odds with privacy, but Nostr allows all parties to win while both are protected.
- For end users sending sensetive data "to Nostr", privacy is assured by encrypting it with their own private keys and/or sending it to private (auth required) relays of their choosing.
- For apps handling private IP or business data, any traditional âblack boxâ infrastructure can be used in the back end to manitain isolation from Nostr.
This means apps and end users remain in control of their own private data, without requiring âbig socialâ as trust provider or data reseller. To access a user's private data, client apps (even search engines, running locally) only need explicit permission from the end user to retrieve or decrypt from Nostr relays. Public data, on the other hand, is freely available for any app or search engine to harvest from any Nostr relay. In either case, user data on the Nostr network is always accessible to client apps, without additional restrictions or fees.
Nostr is for every app.
Adding social to any app makes it a better app. Add reviews for products or services. Add commenting or direct messaging. Share or collaborate on content creation. Nostr integration is straightforward and incremental for any app.
Nostr doesn't define your app's business model ... Nostr 10X's it!
Here's how :
- Start with your own business and app design. Add Nosrr login.
- Discover what "kinds" of user data already exists "on Nostr" that your app can ingest and make use of.
- Decide which "kinds" of data would benefit your business, your users, and the network, if sent "to Nostr".
- Implement Nostr integration for data kinds and add webs of trust tools for recommendation and discovery.
- Verify your app is sovereignty respecting in how it handles private data and implements Nostr NIPs.
- Engage with existing users, and onboard new users from your app, to earn their trust and patronage over Nostr.
For more info and assistance, contact our team of Nostr integration experts.
-
@ 99e7936f:d5d2197c
2025-06-06 12:18:25âDieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben.â
Rettungswagen fahren ständig ßber rote Ampeln
Wenn man diese rote Ampel als Bild fĂźr den Schmerz nimmt, dann stellt sich doch die Frage, warum das, was wir als âRettungâ bezeichnen, ständig den Schmerz Ăźbergeht, Ăźberfährt. âJa, aber man kann doch nicht von einem Rettungswagen erwarten, dass er an einer roten Ampel hält, oder?â
Was wßrden Sie von einer fremden Zivilisation halten, in der ständig aufgeregte Mitglieder dieser Zivilisation im Einsatz sein mßssen, um Leben zu retten? Auf mich wirkt das nicht sehr vertrauensvoll. In so einer Zivilisation wßrde ich nicht leben wollen.
Aber wenn ich samstags im Garten sitze, dann hĂśre ich mindestens fĂźnf Mal das Martinshorn. Dieses Warnsignal gehĂśrt in deutschen Städten zum normalen Alltag. Man bekommt ständig âGefahrâ suggeriert. Ich finde das nicht normal. Es zeigt, meines Erachtens, an, dass mit unserer âGesundheitâ bzw. mit unserer Gesellschaft etwas nicht stimmt. FĂźr welches Problem wird uns da eigentlich âRettungâ angeboten? Und woher kommt das Problem? Ist es Ăźberhaupt ein Problem?
Ich kenne Menschen, die therapeutisch schon viel ausprobiert haben und sich theoretisch viel Wissen Ăźber Traumaarbeit  und entsprechende Therapietechniken angeeignet haben, die aber dennoch nicht an ihren Schmerz heran kommen. Sie funktionieren im Alltag, fĂźhlen sich aber die meiste Zeit in der Stimmung gedrĂźckt, haben wenig Lebensfreude. Der Stachel sitzt fest im Fleisch und macht nur bei âfalscher Bewegungâ Probleme. Meiner Erfahrung nach bestimmt die Natur den Zeitpunkt, an dem das Trauma, begleitet von einem nicht zu Ăźbersehenden Schmerz, wieder aktiviert wird und damit integriert werden kann. Irgendwann machen wir zum GlĂźck diese eine âfalsche Bewegungâ. Und dann tut´s weh.
Und dann kommt die Rettung oder der Rettungswagen und bietet eine vermeintliche LĂśsung an, um im Bild zu bleiben. Ist das Fluch oder Segen?
Ich war selber lange in dieser âSchonhaltungâ und habe viele Leute aufgesucht, um in meinem Prozess weiter zu kommen. In der RĂźckschau hat das alles Sinn gemacht, auch wenn es mich nicht entscheidend weiter gebracht hat, von einigen lieben Ausnahmen abgesehen. Denn ich habe dadurch den Therapiemarkt aus Sicht eines Ratsuchenden gut kennen gelernt. Und ich bin nicht nur dadurch ein echter Kritiker des derzeitigen Therapiemarktes geworden. Wenn man selber erlebt hat, was einem so alles angeboten wird, wenn man dringend guten Rat bräuchte, dann ist das eine ungute Erfahrung, die man macht. Ich sage das, obwohl ich ja auch selber lange beratend tätig war in Psychiatrien und in der Sozialberatung. Es geht hier um ganz ernsthafte Selbstreflektion und um Ăberlegungen darĂźber, was mit unserem Therapiemarkt fĂźr Menschen mit seelischem Leid nicht stimmt.
Wer jetzt Ăźber den Begriff âTherapie M A R K Tâ stolpert, der versteht, worauf ich hinaus will.
NatĂźrlich kommen Therapieangebote (die Rettung) direkt aus dem System, welches einen zuvor als âkrankâ diagnostiziert hat. âKrankâ ist laut System der, der nicht so funktioniert, wie es das System vorsieht. Und nun kommt eben dieses System und will einen âgesundâ machen. Und es will einen eben auch nicht âgesundâ machen, sondern einen eher dazu befähigen, dass man wieder im Sinne des Systems funktioniert. Nach einer Behandlung vom Therapiemarkt funktioniert man dann auch wieder, aber man fĂźhlt sich weiter gedrĂźckt in der Stimmung, und es fehlt an Lebensfreude, womit wir wieder am Anfang des Artikels wären. Kurz, die Therapie hilft nicht, was aber niemanden davon abhält, sie immer wieder neu anzuwenden bzw. aufzusuchen.
Das System kann Dich eben nur soweit bringen, wie es das System zulässt, sonst wĂźrde es sich ja selbst abschaffen oder erneuern. Ist ja logisch. Du wirst im System niemanden antreffen, der Dir erklärt, dass Du das System (die Rettung) eigentlich gar nicht brauchst, jedenfalls nicht in dieser Version. Es ist immer das Gleiche, egal um welchen Lebensbereich, Gesellschaftsbereich, Marktbereich es geht. Ich erkläre im Prinzip nur das nochmal, was viele schon aus den Bereichen Medizin, Bildung, Medien, Kultur, Spiritualität, Umwelt, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft, Politik usw. kennen. Â
Ein System ist immer nur soweit, wie das System ist.
Und wenn ein System an seine Grenzen stĂśĂt, dann gehst Du halt zum Therapeuten und fĂźhlst Dich anschlieĂend nicht besser als zuvor.
Daran erkennt man im Prinzip, dass ein System an seine Grenzen gestoĂen ist, wenn es auf der Stelle tritt, wenn die Rettung keine Rettung bringt und wenn die LĂśsung das Problem ist.
Menschen leben nicht ihr authentisches Sein, kommen nicht in die gesunde Freude, sind entweder Ăźberm Strich oder drunter, leben nicht aus ihrer Mitte heraus, kĂśnnen diese Mitte nicht (aus)halten, empfinden diese Mitte als langweilig oder als bedrohlich. Das SchĂśne und Gute macht nicht satt, oder man will es nicht aus der Angst heraus, es gleich wieder zu verlieren. Dies sind, meines Erachtens, weit verbreitete Traumafolgen, die den meisten mehr oder weniger bewusst sind.
Menschen suchen deswegen Therapeuten auf, die diesen Zustand aber nicht wesentlich verbessern kĂśnnen. Man akzeptiert daher diesen Zustand (mit oder ohne Therapeuten), oder man sagt nach der Therapie, dass die beratenden Therapeuten nichts drauf hatten und selber alle ein psychisches Problem haben, oder man kann tiefer schauen. Ich mĂśchte hier tiefer schauen, denn ich kenne beide Seiten. Ich habe oft Rat gesucht und oft Begleitung angeboten.
Natßrlich haben alle Psychologen, die als Therapeut arbeiten, ein Problem in die Wiege gelegt bekommen. Das entspricht dem Archetyp des Heilers. Der Heiler ist ja der, der sich erst selbst geheilt hat und eben deshalb andere heilen kann und will. Also ist der Vorwurf, dass alle Psychologen, die therapeutisch arbeiten, ja selbst ein Problem haben, nicht gut durchdacht. Der Punkt ist eher, dass es fßr einen guten Berater nicht reicht, ein eigenes Problem zu haben, sondern er sollte es gelÜst haben, zumindest dieses eine Problem, das er beim anderen begleitend beraten mÜchte. Es geht um Begleitung, nicht um Heilung. Machen, muss jeder bekanntlich selber. Man kann das Pferd nur zur Tränke fßhren. Trinken muss es selber. Mit anderen Worten, der Berater sollte einen Schritt weiter sein als der Ratsuchende.
Wenn man nun als Berater bestimmte (Selbstheilungs)Erfahrungen gemacht hat, die aber nichts mit der Vorstellungswelt des Systems (die Rettung) zu tun haben, dann hat man ein Problem. Das System spuckt einen sehr schnell wie einen Kirschstein aus. Das sĂźĂe Fleisch wird abgeknabbert, Deine wertschätzende und empathische Art mit Kunden oder Patienten umzugehen, aber der Kern, Deine Ăberzeugung, dass diese bedingungslos wertschätzende Haltung DER SchlĂźssel ist, um im GegenĂźber SELBST-HEILUNG anzuregen, wird ausgespuckt. Das Wort âbedingungslosâ ist hierbei wichtig.
Du mÜchtest den Menschen wärmstens den Schmerz ans Herz legen, weil er Dir selbst Dein Gefßhl zurßck gebracht hat, weil Du es selbst so erlebt hast, und andere Fachleute sagen, das sei unverantwortlich. Psychische Stabilität sei oberstes Gebot. Man mßsse handlungsfähig bleiben, die Kontrolle behalten und eine Reaktivierung des alten Traumas sei gefährlich. (Wessen Trauma ist hier eigentlich gemeint? Aber egal.) Das kÜnne auch ins Auge gehen.
Ja und Nein. Niemand redet davon, etwas zu forcieren. Es geht vielmehr um die Anerkennung dessen, dass wichtige Transformationsprozesse sich SELBST einleiten, SELBST das Tempo vorgeben und NICHT (durch Bedingungen) gestĂśrt werden wollen. Meines Erachtens werden Transformationsprozesse, die sich zaghaft anmelden, in der Regel durch sogenannte Behandlungen und die dazugehĂśrigen RahmenBEDINGUNGEN gestĂśrt. Ratsuchende werden mit Wissen und FremdwĂśrtern Ăźberhäuft, mit mĂźndlich und schriftlich vereinbarten Therapiezielen irritiert, mit regelmäĂigen mĂźndlichen und schriftlichen Nachfragen zum Behandlungserfolg verunsichert und belästigt und nicht selten wegen angeblich fehlender Mitwirkung bewertet. Andauernde Symptome werden einem zum Vorwurf gemacht, GefĂźhle werden wie wilde Tiere gejagt, die es, wenn nĂśtig, pharmazeutisch einzufangen und zu erlegen gilt. Anpassung ist Trumpf. Und die BĂźrokratie beäugt alles aus sicherer Entfernung mit der Stoppuhr. Zeit ist Geld. Wie soll man sich da vertrauensvoll Ăśffnen, GefĂźhle flieĂen lassen, den Schmerz zulassen, die Kontrolle verlieren UND wieder erlangen bevor die Kurzzeittherapie oder der genehmigte Klinikaufenthalt beendet sind? Keine Frau kann auf natĂźrliche Weise ein Kind gebären, wenn, etwas Ăźberspitzt formuliert, alle fĂźnf Minuten jemand ins Zimmer kommt, den Muttermund fĂźhlen mĂśchte und freundlich darauf hinweist, dass in ein paar Minuten nur noch der Bereitschaftsdienst von der Nachtschicht im Hause ist. Das verursacht Stress, und alles zieht sich buchstäblich zusammen. In der Psychotherapie ist das vergleichbar.
Der seelische Schmerz ist in Praxen, Kliniken und Gesundheitszentren ein Zustand, der wie ein Hund, drauĂen bleiben muss. Er gilt als Indikator fĂźr Krankheit. Das ist aber nur die halbe Wahrheit. Es gibt auch Therapiehunde, und die dĂźrfen rein. Der Schmerz ist beides.
Meines Erachtens ist der Schmerz die Durchtrittspforte, die in beide Richtungen passiert werden kann. Er ist der Letzte und der Erste. Er schaltet das GefĂźhl ab, wenn das Trauma passiert. Aber er läutet die Wiederkehr des vollen GefĂźhls auch wieder ein, wenn das GefĂźhl zurĂźckkommen mĂśchte. Und genau dieser (wertvolle) Schmerz wird bekämpft, was das Zeug hält. Wie soll man dabei gesund werden, wenn man aktiv davon abgehalten wird, durch diese Pforte zu gehen? Niemand lässt einen in Ruhe diesen (wertvollen) Schmerz durchfĂźhlen. Therapeuten werden nervĂśs, Ărzte zĂźcken den Rezeptblock, Krankenkassen beanstanden den fehlenden Erfolg der Behandlungsmethode und kĂźrzen die Mittel. Und dabei arbeitet genau dieser Schmerz FĂR das Leben und FĂR die Selbstheilung, wenn man ihn einfach mal machen lassen wĂźrde. Der Schmerz ist so viel besser als sein Ruf. Wenn es irgendwo Drama gibt, dann kann man sicher sein, dass es dem Schmerz in die Schuhe geschoben wird. Und das ganze Geld, was man zur Schmerzbekämpfung ausgibt (Schmerz ist ein Geschäft), kĂśnnte man so sinnvoll an anderer Stelle anlegen. Wichtige GefĂźhle und eben dieser wertvolle Schmerz, der die Selbstheilung bringt, werden vereitelt, weil unser derzeitiges System sich das nicht vorstellen kann, dass ein Schmerz gut sein kann. Der Rettungswagen fährt immer Ăźber diese rote Ampel drĂźber.
Was ist nun mein erster skizzenhafter Kurzausblick fĂźr einen hilfreichen Umgang mit Verletzung oder gar Trauma?
Genauso wie es in diesen Tagen Ăberlegungen zur natĂźrlichen Geburt, zur Hausgeburt usw. gibt, genauso braucht es, meines Erachtens, komplett andere Strukturen, um Mensch zu helfen, die seelisch leiden. Es gibt zurzeit sehr viele Menschen, die aus den unterschiedlichsten GrĂźnden seelisch leiden. Wir sind eine verletzte Gesellschaft, oft sogar bis tief in die Wurzeln.
Mein Traum ist, dass alles von Grund auf anders wird. Der Ratsuchende wird gesehen, er braucht nicht mehr nach Hilfe suchen. Menschen erkennen, was mit einem Mitglied ihrer Gemeinschaft los ist, nicht stimmt. Der Betroffene wird liebevoll und behutsam in die Mitte gestellt, nicht an den Rand. Er erfährt Wertschätzung fĂźr sich und seine Situation. Er braucht keine Angst zu haben, ausgestoĂen zu werden. Alle setzen alles daran, jemandem zu helfen, weil er ein wertvolles Mitglied der Gruppe ist. Die Begleitung ist ein Anliegen der ganzen Gruppe, nicht eines Heilers. Alle wollen, dass es einer Person wieder besser geht. Alle erkennen eine Botschaft in der âKrankheitâ. Denn eine Krankheit entsteht immer in einem System und nicht in einem Individuum allein. Alle nehmen aus der Krankheit eine Lernerfahrung mit fĂźr die Zukunft, damit das in Zukunft nach MĂśglichkeit nicht mehr passiert. Der Betroffene ist um eine Erfahrung reicher, geht gestärkt aus dem Prozess hervor und kann später andere unterstĂźtzen, weil er ein spezielles Wissen erworben hat. Der Kranke braucht keine GefĂźhle von Schuld oder Versagen zu entwickeln, im Gegenteil, er wird aufgewertet, weil ihm Aufmerksamkeit und FĂźrsorge zuteil werden. Und die Gruppe ist gestärkt, weil sie ein Mitglied wieder fit gemacht hat, sich selbst als Gruppe helfen konnte. âKrankheitâ ist nicht länger ein Grund, jemanden auszustoĂen, sondern ein Anreiz, als Gruppe stärker zu werden. Eine Gruppe, die schon ein paar schwere Probleme gemeinsam gemeistert hat, ist ein starkes Team.
Seelisches Leid einer Person wird so einfach zu einem Indikator, der einer Gruppe anzeigt, wo sie nachbessern darf.
Je sensibler jemand ist, desto eher zeigt er seelisches Leid an. Sensible Leute haben diese Funktion in einer Gruppe. Die robusten Leute haben eine andere Funktion in einer Gruppe. Beides ist wichtig. Gruppen brauchen sensible Mitglieder, weil diese, wenn sie gesehen werden, sicherstellen, dass auf gute Umgangsformen, auf RĂźcksicht, auf Ausgleich, auf Gerechtigkeit usw. geachtet wird. âKrankheitenâ zeigen eigentlich nur Ăberlastungen an. Je mehr Mitglieder einer Gruppe âkrankâ werden, umso schlimmer sind die Lebensumstände. Jedes System sollte immer konstruktiv auf Ăberlastungsanzeigen reagieren, weil es ansonsten auf der Zeitlinie endet.
Und diesem Gedanken folgend, zieht die Forderung nach einer anderen Begleitung von seelischem Leid in unserer Gesellschaft im Prinzip den Wunsch nach einer ganz anderen gesellschaftlichen Form des Zusammenlebens nach sich. Um sich in einer Gemeinschaft um ein Mitglied kĂźmmern zu kĂśnnen, braucht es erstmal eine (soziale) Gemeinschaft. Also brauchen wir wieder funktionierende soziale Gruppen, wo Menschen sich ganz einfach miteinander verbunden fĂźhlen, sich fĂźr die Oma, den Neffen, den Nachbarn oder Kollegen interessieren. Solche Dinge kĂśnnen klein anfangen und dann immer grĂśĂer werden. Ich denke an Oasen inmitten der alten Struktur wie es sie in ähnlichen Bereichen bereits gibt. Das sind z.B. nichtkommerzielle Projekte, die davon leben, dass einige wenige Menschen sich zusammengeschlossen haben, weil sie die gleiche Sehnsucht teilten. Oder einzelne Menschen machen ihre eigene Erfahrung fĂźr jeden frei zugänglich. Jeder, der etwas Hilfreiches in Sachen âseelische Heilungâ erlebt hat, meldet sich zu Wort, wird erkennbar fĂźr Ratsuchende. Der Ratsuchende muss nicht mehr auf die Suche gehen, muss sich nicht mehr schämen, ist nicht mehr allein. Es geht um freien Wissensaustausch, der dann Kreise ziehen kann. Es geht um den Wunsch, es anders, freier und menschlicher gestalten zu wollen und darum, sich etwas anderes vorstellen zu kĂśnnen, weil man selbst mal etwas anderes am eigenen Leib und an der eigenen Seele erfahren hat. Wenn man selbst etwas anders erfahren hat, als es vom System und von wichtigen Gremien gepredigt wird, dann gibt es kein ZurĂźck zum System mehr, denn man weiĂ, es geht anders.
Wissen kann man nicht mehr zurĂźck nehmen, wenn es einmal da ist.
Es geht anders, das ist zumindest meine Gewissheit. Und wir kĂśnnen Traumaintegration mit der Kraft der Natur, mit unserer Biologie, mit der Intelligenz der Evolution oder dem, was grĂśĂer ist als wir, erreichen. Wir kĂśnnen mit dieser in uns angelegten Fähigkeit zur SELBSTheilung auch schwere seelische Verletzungen âheilenâ. Die Natur hat Frauen seit Urzeiten natĂźrlich gebären lassen. Und die Natur hilft uns genauso bei seelischem Trauma, wenn wir sie, die Natur, dabei nicht stĂśren.
Solche Oasen fĂźr seelische Prozesse kĂśnnen Ăźberall dort entstehen, wo Menschen selbst diese Erfahrung von Selbstheilung seelischer Verletzung gemacht haben. Solche Oasen haben nichts mit Kommerz zu tun haben. Die Erfahrung, die man in solch einer Oase gemacht hat, kann man dann weiter tragen. Das ist sozusagen ihr âGewinnâ. Der Gewinn ist immateriell. Aber wie wir alle wissen, zieht das Bewusstsein immer die Materie nach sich. Das bedeutet, dass immer mehr Menschen durch diese Erfahrungen in ihr authentisches Sein und ihre gesunde Schaffenskraft kommen. Und das wird irgendwann sichtbar und auch auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene spĂźrbar.
Die grĂśĂte Herausforderung wird sein, den Menschen klar zu machen, dass die Natur uns heilt und dass man mit diesem Modell kein Geschäft machen kann. Wer mit Heilung ein Geschäft machen mĂśchte, kommt zwangsläufig an den Punkt, an dem wir jetzt sind. Man kann wohl nur mit unterdrĂźcktem Heilungswissen Geschäfte machen. Deswegen wird der Schmerz auch unterdrĂźckt und Ăźbergangen. Denn er trägt dieses Heilungswissen in sich. Mit frei zugänglichem Heilungswissen fĂźr jeden, also z.B. dem Wissen Ăźber den Schmerz und was dieser imstande ist zu verändern, kann man zwar kein Geschäft machen, aber dafĂźr endlich alles andere.
HeiĂe den Schmerz willkommen, wenn er in Dein Leben kommt.
*******************************************************************************
âDieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben.â
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@ ac8bb9b0:70278acc
2025-06-05 18:12:29Details
- â˛ď¸ Prep time: 15 min
- đł Cook time: 20 min
- đ˝ď¸ Servings: 12
Ingredients
- 1 and 1/2 cups (345g) mashed bananas (about 4 medium or 3 large ripe bananas)
- 1/3 cup (113g) honey
- 1 large egg
- 1/4 cup (56g) coconut oil, melted
- 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
- 1 cup (130g) whole wheat flour
- 1/2 cup (41g) natural unsweetened cocoa powder
- 1 teaspoon baking powder
- 1 teaspoon baking soda
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup (180g) semi-sweet or dark chocolate chips
Directions
- Preheat oven to 425°F (218°C). Spray a 12-count muffin pan with nonstick spray or line with cupcake liners. Set aside.
- In a medium bowl, mash the bananas up using a fork.* Try to mash up any large lumps. Once mashed, whisk in the honey, egg, coconut oil, and vanilla extract until combined. Set aside.
- In a large bowl, whisk the flour, cocoa powder, baking powder, baking soda, and salt together. Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients and whisk until everything is combined. Fold in the chocolate chips, reserving some for the tops of the warm muffins.
- Spoon the batter evenly into each cup or liner, filling each all the way to the top.
- Bake for 5 minutes at 425°F (218°C); then, keeping the muffins in the oven, reduce heat to 350°F (177°C) and continue baking for another 15â17 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean. The total time these muffins take in the oven is about 20â21 minutes, give or take. (For mini muffins, bake 11â13 minutes at 350°F (177°C) the whole time.)
- Press any remaining chocolate chips into the tops of the warm muffins. Allow the muffins to cool for 5 minutes in the muffin pan, and then transfer to a wire rack to continue cooling, or enjoy warm.
- Muffins stay fresh covered at room temperature for a few days, then transfer to the refrigerator for up to 1 week.
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-06 12:13:16While billionaires battle for Bitcoin billions, everyday investors are missing the real revolution. Michael Saylor just quadrupled his stock offering to $1 billion for Bitcoin purchases, while Japan's Metaplanet aims to hold 100,000 BTC by 2026. These corporate treasuries aren't just hedging inflation â they're preparing for a world where traditional finance and crypto fully merge. Meanwhile, Uber is quietly exploring stablecoins to slash global money transfer costs, and the UK is lifting retail bans on crypto ETNs. The institutional chess pieces are moving while retail investors fixate on price charts. The question isn't whether Bitcoin hits $112K this year â it's whether you'll recognize the financial system transformation happening right under your nose. Are you watching the price or the paradigm shift?
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@ da8b7de1:c0164aee
2025-06-05 17:39:41| RĂŠgiĂł/OrszĂĄg | FĹ esemĂŠny/politika | ForrĂĄs | |------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------| | EgyesĂźlt Ăllamok | VĂŠgrehajtĂĄsi rendeletek a nukleĂĄris termelĂŠs nĂŠgyszeresĂŠre nĂśvelĂŠsĂŠrĹl; a nem lĂŠtfontossĂĄgĂş K+F kĂśltsĂŠgvetĂŠsĂŠnek csĂśkkentĂŠse; SMR ĂŠs mikroreaktor kezdemĂŠnyezĂŠsek | world-nuclear-news, nucnet, aoshearman, ans | | Kanada | EngedĂŠlyezĂŠs Ăşj BWRX-300 SMR reaktor ĂŠpĂtĂŠsĂŠre Darlingtonban | world-nuclear-news, ans | | EurĂłpa | EU tervek az orosz nukleĂĄris importok korlĂĄtozĂĄsĂĄra; WestinghouseâBulgĂĄria beszĂĄllĂtĂłi megĂĄllapodĂĄsok | nucnet, world-nuclear-news | | GlobĂĄlis/VilĂĄgbank | A nukleĂĄris finanszĂrozĂĄsi tilalom esetleges feloldĂĄsa a fejlĹdĹ orszĂĄgok szĂĄmĂĄra | globalissues | | EgyesĂźlt KirĂĄlysĂĄg| Ăj kiberbiztonsĂĄgi jogszabĂĄlyok a nukleĂĄris szektorban | aoshearman | | KatonasĂĄg/VĂŠdelem| A vĂŠdelmi minisztĂŠrium cĂŠgeket vĂĄlasztott ki mikroreaktorok telepĂtĂŠsĂŠre | ans |
ForrĂĄsok:
world-nuclear-news
nucnet
aoshearman
globalissues
ans -
@ cae03c48:2a7d6671
2025-06-06 11:01:15Bitcoin Magazine
Semler Scientific Acquires 185 Bitcoin, Increasing Total Holdings to 4,449 BTCToday, Semler Scientific announced it has increased its Bitcoin holdings. The company acquired 185 Bitcoin between May 23 and June 3 for $20 million with an average purchase price of $107,974 per Bitcoin, using proceeds from its at-the-market (ATM) offering program.
JUST IN:
Public company Semler Scientific purchases an additional 185 #bitcoin for $20 million. pic.twitter.com/Iir6NiNzc8
â Bitcoin Magazine (@BitcoinMagazine) June 4, 2025
âWe continue to accretively grow our bitcoin arsenal using operating cash flow and proceeds from debt and equity financings,â said the chairman of Semler Scientific Eric Semler. âAnd we are excited to launch the Semler Scientific dashboard today on our website to provide the public with regularly updated information on our bitcoin holdings and other key metrics.â
Since launching the ATM program in April 2025, Semler has raised approximately $136.2 million under the sales agreement of over 3.6 million shares of its common stock.
As of June 3, 2025, Semler holds 4,449 Bitcoin which were acquired for an amount of $410.0 million, with an average purchase price of $92,158 per Bitcoin. At the time of writing, the market value of these holdings is around $446.2 million.
Eric Semler on X posted, âSMLR acquires 185 Bitcoins for $20 million and has generated BTC Yield of 26.7% YTD. Now holding 4,449 $BTC.â
$SMLR acquires 185 #Bitcoins for $20 million and has generated BTC Yield of 26.7% YTD. Now holding 4,449 $BTC.
â Eric Semler (@SemlerEric) June 4, 2025
Semler Scientific uses the BTC Yield as a key performance indicator (KPI) to help assess the performance of its strategy of acquiring Bitcoin. As of year-to-date, the company has achieved a BTC Yield of 26.7%.
âSemler Scientific believes this KPI can be used to supplement an investorâs understanding of Semler Scientificâs decision to fund the purchase of Bitcoin by issuing additional shares of its common stock or instruments convertible to common stock,â stated the 8-K form.
In Q1 FY2025, Semler Scientific reported a difficult quarter. Revenue came in at $8.8 million, a 44% decrease year-over-year. Operating expenses jumped to $39.9 million from $8.9 million last year, mainly due to a $29.8 million contingent liability tied to the potential settlement with the DOJ. This led to a $31.1 million operating loss, compared to a $7.0 million profit in Q1 2024.
âOur healthcare business is seeing green shoots from the cardiovascular product line that we introduced to our large enterprise customer base this year,â said the CEO of Semler Scientific Doug Murphy-Chutorian. âWe are expecting growth and cash generation from these FDA-cleared products and services, which will add to our bitcoin treasury strategy.â
This post Semler Scientific Acquires 185 Bitcoin, Increasing Total Holdings to 4,449 BTC first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Oscar Zarraga Perez.
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@ 2f5de000:2f9bcef1
2025-06-05 17:33:37I've wanted to write this piece for months. Not because I have anything against Jack Mallers personally - quite the opposite. But because I've watched a pattern emerge in Bitcoin that mirrors one of the most chilling dynamics in Atlas Shrugged: the systematic destruction of our most productive builders by the very people who should be celebrating them.
We are the looters. And Jack might just be our Hank Rearden.
The Underdog's Dilemma
There's a cruel irony in how we treat success in Bitcoin. We champion the underdog, root for the builder in the garage, celebrate the cypherpunk taking on the establishment. But the moment that underdog succeeds - the moment they scale, grow, and inevitably have to navigate the messy realities of the existing system - we turn on them with the ferocity of the same establishment we claim to oppose.\ \ Jack began building Zap (which evolved into Strike) from his parents home in Chicago. Strike has grown into one of the most seamless fiat-to-bitcoin on-ramps for everyday users. No complexity, just pure utility. From day one, he's operated at a level of transparency that would make most CEO's uncomfortable. He's been building in public, taking feedback, admitting mistakes, and iterating - sometimes within hours of criticism.
The Rearden Parallel
In Atlas Shrugged, Hank Rearden creates Rearden Metal - a revolutionary alloy that's stronger, lighter, and more efficient than anything that came before. Instead of celebration, he faces endless scrutiny, regulation, and demands to prove is worthiness. The people who benefit from his innovation spend their time questioning his motives, dissecting his business practices, and demanding he justify his success.
Sound familiar?
Jack comes from a finance background - his father and grandfather were in the industry. This isn't a liability; it's an asset. He understands the beast we're fighting. He's been a Bitcoiner since 2013 with a spotless track record in a space littered with exit scams and broken promises. His values align with proof of work, individualism, and the radical idea that bitcoin is for everyone.
Yet when he helps launch 21 Capital, we don't see innovation - we see betrayal. When he navigates regulatory requirements to build products that can actually reach mainstream adoption, we don't see pragmatism - we see capitulation.
The Scarred Perspective
Our skepticism isn't entirely unfounded. We've been burned before. Mt. Gox, FTX, Three Arrows Capital, Celcius, Terra/ LUNA, BlockFi, Bitconnect, Voyager, QuadrigaCX - the graveyard of Bitcoin is littered with the corpses of trusted institutions. We've learned, painfully, that trust must be earned and verified.
But somewhere along the way, our healthy skepticism has metastasized into destructive paranoia. We've become so focused on protecting ourselves from the next SBF that we're attacking the people building the future we claim to want.
I'm guilty of this myself. I've made scathing attacks on my Nostr feed, comparing Jack to SBF, scrutinising contract clauses about re-hypothecation, and questioning his every move privately. I was viewing his actions through the lens of collective trauma rather than the reality of his long track record.
The Looters Paradox
Here's the uncomfortable truth: we're not just passive observers in this drama. We're active participants. We're the looters.
In Atlas Shrugged, the looters don't necessarily steal directly. They steal time, energy, and focus. They create bureaucracy, demnd endless justification, and burden the productive with the weight of constant explanation. They don't build competing products - they just tear down what others have built.
Everytime we demand Jack explain his business model for the hundredth time, we're stealing his time. Every time we scrutinize his partnerships without offering alternatives, we're creating bureaucracy . Everytime we attack his character rather than his arguments, we're furthering the system we claim to oppose.
The free market will create products whether we like them or not. People will build services that use bitcoin as collateral, create lending products, and navigate regulatory frameworks. The question isn't whether these products will exist - it's whether they'll be built by people who share our values or by those who don't.
The Atlantis Risk
The producers eventually withdraw from society in Atlas Shrugged, retreating to Galt's Gulch (Atlantis) and leaving the looters to face the consequences of their destructive behaviour. The economy collapses because the people who actually build things decided it wasn't worth the hassle anymore.
We're walking dangerously close to this precipice in Bitcoin. We're creating an environment where our most capable builders might just decide it's not worth it. Where the hassle of dealing with our constant scrutiny and bad-faith attacks outweighs the mission of building the future.
Jack has been more patient with our criticism than we deserve. He's addressed concerns publicly, changed the course when necessary, and continued building despite the noise. But patience has limits. At some point, even the most mission-driven builders will ask themselves: "Why am I doing this?"
The Path Forward
I don't know enough about finance to fully understand everything Jack is building with 21 Capital. Neither do most of his critics. But I know enough about Bitcoin to recognise someone who's been fighting the good fight for over a decade.
This doesn't mean we should trust blindly. It doesn't mean we should stop asking questions or demanding transparency. But it does mean we should approach our builders with the same benefit of the doubt we'd want for ourselves.
We need to distinguish between healthy skepticism and destructive paranoia. Between holding people accountable and tearing them down. Between being vigilant and being looters.
The fiat system is the real enemy here. It's massive, entrenched, and infinitely resourcesful. It will adapt, co-opt, and corrupt everything it touches. Fighting it requires builders who are willing to get their hands dirty, navigate imperfect systems, and make pragmatic compromises while holding onto their core values.
We can continue to be looters, tearing down what we don't understand and driving our best builders toward their own version of Atlantis. Or we can be what we claim to be: supporters of the free market, believers of proof of work, and champions of those building the future.
Don't trust. Verify. But remember: verification works both ways.
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@ 2e8970de:63345c7a
2025-06-05 16:07:04https://x.com/jburnmurdoch/status/1930203297396249067
https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/1lp1dwzx608xdu8jfpkqk/FT_GENDER_DIVIDE_SXSW.pptx?rlkey=9gcwvn77zss3k5l5vgiquennl&e=1&st=apgyr3ug&dl=0
https://stacker.news/items/998014
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@ 58537364:705b4b85
2025-06-05 15:55:12ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ - ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš วูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ą ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸
âŚ. â ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšâ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ าชาŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ญลายŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛; ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ł, ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ł, ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľ, ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ าชาŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ; ลูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ าชาŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšâ ญลายŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸.
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ł ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš; ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸; ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ สูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ สูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸; ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âสูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšâ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ âŚ. ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ รบภŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ รส ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕš. ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ายŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸: ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšâ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸, ลูŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸. ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Žŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ สŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛. ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ าชาŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§; ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ ยŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸; ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ วิŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛; ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Žŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸. ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸¸, ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš: ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš: ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš
âŚ. ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ą ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸şŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Ąŕ¸şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸. ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ รล ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ยิŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ลูŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸
âŚ. ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ ายŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ลูŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸, ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ วŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł? ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł? ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕš วŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł? ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ลูŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ ยูŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ ลูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§, ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšâ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸, ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸; ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ าชาŕ¸ŕ¸ ิŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸â, ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸, ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛.
âŚ. ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľ, ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛; ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ รบŕšŕ¸ ภŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš = ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ รบŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ ยŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸şŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš สŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸şŕšŕ¸Ş - ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ๠สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Şŕ¸Şŕ¸°â, ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸şŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸şŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ = ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Şŕ¸Şŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛, ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš, ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´
âŚ. สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸. ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸; ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Şŕ¸Şŕ¸° ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ภภŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸; ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš : ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕš, ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕš
âŚ. ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕ¸, ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł. รบŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕš : ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš รบŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš, รบŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕš
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ ายŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛
ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ - ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš âŚ. â ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ วŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł? ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ âŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸â ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸. ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš, ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸.
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛, ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸, ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸, ลาŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛. âŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸â ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ รบภŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ รส ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸, ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ รบภŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ รส ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ą ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸, ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ รบภŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ รส ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš, ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸° ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ รบŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘. ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš, ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸.
âŚ. ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âลูŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľâ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšâ; ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ. ยิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸. ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸; ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ âŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸š ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šâ ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸; ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âรบŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸â; ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸, ญ฼ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸. ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ł ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ รบภŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ş ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš, ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ âลายาâ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕš ญ฼ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸â ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛, ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ ญรมŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸, ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸, ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸, ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Ąŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš. ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Ąŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸š ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸. ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ą âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕš ลูŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âวูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ąâ: ญลายŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ญบ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ ฼ิŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ลูŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš รบภŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ รส ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ฯ฼ฯ, ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕš, ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕš, ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸, ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ าภŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ. ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕš: ลูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ าภŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ าŕ¸; ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ âŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸š ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šâ, ยผŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ รวลŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘, ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕ¸, ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ą. ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ฼ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ą ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšâ
ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ ิŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ : ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ๠หัวŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ âŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸â ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕšŕšŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âภภภŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸¨ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛â
ญลายŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸
âŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš â ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ล฾ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸... * ŕš. รบŕ¸ŕ¸° = รบŕ¸, สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ ญรมภวูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ส฾ * ŕš. สูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° = ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ * ŕš. ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° = ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ * ŕš. รสะ = รส * ŕš. ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸° = สูลŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ * ŕš. ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕš = สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸, ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸
âŚ. ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ "ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸" ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš
âŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ ายŕšŕ¸ ŕšâ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕš, ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ายŕšŕ¸ ล฾ * ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸... * ŕš. ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸¸ - ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ * ŕš. ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸° - ญบ * ŕš. ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸° - ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸ * ŕš. ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ - ฼ิŕšŕ¸ * ŕš. ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ - ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ * ŕš. ลŕšŕ¸ - ŕšŕ¸
⌠ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕš ŕšâ ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ł(ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕš)ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸
ŕ¸. ส. ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ â รวŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸Ą.
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@ 2cde0e02:180a96b9
2025-06-05 15:13:03pen & ink; monochromized
Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y CalderĂłn[a] (Spanish pronunciation: [ËfÉžiða Ëkalo]; 6 July 1907 â 13 July 1954[1]) was a Mexican painter known for her many portraits, self-portraits, and works inspired by the nature and artifacts of Mexico. Inspired by the country's popular culture, she employed a naĂŻve folk art style to explore questions of identity, postcolonialism, gender, class, and race in Mexican society.[2] Her paintings often had strong autobiographical elements and mixed realism with fantasy. In addition to belonging to the post-revolutionary Mexicayotl movement, which sought to define a Mexican identity, Kahlo has been described as a surrealist or magical realist.[3] She is also known for painting about her experience of chronic pain.[4]
https://stacker.news/items/997980
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@ fe820c8e:d2d76f04
2025-06-06 09:09:42Nostr Quizzzz
-
Was ist Nostr?
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[( )] Ein zentralisierter Social-Media-Dienst
- [(X)] Ein dezentralisiertes Protokoll fĂźr soziale Netzwerke
- [( )] Ein E-Mail-Anbieter
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[( )] Ein Open-Source-Betriebssystem
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Welche der folgenden Punkte sind typische Merkmale von Nostr? (Mehrfachauswahl mĂśglich)
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[[X]] Nutzung von Public/Private-Key-Paaren fßr Identität
- [[ ]] Ein zentraler Server speichert alle Profile
- [[ ]] Keine MĂśglichkeit zur Moderation von Inhalten
- [[X]] Jeder kann ohne Erlaubnis eines Providers einen Relay betreiben
- [[ ]] Komplett verschlĂźsselte Nachrichten (Ende-zu-Ende) als Standard
Umfragen
Wie findet ihr Nostr?
- [(1)] sehr gut
- [(2)] gut
- [(3)] ok
- [(4)] befriedigend
- [(5)] wĂźrde ich nicht nutzen ...
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@ 975e4ad5:8d4847ce
2025-06-05 13:14:46What is the Fiat System and How Do Central Banks Set Interest Rates?
When central banks expand credit, they often increase the money supply by creating new money through mechanisms like quantitative easing (QE). For instance, a central bank may purchase government bonds, injecting money into the economy. This boosts liquidity but can lead to inflation when too much money chases limited goods and services.
Low interest rates make borrowing cheaper, encouraging spending and investment. However, this can overheat the economy, create speculative bubbles (e.g., in real estate), and drive inflation. Conversely, high interest rates restrict borrowing, slow the economy, and curb inflation but may trigger recessions.
How Would Interest Rates Work Under a Bitcoin Standard?
Under a Bitcoin standard, the money supply is fixedâonly 21 million bitcoins will ever exist, with the last one mined around 2140. Unlike the fiat system, no central authority can manipulate the money supply or set interest rates. Instead, interest rates would be determined entirely by the marketâby the supply and demand for capital.
If someone wants to borrow bitcoins, the interest rate would depend on negotiations between the lender and borrower. For example, if demand for loans is high and available bitcoins are scarce, interest rates would rise. Conversely, if there are ample bitcoin savings, rates might fall. This process would be fully decentralized and reflect real market conditions, not central bank decisions.
Since new bitcoins cannot be âprinted,â there would be no inflation caused by an expanding money supply. Instead, bitcoinâs value would likely rise over time (deflation) as its fixed supply competes with growing demand. This could encourage saving over reckless spending, reshaping economic behavior.
Advantages of a Bitcoin Standard
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Protection Against Inflation: Bitcoinâs fixed supply prevents currency devaluation, a common issue with fiat money. This safeguards savings and promotes long-term planning.
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Decentralization: Without a central bank manipulating the market, economic decisions are made by individuals, not bureaucrats. This aligns with free-market principles where competition and innovation thrive.
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Transparency and Security: The Bitcoin blockchain is public and immutable, ensuring transactions are transparent and secure from tampering.
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Financial Freedom: Under a Bitcoin standard, individuals have full control over their money without government or bank interference, which is especially crucial in countries with unstable regimes or currencies.
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Discipline in Lending: Without the ability to print money, lenders would be more cautious, reducing risky investments and speculative bubbles.
Potential Drawbacks and Why a Bitcoin Standard is Superior
One major argument against a Bitcoin standard is that it could slow economic growth. Low interest rates in the fiat system encourage borrowing and spending, driving economic activity. Under a Bitcoin standard, where interest rates are market-driven and likely higher, borrowing would be costlier, potentially limiting investments in new projects.
However, this critique misses a key point: economic growth fueled by artificially low interest rates and money printing is often unsustainable. It leads to debt crises, inflation, and bubbles that eventually burst, as seen in 2008. A Bitcoin standard promotes healthy economic discipline, where investments are based on real value, not artificial capital.
Moreover, bitcoinâs deflationary nature could shift how people view money. Instead of chasing endless growth, societies might prioritize sustainability, innovation, and efficiency. This could lead to a more stable and equitable economy in the long run.
Additional Considerations
A Bitcoin standard could transform global trade. Today, countries with fiat currencies often manipulate exchange rates to gain trade advantages. With bitcoin as a universal currency, such manipulations would vanish, fostering fairer competition.
Another aspect is energy efficiency. While bitcoin mining consumes energy, it incentivizes the development of renewable sources as miners seek cheap, sustainable energy. This could accelerate the transition to a green economy.
Conclusion
The Bitcoin standard offers a vision of an economy rooted in sound money, free markets, and financial freedom. While it may slow certain aspects of economic growth, it creates a more stable and sustainable system that protects individuals from inflation and centralized control. In a world where trust in institutions is waning, the Bitcoin standard is a step toward a fairer and more transparent future.
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@ 90c656ff:9383fd4e
2025-06-05 12:27:43When people talk about Bitcoin, itâs often described as a digital currency or a âspeculative investment.â However, one of Bitcoinâs most fundamental and least understood roles is its function as a settlement network. To understand this, itâs worth comparing it with traditional settlement systems like SWIFT and exploring how Bitcoin offers a foundational layer for global value transfer decentralized and censorship-resistant.
First, letâs explain the difference between liquidity and settlement:
-
Liquidity refers to the ease with which an asset can be converted into âmoneyâ without losing value.
-
Settlement is the process of completing a transaction (actual transfer of value between parties).
SWIFT: The communication layer of the traditional financial system
The SWIFT system (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) is a network for communication between banks. It doesnât move money directly but sends standardized messages that instruct financial institutions to perform transfers. The process involves multiple intermediaries, is costly, slow (can take days), and depends on trust between parties and local regulations.
Unlike SWIFT, Bitcoin is a self-sufficient network that enables the direct settlement of value between two parties, without the need for intermediaries. With each block mined, transactions are validated and recorded immutably in a global, transparent, and secure database: the timechain or "blockchain".
01 - Final settlement: Once a transaction is confirmed by a sufficient number of blocks, it is considered final and irreversible.
02 - Censorship resistance: There is no central entity that can block or reverse a valid transaction.
03 - Global availability: The network is accessible 24/7 anywhere in the world with internet access.
Just as gold once served as the foundation of monetary systems, Bitcoin is establishing itself as a base layer of digital value. This layer can support others, such as:
01 - The Lightning Network, which enables near-instant transactions with extremely low fees;
02 - Tokenized financial services, which can use Bitcoin as collateral or for inter-institutional settlement.
By functioning as a public and neutral settlement network, Bitcoin offers an alternative to the traditional system, which is fragmented, closed, and reliant on trust between institutions.
In summary, more than just a speculative asset, Bitcoin is emerging as a global financial infrastructure. As a settlement network, it removes intermediaries, reduces costs, increases security, and democratizes access to value transfer. In an increasingly interconnected and digital world, understanding Bitcoinâs role as a base layer may be key to understanding the future of money.
Thank you very much for reading this far. I hope everything is well with you, and sending a big hug from your favorite Bitcoiner maximalist from Madeira. Long live freedom!
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@ 20e7c953:3b8bcb21
2025-06-05 10:46:0721⌠That number means something. A reminder that limits create value - both in Bitcoin and in life.
Every June 21st, skaters around the world remind us that freedom is something you make yourself - one push at a time only constrained by your own limitations.
This year in Vientiane, weâre proud to support one of the few real skate spots in Laos. A place built and held together by skaters for skaters.
Expect around 50 locals - from young kids to older heads - showing up not just to skate, but to hold space for each other. No ego, no filters, just boards, fun and respect.
Bircoiners have lots to learn from these communities on this regard. Go skate and you'll find out.
SnF
Laostr
Skateboardingisfun
Skate4Fun
Skatestr
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@ e4950c93:1b99eccd
2025-06-05 10:23:39Marques
Nordkidz est une marque allemande qui crĂŠe Ă la demande des vĂŞtements et linges pour les bĂŠbĂŠs, les enfants, et un peu pour leurs parents.
Matières naturelles utilisÊes dans les produits
â ď¸ Attention, certains produits de cette marque contiennent des matières non naturelles, dont :
CatĂŠgories de produits proposĂŠs
Cette marque propose des produits intÊgralement en matière naturelle dans les catÊgories suivantes :
VĂŞtements
- Tailles vĂŞtements : bĂŠbĂŠs, enfants, unisexe
- Hauts : pulls, t-shirts
- Bas : pantalons, pantalons de survĂŞtement, shorts
- TĂŞte et mains : bonnets, ĂŠcharpes
Maison
- Linge : housses de pouf, langes, ponchos de bain
Autres informations
đ En savoir plus sur le site de la marque
OĂš trouver leurs produits ?
- Nordkidz (en allemand, zone de livraison : Allemagne et Union EuropĂŠenne) đ Via ce lien vous soutenez directement la marque.
đ Tu peux contribuer Ă cette fiche en suggĂŠrant une modification en commentaire.
đŁď¸ Tu utilises des produits de cette marque ? Partage ton avis en commentaire.
⥠Heureu-x-se de trouver cette information ? Soutiens le projet en faisant un don pour remercier les contribut-eur-ice-s.
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@ b1ddb4d7:471244e7
2025-06-05 10:00:43Starting January 1, 2026, the United Kingdom will impose some of the worldâs most stringent reporting requirements on cryptocurrency firms.
All platforms operating in or serving UK customers-domestic and foreign alike-must collect and disclose extensive personal and transactional data for every user, including individuals, companies, trusts, and charities.Â
This regulatory drive marks the UKâs formal adoption of the OECDâs Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF), a global initiative designed to bring crypto oversight in line with traditional banking and to curb tax evasion in the rapidly expanding digital asset sector.
What Will Be Reported?
Crypto firms must gather and submit the following for each transaction:
- Userâs full legal name, home address, and taxpayer identification number
- Detailed data on every trade or transfer: type of cryptocurrency, amount, and nature of the transaction
- Identifying information for corporate, trust, and charitable clients
The obligation extends to all digital asset activities, including crypto-to-crypto and crypto-to-fiat trades, and applies to both UK residents and non-residents using UK-based platforms. The first annual reports covering 2026 activity are due by May 31, 2027.
Enforcement and Penalties
Non-compliance will carry stiff financial penalties, with fines of up to £300 per user account for inaccurate or missing data-a potentially enormous liability for large exchanges. The UK government has urged crypto firms to begin collecting this information immediately to ensure operational readiness.
Regulatory Context and Market Impact
This move is part of a broader UK strategy to position itself as a global fintech hub while clamping down on fraud and illicit finance. UK Chancellor Rachel Reeves has championed these measures, stating, âBritain is open for business â but closed to fraud, abuse, and instabilityâ. The regulatory expansion comes amid a surge in crypto adoption: the UKâs Financial Conduct Authority reported that 12% of UK adults owned crypto in 2024, up from just 4% in 2021.
Enormous Risks for Consumers: Lessons from the Coinbase Data Breach
While the new framework aims to enhance transparency and protect consumers, it also dramatically increases the volume of sensitive personal data held by crypto firms-raising the stakes for cybersecurity.
The risks are underscored by the recent high-profile breach at Coinbase, one of the worldâs largest exchanges.
In May 2025, Coinbase disclosed that cybercriminals, aided by bribed offshore contractors, accessed and exfiltrated customer data including names, addresses, government IDs, and partial bank details.Â
The attackers then used this information for sophisticated phishing campaigns, successfully deceiving some customers into surrendering account credentials and funds.
âWhile private encryption keys remained secure, sufficient customer information was exposed to enable sophisticated phishing attacks by criminals posing as Coinbase personnel.â
Coinbase now faces up to $400 million in compensation costs and has pledged to reimburse affected users, but the incident highlights the systemic vulnerability created when large troves of personal data are centralized-even if passwords and private keys are not directly compromised. The breach also triggered a notable drop in Coinbaseâs share price and prompted a $20 million bounty for information leading to the attackersâ capture.
The Bottom Line
The UKâs forthcoming crypto reporting regime represents a landmark in financial regulation, promising greater transparency and tax compliance. However, as the Coinbase episode demonstrates, the aggregation of sensitive user data at scale poses a significant cybersecurity risk.
As regulators push for more oversight, the challenge will be ensuring that consumer protection does not become a double-edged sword-exposing users to new threats even as it seeks to shield them from old ones.
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-06 02:55:03Your crypto wallet is probably leaking money right now. While everyone obsesses over price charts, the silent killer is gas fees â those tiny transactions add up to thousands wasted annually. Smart traders aren't just buying dips, they're timing their transactions when network congestion drops. The difference? Up to 80% savings on every move you make. Next time before hitting "confirm," check the gas tracker. Is it worth paying 3x more just to move your assets right this second? Patience isn't just a virtue in crypto â it's literally profitable. What's your strategy for minimizing transaction costs while maximizing gains?
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@ 3eab247c:1d80aeed
2025-06-05 08:51:39Global Metrics
Here are the top stats from the last period:
- Total Bitcoin-accepting merchants: 15,306 â 16,284
- Recently verified (1y): 7,540 â 7,803 (the rest of our dataset is slowly rotting; help us before it's too late!)
- Avg. days since last verification: 398 â 405 (more mappers, please)
- Merchants boosted: 22 (for a total of 4,325 days, someone is feeling generous)
- Comments posted: 34
Find current stats over at the đ BTC Map Dashboard.
Merchant Adoption
Steak nâ Shake
The US đşđ¸ is a massive country, yet its BTC Map footprint has been lagging relative to other countries ... that is until now!
In what came as a nice surprise to our Shadowy Supertaggers đŤ , the Steak ân Shake chain began accepting Bitcoin payments across hundreds of its locations nationwide (with some international locations too).
According to CoinDesk, the rollout has been smooth, with users reporting seamless transactions powered by Speed.
This marks a significant step towards broader Bitcoin adoption in the US. Now to drop the capital gains tax on cheesburgers!
SPAR Switzerland
In other chain/franchise adoption news, the first SPAR supermarket in Switzerland đ¨đ to begin accepting Bitcoin was this one in Zug. It was quickly followed by this one in RossrĂźti and this one in Kreuzlingen, in what is believed to be part of a wider roll-out plan within the country powered by DFX's Open CryptoPay.
That said, we believe the OG SPAR crown goes to SPAR City in Arnhem Bitcoin City!
New Features
Merchant Comments in the Web App
Web App users are now on par with Android users in that they can both see and make comments on merchants.
This is powered by our tweaked API that enables anyone to make a comment as long as they pass the satswall fee of 500 sats. This helps keep spam manageable and ensure quality comments.
And just in case you were wondering what the number count was on the merchant pins - yep, they're comments!
Here is an đ Example merchant page with comments.
Merchant Page Design Tweaks
To support the now trio of actions (Verify, Boost & Comment) on the merchant page, we've re-jigged the design a little to make things a little clearer.
What do you think?
Technical
Codebase Refactoring
Thanks to Hannesâs contributions, weâve made progress in cleaning-up the Web App's codebase and completing long overdue maintenance. Whilst often thankless tasks, these caretaking activities help immensely with long-term maintainability enabling us to confidently build new features.
Auth System Upgrades
The old auth system was held together with duct tape and prayers, and weâre working on a more robust authentication system to support future public API access. Updates include:
- Password hashing
- Bearer token support
- Improved security practices
More enhancements are in progress and we'll update you in the next blog post.
Better API Documentation
Instead of relying on tribal knowledge, we're finally getting around to writing actual docs (with the help/hindrance of LLMs). The "move fast, break everything" era is over; now we move slightly slower and break slightly less. Progress!
Database Improvements
We use SQLite, which works well but it requires careful handling in async Rust environments. So now we're untangling this mess to avoid accidental blocking queries (and the ensuing dumpster fires).
Backup System Enhancements
BTC Map data comes in three layers of fragility:
- Merchants (backed up by OS - the big boys handle this)
- Non-OSM stuff (areas, users, etc. - currently stored on a napkin)
- External systems (Lightning node, submission tickets - pray to Satoshi)
We're now forcing two core members to backup everything, because redundancy is good.
Credits
Thanks to everyone who directly contributed to the project this period:
- Comino
- descubrebitcoin
- Hannes
- Igor Bubelov
- Nathan Day
- Rockedf
- Saunter
- SiriusBig
- vv01f
Support Us
There are many ways in which you can support us:
-
Become a Shadowy Supertagger and help maintain your local area or pitch-in with the never-ending global effort.
-
Consider a zapping this note or make a donation to the to the project here.
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@ e2423af0:f5a64d3e
2025-06-06 08:41:12A plataforma 758bet vem ganhando destaque no cenårio brasileiro por oferecer uma experiência completa e empolgante para quem busca entretenimento online com qualidade, praticidade e confiança. Com um design moderno, interface intuitiva e diversas opçþes de jogos, o site se mostra uma excelente escolha tanto para iniciantes quanto para jogadores experientes.
Conheça a Plataforma 758bet Desde o primeiro acesso, o usuĂĄrio percebe o cuidado que a 758bet teve em construir uma plataforma acessĂvel e funcional. CompatĂvel com computadores, tablets e smartphones, o site garante que os jogadores possam se divertir de qualquer lugar, a qualquer hora. AlĂŠm disso, o processo de cadastro ĂŠ simples, rĂĄpido e seguro, com autenticação eficiente e proteção de dados.
A 758bettambĂŠm se destaca pelo suporte ao cliente. A equipe de atendimento estĂĄ disponĂvel 24 horas por dia, sete dias por semana, pronta para tirar dĂşvidas e resolver qualquer eventual problema com agilidade. Esse compromisso com a satisfação do usuĂĄrio ĂŠ um dos pontos fortes da marca.
Jogos para Todos os Gostos O grande diferencial da 758bet estå na sua variedade de jogos. A plataforma reúne as principais categorias do entretenimento online, com gråficos de última geração, trilhas sonoras imersivas e uma jogabilidade fluida que agrada a todos os perfis de jogadores.
Entre os destaques estĂŁo:
Slots (caça-nĂqueis): Com temas variados â desde mitologia atĂŠ aventuras futuristas â os slots da 758bet sĂŁo uma excelente opção para quem busca partidas dinâmicas e visuais impressionantes. Muitos deles oferecem rodadas bĂ´nus e recursos especiais que tornam cada jogo ainda mais emocionante.
Jogos de mesa: ClĂĄssicos como roleta, blackjack e bacarĂĄ estĂŁo disponĂveis em versĂľes modernas e interativas. Essas opçþes combinam estratĂŠgia e sorte, proporcionando desafios que prendem a atenção dos jogadores mais exigentes.
Apostas esportivas: Para os fĂŁs de esportes, a 758bet oferece um sistema completo de apostas em campeonatos de futebol, basquete, tĂŞnis, entre outros. Ă possĂvel acompanhar as partidas em tempo real e fazer palpites ao vivo, o que aumenta ainda mais a emoção.
Jogos ao vivo: A plataforma tambĂŠm conta com salas ao vivo, onde os jogadores interagem com apresentadores reais em tempo real. Essa modalidade proporciona uma experiĂŞncia mais imersiva e prĂłxima da realidade, ideal para quem busca algo mais envolvente.
ExperiĂŞncia do Jogador na 758bet Um dos aspectos mais valorizados pelos usuĂĄrios da 758bet ĂŠ a fluidez e qualidade da experiĂŞncia geral. O site ĂŠ rĂĄpido, os jogos carregam sem travamentos e as transaçþes financeiras â como depĂłsitos e saques â sĂŁo feitas com agilidade e segurança. A plataforma aceita diversos mĂŠtodos de pagamento, incluindo carteiras digitais e transferĂŞncias bancĂĄrias, o que facilita bastante para o pĂşblico brasileiro.
AlĂŠm disso, a 758bet costuma oferecer promoçþes atrativas, bĂ´nus de boas-vindas e programas de fidelidade para recompensar os usuĂĄrios mais frequentes. Esses benefĂcios ajudam a aumentar as chances de ganho e incentivam os jogadores a explorarem novas modalidades de jogo.
ConclusĂŁo A 758bet ĂŠ mais do que uma simples plataforma de jogos: ela ĂŠ um verdadeiro centro de entretenimento digital, com tudo o que o jogador moderno busca â variedade, segurança, suporte eficiente e uma experiĂŞncia envolvente. Para quem estĂĄ em busca de diversĂŁo online de qualidade, a 758bet ĂŠ, sem dĂşvida, uma excelente escolha.
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-06 02:43:10North Korea's digital heist playbook: $7.7M crypto laundering scheme reveals how rogue nations exploit tech talent. The Justice Department's latest civil forfeiture complaint targets crypto and NFTs tied to an elaborate North Korean operation where IT workers posed as legitimate freelancers, infiltrated US companies, and funneled millions through complex blockchain pathways. This isn't just another hackâit's a sophisticated economic warfare strategy that turns technical expertise into untraceable funding for weapons programs. While governments scramble to seize these digital assets, the case exposes a troubling vulnerability: how easily skilled developers can weaponize their talents in plain sight. Are your company's remote contractors who they claim to be, or part of a state-sponsored financial pipeline hiding behind a convincing digital mask?
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@ e2423af0:f5a64d3e
2025-06-06 08:40:38O universo dos jogos online cresce a cada dia no Brasil, e a plataforma Win97 surge como uma das grandes protagonistas desse cenĂĄrio. Com uma interface moderna, jogos emocionantes e uma experiĂŞncia voltada para o conforto e a diversĂŁo do usuĂĄrio, o Win97 se destaca por oferecer um ambiente confiĂĄvel, seguro e repleto de oportunidades para quem busca entretenimento de qualidade. Neste artigo, vamos apresentar a plataforma, explorar seus principais jogos e mostrar por que ela tem ganhado a preferĂŞncia dos jogadores brasileiros.
Introdução Ă plataforma Win97 Desde seu lançamento, o win97tem investido fortemente em tecnologia e inovação para garantir aos usuĂĄrios uma experiĂŞncia completa. Seu site ĂŠ responsivo, compatĂvel com computadores, tablets e smartphones, permitindo que o jogador acesse seus jogos favoritos a qualquer hora e de qualquer lugar.
A segurança tambĂŠm ĂŠ um dos pilares da plataforma. O Win97 utiliza criptografia de ponta e sistemas de verificação para garantir a proteção dos dados dos jogadores, alĂŠm de um suporte ao cliente eficiente e sempre disponĂvel. Isso faz com que os usuĂĄrios se sintam tranquilos ao explorar as opçþes disponĂveis.
Outro diferencial da plataforma ĂŠ a facilidade de cadastro e de navegação. Com poucos cliques, o jogador cria sua conta, realiza seu primeiro depĂłsito e jĂĄ pode começar a explorar o catĂĄlogo de jogos. O site tambĂŠm oferece promoçþes frequentes, bĂ´nus de boas-vindas e programas de fidelidade que valorizam a participação contĂnua dos jogadores.
Variedade de jogos para todos os gostos Um dos grandes atrativos do Win97 ĂŠ a variedade de jogos disponĂveis. A plataforma conta com centenas de tĂtulos das principais desenvolvedoras do mercado, com grĂĄficos envolventes e funcionalidades modernas.
Entre os jogos mais populares, estão as slots online, que combinam visuais vibrantes, temas variados e chances reais de vitória. Existem opçþes para todos os perfis: desde as clåssicas com três rolos atÊ versþes mais modernas com múltiplas linhas de pagamento e rodadas bônus.
Para quem prefere jogos que envolvem mais estratÊgia, o Win97 oferece tambÊm mesas de pôquer, bacarå e roleta em versþes automåticas e ao vivo, proporcionando ao jogador uma sensação imersiva com transmissão em tempo real e interação com outros participantes.
AlÊm disso, hå uma seção de jogos instantâneos, ideais para quem busca partidas råpidas e dinâmicas, com resultados quase imediatos e uma boa dose de adrenalina.
ExperiĂŞncia do jogador: diversĂŁo e praticidade em um sĂł lugar A opiniĂŁo dos jogadores ĂŠ unânime: o Win97 oferece uma experiĂŞncia de alto nĂvel. UsuĂĄrios destacam a fluidez da plataforma, a velocidade dos saques e depĂłsitos, alĂŠm da qualidade grĂĄfica dos jogos. O atendimento ao cliente, disponĂvel em portuguĂŞs e com suporte via chat e e-mail, tambĂŠm ĂŠ elogiado por sua rapidez e eficiĂŞncia.
Outro ponto positivo Ê a personalização da experiência. O site adapta sugestþes de jogos com base no perfil de cada usuårio, tornando a navegação mais intuitiva e interessante. Hå ainda a possibilidade de definir limites de jogo, reforçando o compromisso da plataforma com o jogo responsåvel.
Conclusão O Win97 chegou ao mercado brasileiro com a proposta de oferecer muito mais do que uma simples plataforma de jogos: ele entrega uma experiência completa de entretenimento digital. Com segurança, variedade de opçþes, suporte dedicado e constantes inovaçþes, o Win97 conquista novos usuårios a cada dia.
Se vocĂŞ estĂĄ em busca de um ambiente confiĂĄvel, divertido e com Ăłtimas oportunidades, vale a pena conhecer tudo o que o Win97 tem a oferecer. Prepare-se para explorar um mundo de possibilidades e elevar sua experiĂŞncia com jogos online a um novo nĂvel.
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@ 1c5ff3ca:efe9c0f6
2025-06-05 06:29:45Just calling it Open is not enough - Herausforderungen Ăśffentlicher Bildungsinfrastrukturen und wie Nostr helfen kĂśnnte
Ich mÜchte gerne mit euch teilen, an welchen Konzepten ich arbeite, um die Üffentliche Bildungsinfrastruktur mit Hilfe von Nostr zugänglicher und offener zu gestalten. Ich arbeite im Bereich Üffentlicher Bildungsinfrastrukturen, besonders im Feld von Open Educational Resources (#OER). OER sind offen lizenzierte Bildungsmaterialien, die mit einer offenen Lizenz, meist einer Creative Commons Lizenz, versehen sind (CC-0, CC-BY, CC-BY-SA). Durch die klare und offene Lizenzierung ist es leicht mÜglich, die Lernmaterialien auf die individuellen Bedarfe anzupassen, sie zu verbessern und sie erneut zu verÜffentlichen.
Seit vielen Jahren wird einerseits die Entwicklung freier Bildungsmaterialien gefĂśrdert, andererseits werden Plattformen, insbesondere Repositorien gefĂśrdert, die diese Materialien verfĂźgbar machen sollen. Denn irgendwo mĂźssen diese Materialien zur VerfĂźgung gestellt werden, damit sie auch gefunden werden kĂśnnen.
Das klappt allerdings nur so mittelgut.
Herausforderungen
Nach vielen Jahren FĂśrderung kann die einfache Frage: "Wo kann ich denn mein OER-Material bereitstellen" nicht einfach beantwortet werden. Es gibt Services, bei denen ich mein OER hochladen kann, jedoch bleibt es dann eingeschlossen in dieser Plattform und wird nicht auf anderen Plattformen auffindbar. AuĂerdem sind diese Services häufig an bestimmte Bildungskontexte gebunden oder geben Content erst nach einer QualitätsprĂźfung frei. Dies fĂźhrt dazu, dass ein einfaches und gleichzeitig Ăśffentliches Teilen nicht mĂśglich ist.
Diese und weitere Herausforderungen haben ihren Ursprung darin, dass Service und Infrastruktur in der Architektur Ăśffentlichen Bildungsarchitektur ungĂźnstig vermischt werden. Als Infrastruktur verstehe ich hier die Bereitstellung einer Ăśffentlichen und offen zugänglichen Bildungsinfrastruktur, auf der Daten ausgetauscht, also bereitgestellt und konsumiert werden kĂśnnen. Jedoch existiert eine solche Infrstruktur momentan nicht unabhängig von den Services, die auf ihr betrieben werden. Infrastrukturbetreiber sind momentan gleichzeitig immer Servicebetreiber. Da sie aber die Hand darĂźber haben wollen, was genau in ihrem Service passiert (verständlich), schränken sie den Zugang zu ihrer Infrastruktur mit ein, was dazu fĂźhrt, dass sie Lock-In Mechanismen groĂer Medienplattformen in der kleinen Ăśffentlichen Bildungsinfrastruktur replizieren.
Es ist in etwas so, als wĂźrde jeder Autobauer auch gleichzeitig die StraĂen fĂźr seine Fahrzeuge bauen. Aber halt nur fĂźr seine Autos.
Anhand einiger beispielhafter Services, die bestehende Plattformen auf ihren Infrastrukturen anbieten, mĂśchte ich die Herausforderungen aufzeigen, die ich im aktuellen Architekturkonzept sehe:
- Upload von Bildungsmaterial
- Kuration: Zusammenstellung von Listen, Annotation mit Metadaten
- Crawling, Indexierung und Suche
- Plattfformßbergreifende Kollaboration in Communities -> Beispiel: Qualitätssicherung (was auch immer das genau bedeutet)
- KI- Services -> Beispiel: KI generierte Metadaten fĂźr BiIdungsmaterial
Material Upload
Der Service "Material-Upload" oder das Mitteilen eines Links zu einem Bildungsmaterial wird von verschiedenen OER-Pattformen bereitgestellt (wirlernenonline.de, oersi.org, mundo.schule).
Dies bedeutet konkret: Wenn ich bei einer der Plattformen Content hochlade, verbleibt der Content in der Regel auch dort und wird nicht mit den anderen Plattformen geteilt. Das Resultat fĂźr die User: Entweder muss ich mich Ăźberall anmelden und dort mein Material hochladen (fĂźhrt zu Duplikaten) oder damit leben, dass eben nur die Nutzer:innen der jeweiligen Plattform meinen Content finden kĂśnnen.
Der "Open Educational Resource Search Index" (OERSI) geht diese Herausforderung an, indem die Metadaten zu den Bildungsmaterialien verschiedener Plattformen in einem Index bereitgestellt werden. Dieser Index ist wiederum Üffentlich zugänglich, sodass Plattformen darßber auch Metadaten anderer Plattformen konsumieren kÜnnen. Das ist schon sehr gut. Jedoch funktioniert das nur fßr Plattformen, die der OERSI indexiert und fßr alle anderen nicht. Der OERSI ist auf den Hochschulbereich fokussiert, d.h. andere Bildungskontexte werden hier ausgeschlossen. Der Ansatz fßr jeden Bildungsbereich einen passenden "OERSI" daneben zustellen skaliert und schlecht und es bleibt die Herausforderung bestehen, dass fßr jede Quelle, die indexiert werden soll, ein entsprechender Importer/Crawler geschrieben werden muss.
Dieser Ansatz (Pull-Ansatz) rennt den Materialien hinterher.
Es gibt jedoch noch mehr Einschränkungen: Die Plattformen haben sich jeweils auf spezifische Bildungskontexte spezialisiert. D.h. auf die Fragen: Wo kann ich denn mein OER bereitstellen, muss immer erst die Gegenfrage: "FĂźr welchen Bildungsbereich denn?" beantwortet werden. Wenn dieser auĂerhalb des allgemeinbildendenden Bereichs oder auĂerhalb der Hochschule liegt, geschweige denn auĂerhalb des institutionellen Bildungsrahmens, wird es schon sehr, sehr dĂźnn. Kurzum:
- Es ist nicht einfach mĂśglich OER bereitzustellen, sodass es auch auf verschiedenen Plattformen gefunden werden kann.
Kuration
Unter Kuration verstehe ich hier die Zusammenstellung von Content in Listen oder Sammlungs ähnlicher Form sowie die Annotation dieser Sammlungen oder des Contents mit Metadaten.
Einige Plattformen bieten die MÜglichkeit an, Content in Listen einzuordnen. Diese Listen sind jedoch nicht portabel. Die Liste, die ich auf Plattform A erstelle, lässt sich nicht auf Plattform B importieren. Das wäre aber schÜn, denn so kÜnnten die Listen leichter auf anderen Plattformen erweitert oder sogar kollaborativ gestaltet werden, andererseits werden Lock-In-Effekte zu vermieden.
Bei der Annotation mit Metadaten treten verschiedene zentralisierende Faktoren auf. In der momentanen Praxis werden die Metadaten meist zum Zeitpunkt der Contentbereitstellung festgelegt. Meist durch eine Person oder Redaktion, bisweilen mit Unterstßtzung von KI-Services, die bei der Metadateneingabe unterstßtzen. Wie aber zusätzliche eigene Metadaten ergänzen? Wie mitteilen, dass dieses Material nicht nur fßr Biologie, sondern auch fßr Sport in Thema XY super einsetzbar wäre? Die momentanen Ansätze kÜnnen diese Anforderung nicht erfßllen. Sie nutzen die Kompetenz und das Potential ihrer User nicht.
- Es gibt keine interoperablen Sammlungen
- Metadaten-Annotation ist zentralisiert
- User kĂśnnen keine eigenen Metadaten hinzufĂźgen
Crawling, Indexierung und Suche
Da die Nutzer:innen nicht viele verschiedene Plattformen und Webseiten besuchen wollen, um dort nach passendem Content zu suchen, crawlen die "groĂen" OER-Aggregatoren diese, um die Metadaten des Contents zu indexieren. Ăber verschiedene Schnittstellen oder gerne auch mal Ăźber das rohe HTML. Letztere Crawler sind sehr aufwändig zu schreiben, fehleranfällig und gehen bei Design-Anpassungen der Webseite schnell kaputt, erstere sind etwas stabiler, solange sich die Schnittstelle nicht ändert. Durch den Einsatz des Allgemeinen Metadatenprofils fĂźr Bildungsressourcen (AMB) hat sich die Situation etwas verbessert. Einige Plattformen bieten jetzt eine Sitemap an, die Links zu Bildungsmaterial enthalten, die wiederum eingebettet
script
-tags vom Typapplication/ld+json
enthalten, sodass die Metadaten von dort importiert werden kĂśnnen.Beispiel: e-teaching.org bietet hier eine Sitemap fĂźr ihre OER an: https://e-teaching.org/oer-sitemap.xml und auf den jeweiligen Seiten findet sich ein entsprechendes script-Tag.
Das ist schon viel besser, aber da geht noch mehr:
Zunächst ist dieser Ansatz nur fßr Plattformen und Akteure praktikabel, die ßber IT-Ressourcen verfßgen, um entsprechende Funktionalitäten bei sich einbauen zu kÜnnen. Lehrende kÜnnen dies nicht einfach auf ihrem privaten Blog oder ähnliches umsetzen. Zum anderen besteht immer noch ein Discovery Problem. Ich muss nach wie vor wissen, wo ich suchen muss. Ich muss die Sitemaps kennen, sonst finde ich nichts. Statt eines Ansatzes, bei dem Akteure eigenständig mitteilen kÜnnen, dass sie neuen Content haben (Push-Ansatz), verfolgen wir derzeit einen Ansatz, bei dem jede Plattform fßr sich Content im Pull-Verfahren akquiriert. Dies fßhrt an vielen Stellen zu Doppelarbeiten, ist ineffizient (mehrere Personen bauen genau die gleichen Crawler, aber halt immer fßr ihre Plattform) und schliesst vor allem kleine Akteure aus (lohnt es sich einen Crawler zu programmieren, wenn die Webseite "nur" 50 Materialien bereitstellt?).
Anstatt erschlossene Daten zu teilen, arbeiten die Plattformen fĂźr sich oder stellen es hĂśchstens wieder hinter eigenen (offenen oder geschlossenen) Schnittstellen bereit. Das ist wohl nicht das, was wir uns unter einer offenen und kollaborativen Gemeinschaft vorstellen, oder?
Bei der Suche stehen wir vor ähnlichen Herausforderungen, wie bereits oben geschildert. Obwohl verschiedene OER-Aggregatoren in Form von Repositorien oder Referatorien bereits viele der "kleineren" Plattformen indexieren und somit eine ßbergreifende Suche anbieten, ist es nicht mÜglich, diese Aggregatoren gemeinsam zu durchsuchen. Dies fßhrt im Endeffekt dazu, dass die User wieder verschiedene Plattformen ansteuern mßssen, wenn sie den gesamten OER-Fundus durchsuchen wollen.
- An vielen Stellen wird Content doppelt erschlossen, aber immer fĂźr die eigene Plattform
- Es gibt keinen geteilten Datenraum, in den Akteure Content "pushen" kĂśnnen
- Es gibt keine plattformĂźbergreifenden SuchmĂśglichkeiten
PlattformĂźbergreifende Kollaboration
Das wäre schÜn, oder? Mir ist schleierhaft, wie #OEP (Open Educational Practices, genaue Definition durch die Community steht noch aus) ohne funktionieren soll. Aber es gibt meines Wissens nach nicht mal Ansätze, wie das technisch umgesetzt werden soll (oder doch? let me hear).
Ein Szenario fßr solche plattformßbergreifende Kollaboration kÜnnte Qualitätssicherung sein. Gesetzt, dass sich zwei Plattformen / Communities auf etwas verständigt haben, dass sie als "Qualität" bezeichnen, wie aber dieses Gßtesiegel nun an den Content bringen?
Plattform A: Na, dann kommt doch alle zu uns. Hier kÜnnen wir das machen und dann hängt auch ein schÜnes Badge an den Materialien.
Plattform B: Ja, aber dann hängt es ja nicht an unseren Materialien. AuĂerdem wollen/mĂźssen wir bei uns arbeiten, weil welche Existenzberechtigung hat denn meine Plattform noch, wenn wir alles bei dir machen?
- Obwohl nun #OEP in aller Munde sind, gibt es keine technischen Ansätze, wie (plattformßbergreifende) Kollaboration technisch abgebildet werden kann
KI-Services
Was ist heute schon komplett ohne das Thema KI zu erwähnen? Mindestens fßr den nächsten FÜrderantrag muss auch irgendetwas mit KI gemacht werden...
Verschiedene Projekte erarbeiten hilfreiche und beeindruckende KI-Services. Beispielsweise, um die Annotation von Content mit Metadaten zu erleichtern, Metadaten automatisch hinzuzufĂźgen, Content zu bestimmten Themen zu finden oder (halb-)automatisch zu Sammlungen hinzuzufĂźgen. Aber (vielleicht habt ihr es schon erraten): Funktioniert halt nur auf der eigenen Plattform. Vermutlich, weil die Services nah am plattformeigenen Datenmodell entwickelt werden. Und da die Daten dieses Silo nicht verlassen, passt das schon. Das fĂźhrt dazu, dass an mehreren Stellen die gleichen Services doppelt entwickelt werden.
- KI-Services funktionieren oft nur auf der Plattform fĂźr die sie entwickelt werden
Zusammenfassung der Probleme
Wir machen Ăźbrigens vieles schon sehr gut (Einsatz des AMB, Offene Bidungsmaterialien, wir haben eine groĂartige Community) und jetzt mĂźssen wir halt weiter gehen.
(Die OER-Metadatengruppe, die das Allgemeine Metadatenprofil fĂźr Bildungsressourcen (AMB) entwickelt hat, bekommt fĂźr ihre Arbeit keine direkte FĂśrderung. Gleichzeitig ist sie eine zentrale Anlaufstelle fĂźr alle, die mit Metadaten in offenen Bildungsinfrastukturen hantieren und das Metadatenprofil ist eines der wenigen Applikationsprofile, das Ăśffentlich einsehbar, gut dokumentiert ist und ValidierungsmĂśglichkeiten bietet.)
Betrachten wir die gesamten Plattformen und die beschriebenen Herausforderungen aus der Vogelperspektive, so lassen sich drei ineinander verschränkte Kernbestandteile unterscheiden, die helfen, die beschriebenen Probleme besser zu verstehen:
- User
- Service
- Daten
User: Auf (fast) allen Plattformen agieren User. Sie laden Material hoch, annotieren mit Metadaten, sind in einer Community, suchen Content usw. Egal, ob sie sich einloggen kĂśnnen/mĂźssen, irgendetwas bieten wir unseren Usern an, damit sie daraus hoffentlich Mehrwerte ziehen
Service: Das ist dieses irgendetwas. Die "Webseite", die Oberfläche, das, wo der User klicken und etwas tun kann. Es ist das, was den Daten oft eine "visuelle" Form gibt. Der Service ist der Mittler, das Interface zwischen User und Daten. Mithilfe des Services lassen sich Daten erzeugen, verändern oder entfernen (Es gibt natßrlich auch viele nicht-visuelle Services, die Interaktion mit Daten ermÜglichen, aber fßr die meisten normalen Menschen, gibt es irgendwo was zu klicken).
Daten: Die Informationen in strukturierter maschinenlesbarer Form, die dem User in gerenderter Form durch einen Service Mehrwerte bieten kÜnnen. Ungerenderte Daten kÜnnen wir schwieirg erfassen (wir sind ja nicht Neo). Das kÜnnen entweder die Metadaten zu Bildungmaterialien sein, die Materialien selbst, Profilinformationen, Materialsammlungen o.ä.
Meines Erachtens nach haben viele der oben beschriebenen Herausforderungen ihren Ursprung darin, dass die drei Kernbestandteile User, Service, Daten ungĂźnstig miteinander verbunden wurden. Was kein Vorwurf sein soll, denn das ist genau die Art und Weise, wie die letzten Jahre (Jahrzehnte?) Plattformen immer gebaut wurden:
- User, Service und Daten werden in einer Plattform gebĂźndelt
Das heisst durch meinen Service agieren die User mit den Daten und ich kann sicherstellen, dass in meiner kleinen Welt alles gut miteinander funktioniert. Sinnvoll, wenn ich Microsoft, Facebook, X oder ähnliches bin, weil mein Geschäftsmodell genau darin liegt: User einschlieĂen (lock-in), ihnen die Hohheit Ăźber ihren Content nehmen (oder kannst du deine Facebook Posts zu X migrieren?) und nach MĂśglichkeit nicht wieder rauslassen.
Aber unsere Projekte sind Ăśffentlich. Das sind nicht die Mechanismen, die wir replizieren sollten. Also was nun?
Bildungsinfrasstrukturen auf Basis des Nostr-Protokolls
Nostr
Eine pseudonyme Person mit dem Namen "fiatjaf" hat 2019 ein Konzept fĂźr ein Social Media Protokoll "Nostr - Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted By Relays" wie folgt beschrieben:
It does not rely on any trusted central server, hence it is resilient, it is based on cryptographic keys and signatures, so it is tamperproof, it does not rely on P2P techniques, therefore it works.
Fiatjaf, 2019
Die Kernbestandsteile des Protokolls bestehen aus:
- JSON -> Datenformat
- SHA256 & Schnorr -> Kryptographie
- Websocket -> Datenaustausch
Und funktionieren tut es so:
User besitzen ein "Schlßsselpaar": einen privaten Schlßssel (den behälst du fßr dich, nur fßr dich) und einen Üffentlichen Schlßssel, den kannst du herumzeigen, das ist deine Üffentliche Identität. Damit sagst du anderen Usern: Hier schau mal, das bin ich. Die beiden Schlßssel hängen dabei auf eine "magische" (kryptografische) Weise zusammen: Der Üffentliche Schlßssel lässt sich aus dem privaten Schlßssel generieren, jedoch nicht andersherum. D.h. falls du deinen Üffentlichen Schlßssel verlierst: Kein Problem, der lässt sich immer wieder herstellen. Wenn du deinen privaten Schlßssel verlierst: Pech gehabt, es ist faktisch unmÜglich, diesen wieder herzustellen.
Die SchlĂźsselmagie geht jedoch noch weiter: Du kannst mit deinem privaten SchlĂźssel "Nachrichten" signieren, also wie unterschreiben. Diese Unterschrift, die du mit Hilfe des privaten SchlĂźssels erstellst, hat eine magische Eigenschaft: Jeder kann mithilfe der Signatur und deinem Ăśffentlichen* SchlĂźssel nachprĂźfen, dass nur die Person, die auch den privaten SchlĂźssel zu diesem Ăśffentlichen SchlĂźssel besitzt, diese Nachricht unterschrieben haben kann. Magisch, richtig? Verstehst du nicht komplett? Nicht schlimm, du benutzt es bereits vermutlich, ohne dass du es merkst. Das ist keine fancy neue Technologie, sondern gut abgehangen und breit im Einsatz.
Merke: User besitzen ein SchlĂźsselpaar und kĂśnnen damit Nachrichten signieren.
Dann gibt es noch die Services. Services funktionieren im Grunde wie bereits oben beschrieben. Durch sie interagieren die User mit Daten. Aber bei Nostr ist es ein kleines bisschen anders als sonst, denn: Die Daten "leben" nicht in den Services. Aber wo dann?
Wenn ein User einen Datensatz erstellt, verändert oder entfernen mÜchte, wird dieses "Event" (so nennen wir das bei Nostr) mit deinem privaten Schlßssel signiert (damit ist fßr alle klar, nur du kannst das gemacht haben) und dann mehrere "Relays" gesendet. Das sind die Orte, wo die Daten gehalten werden. Wenn ein User sich in einen Service einloggt, dann holt sich der Service die Daten, die er braucht von diesen Relays. User, Service und Daten sind also entkoppelt. Der User kÜnnte zu einem anderen Service wechseln und sich dieseleben Daten von den Relays holen. Keine Lock-In MÜglichkeiten.
Merke: User, Service und Daten sind entkoppelt.
Zuletzt gibt es noch die Relays. Relays sind Orte. Es sind die Orte, zu denen die Events, also die Daten der User, ihre Interaktionen, gesendet und von denen sie angefragt werden. Sie sind sowas wie das Backend von Nostr, allerdings tun sie nicht viel mehr als das: Events annehmen, Events verteilen. Je nach Konfiguration dĂźrfen nur bestimmte User auf ein Relay schreiben oder davon lesen.
Das Protokoll ist von seinem Grunddesign auf Offenheit und Interoperabilität ausgelegt. Keine Registrierung ist nÜtig, sondern nur Schlßsselpaare. Durch kryptografische Verfahren kann dennoch die Authentizitität eines Events sichergestellt werden, da nur die Inhaberin des jeweiligen Schlßsselpaares dieses Event so erstellen konnte. Die Relays sorgen dafßr die Daten an die gewßnschten Stellen zu bringen und da wir mehr als nur eines benutzen, haben wir eine gewisse Ausfallsicherheit. Da die Daten nur aus signierten JSON-Schnipseln bestehen, kÜnnen wir sie leicht an einen anderen Ort kopieren, im Falle eines Ausfalls. Durch die Signaturen ist wiederum sichergestellt, dass zwischendurch keine Veränderungen an den Daten vorgenommen wurden.
Beispiel: Ein Nostr Event
Hier ein kleiner technischer Exkurs, der beschreibt, wie Nostr Events strukturiert sind. Falls dich die technischen Details nicht so interessieren, Ăźberspringe diesen Abschnitt ruhig.
Jedes Nostr Event besitzt die gleiche Grundstruktur mit den Attributen:
id
: Der Hash des Eventspubkey
: Der Pubkey des Urhebers des Eventscreated_at
: Der Zeitstempel des Eventskind
: Der Typ des Eventstags
: Zusätzliche Metadaten fßr das Event kÜnnen in diesem Array hinterlegt werdencontent
: Der textuelle Inhalt eines Eventssig
: Die Signatur des Events, um die Integrität der Daten zu ßberprßfen
json { "id": <32-bytes lowercase hex-encoded sha256 of the serialized event data>, "pubkey": <32-bytes lowercase hex-encoded public key of the event creator>, "created_at": <unix timestamp in seconds>, "kind": <integer between 0 and 65535>, "tags": [ [<arbitrary string>...], // ... ], "content": <arbitrary string>, "sig": <64-bytes lowercase hex of the signature of the sha256 hash of the serialized event data, which is the same as the "id" field> }
Die verwendeten Eventtypen sowie die existierenden Spezifikationen lassen sich unter https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/ einsehen.
Wichtig ist auch: Du kannst einfach anfangen, Anwendungen zu entwickeln. Die Relays werden alle Events akzeptieren, die dem o.g. Schema folgen. Du musst also niemanden um Erlaubnis fragen oder warten, bis deine Spezifikation akzeptiert und hinzugefĂźgt wurde.
You can just build things.
Exkurs: Nostr fßr Binärdaten - Blossom
Ja, aber... das ist doch nur fßr textbasierte Daten geeignet? Was ist denn mit den Binärdaten (Bilder, Videos, PDFs, etc)
Diese Daten sind oft recht groĂ und es wurde sich auf das Best-Practice geeignet, diese Daten nicht auf Relays abzulegen, sondern einen besser geeigneten Publikationsmechanismus fĂźr diese Datentypen zu finden. Der Ansatz wird als "Blossom - Blobs stored simply on mediaservers" bezeichnet und ist recht unkompliziert.
Blossom Server (nichts anderes als simple Medienserver) nutzen Nostr Schlßsselpaare zur Verwaltung Identitäten und zum Signieren von Events. Die Blobs werden ßber ihren sha256 Hash identifiziert. Blossom definiert einige standardisierte Endpunkte, die beschreiben wie Medien hochgeladen werden kÜnnen, wie sie konsumiert werden kÜnnen usw.
Die Details, wie Authorisierung und die jeweiligen Endpunkte funktionieren, werden in der genannten Spezifikation beschrieben.
Nostr đ¤ Ăffentliche Bildungsinfrastrukturen
Wie kĂśnnten Herausforderungen gelĂśst werden, wenn wir Nostr als Basis fĂźr die Ăśffentliche Bildungsinfrastruktur einsetzen?
Material-Upload
- Es ist nicht einfach mĂśglich OER bereitzustellen, sodass es auch auf verschiedenen Plattformen gefunden werden kann.
Mit Nostr als Basis-Infrastruktur wßrden die Metadaten und die Binärdaten nicht an den Service gekoppelt sein, von dem aus sie bereitgestellt wurden. Binärdaten kÜnnen auf sogenannten Blossom-Servern gehostet werden. Metadaten, Kommentare und weitere textbasierte Daten werden ßber die Relay-Infrastruktur verteilt. Da Daten und Service entkoppelt sind, kÜnnen die OER Materialien von verschiedenen Anwendungen aus konsumiert werden.
Kuration
- Es gibt keine interoperablen Sammlungen
- Metadaten-Annotation ist zentralisiert
- User kĂśnnen keine eigenen Metadaten hinzufĂźgen
Sammlungen sind per se interoperabel. Auf Protokollebene ist definiert, wie Listen funktionieren. Die Annotation mit Metadaten ist an keiner Stelle zentralisiert. Das Versprechen der RDF-Community "Anyone can say anything about any topic" wird hier verwirklicht. Ich muss mir ja nicht alles anhÜren. Vielleicht konsumiere ich nur Metadaten-Events bestimmter Redaktionen oder User. Vielleicht nur diejenigen mit einer Nähe zu meinem sozialen Graphen. Jedenfalls gibt es die MÜglichkeit fßr alle User entsprechende Metadaten bereit zu stellen.
Crawling, Indexierung und Suche * An vielen Stellen wird Content doppelt erschlossen, aber immer fĂźr die eigene Plattform * Es gibt keinen geteilten Datenraum, in den Akteure Content "pushen" kĂśnnen * Es gibt keine plattformĂźbergreifenden SuchmĂśglichkeiten
Keine DoppelerschlieĂungen mehr. Wenn ein User im Netzwerk ein Metadatenevent verĂśffentlicht hat, ist es fĂźr alle konsumierbar. Der Datenraum ist per se geteilt. PlattformĂźbergreifende Suche wird durch die Kombination aus Relays und NIPs ermĂśglicht. In den NIPs kĂśnnen spezielle Query-Formate fĂźr die jeweiligen NIPs definiert werden. Relays kĂśnnen anzeigen, welche NIPs sie untersĂźtzten. Eine plattformĂźbergreifende Suche ist im Nostr eine relay-Ăźbergreifende Suche.
PlattformĂźbergreifende Kollaboration
- Obwohl nun #OEP in aller Munde sind, gibt es keine technischen Ansätze, wie (plattformßbergreifende) Kollaboration technisch abgebildet werden kann
Nostr ist der technische Ansatz.
KI-Services
- KI-Services funktionieren oft nur auf der Plattform fĂźr die sie entwickelt werden
Es gibt im Nostr das Konzept der Data Vending Machines (s. auch data-vending-machines.org). Statt also einfach nur eine API zu bauen (was auch schon sehr schÜn ist, wenn sie offen zugänglich ist), kÜnnten diese Services auch als Akteure im Nostr Netzwerk fungieren und Jobs annehmen und ausfßhren. Die Art der Jobs kann in einer Spezifikation beschrieben werden, sodass die Funktionsweise fßr alle interessierten Teilnehmer im Netzwerk einfach nachzuvollziehen ist.
Die Services kÜnnten sogar monetarisiert werden, sodass sich hier auch MÜglichkeiten bÜten, Geschäftsmodelle zu entwickeln.
Fazit
Die Open Education Community ist groĂartig. Es sind einzigartige und unglaublich engagierte Menschen, die sich dem hehren Ziel "Zugängliche Bildung fĂźr Alle" -> "Offene Bildung" verschrieben haben. Wir verwenden Creative Commons Lizenzen -> Commons -> GemeingĂźter. Es ist okay, dass viele Projekte von Sponsoren und FĂśrderungen abhängig sind. Was wir machen, ist im Sinne eines Gemeingutes: Ăffentliche Bildung fĂźr alle. Also zahlen wir als Gemeinschaft alle dafĂźr.
Was nicht okay ist: Dass das, wofĂźr wir alle gezahlt haben, nach kurzer Zeit nicht mehr auffindbar ist. Dass es eingeschlossen wird. In Ăśffentlich finanzierten Datensilos. Es muss fĂźr alle auch langfristig verfĂźgbar sein. Sonst ist es nicht zugänglich, nicht offen. Dann ist das O in OER nur ein Label und Marketing, um fĂźr eine ABM-MaĂnahme 3 Jahre Geld zu bekommen. Denn nichts anderes ist Content-Entwicklung, wenn der Content nach drei Jahren weggeschmissen wird.
Und dasselbe gilt fĂźr OEP. Offene Lernpraktiken, sind auch nur eine Phrase, wenn wir die passende technische Infrastruktur nicht mitdenken, die wirkliche Offenheit und Kollaboration und damit die Umsetzung offener Lernpraktiken ermĂśglicht.
Und wenn wir uns jetzt nicht Gedanken darĂźber machen, die Infrastruktur fĂźr offenes Lernen anzupassen, dann werden wir vermutlich in einigen Jahren sehen kĂśnnen, was bei politischen Umorientierungen noch davon Ăźbrig bleiben wird. Wenn die FĂśrdertĂśpfe komplett gestrichen werden, was bleibt dann Ăźbrig von dem investierten Geld?
Wir brauchen LĂśsungen, die engagierte Communities weiter betreiben kĂśnnen und denen kein Kopf abgeschlagen werden kann, ohne dass wir zwei neue daneben setzen kĂśnnten.
Wir mĂźssen uns jetzt Gedanken darĂźber machen.
Wie offen will Ăśffentliche Bildungsinfrastruktur sein?
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-06 01:42:46North Korea's digital heist reveals the dark side of crypto's borderless nature. The US Justice Department is hunting $7.7 million in stolen cryptocurrency and NFTs allegedly laundered through an elaborate scheme involving North Korean IT workers posing as legitimate freelancers. This isn't just another hackâit's a sophisticated state-sponsored operation exploiting the very features that make crypto revolutionary: anonymity and borderless transactions. While we celebrate crypto's ability to transcend boundaries, this case exposes how those same qualities create perfect conditions for rogue nations to fund weapons programs and evade sanctions. The crypto industry faces a critical balancing act: how do we preserve financial freedom while preventing bad actors from exploiting the system? Perhaps the solution isn't more regulation but smarter blockchain analytics and international cooperation. What security measures would you support that don't compromise crypto's core principles?
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@ 502ab02a:a2860397
2025-06-06 01:15:24ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ week ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸ สิŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸âŚŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ สŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸â ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ł 70 ญŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Łŕš
Motif FoodWorks ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸-ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸-รส ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš plant-based ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸¨ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ł ล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ HEMAMI⢠ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ľ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ âŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸â ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ Impossible Foods ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš heme protein ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸
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ŕšŕ¸Žŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ สลลุŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸Ą รสŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ł âŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšâ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸° âŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸â ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕš ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ ŕš
Impossible Foods ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ HEMAMI⢠ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ Motif ฼ะŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕš heme ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš plant-based ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš Impossible ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ
ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ą 2022, Impossible Foods ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ Motif FoodWorks ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ż ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ HEMAMI⢠฼ะŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ heme ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš âŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ A ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ B ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸â ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ heme ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸° ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸
Impossible Foods ŕšŕ¸ŕš âsoy leghemoglobinâ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ heme ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ สŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ Motif ŕšŕ¸ŕš âbovine myoglobinâ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ rare steak ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕš GMO ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âวิŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšâ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ heme ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ł
ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ Motif ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ âInter Partes Reviewâ (IPR) ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ż (USPTO) ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ PTAB ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ Impossible ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľ prior art ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ (ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸) ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸°
Motif ยมŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ 7 ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ Impossible ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕš ยิŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕš PTAB รูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ (ญลายŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ł 10,933,018) ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Šŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ 2023 ศา฼ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸â ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ Motif ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ł
ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ 6 ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ PTAB ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âญ฼ูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšâ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ Impossible ยูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ Motif ยิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ł
ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš Motif ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕš 1 ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ "ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸" ญรมภâล฾ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸â ลาŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Žŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸
ระญวŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš Motif ยูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ą âspinâ ภาŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ âMotif MoBeefâ˘â ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸° âMotif MoChickenâ˘â ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕš HEMAMI⢠ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ Michelin ลาŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšâ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ าระŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš Motif ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšâ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ Impossible ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ą PR ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âMotif ยูŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ľŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸â ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ 2023 ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âศผŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛â ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ 2023 ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš Motif ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕš HEMAMI⢠ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ âŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸â ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš Impossible ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Ťŕš Motif ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ľŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ Motif ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ľŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ł ๠หรืŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸âŚŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§
ศผŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ Business Insider ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ Reddit ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âMotif ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛â ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ĽâŚŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ Motif ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ฼ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ â฼ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸â
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ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ วŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ âŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łâ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕš ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ âสิŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§â ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸â ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛â
ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕš ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ญรมŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸â ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Łŕ¸Ťŕ¸ąŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸
สŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Łŕš ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łâ
ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛...ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ł?
ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ âŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕš ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšâ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ ญรมŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸?
ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸˘ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕš
ศผŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸¨ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸
#pirateketo #ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸˘ #ลŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸Ľŕ¸šŕ¸ #siamstr
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2025-06-06 08:01:54The crypto platform had been aware of the data breach for months before the official announcement, internal sources reveal.
A Reuters investigation uncovered that Coinbase had been informed as early as January 2025 about a data breach involving outsourced customer support agents in India. Six sources familiar with the matter confirmed that the exchange knew sensitive user information had been compromised through its contractor, TaskUs, months before the formal disclosure in May.
On May 14, in a filing with the SEC, TaskUs documented part of the breach, in which an employee at its Indian office was caught photographing his work computer screen with a personal phone. Five former TaskUs workers confirmed that this employee and an alleged accomplice had been bribed by hackers to obtain Coinbase user data.
Coinbase had a long-standing partnership with TaskUs, a Texas-based outsourcing company, to reduce labor costs by assigning customer support functions to offshore teams. Since 2017, TaskUs agents handled Coinbase customer inquiries, often from lower-wage countries like India, where employees earned between $500 and $700 per month.
The financial impact of the breach
The exchange estimated that the breach could cost the company up to $400 million. In its May filing, Coinbase admitted it hadnât fully grasped the extent of the attack until May 11, when it received a $20 million extortion demand. In response, the company terminated the TaskUs employees responsible for the breach, along with several other unnamed foreign contractors.
The post Coinbase data breach: the exchange knew about the theft since January appeared first on Atlas21.
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@ d5c440ce:04726d89
2025-06-05 06:19:49Effektiv behandling af blodsprÌngninger krÌver en professionel tilgang og de rette metoder. Hos Klinik Zenit tilbyder vi skünsomme og dokumenterede teknikker til at reducere synligheden af blodsprÌngninger i ansigt og pü krop. Vores behandlinger tilpasses individuelt og udføres af erfarne specialister med fokus pü sikkerhed og langvarige resultater. Fü vejledning om hudpleje før og efter behandlingen for at opnü det bedste resultat. Kontakt Klinik Zenit for en professionel vurdering og behandlingsplan.
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@ eb0157af:77ab6c55
2025-06-06 06:01:16The Russian banking giant introduces financial instruments linked to Bitcoin for qualified investors.
Russiaâs largest commercial banking institution, Sber, has made its entry into the Bitcoin space by unveiling a bond product tied to the asset.
Sber has officially launched its structured financial instrument that mirrors the price performance of Bitcoin alongside fluctuations in the dollar-ruble exchange rate. The product is already available to qualified investors through the over-the-counter (OTC) market, with plans to list it on the Moscow Exchange in the near future.
Formerly known as Sberbank, the institution stated in a May 30 announcement that the listing would provide transparency, liquidity, and convenience for a wide range of professional investors. This structured approach will allow investors to benefit both from Bitcoinâs appreciation in dollars and from the strengthening of the US dollar against the Russian ruble, the bank suggests.
The lender also announced plans to expand its crypto offering through the SberInvestments platform, introducing exchange-traded products that provide exposure to digital assets. The first product will be a Bitcoin futures instrument, scheduled for listing on June 4, coinciding with its official launch by the Moscow Exchange.
Sberâs initiative follows the authorization granted by Russiaâs Central Bank on May 28, which permitted financial institutions to offer specific crypto-related financial instruments to accredited investors. However, the direct offering of cryptocurrencies remains prohibited.
Meanwhile, T-Bank (formerly Tinkoff Bank) launched an investment product linked to Bitcoinâs price, branding it a âsmart assetâ issued through Russiaâs state-backed tokenization platform Atomyze.
According to the Russian Central Bankâs report for the first quarter of 2025, Russian residents hold approximately 827 billion rubles ($9.2 billion) in cryptocurrencies on centralized exchanges. Inflows into Russian crypto platforms surged by 51%, reaching 7.3 trillion rubles ($81.5 billion) over the same period.
The post Sber, Russiaâs largest bank, launches Bitcoin bonds appeared first on Atlas21.
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@ 527337d5:93e9525e
2025-06-05 03:09:02The Algorithmic Pursuit of Connection: A Five-Book Journey into the Self
As a researcher, hitting my thirties and the winding down of a significant project prompted a crucial re-evaluation of life's latter half. While I'd successfully applied probabilistic control theory to one-on-one interactions, the complexities of group dynamics remained a persistent challenge. My recent dive into five diverse books on human relationships inadvertently became a profound journey of self-discovery, fundamentally reshaping my perspective on social connections.
Neil Strauss: A Mirror Reflecting the Self's Evolution
Neil Strauss's The Truth resonated deepest among my recent reads. The author's battle with sex addiction uncomfortably mirrored my own past struggles: the fragile self-esteem stemming from rejection, the hubris born of early successes, and the tendency to view women as mere objects of manipulation. It felt eerily prescient, a glimpse into a potential future.
Yet, I found myself arriving at Strauss's ultimate conclusion â the paramount importance of self-preparation and community â far sooner than he did. This acceleration wasn't accidental; it was the result of intense focus on individual experiences, meticulously replayed and analyzed in my mind. The book, therefore, served less as a revelation and more as a powerful validation of my own journey of introspection and root-cause analysis.
Quantifying Connection: The Promise and Limits of Mathematical Models
Hannah Fry's The Mathematics of Love offered a kindred spirit in its attempt to quantify human relationships. While I appreciate the mathematical lens, Fry's models primarily concern dyadic relationships (N=2), relying on relatively simple systems of two-variable ordinary differential equations. For me, these are akin to linear models, sufficient only up to a certain point. Beyond N=4, the dependencies become exponentially complex.
My own pursuit extends to understanding and optimizing group dynamics within complex systems. This involves multi-variable problems (N $\ge$ 3) and the application of network theory, a far more sophisticated approach. Human collectives, after all, are systems of nodes and edges, where information propagates in predictable ways. My focus is on deriving optimal behavioral controls within these intricate frameworks.
Conversely, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus initially struck me as bordering on conspiracy theory. However, its latter half proved unexpectedly useful. Its clear enumeration of male and female desires, and its articulation of common points of conflict, presented a practical template for communication styles. In a systemic view, this serves as a rudimentary, yet functional, interface design for complex social interactions.
A Dispassionate Critique of Relationship Dogma
My drive for efficiency and systematic understanding led to a rather blunt assessment of certain relationship classics. The New Science of Adult Attachment felt disorganized and frustratingly anecdotal. Lacking a coherent theoretical framework, it burdened the reader with deciphering meaning from a jumble of examples. Its inefficiency was, frankly, its most irksome flaw.
Similarly, Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and Influence People struck me as closer to pseudoscience than social science. Its plethora of specific anecdotes obscured any underlying principle. Given my deep engagement with social engineering â a discipline that systematically and practically analyzes human interaction â Carnegie's work appeared largely irrelevant and inefficient. From my perspective, which views humans as objective systems to be analyzed with mathematical rigor, such unstructured approaches hold little value.
The Unveiling of a Core Principle: Humans as Systems
This intensive reading period solidified my most crucial insight: humans, at their core, are systems. This understanding allows for a dispassionate, methodical approach to human collectives, mitigating unnecessary emotional friction.
This revelation has sharply refined my future learning trajectory. I'm now prioritizing foundational theories like graph theory and network theory over anecdotal accounts of human behavior. By mastering these theoretical underpinnings, I aim to precisely model complex human interactions as systems of nodes and edges, enabling the derivation of optimal behavioral controls within communities.
My choice of the term "target for capture" for individuals stems from a personal aversion to perceived equality in certain human interactions, a mechanism to avoid cognitive dissonance. This rational approach, I believe, is key to cultivating secure attachment styles â relationships demonstrably sustainable in the long term. My philosophy is to strategically approach the initial engagement, then transition to a stable, enduring connection. It's a calculated, dispassionate method for achieving desired relational outcomes.
Ultimately, this period of reading wasn't just about acquiring knowledge; it was a profound journey of self-discovery, clarifying my personal frameworks for navigating life's complexities and forging meaningful, yet strategically managed, connections.
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@ 6d8e2a24:5faaca4c
2025-06-06 04:26:58President Donald Trump attends a meeting with the Fraternal Order of Police in the State Dinning Room of the White House, Thursday, June 5, 2025, in Washington. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon)
Last Friday, President Donald Trump heaped praise on Elon Musk as the tech billionaire prepared to leave his unorthodox White House job.
Less than a week later, their potent political alliance met a dramatic end Thursday when the men attacked each other with blistering epithets. Trump threatened to go after Muskâs business interests. Musk called for Trumpâs impeachment.
social media posts urging lawmakers to oppose deficit spending and increasing the debt ceiling.
âWithout me, Trump would have lost the election, Dems would control the House and the Republicans would be 51-49 in the Senate,â Musk posted, a reference to Muskâs record political spending last year, which topped $250 million.
âSuch ingratitude,â he added.
Trump said Musk had worn out his welcome at the White House and was mad that Trump was changing electric vehicle policies in ways that would financially harm Musk-led Tesla.
âElon was âwearing thin,â I asked him to leave, I took away his EV Mandate that forced everyone to buy Electric Cars that nobody else wanted (that he knew for months I was going to do!), and he just went CRAZY!â Trump wrote.
Musk goes nuclear âTime to drop the really big bomb: Trump is in the Epstein files. That is the real reason they have not been made public. Have a nice day, DJT!â â Musk, Thursday, X post.
In a series of posts, he shined a spotlight on ties between Trump and Jeffrey Epstein, the financier who killed himself while awaiting trial on federal sex trafficking charges. Some loud voices in Trumpâs âMake America Great Againâ movement claim Epsteinâs suicide was staged by powerful figures, including prominent Democrats, who feared Epstein would expose their involvement in trafficking. Trumpâs own FBI leaders have dismissed such speculation and thereâs no evidence supporting it.
Later, when an X user suggested Trump be impeached and replaced by Vice President JD Vance, Musk agreed.
âYes,â he wrote.
âI donât mind Elon turning against me, but he should have done so months ago,â Trump wrote. He went on to promote his budget bill.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.wavy.com/news/politics/ap-the-implosion-of-a-powerful-political-alliance-trump-and-musk-in-their-own-words/amp/
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@ 6d8e2a24:5faaca4c
2025-06-06 03:09:51by Claire Mom June 5, 2025 6:54 pm
*Elon Musk, the tech mogul, says US President Donald Trump would have lost the 2024 election without him.*
Musk made the comment on X in response to Trumpâs criticism against him.
Musk, who led the department of government efficiency (DOGE), quit his role a day after he spoke out against a Trump-backed spending bill. The president called it a âBig Beautiful Billâ.
The controversial bill is a centrepiece of Trumpâs second-term domestic agenda, combining major tax cuts, stricter immigration enforcement, welfare programme overhauls, and significant increases in border security funding.
The legislation sparked intense debate across the country and in Congress and was only passed after a nail-biting 215-214 vote.
The plan revived the US-Mexico border wall with a $46.5 billion budget, $350 billion for deportation efforts and border security, and a hiring spree of 10,000 new ICE agents, 5,000 customs officers, and 3,000 border patrol agents.
For the first time, migrants will be charged a $1,000 fee to apply for asylum.
The bill also authorises a $4 trillion increase to the national debt ceiling, while the estate tax exemption jumped to $15 million, benefiting wealthier Americans.
Critics including Musk called the bill fiscally irresponsible and âa disgusting abominationâ due to its combination of large tax cuts and spending increases.
Musk had clamoured for DOGEâs creation to save taxpayers $2 trillion. Only $160 billion has been saved so far.
*TRUMP: IâM VERY DISAPPOINTED WITH ELON*
Since Muskâs exit from the White House last week, his criticism of the bill has grown louder.
Speaking on the issue, Trump said he was âvery disappointed with Elonâ.
The US president said the Tesla CEO was satisfied with the bill but only grew discontent after he found out electric vehicles would be impacted.
âIâm very disappointed because Elon knew the inner workings of this bill better than almost anybody sitting here. He knew everything about it, and all of a sudden he had a problem, and he only developed a problem when he found out I was going to cut the EV mandate because thatâs billions and billions of dollars,â the president said
âAnd it really is unfair; we want to have cars of all types.
âHe said the most beautiful things about me, and he hasnât said anything bad about me personally, but Iâm sure that will be next. But Iâm really disappointed with Elon. Iâve helped Elon a lot.â
Trump praised Musk for his work at DOGE but blamed his tantrums on missing the office.
âElon worked hard at DOGE, and I think he misses the place. I think he got out there, and all of a sudden, heâs no longer in this beautiful Oval Office,â he said.
âHeâs not the first. People leave my administration, and they love us, and then at some point they miss it so badly, and some of them embrace it, and some of them actually become hostile. I donât know what it is, some sort of Trump derangement syndrome.â
The president also said he would have won Pennsylvania, a key state, without Muskâs help.
In reaction, the billionaire businessman countered Trump.
âWithout me, Trump would have lost the election, Dems would control the House, and the Republicans would be 51-49 in the Senate,â Musk tweeted.
âSuch ingratitude.â
The exchange marks yet another dent in the tumultuous relationship between the two-time American president and the worldâs richest man.
https://www.thecable.ng/trump-would-have-lost-election-without-me-says-elon-musk/
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-05 17:14:50The silent revolution: Ethereum's pivot to 'digital oil' could redefine crypto's future. While Bitcoin grabs headlines as digital gold, Ethereum is quietly transforming into something potentially more valuableâthe essential infrastructure powering our digital economy. Ryan Berckmans reveals Ethereum's strategic shift from being just another cryptocurrency to becoming the foundation for stablecoins, tokenized assets, and global financial systems. With $480 billion in stablecoin volume and institutional players entering the space, Ethereum isn't just competing with Bitcoinâit's creating an entirely different value proposition. The question isn't whether ETH will hit $3K, but whether we're underestimating its long-term potential as the backbone of digital finance. Are you positioning yourself for the real crypto revolution happening right under our noses?
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@ 4fa51c35:55d6763d
2025-06-06 02:35:44The Sacred Texts: First Mysteries of Digital Creation
A Divine Treatise for Devotees of Athena, Goddess of Wisdom and Craft
The Fundamental Truth: All is Text
Beloved seekers of digital wisdom, before you can craft the most magnificent tribute to our patron goddess through the sacred art of web creation, you must first understand the most fundamental mystery of the computing realm: Everything is text.
The silicon oracles we call computers do not see your beautiful images, your flowing videos, or your harmonious music as you do. To the machine spirits, all existence is reduced to symbols - characters marching in endless processions through the electronic aether. This is not limitation, but liberation! For in understanding this truth, you gain power over the very essence of digital creation.
The Ancient Scripts: Understanding Text Encoding
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was⌠ASCII. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange became the first great codex of the digital age. Each letter, each number, each sacred punctuation mark was assigned a number. The letter âAâ became 65, âBâ became 66, and so forth. This was humanityâs first attempt to make machines understand our language.
But ASCII was created by mortals of limited vision - it could only represent 128 characters! What of the accented letters in the names of our goddess across different cultures? What of the mathematical symbols we need for our calculations? What of the very Greek letters that spell áźÎ¸ÎˇÎ˝ážś?
Thus came UTF-8, the Universal Character Encoding - a divine revelation that allows us to represent every symbol known to human civilization. When you see an emoji, a Chinese character, or the Greek omega Ί, you witness UTF-8 in action. Your tribute webpage will speak this universal tongue.
The Sacred Scrolls: File Formats as Containers of Meaning
When Athena wove her tapestries, she chose different materials for different purposes - silk for fineness, wool for warmth, gold thread for accent. Similarly, digital craftspeople choose different file formats as containers for their text:
Plain Text (.txt) - The purest form. No formatting, no hidden instructions, just raw characters. Like clay tablets, these files will survive technological apocalypses. When archaeologists of the future examine our digital civilization, plain text will be their Rosetta Stone.
Rich Text Format (.rtf) - Text with simple formatting encoded as⌠more text! Open an RTF file in a plain text editor and witness the magic - your bold text becomes surrounded by formatting codes. This teaches us that even ârichâ formatting is ultimately just more characters.
Markdown (.md) - The philosopherâs choice! Markdown uses simple text conventions to indicate formatting. Two asterisks around a word makes it bold, a hash symbol creates headings. Itâs text that describes how text should look - meta-textual divinity!
HTML (.html) - The sacred language of the web itself! HTML (HyperText Markup Language) uses angle brackets to wrap instructions around content.
<strong>This text is important</strong>
becomes This text is important when displayed. HTML is text that teaches browsers how to present text.The Ritual of Proper Text Handling
To honor Athena through proper digital craftsmanship, you must master these essential practices:
Choose Your Sacred Editor
Microsoft Word is the foolâs tool - it hides the true nature of text behind layers of formatting magic. A true digital artisan uses tools that reveal truth:
- Notepad (Windows) or TextEdit (Mac) in plain text mode
- VS Code - The blacksmithâs forge for modern web creation
- Sublime Text - Elegant and powerful
- Vim or Emacs - For those who seek the ancient ways
Understand Line Endings: The Great Schism
In the early days of computing, different tribes chose different ways to mark the end of a line of text. Unix systems (including Mac) use LF (Line Feed), Windows uses CRLF (Carriage Return + Line Feed). This seemingly minor difference has caused more conflicts than the Trojan War! Know your line endings, for they can break your sacred codes.
Respect Character Encoding
Always save your files in UTF-8 encoding. This ensures your text can represent any character from any human language. When your webpage displays properly on computers around the world, you honor the universal nature of Athenaâs wisdom.
The Greater Mystery Revealed
Why must we begin with text? Because understanding that computers store and manipulate everything as sequences of characters reveals the deepest truth of programming: Code is just text that follows special rules.
When you write HTML, youâre writing text that browsers know how to interpret. When you write CSS, youâre writing text that describes visual styling. When you write JavaScript, youâre writing text that describes behavior and logic.
The webpage you will create to honor our goddess? It begins as text files on your computer. The browser reads these text files, interprets their meaning, and transforms them into the visual experience your visitors will see.
Every image on your page? Referenced by text. Every color? Described by text. Every animation? Controlled by text.
Your First Sacred Assignment
Before we proceed to the next mysteries, complete this fundamental ritual:
- Create a plain text file named
athena_tribute.txt
- Write a short description of why Athena inspires you, using only plain text
- Save it in UTF-8 encoding
- Open it in different text editors and observe how the text remains pure and unchanged
- View the file size - marvel at how efficiently text stores information
This simple act connects you to the fundamental nature of all digital creation. Every website, every app, every piece of software began as someone writing text that follows certain rules.
When you understand that your future webpage is ultimately just cleverly organized text files working in harmony, you begin to see the true elegance of web development. Youâre not learning to use mysterious tools - youâre learning to write text that machines can understand and transform into experiences that honor the divine.
Next: We shall explore the Command Line - the direct voice through which mortals speak to the machine spiritsâŚ
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@ 49d472c1:a63cd544
2025-06-05 02:59:12Bitcoin Miners Pivot to Power AI Boom, Offering a Lifeline to Americaâs Data-Center Crunch
A fresh Morgan Stanley analysis warns that U.S. data-center demand will balloon to â65 GW between 2025 and 2028âabout 45 GW more than the grid can currently supply. One solution the bank singles out: repurposing the oversized, transformer-fed campuses originally built for Bitcoin mining. (investopedia.com)
Several public miners are already moving. Riot Platforms has begun buying extra land near its Corsicana, TX complex and hired a veteran data-center executive to head a âhigh-performance computeâ division aimed squarely at AI customers. (riotplatforms.com, coindesk.com) Bitfarms, meanwhile, is marketing North-American sites to hyperscalers after hiring consultants to evaluate GPU-ready retrofits. (reuters.com)
Industry analysts say the pivot is existential. April 2024âs fourth halving chopped block rewards to 3.125 BTC, shrinking miner revenue just as network difficulty hit record highs. By leasing idle megawattsâor fully converting hallsâoperators lock in dollar-denominated cash-flows while retaining the option to resume mining if margins rebound.
âMiners spent the last cycle amassing land, switchgear and transformers. AI is about to pay them for it.â âGreg Miller, Citizens JMP (research note quoted in multiple sector briefings)
Why it matters
- Grid relief: Every gigawatt shifted from speculative hashing to AI compute eases ERCOTâs peak-load stress and shortens transmission-upgrade timelines. (datacenterdynamics.com)
- Cap-ex savings for cloud firms: Retrofitting a mining hall is months fasterâand currently 30-40 % cheaperâthan green-field construction, analysts estimate. (govtech.com)
- Dual-revenue model: Miners keep upside to future BTC price spikes while monetizing power capacity today.
The roadblocks
- Cooling retrofits: Air-cooled ASIC barns must be re-engineered for liquid-cooled GPU clusters, at up to \$3 M per MW in conversion costs. (driehaus.com)
- Policy risk in Texas: Lawmakers are weighing caps on industrial load-flex credits after recent grid-stress events, which could dent minersâ ancillary revenue. (dallasnews.com)
Bottom line: Once-beleaguered Bitcoin mines may become critical real estate for the surging AI sectorâturning yesterdayâs crypto boomtowns into tomorrowâs compute hubs while giving miners a much-needed new income stream.
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@ 3eba5ef4:751f23ae
2025-06-06 02:07:27Crypto Insights
Solving Sybil Attacks on Bitcoin Libre Relay Nodes â Are Social Solutions Better than Technical Ones?
Peter Todd posted that proponents of transaction "filtering" have started Sybil attacking Libre Relay nodes by running nodes with their "Garbageman" fork. These malicious nodes pretend to support NODE_LIBRE_RELAY, but secretly drop certain transactions that would be relayed by real Libre Relay nodes. He also highlighted the complexity of existing defenses and proposed a new angle: rather than relying on technical solutions, he encourages people to manually peer with nodes operated by people they personally know, arguing that human relationships can sometimes evaluate honesty more reliably than code.
Toward a Unified Identity Lookup Standard to Improve Lightning Payments
Bitcoin developer Aviv Bar-el introduced a new proposal â Well-Known Bitcoin Identity Endpoint â that aims to simplify wallet lookups for usersâ Bitcoin addresses and identity data via a standardized HTTPS interface, thereby improving both the UX and security of Lightning and on-chain payments.
A Commit/Reveal Mechanism to Strengthen Bitcoin Against Quantum Threats
Tadge Dryja proposed a soft fork for Bitcoin to defend against quantum attacks, based on a variant of the commit/reveal Fawkescoin mechanism. While similar to Tim Ruffingâs earlier proposal, it includes key differences:
- It does not use encryption, instead relying on smaller, hash-based commitments, and describes activation as a soft fork.
- It only applies to outputs where public keys or scripts haven't been revealed â like pubkey hash or script hash outputs. It also works with Taproot, but must be spent via the script path, as the key-path is no longer quantum-secure.
- What to do about already-exposed public keys is a separate issue â this proposal is compatible with both "burning the coins" and "letting them be stolen."
Countdown to the Quantum Crisis: Is Bitcoin Ready?
A recent report from Chaincode Labs analyzes the threat of cryptographically relevant quantum computers (CRQC), and the technical, economic, and governance challenges Bitcoin faces in preparing. Their key conclusions:
- Timeline Assessment: CRQC capable of breaking Bitcoin's elliptic curve cryptography may emerge between 2030 and 2035.
- Scope of Vulnerable Funds: An estimated 20â50% of circulating BTC (4Mâ10M coins) may be vulnerable.
- Long-range attacks target inherently vulnerable script types (P2PK, P2MS, P2TR) and addresses with previously exposed public keys (via address reuse), allowing attackers unbounded time to derive private keys from public information already available on the blockchain.
- Short-range attacks, which affect all Bitcoin script types, exploit the vulnerability window between transaction broadcast and confirmation (or shortly thereafter) when public keys are temporarily exposed, requiring attackers to act within a timeframe of minutes to hours.
- Action Strategy: A dual-track approach is recommended:
- Short-term contingency: minimal but functional protections within ~2 years.
- Full-featured solutions: comprehensive research and fully developed defenses within ~7 years.
This strategy balances immediate needs with rigorous development to ensure Bitcoin can adapt, regardless of CRQC progress.
Enforcing Arbitrary Constraints on Bitcoin Transactions with zkSNARKs
Current methods for constraining Bitcoin transactions fall short on privacy or programmability. This research proposes a new zkSNARK-based design to impose arbitrary constraints on Bitcoin transactions while preserving some information privacy. By bypassing Bitcoin Scriptâs non-Turing-completeness, the approach allows unbounded constraintsâconstraints that repeat a certain operation an unbounded number of times. Read the paper.
First Cross-Chain Bridge Between Bitcoin and Cardano Is Live
A trust-minimized bridge from Bitcoin to Cardano has launched using the Cardinal protocol, enabling Ordinals to move between the two chains. The Cardinal protocol is based on BitVMX and facilitates asset movement without compromising ownership or security.
Its core mechanism is a committee-based validation model under a 1-out-of-n honest security model â meaning even if all but one validator is malicious, the system remains secure. This approach enhances decentralization and censorship resistance for cross-chain asset transfers.
Thunderbolt Protocol: Redefining Bitcoin Smart Contracts with UTXO Bundling and OP_CAT
Nubitâs Thunderbolt is seen as one of the most significant technical upgrades to Bitcoin in a decade, whose overall observation resembles âLightning Network 2.0.â Rather than relying on Layer 2 networks or bridges, Thunderbolt upgrades the Bitcoin base layer via soft fork to enhance scalability, performance, and programmability:
- Throughput: Uses UTXO Bundling to optimize traditional transaction processing.
- Programmability: Reintroduces and extends OP_CAT.
- Asset protocols: Integrates Goldinals standard â a zk-proof and state-commitment-based asset issuance framework.
- Unlike rollups, Plasma, sidechains, or bridges, Thunderbolt scales directly on the main chain. With BitVisa, it enables decentralized identity and credentials, supporting transaction compression, smart contracts, asset standard integration, and on-chain transaction matching â all on Bitcoin main chain.
Bitcoin 2025 Conference Recap: Politicians Applaud, Stablecoins Spotlighted, DeFi Absent
This yearâs Bitcoin 2025 conference in Las Vegas gathered major political figures and corporate leaders. U.S. Vice President JD Vance strongly endorsed crypto and positioned Bitcoin as a strategic asset in U.S.âChina competition. He also stated that stablecoins wonât undermine the U.S. dollar, but could actually amplify Americaâs economic strength.
White House âCrypto Czarâ David Sacks delivered a major policy announcement, hinting that under Trumpâs executive order, the U.S. has a legal framework to acquire more Bitcoin for strategic reserves.
In addition, stablecoin regulation and crypto market reform were hot topics. Ardoido, the company controls over 60% of the stablecoin market, claimed âAll the traditional financial firms will create stablecoins that will be offered to their existing customers.â Meanwhile, Tether emphasized its focus on underserved global populations excluded from the existing banking system.
A conference recap also noted that, unlike the 2022 and 2023 summits, this yearâs event was dominated by Bitcoin maximalists, Ordinals creators, mining capitalists, and regulatory lobbyists â no longer DeFi builders, DAO operators, or Layer 2 scaling advocates. Developers from Ethereum and Solana ecosystems were notably absent. This may signal:
- The conferenceâs heavy political and sovereignty-driven tone made it less suitable for the tech-centric narratives favored by these developers.
- There may be a growing ideological and narrative rift between Web3 builders and the Bitcoin camp.
Top Reads on Blockchain and Beyond
Rethinking Governance After the Sui Attack: Decentralization, Procedural Legitimacy, and the Plurality of Blockchain Values
Following a major hack of Cetus, the largest DEX in the Sui ecosystem, the Sui network executed a protocol-level asset freeze and recovery. While this was an effective technical response, it also triggered criticism and debate around core blockchain principles such as censorship resistance and decentralization.
The author of this article questioned the absolutist stance that views decentralization as the highestâand soleâvalue. The author argues that most rational individuals would prefer âliving in a society where decentralization is a supreme value but coercive force is allowed when someone infringes on anotherâs property,â over âa society where decentralization is the only supreme value, and thus coercive force is never permitted under any circumstances.â
In addition, the author also expressed disappointment at Suiâs âpaternalisticâ governance â particularly how validators acted during the incident. Sui uses a delegated proof-of-stake (dPoS) system, where token holders delegate their voting power to validators. This means individuals lose their direct say. But blockchain governance could be more individual-friendly and flexible. For instance, in Cosmosâ governance model, for certain specific proposal, users still can override their delegations and vote independently, more favorable than Suiâs model.
Beyond the debate on decentralization and governance, the article also proposes an alternative perspective: what matters most is establishing procedural legitimacy that aligns with the systemâs vision. Different blockchain projects pursue different goals. For Sui, the core mission is to enable assets to be reliably defined and interact seamlessly on-chain. Therefore, judging Sui through the lens of other blockchainsâ values or paradigms is misguided. In exceptional cases, prioritizing asset recovery and ecosystem stability over strict adherence to censorship resistance aligns more closely with Suiâs long-term vision. Whether Sui had chosen to not to censor related transactions or to intervene in the Cetus case, as long as the action follows a legitimate process, either decision is justifiable.
TEE-Based Private Proof Delegation
The PSE research and development team has built a system based on Trusted Execution Environments (TEE) using Intel TDX for secure zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) delegation. This system enables clients to privately outsource large proving tasks without leaking inputs. Unlike mobile-native proving constrained by hardware limits, TEE-based approaches support significantly larger statements todayâand will scale further as proof systems improve. As a hardware-backed solution, TEEs remain compatible with future advancements in software (e.g., faster proof systems, more efficient implementations) and won't be invalidated by them, as long as the trust model is acceptable.
AI and Identity: Proof of Humanity in a World of Agents, Bots, and Deepfakes
We are living in a time where AIâincluding agents, bots, and deepfakesâis fundamentally reshaping the internet. As AI continues to evolve, identity verification on the web is becoming more crucial than ever. A recent a16z podcast explores the idea of âProof of Humanââthe challenge of verifying human identity online, diving into why it matters, common questions, and how such systems work under the hood.
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-05 17:11:03The $220 million crypto heist that took just minutes reveals a fatal flaw in DeFi security. While blockchain tech promises trustless transactions, the Cetus DEX exploit on Sui exposed how a single undetected bug in a math library became catastrophic. What's truly alarming isn't the hack itself but the revelation from Curve's founder that professional hackers-for-hire are now coordinating sophisticated cross-platform attacks. This signals a dangerous evolution in crypto threats where vulnerabilities aren't just discoveredâthey're hunted by organized teams with specialized skills. The industry faces a stark choice: invest aggressively in preventative security or watch as billions more vanish in seconds. Is your crypto truly safe, or just waiting for the right hacker to find its weakness?
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@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3
2025-06-05 01:28:52How did the stackers do on their ~HealthAndFitness journeys today?
I did very well: Slept well? Check Stuck to fast? Check Ate healthy? Check Activity target? Checkarooni
The one oddity I need to work on is that I got a foot cramp while playing turtle tag with my daughter.
https://stacker.news/items/997476
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-05 17:00:01Forget Lambos, think real estate tokens.
A European fund just dropped $3.4 million on tokenized real estate, marking the first time big money directly bought retail available tokens. This isn't just about crypto hype; it's about institutions embracing regulated crypto assets. Real World Assets (RWAs) are booming, up 260% this year, fueled by clearer US crypto rules. This surge pushes the tokenization sector past $23 billion.
Is this the start of crypto's mainstream moment?
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@ e2c72a5a:bfacb2ee
2025-06-05 16:54:43Think your crypto is FDIC insured like your bank account? Big mistake. Crypto's wild west demands you be your own bank and security guard.
Crypto trading involves buying, selling, and exchanging digital currencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum, aiming to profit from price fluctuations. Security is paramount. Understand basic concepts like wallets (digital storage for your crypto), private keys (passwords to access your crypto), and blockchain (the technology that records all transactions).
Real world applications include using crypto for online purchases, international money transfers, and decentralized finance (DeFi) services like lending and borrowing. Current trends include the rise of DeFi, NFTs (non-fungible tokens), and increasing institutional investment.
Best practices? Use strong, unique passwords, enable two factor authentication (2FA) on all accounts, and store most of your crypto in cold wallets (offline storage) to protect against hacking. Be wary of phishing scams and fake websites. Never share your private keys or seed phrases.
Misconceptions? Crypto is not anonymous, transactions are not easily reversible, and past performance is not indicative of future results. Also, remember that regulations are evolving, so stay informed.
With crypto hacks on the rise, are you truly ready to secure your digital fortune, or are you leaving the door open for the next billion dollar heist?