@ 3bf0c63f:aefa459d

About Nostr, email and subscriptions

I check my emails like once or twice a week, always when I am looking for something specific in there.

Then I go there and I see a bunch of other stuff I had no idea I was missing. Even many things I wish I had seen before actually. And sometimes people just expect and assume I would have checked emails instantly as they arrived.

It's so weird because I'm not making a point, I just don't remember to open the damn "gmail.com" URL.

---

I remember some people were making some a Nostr service a while ago that sent a DM to people with Nostr articles inside -- or some other forms of "subscription services on Nostr". It makes no sense at all.

Pulling in DMs from relays is exactly the same process (actually slightly more convoluted) than pulling normal public events, so why would a service assume that "sending a DM" was more likely to reach the target subscriber when the target had explicitly subscribed to that topic or writer?

Maybe due to how some specific clients work that is true, but fundamentally it is a very broken assumption that comes from some fantastic past era in which emails were 100% always seen and there was no way for anyone to subscribe to someone else's posts.

Building around such broken assumptions is the wrong approach. Instead we should be building new flows for subscribing to specific content from specific Nostr-native sources (creators directly or manual or automated curation providers, communities, relays etc), which is essentially what most clients are already doing anyway, but specifically Coracle's new custom feeds come to mind now.

---

This also reminds me of the interviewer asking the Farcaster creator if Farcaster made "email addresses available to content creators" completely ignoring all the cryptography and nature of the protocol (Farcaster is shit, but at least they tried, and in this example you could imagine the interviewer asking the same thing about Nostr).

I imagine that if the interviewer had asked these people who were working (or suggesting) the Nostr DM subscription flow they would have answered: "no, you don't get their email addresses, but you can send them uncensorable DMs!" -- and that, again, is getting everything backwards.

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

Cowboys and cowgirls, it's time to shine! Spotlight your preferred product or service in the ~AGORA.

Tell us why you love it so much.

@ b804f68e:2fb0fa1f

This thought emanated within me while I was having a meaningful conversation with my love. We were talking about how she and I are often seen as the crazy ones for not wanting to settle into a mundane, fiat 9-to-5 life, and not wanting to willingly slave our lives away towards eventual retirement in the name of being "responsible adults" and "living a stable life." Both sides of our family, but especially hers, keep nagging her with questions like, "When are you going to get a full-time job?" or "You need to start making adequate amounts of money to be happy," or "You have to start acting like a responsible adult." Meanwhile, the ones nagging her have those things—a full-time job, financial "stability," "enough" money—and are supposed to be accomplished and "responsible adults," but they are also neck-deep in debt, not at all happy, and lacking financial freedom or any freedom for that matter. And they still expect us to believe and agree with them that this is the way to truly live a life we can only live once? And we're the crazy ones for aspiring to live a meaningful and fulfilling life?

But I've also learned that this way of thinking is not natural but is a product of design, of years and years of programmed, artificial conditioning created to keep us stuck.

And I too would have fallen into the proverbial rat race had I not taken the Orange Pill.

But back to the whole point of this post. Even if you may not understand Bitcoin, and may not understand how the fiat system works, you are able to read the title of this post and ponder over it a bit, reflect on it.

Work to gain experience, not to make money.

In this broken world we live in, we are conditioned to work for money. Money is the motivation; it's what drives us to work. We attach our identity, self-worth, and value to this "money" that everyone here on SN understands is broken, dysfunctional, fake money. Unfortunately, most cannot see past this conditioning. It's the whole fish-doesn't-know-what-water-is conundrum. But there's power in words. They can be used to oppress, manipulate, and corrupt, but they can also do the opposite by freeing our minds, empowering us, and giving us back control over our own livelihood.

When asked, "Why do you work?" most will answer, "For the pay." And I can guarantee that the majority, if not all, who work for money are not happy, are not finding fulfillment in their work, and have no major ambitions or goals to better themselves. Once money becomes the sole motivator, you become stuck, you become a fiat NPC. But maybe if we start changing the words from "I work to make money" to "I work to gain valuable experience to continue my personal growth," gradually more people will find meaning in their job beyond just getting paid to do it. All it takes is a simple shift in mentality, a subtle change in words, and your life can quickly go from dull and gray to full of vibrant color and meaning. And if after further reflection, you realize that money is the primary reason you continue to work at your current job, maybe it's time you moved on.

@ c73818cc:ccd5c890

🌟 Una visione pessimistica per il futuro di Bitcoin? Matt Corallo, figura chiave nello sviluppo di Bitcoin, dipinge un quadro preoccupante. La mancanza di soluzioni di scaling senza fiducia apre la porta alla regolamentazione e al controllo da parte delle autorità centrali.

🌟 Corallo teme che Bitcoin perda la sua essenza anarchica e decentralizzata, diventando un asset controllato dai governi e dalle istituzioni finanziarie. Questa visione pessimistica ha scosso la community Bitcoin, spingendo alcuni a cercare soluzioni alternative e a riconsiderare il futuro di questa criptovaluta.

🌟 Ci sono però anche altri esponenti della community Bitcoin che, probabilmente per scarsa capacità di guardare il mondo, rimangono ottimisti e confidano nella capacità di Bitcoin di adattarsi e superare le sfide. Il dibattito sul futuro di Bitcoin è acceso e il tempo dirà quale visione prevarrà.

Le iscrizioni al torneo KCGI Bitget sono aperte, unisciti alla nostra squadra e corriamo verso i 5mln di dollari! https://www.bitgetapp.com/it/events/kcgi/futures-trading?clacCode=HCDS4WT4

BitcoinReportItalia #Dev #Censura #Regolamentazione #Corallo #Privacy #Crypto #BTC #Bitcoin

@ 4d584dab:0b5e1f1f

@ 3bf0c63f:aefa459d

Nostr is not decentralized nor censorship-resistant

Peter Todd has been saying this for a long time and all the time I've been thinking he is misunderstanding everything, but I guess a more charitable interpretation is that he is right.

Nostr today is indeed centralized.

Yesterday I published two harmless notes with the exact same content at the same time. In two minutes the notes had a noticeable difference in responses:

The top one was published to wss://nostr.wine, wss://nos.lol, wss://pyramid.fiatjaf.com. The second was published to the relay where I generally publish all my notes to, wss://pyramid.fiatjaf.com, and that is announced on my NIP-05 file and on my NIP-65 relay list.

A few minutes later I published that screenshot again in two identical notes to the same sets of relays, asking if people understood the implications. The difference in quantity of responses can still be seen today:

These results are skewed now by the fact that the two notes got rebroadcasted to multiple relays after some time, but the fundamental point remains.

What happened was that a huge lot more of people saw the first note compared to the second, and if Nostr was really censorship-resistant that shouldn't have happened at all.

Some people implied in the comments, with an air of obviousness, that publishing the note to "more relays" should have predictably resulted in more replies, which, again, shouldn't be the case if Nostr is really censorship-resistant.

What happens is that most people who engaged with the note are following me, in the sense that they have instructed their clients to fetch my notes on their behalf and present them in the UI, and clients are failing to do that despite me making it clear in multiple ways that my notes are to be found on wss://pyramid.fiatjaf.com.

If we were talking not about me, but about some public figure that was being censored by the State and got banned (or shadowbanned) by the 3 biggest public relays, the sad reality would be that the person would immediately get his reach reduced to ~10% of what they had before. This is not at all unlike what happened to dozens of personalities that were banned from the corporate social media platforms and then moved to other platforms -- how many of their original followers switched to these other platforms? Probably some small percentage close to 10%. In that sense Nostr today is similar to what we had before.

Peter Todd is right that if the way Nostr works is that you just subscribe to a small set of relays and expect to get everything from them then it tends to get very centralized very fast, and this is the reality today.

Peter Todd is wrong that Nostr is inherently centralized or that it needs a protocol change to become what it has always purported to be. He is in fact wrong today, because what is written above is not valid for all clients of today, and if we drive in the right direction we can successfully make Peter Todd be more and more wrong as time passes, instead of the contrary.

---

See also:

• Censorship-resistant relay discovery in Nostr
• A vision for content discovery and relay usage for basic social-networking in Nostr

@ 52387c6b:49dbdfb2

Chef's notes

Easy start to the day, can also put some Woostr in your Bloody Mary. Perfect for washing down the toast. Breakfast of champions. If you have some sharp cheddar you can melt this on the toast, altho this may prove too complex for the average bloke, just an option. Be mindful this will add significant prep and cook time. 2-3 minutes

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 30 sec
• 🍳 Cook time: 2 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 1

Ingredients

• 2 slices of bread
• Butter
• Woostr sauce
• Bloody Mary

Directions

1. Toast bread to your liking, lather a dollop of butter on. Criss cross the toast with a butter knife ( so the woostr dont roll off) and then drizzle on woostr.

@ 44dc1c2d:31c74f0b

Chef's notes

If you don't have peanuts, you can sub it with peanut butter, but you'll want to cook with less salt as the peanut butter can add too much salt to the dish.

Details

• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 2 1/2 cups Coconut Milk
• 3 Tbsp Red Curry Paste
• 3 Tbsp Thai Fish Sauce
• 2 Tbsp Palm sugar or light brown sugar
• 1 LB rump streak cut into thin strips
• 2 Lemon Grass Stalks, Bruised
• 3 oz Ground Roasted Peanuts
• 2 Fresh Red Chilies, Sliced
• 5 Kaffir Lime Leaves, Torn
• Salt and Pepper
• Thai Basil for Garnish
• 2 Salted eggs to serve with

Directions

1. Put half the coconut milk in a large pan or Wok and heat gently until it begins to boil and separate.
2. Add the curry paste and cook over medium heat until fragrant. Then add the Fish sauce, sugar and lemon grass.
3. Continue to cook until the color of the sauce deepens
4. Add the remaining coconut milk. Bring back to boil. Add the beef and peanuts. Cook for another ~10 min
5. Add the chilies and the torn Kaffir Lime and adjust the seasoning. Garnish with whole Basil leaves and serve with a salted egg and rice.

@ 166a42fa:3423b80f

Chef's notes

All ingredients but the blood oranges from ALDIs

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20
• 🍳 Cook time: 0

Ingredients

• Cheddar chesse
• Blackberries
• Raspberries
• Crackers
• Cucumber
• Bell peppers
• Brie cheese
• Pepperoni
• Blood orange
• Apple
• Coconut chocolate cookies

Directions

1. Cut up all ingredients

@ 3f770d65:7a745b24

Chef's notes

For the dough, combine the water, yeast, honey, and olive oil in the bowl of an electric mixer fitted with a dough hook. Add 3 cups flour, then the salt, and mix. While mixing, add 1 more cup of flour, or enough to make a soft dough. Knead the dough on low to medium speed for about 10 minutes until smooth, sprinkling it with flour, if necessary, to keep it from sticking to the bowl. When the dough is ready, turn it out onto a floured board and knead by hand a dozen times. It should be smooth and elastic. Place the dough in a well-oiled bowl and turn it several times to cover it lightly with oil. Cover the bowl with a kitchen towel. Allow the dough to rest at room temperature for 30 minutes.

Divide the dough into 6 equal parts and roll each one into a smooth ball. Place the balls on a baking sheet and cover them with a damp towel. Allow the dough to rest for 10 minutes. Use immediately, or refrigerate for up to 4 hours.

If you've chilled the dough, take it out of the refrigerator approximately 30 minutes ahead to let it come to room temperature. Roll and stretch each ball into a rough 8-inch circle and place them all on baking sheets sprinkled with cornmeal. (You will be able to fit 2 pizzas on each 18 by 13-inch baking sheet.) You may also use a cast iron skillet if so desired.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 45 minutes
• 🍳 Cook time: 15 minutes
• 🍽️ Servings: 6

Ingredients

• 1 1/4 cups warm (100 to 110 degrees F) water
• 2 packages dry yeast
• 1 tablespoon honey
• 3 tablespoons good olive oil
• 4 cups all-purpose flour, plus extra for kneading
• 2 teaspoons kosher salt

Directions

1. Preheat the oven to 500 degrees
2. Bake for 10 to 15 minutes, depending on your desired level of crisp.

@ 7308f407:94057dcf

Chef's notes

https://youtu.be/t0CBKwPIOLk?si=rLP0-9aDx0PNbumM

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: Prep Time for Birria Beans
• 🍳 Cook time: Initial Boiling
• 🍽️ Servings: The serving size for the Birria Beans recipe depends on the quantity of beans and broth used. Given the ingredients listed, this recipe typically serves approximately 8-10 people+.

Ingredients

• 12 cups broth from birria (previous recipe)
• 1/2 onion
• 4 jalapeños or serrano peppers
• Water
• Salt to taste
• Beef from birria (optional)

Directions

1. Wash the beans and let them soak for 30 minutes.
2. In a large pot, add all the ingredients above.
3. Set the heat to high and allow the mixture to come to a boil. Let it boil for 10 minutes.
4. Reduce the heat to medium-low and cook for about 2 to 3 hours until the beans become soft.
5. -To check the consistency of the beans, remove one from the pot to a plate. Using a fork, poke through to cut it in half. This method will help you easily tell if they are soft. You can also taste the beans.
6. -If they are not soft yet, continue to cook for another 30 minutes.
7. Every 30 minutes to 1 hour, check the beans to ensure they have enough water to cover them. They will dry out if the water level drops below the beans.
8. You can also add beef from birria into the beans for added flavor.
9. Enjoy the savory and slightly spicy flavor of the pinto beans cooked in red birria broth, topped off with cilantro, onion, and lime.

@ b804f68e:2fb0fa1f

Markings and Their Meanings

In the first post of FMS, we covered the expected dimensions of a football field. Let's continue with the markings on a football pitch. Below is a football pitch labeled with the particular markings that are required according to the laws of the game.

Halfway Line, Center Circle, and Center Mark

• Halfway Line:
  • Self-explanatory, but this line is drawn across the field representing the halfway point. Any substitution is normally conducted where the halfway line meets the touchline.
• Center Circle and Center Mark:
  • The center circle is drawn in the middle of the field. During kickoff, the ball is placed on the center mark by the team that is attacking first. The attacking team can have players within the center circle on their defensive side when kicking off. However, all opposing players must be positioned on their respective defensive side and cannot be inside the center circle until the ball is kicked and in play.

Goal Line, Goal Area, Corner Area, and Touchline

• Goal Line, Goal Area, and Corner Area:
  • The goal line is the boundary line on both ends of the field that form the width. The goal is set up in the middle of the goal line, with goal posts placed on top of it. For a shot to be considered a goal, the entire ball must cross the whole of the goal line. If the ball crosses the goal line without going into the goal, the play will result in a kicked restart. If the ball was kicked over the goal line by an attacker, the restart is called a goal kick for the defending team, taken from anywhere within the defending team's goal area. If the last player to kick the ball out of bounds over the goal line is a defender, the restart will be a corner kick for the attacking team, taken from within the corner area closer to where the ball went out of play. Optional markings 9.15 m from the corner flag indicate how far a defending player must stand away from the attacking player taking the corner kick, ensuring fair play and allowing for corner kick plays, like a short corner, without defenders being too close.
• Touchline:
  • The touchline forms the boundaries along the length of the pitch. If the ball goes out of bounds over the touchline, the restart is done with a throw-in.

Penalty Area, Penalty Arc, and Penalty Mark

• Penalty Area:

  • The penalty area is significant for two main reasons. First, it is the only area where the goalkeeper is allowed to use their hands (with one particular exception). The keeper can only use their hands within the penalty area on the side they are defending. Second, if an attacking player is fouled within the penalty area, the resulting play is a penalty kick.
  • Here is an epic example of what is not allowed within the penalty area, featuring Oliver Kahn handballing it into the goal:

  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iigJsLnd_xw

• Penalty Arc and Penalty Mark:

  • When an attacking player is fouled within the penalty area, the penalty kick taker must place the ball on the penalty mark. The penalty arc is significant because it represents the area in which only the penalty kick taker is allowed (although the kicker doesn’t have to enter it). All other players, both attacking and defending, must stay outside of the penalty area and the penalty arc to ensure fairness of play.

TLDR

• Goal lines (width) and touchlines (length) make up the boundaries of the field.
• The center circle which includes the center mark at the center is where the game kicks off.
• The penalty area includes the penalty arc, penalty mark, and goal area, and is the only area where the goal keeper can use his/her hands, and the attacking team can win a penalty kick.

Resources:

• https://www.theifab.com/laws/latest/the-field-of-play/#field-markings

@ e968e50b:db2a803a

Yesterday, this post introduced a way to track the Bitcoin network's transactions per second. It's a super useful tool to see how many transactions Bitcoin is actually processing on the current day.

...but it was totally boring. I incorporated it into this super campy and scary tool (also forked from @supertestnet) for anybody that wants to really feel the drama of the moment.

https://bitcoin-defcon.vercel.app/

@ 6389be64:ef439d32

Clay's highly reactive surfaces provide scaffolding for the self-assembly of biomolecules and the eventual formation of living organisms.

The Jewish Golem legend holds every hallmark of this interaction. Jesus rubbed clay mixed with his spit to reverse blindness. What exactly did the ancients know about clay?

@ 3875a16c:988456c9

There's been a lot of chatter online following a recent episode of the #JoeRogan Experience (#JRE Ep.2152) featuring guest #TerrenceHoward. The discussion covered his research into chemistry, physics, sound, and vibrations, sparking my memory of a book I read years ago.

The book came highly recommended by my sound engineering professor. I've been producing music as a hobby since I was 16 and studied sound engineering for two years after completing high school. My professor explained that everything we see, hear, and touch is made up of vibrating elements, and that these vibrations create sounds, whether audible or inaudible to the human ear.

I was fascinated by this concept because it resonated deeply with me. I had always felt how certain music, sounds, colors, and locations influenced my emotions. It dawned on me that these vibrations might have a more direct impact on how I feel than I had realized. Intrigued, I bought the book and dove in.

This write-up is a quick summary of that book, and perhaps it will pique your interest enough to read it too.

Introduction

Itzhak Bentov's "Stalking the Wild Pendulum: On the Mechanics of Consciousness" is a fascinating deep dive into these big questions. Bentov, an engineer and inventor with a spiritual streak, mixes scientific insight with mystical wisdom to offer a fresh take on how everything fits together.

Vibrational Nature of Reality

Bentov kicks things off with the idea that everything in the universe vibrates. From tiny particles to our thoughts, it's all about vibration. This isn't just some abstract concept; Bentov explains how these vibrations shape the reality we experience. For example, he discusses how atoms and molecules vibrate at specific frequencies, creating the physical world as we know it. He even talks about standing waves and how they create the structure of our world. Bentov explains that human organs resonate at specific frequencies, with the heart resonating around 1 Hz during normal function.

The Pendulum Analogy

The book's title comes from Bentov's analogy of a pendulum to explain consciousness. Picture a pendulum swinging back and forth—that's like our consciousness moving between different states like waking, dreaming, and deep meditation. Bentov doesn't just use this as a metaphor; he dives into how this oscillation happens in the brain. He describes the brain's micro-motion, which is around 10-13 Hz, and how it influences our state of awareness and perception. This helps explain how we shift from one state of awareness to another, almost like the rhythmic motion of a pendulum.

Holographic Universe

One of the wildest ideas in the book is that the universe is like a hologram. Bentov suggests that each part of the universe contains the whole thing. This idea ties into quantum physics and mystical traditions. He brings up the work of scientists like David Bohm and Karl Pribram, who thought our brains process information holographically. Bentov illustrates this with the example of how our brains can reconstruct entire memories or images from partial information, similar to how a hologram can recreate a full image from any part of it.

Mechanics of Consciousness

Bentov really gets into the nitty-gritty of how consciousness works. He talks about tiny movements in our bodies, especially in the heart and cardiovascular system, that create little mechanical vibrations. These vibrations, according to Bentov, influence brain activity and play a big role in altered states of consciousness. For instance, he discusses how the heart's vibration at 1 Hz can synchronize with brainwaves during deep meditation, potentially leading to out-of-body experiences.

The Role of Sound and Vibration

Sound and vibration are huge in Bentov's theory. He looks at how different frequencies can change our mental and physical states. He connects ancient practices like chanting to modern science, showing how specific sound frequencies can alter brainwave patterns. Bentov details experiments showing that sounds in the range of 4-7 Hz (Theta waves) can induce deep relaxation and altered states of consciousness. This isn't just theoretical; Bentov includes data from experiments with biofeedback and sound therapy, demonstrating measurable changes in brainwave activity.

Mind-Body Connection

Bentov highlights the tight link between mind and body. He suggests that our consciousness can actually influence physical reality. He backs this up with examples and experiments, like measuring biofeedback responses in altered states of consciousness. For example, he cites experiments where subjects could alter their heart rate and blood pressure through focused meditation, demonstrating tangible physiological changes that correspond to shifts in mental and emotional states. It’s a compelling argument for the holistic nature of human existence and how our minds can impact our health and well-being.

Evolution of Consciousness

Bentov also speculates about where we're headed. He believes we're evolving towards higher states of consciousness and that understanding these mechanics can lead to big personal and societal changes. He outlines a model of human evolution with stages of increasing vibrational frequency and awareness. Bentov describes how humanity might progress from the current average brainwave frequency of 10 Hz to higher frequencies, potentially unlocking new levels of collective consciousness and societal development.

Citation:

Bentov, I. (1977). Stalking the Wild Pendulum: On the Mechanics of Consciousness. E. P. Dutton.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

I was recently reminded by @cryotosensei that I have a bunch of Minds tokens from the Before-Times (how I think of time before Stacker News). I'm planning on spending them all boosting a post about Stacker News. I have enough tokens to reach something like 1,000 people.

What I'd like to hear from my fellow stackers is what your best short pitch for Stacker News is.

If you're not familiar with Minds, it's an alternative social media platform that's dedicated to free speech. I'd say the likely audience is right-of-center politically and really into independence and alternatives to establishment systems.

An ideal Minds post would look a lot like an ideal X post, as they're pretty similarly designed platforms.

The two aspects I'm inclined to focus on are the diversity of content and the high level of engagement, but I want to know what you all find most compelling about SN.

@ d0b327c6:1ae748c2

Tradotto dall’originale di Stephen Hall - pubblicato il 1 mar 2023

Il controllo corretto delle chiavi richiede un'ulteriore responsabilità, ma è una parte essenziale della sicurezza dei bitcoin. Ma cosa succede quando si deve viaggiare? Se conservate grandi quantità di bitcoin in un cold-storage, dovete portare con voi le chiavi del vostro portafoglio bitcoin? E se si viaggia con una o più chiavi, quali sono le misure da adottare per garantire la sicurezza?

Considerate questi sette consigli per viaggiare con i vostri bitcoin in modo da avere il controllo e ridurre al minimo i rischi.

1. Portare con sé solo i portafogli necessari

Bitcoin consente di segregare i fondi in più portafogli, in modo da dover portare con sé solo le chiavi necessarie per piccole quantità di bitcoin. È possibile mettere al sicuro i propri risparmi in bitcoin in un multisig a freddo, pur continuando a portare con sé una parte di bitcoin in un portafoglio a caldo sul telefono, come BlueWallet o Muun.

Portando con sé solo le chiavi dei portafogli di cui si ha bisogno, è possibile spendere e ricevere bitcoin lasciando la maggior parte dei propri risparmi in un sistema sicuro di archiviazione a freddo, come il multisig, che elimina i singoli punti di guasto.

2. Considerate la vostra destinazione

Considerate la vostra destinazione e i vostri piani di viaggio quando valutate i rischi di viaggiare con le vostre chiavi bitcoin. Qual è il rischio relativo di criminalità nella vostra destinazione? La vostra destinazione è una nazione o una città ad alto tasso di criminalità? Come sarà l'ambiente circostante?

Se la destinazione presenta tassi di criminalità più elevati o piccoli furti dilaganti, si deve presumere che il telefono verrà rubato. Mantenete una buona sicurezza dello smartphone ed evitate di tenere le chiavi di quantità significative di bitcoin su quel dispositivo. Ridurre al minimo le potenziali perdite di bitcoin conservando solo piccole quantità nei portafogli mobili è una considerazione da fare, ma anche conservare le chiavi dei portafogli multisig sullo smartphone quando si viaggia può aumentare le possibilità di compromissione, rendendo necessaria una faticosa sostituzione della chiave.

Se vi recate a un evento in cui si presume il possesso di bitcoin, adattate il vostro modello di sicurezza all'ipotesi che tutti sappiano che possedete bitcoin. Ciò potrebbe significare assicurarsi che tutti i portafogli singleig abbiano una passphrase, oppure proteggere piccole quantità di bitcoin con multisig e distribuire le chiavi nei propri effetti personali durante il viaggio.

3. Evitare di viaggiare con backup di frasi seed

Dovreste sempre proteggere le vostre frasi seed, ma ricordate che sono il segreto non criptato di una determinata chiave, il che le rende molto più facili da compromettere rispetto a un portafoglio hardware. Mentre i dati della chiave privata del portafoglio hardware sono generalmente protetti all'interno di un elemento sicuro, dietro un PIN, e richiedono un PC per accedervi, i backup delle frasi seed sono più facili da rubare, copiare o fotografare fisicamente.

Se dovete viaggiare con backup di una frase seed

In alcune situazioni potrebbe essere necessario viaggiare con un backup della frase seed. Il trasferimento di residenze fisiche permanenti (abbiamo pubblicato una guida che dovreste leggere se questa è la vostra situazione) e il viaggio per impostare un elemento chiave conservato in modo sicuro in una configurazione multisig sono entrambi motivi ragionevoli per viaggiare con la vostra frase seed di 12 o 24 parole.

Se dovete viaggiare con una frase seed, ci sono cose che potete fare per ridurre al minimo la possibilità di esposizione e mantenere la tranquillità:

• Non dare nell'occhio durante i controlli aeroportuali: Mettete un backup cartaceo della frase seme all'interno di un libro, oppure dividete la frase seme scrivendola su un quaderno fisico utilizzando una convenzione che ricorderete. Evitate di usare serrature o custodie metalliche sospette. Se la vostra borsa viene controllata per sospetto, è molto più probabile che la vostra frase seme venga vista.
• Utilizzate una passphrase per i portafogli singlesig: I PIN possono proteggere un portafoglio hardware, ma una passphrase proteggerà la vostra seed phrase! Sebbene le passphrase siano generalmente rischiose rispetto ad altre configurazioni di custodia come il multisig, può avere senso usarne una con un portafoglio singlesig mentre si viaggia con una seed phrase, a patto che se ne faccia un backup adeguato (non affidatevi alla vostra memoria!).
• Approfittate dei compagni di viaggio: Considerate un portafoglio multisig (vedi sotto), date a un compagno di viaggio una frase seme, tenete una frase seme sulla vostra persona e conservate una frase seme in un portafoglio hardware nel bagaglio da stiva, ad esempio. Se dovete assolutamente assicurarvi che una frase seme sia già a destinazione, potete comprometterne una memorizzandola temporaneamente in un password manager prima di partire (vedi sotto).

4. Attenzione a ciò che si dice e si mostra

Prima che un aggressore possa attaccare, deve sapere chi sta cercando. È qui che entra in gioco la sicurezza operativa. Molti di questi consigli sono validi per il risparmio di ricchezza con i bitcoin in generale, ma sono particolarmente applicabili quando si viaggia.

In viaggio, si è spesso soggetti ai capricci di persone e ambienti che non si possono controllare. Sono situazioni più rischiose per rendere pubblicamente noto che si possono detenere quantità consistenti di bitcoin.

• Non parlate di bitcoin con persone di cui non vi fidate: Una delle cose più semplici da fare è semplicemente parlare meno di bitcoin! Siate prudenti quando “diffondete la parola”.
• Non mettete adesivi bitcoin sul vostro laptop o sui vostri dispositivi: Sono come grandi insegne al neon che dicono: “Questo dispositivo memorizza dati di chiavi private!”.
• Non indossate articoli legati ai bitcoin: Soprattutto nei luoghi in cui le persone sanno cosa cercare, indossare articoli o capi di abbigliamento con loghi bitcoin mette inutilmente un bersaglio sulla vostra schiena.
• Non parlate di quanti bitcoin possedete: È generalmente una buona idea condividere la quantità di bitcoin che si possiede solo in caso di necessità. Sapere di essere un obiettivo di valore elevato potrebbe indurre un aggressore a considerare azioni più estreme o rischiose.

In particolare, questi comportamenti possono creare rischi fisici quando si viaggia, anche se non si hanno a disposizione i dati della chiave privata. Se qualcuno cerca di aggredirvi con una chiave inglese da 5 dollari e voi non avete bitcoin da dargli, il vostro bitcoin potrebbe sopravvivere, ma le vostre rotule no!

5. Creare un portafoglio esca

Sia che si viaggi con un portafoglio hardware che con un portafoglio software, molti portafogli consentono di creare un portafoglio esca. I portafogli esca consentono di creare un secondo portafoglio, completamente separato da quello principale, che può essere attivato in caso di necessità. Con questi portafogli si aggiungono fondi che si è disposti a perdere, ma abbastanza significativi da far credere all'aggressore di aver ottenuto ciò che voleva.

Esistono diversi modi per configurare un portafoglio bitcoin di facciata:

1. Singlesig + passphrase
2. Utilizzo di una chiave in un quorum multisig
3. PIN di emergenza

Singlesig + passphrase

Con una passphrase, è possibile creare un portafoglio secondario che consentirebbe a un aggressore di accedere a un piccolo sottoinsieme dei vostri fondi. Si può anche fare in modo che il portafoglio principale sia un'esca, mentre si usa una passphrase per il portafoglio “vero”. Considerate sempre gli svantaggi dell'uso di una passphrase, tuttavia, e assicuratevi sempre di avere un backup corretto della vostra passphrase (è sensibile alle maiuscole e alle minuscole).

Multisig

Se si utilizza il multisig, a patto che si riesca a mantenere il segreto sul fatto che un determinato portafoglio hardware o una frase seme facciano parte di una configurazione multisig, è possibile proteggersi utilizzando una delle chiavi del quorum come esca. A tal fine, è sufficiente utilizzare un portafoglio hardware o software normalmente parte della configurazione multisig come portafoglio indipendente. Un aggressore potrebbe accedere ai fondi inviati al portafoglio singlesig associato a quel seme, senza accedere al portafoglio costruito con il multisig, e senza nemmeno saperlo.

PIN di emergenza

Alcuni produttori di portafogli consentono di impostare un PIN di emergenza. Con questa funzionalità, è possibile impostare un secondo PIN che consente a un aggressore di accedere a un secondo portafoglio esca. Se venite attaccati, date all'aggressore il PIN sbagliato e lasciategli il sottoinsieme più piccolo di fondi in quel portafoglio.

A titolo di esempio, il portafoglio hardware Coldcard offre tre tipi di PIN di emergenza: uno che sblocca un portafoglio esca, uno che distrugge il seme all'ingresso e uno che crea un conto alla rovescia verso “modalità mattone” personalizzabili. Questi strumenti offrono la certezza che gli aggressori non saranno in grado di accedere alle vostre chiavi bitcoin principali, se mai ce ne saranno.

6. Considerare il multisig per eliminare i singoli punti di rottura

La funzione multisig nativa di Bitcoin può aiutare a creare portafogli esca, ma è anche un potente strumento per mitigare il rischio di viaggio in generale. Forse avete bisogno di viaggiare con le chiavi private, ma volete evitare il singolo punto di guasto dei portafogli singleig. Viaggiare con tre portafogli hardware, ciascuno dei quali contiene una chiave in un quorum multisig, può contribuire a ridurre il rischio.

Il multisig offre molte possibilità uniche se si è in viaggio. Ognuna delle seguenti ha implicazioni per la sicurezza e compromessi da considerare che esulano dallo scopo di questo articolo, ma che si possono considerare:

• Distribuire le chiavi detenute durante il viaggio: È possibile viaggiare in aereo con un sistema multisig 2 su 3, in cui una chiave si trova sulla propria persona, un'altra in uno scomparto segreto nel bagaglio a mano e una terza chiave e una frase seed di backup distribuite geograficamente in altri luoghi sicuri. In questo modo le tre chiavi sono separate e due di esse devono essere riunite per spendere i fondi.
• Memorizzare digitalmente una frase seme: compromettere temporaneamente una frase seme memorizzandola in un password manager assicura che almeno un backup della frase seme del quorum multisig sia già a destinazione. Quando si arriva a destinazione, è possibile effettuare una sostituzione della chiave per qualsiasi frase seminale temporaneamente memorizzata su un dispositivo connesso a Internet.
• Spedire per posta un portafoglio hardware o una frase seme: se si viaggia con ingenti fondi in bitcoin e non si vuole esporsi a furti per attacchi fisici in un multisig 2 su 3 durante il viaggio, ad esempio, è possibile spedire per posta un portafoglio hardware o una frase seme a destinazione, portare con sé una chiave ed essere ancora in grado di spendere i fondi quando si arriva.
• Il partner controfirma: Un partner di custodia, sia esso un istituto finanziario come Unchained o una terza parte fidata, può coordinarsi con voi per firmare le transazioni durante il viaggio se volete viaggiare con una minoranza di chiavi in multisig.

Potete usare uno strumento come Sparrow, Electrum o il nostro Caravan per costruire da soli portafogli multisig, e se avete bisogno di aiuto per impostare il multisig o per capire le migliori pratiche di viaggio nel contesto della custodia collaborativa, abbiamo un team che può aiutarvi.

7. Avere un piano di successione

È una buona idea per tutti coloro che possiedono un consistente patrimonio in bitcoin avere un piano di successione, ma questo vale soprattutto quando si viaggia. Se dovesse succedere qualcosa mentre si è in viaggio, si vuole essere tranquilli sapendo che i propri bitcoin passeranno di diritto ai parenti più prossimi senza problemi.

Questo sarebbe molto difficile se si viaggiasse con il proprio bitcoin in custodia in un portafoglio singlesig, ma il multisig - e ancora meglio per scopi ereditari, includendo un partner per la custodia collaborativa nella configurazione multisig - può darvi il meglio di tutti i mondi: un comodo accesso ai vostri bitcoin in custodia e la tranquillità di sapere che se ne prenderà cura in vostra assenza.

Abbiamo già scritto un articolo in cui spieghiamo come impostare un piano di eredità per i vostri bitcoin, se volete prenderlo in considerazione prima di partire.

Ulteriori considerazioni sulla sicurezza dei bitcoin

Le procedure di viaggio sono importanti, ma c'è molto di più sulla sicurezza delle chiavi bitcoin. Non dimenticate di consultare le nostre guide sulle migliori pratiche per l'archiviazione delle frasi seminali, sui compromessi tra backup cartacei e backup metallici delle frasi seminali e, se utilizzate il multisig, sulla corretta sicurezza delle informazioni di configurazione del vostro portafoglio e sui principi di archiviazione delle frasi seminali nelle cassette di sicurezza.

Stephen Hall

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

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Help us all score some incredible bargains!

@ b804f68e:2fb0fa1f

The streak of writing consecutively on SN has come to an end after a successful 37 days. It’s a bit of a bummer since I had just set my next target to reach 90 days. However, this break in the streak sparked two thoughts that I felt were worth sharing.

The first thought comes from an explanation I heard a while back when I was working on breaking an unhealthy habit. I can’t remember who said it or how it was exactly worded, but the idea was that you don’t start all over again from zero when you lose a streak. You simply pick up from where you left off, and the effort and energy put into your previous streak continue to count as you build back up again. The person also emphasized the power of zooming out and looking at it over a year. As long as the total number of days you work on building (or breaking) a habit each year is more than the previous year, and continues to increase annually, you are heading in the right direction regardless of the consecutive streak. In the case of writing on SN, I’ve already written and posted 37 more days than I did the whole of last year. And I will continue to keep stacking those days of writing. So, if you recently lost a streak and are feeling down, don’t be. Chances are, compared to previous years, you’ve already done more or are well on your way to doing so!

The second point I wanted to bring up is the concept of quality over quantity. I absolutely believe in this concept, especially in the long term. However, I also think there’s a great advantage to focusing on quantity and getting your reps in. Think of it as quantity being preparation for quality. Eventually, we all want to emphasize quality and maintain it in whatever we do, but in the early stages of learning or practicing anything, there is value in quantity as well. In my case, writing consecutively on SN has helped me improve my writing skills, and because of the regular practice, the quality of my writing has gradually improved. As the number of reps increases, the quality begins to develop. And when the beneficial effects of quantity start to slow down, as tends to happen with the natural diminishing returns of focusing only on quantity, one can start focusing more on the quality of each rep. In the long run, I envision myself continuing to write either on SN, on my own blog, or maybe for some company, where the emphasis will be on quality over quantity. But for now, as I still have a lot of areas to improve in my writing ability, I will continue to prioritize getting my reps in and focus on quantity as a path to quality.

@ e6ce6154:275e3444

Este artigo foi censurado pelo estado e fomos obrigados a deletá-lo após ameaça de homens armados virem nos visitar e agredir nossa vida e propriedade.

Isto é mais uma prova que os autoproclamados antirracistas são piores que os racistas.

https://rothbardbrasil.com/pelo-direito-de-ser-racista-fascista-machista-e-homofobico

Segue artigo na íntegra. 👇

Sem dúvida, a escalada autoritária do totalitarismo cultural progressista nos últimos anos tem sido sumariamente deletéria e prejudicial para a liberdade de expressão. Como seria de se esperar, a cada dia que passa o autoritarismo progressista continua a se expandir de maneira irrefreável, prejudicando a liberdade dos indivíduos de formas cada vez mais deploráveis e contundentes.

Com a ascensão da tirania politicamente correta e sua invasão a todos os terrenos culturais, o autoritarismo progressista foi se alastrando e consolidando sua hegemonia em determinados segmentos. Com a eventual eclosão e a expansão da opressiva e despótica cultura do cancelamento — uma progênie inevitável do totalitarismo progressista —, todas as pessoas que manifestam opiniões, crenças ou posicionamentos que não estão alinhados com as pautas universitárias da moda tornam-se um alvo.

Há algumas semanas, vimos a enorme repercussão causada pelo caso envolvendo o jogador profissional de vôlei Maurício Sousa, que foi cancelado pelo simples fato de ter emitido sua opinião pessoal sobre um personagem de história em quadrinhos, Jon Kent, o novo Superman, que é bissexual. Maurício Sousa reprovou a conduta sexual do personagem, o que é um direito pessoal inalienável que ele tem. Ele não é obrigado a gostar ou aprovar a bissexualidade. Como qualquer pessoa, ele tem o direito pleno de criticar tudo aquilo que ele não gosta. No entanto, pelo simples fato de emitir a sua opinião pessoal, Maurício Sousa foi acusado de homofobia e teve seu contrato rescindido, sendo desligado do Minas Tênis Clube.

Lamentavelmente, Maurício Sousa não foi o primeiro e nem será o último indivíduo a sofrer com a opressiva e autoritária cultura do cancelamento. Como uma tirania cultural que está em plena ascensão e usufrui de um amplo apoio do establishment, essa nova forma de totalitarismo cultural colorido e festivo está se impondo de formas e maneiras bastante contundentes em praticamente todas as esferas da sociedade contemporânea. Sua intenção é relegar ao ostracismo todos aqueles que não se curvam ao totalitarismo progressista, criminalizando opiniões e crenças que divergem do culto à libertinagem hedonista pós-moderna. Oculto por trás de todo esse ativismo autoritário, o que temos de fato é uma profunda hostilidade por padrões morais tradicionalistas, cristãos e conservadores.

No entanto, é fundamental entendermos uma questão imperativa, que explica em partes o conflito aqui criado — todos os progressistas contemporâneos são crias oriundas do direito positivo. Por essa razão, eles jamais entenderão de forma pragmática e objetiva conceitos como criminalidade, direitos de propriedade, agressão e liberdade de expressão pela perspectiva do jusnaturalismo, que é manifestamente o direito em seu estado mais puro, correto, ético e equilibrado.

Pela ótica jusnaturalista, uma opinião é uma opinião. Ponto final. E absolutamente ninguém deve ser preso, cancelado, sabotado ou boicotado por expressar uma opinião particular sobre qualquer assunto. Palavras não agridem ninguém, portanto jamais poderiam ser consideradas um crime em si. Apenas deveriam ser tipificados como crimes agressões de caráter objetivo, como roubo, sequestro, fraude, extorsão, estupro e infrações similares, que representam uma ameaça direta à integridade física da vítima, ou que busquem subtrair alguma posse empregando a violência.

Infelizmente, a geração floquinho de neve — terrivelmente histérica, egocêntrica e sensível — fica profundamente ofendida e consternada sempre que alguém defende posicionamentos contrários à religião progressista. Por essa razão, os guerreiros da justiça social sinceramente acreditam que o papai-estado deve censurar todas as opiniões que eles não gostam de ouvir, assim como deve também criar leis para encarcerar todos aqueles que falam ou escrevem coisas que desagradam a militância.

Como a geração floquinho de neve foi criada para acreditar que todas as suas vontades pessoais e disposições ideológicas devem ser sumariamente atendidas pelo papai-estado, eles embarcaram em uma cruzada moral que pretende erradicar todas as coisas que são ofensivas à ideologia progressista; só assim eles poderão deflagrar na Terra o seu tão sonhado paraíso hedonista e igualitário, de inimaginável esplendor e felicidade.

Em virtude do seu comportamento intrinsecamente despótico, autoritário e egocêntrico, acaba sendo inevitável que militantes progressistas problematizem tudo aquilo que os desagrada.

Como são criaturas inúteis destituídas de ocupação real e verdadeiro sentido na vida, sendo oprimidas unicamente na sua própria imaginação, militantes progressistas precisam constantemente inventar novos vilões para serem combatidos.

Partindo dessa perspectiva, é natural para a militância que absolutamente tudo que exista no mundo e que não se enquadra com as regras autoritárias e restritivas da religião progressista seja encarado como um problema. Para a geração floquinho de neve, o capitalismo é um problema. O fascismo é um problema. A iniciativa privada é um problema. O homem branco, tradicionalista, conservador e heterossexual é um problema. A desigualdade é um problema. A liberdade é um problema. Monteiro Lobato é um problema (sim, até mesmo o renomado ícone da literatura brasileira, autor — entre outros títulos — de Urupês, foi vítima da cultura do cancelamento, acusado de ser racista e eugenista).

Para a esquerda, praticamente tudo é um problema. Na mentalidade da militância progressista, tudo é motivo para reclamação. Foi em função desse comportamento histérico, histriônico e infantil que o famoso pensador conservador-libertário americano P. J. O’Rourke afirmou que “o esquerdismo é uma filosofia de pirralhos chorões”. O que é uma verdade absoluta e irrefutável em todos os sentidos.

De fato, todas as filosofias de esquerda de forma geral são idealizações utópicas e infantis de um mundo perfeito. Enquanto o mundo não se transformar naquela colorida e vibrante utopia que é apresentada pela cartilha socialista padrão, militantes continuarão a reclamar contra tudo o que existe no mundo de forma agressiva, visceral e beligerante. Evidentemente, eles não vão fazer absolutamente nada de positivo ou construtivo para que o mundo se transforme no gracioso paraíso que eles tanto desejam ver consolidado, mas eles continuarão a berrar e vociferar muito em sua busca incessante pela utopia, marcando presença em passeatas inúteis ou combatendo o fascismo imaginário nas redes sociais.

Sem dúvida, estamos muito perto de ver leis absurdas e estúpidas sendo implementadas, para agradar a militância da terra colorida do assistencialismo eterno onde nada é escasso e tudo cai do céu. Em breve, você não poderá usar calças pretas, pois elas serão consideradas peças de vestuário excessivamente heterossexuais. Apenas calças amarelas ou coloridas serão permitidas. Você também terá que tingir de cor-de-rosa uma mecha do seu cabelo; pois preservar o seu cabelo na sua cor natural é heteronormativo demais da sua parte, sendo portanto um componente demasiadamente opressor da sociedade.

Você também não poderá ver filmes de guerra ou de ação, apenas comédias românticas, pois certos gêneros de filmes exaltam a violência do patriarcado e isso impede o mundo de se tornar uma graciosa festa colorida de fraternidades universitárias ungidas por pôneis resplandecentes, hedonismo infinito, vadiagem universitária e autogratificação psicodélica, que certamente são elementos indispensáveis para se produzir o paraíso na Terra.

Sabemos perfeitamente, no entanto, que dentre as atitudes “opressivas” que a militância progressista mais se empenha em combater, estão o racismo, o fascismo, o machismo e a homofobia. No entanto, é fundamental entender que ser racista, fascista, machista ou homofóbico não são crimes em si. Na prática, todos esses elementos são apenas traços de personalidade; e eles não podem ser pura e simplesmente criminalizados porque ideólogos e militantes progressistas iluminados não gostam deles.

Tanto pela ética quanto pela ótica jusnaturalista, é facilmente compreensível entender que esses traços de personalidade não podem ser criminalizados ou proibidos simplesmente porque integrantes de uma ideologia não tem nenhuma apreciação ou simpatia por eles. Da mesma forma, nenhum desses traços de personalidade representa em si um perigo para a sociedade, pelo simples fato de existir. Por incrível que pareça, até mesmo o machismo, o racismo, o fascismo e a homofobia merecem a devida apologia.

Mas vamos analisar cada um desses tópicos separadamente para entender isso melhor.

Racismo

Quando falamos no Japão, normalmente não fazemos nenhuma associação da sociedade japonesa com o racismo. No entanto, é incontestável o fato de que a sociedade japonesa pode ser considerada uma das sociedades mais racistas do mundo. E a verdade é que não há absolutamente nada de errado com isso.

Aproximadamente 97% da população do Japão é nativa; apenas 3% do componente populacional é constituído por estrangeiros (a população do Japão é estimada em aproximadamente 126 milhões de habitantes). Isso faz a sociedade japonesa ser uma das mais homogêneas do mundo. As autoridades japonesas reconhecidamente dificultam processos de seleção e aplicação a estrangeiros que desejam se tornar residentes. E a maioria dos japoneses aprova essa decisão.

Diversos estabelecimentos comerciais como hotéis, bares e restaurantes por todo o país tem placas na entrada que dizem “somente para japoneses” e a maioria destes estabelecimentos se recusa ostensivamente a atender ou aceitar clientes estrangeiros, não importa quão ricos ou abastados sejam.

Na Terra do Sol Nascente, a hostilidade e a desconfiança natural para com estrangeiros é tão grande que até mesmo indivíduos que nascem em algum outro país, mas são filhos de pais japoneses, não são considerados cidadãos plenamente japoneses.

Se estes indivíduos decidem sair do seu país de origem para se estabelecer no Japão — mesmo tendo descendência nipônica legítima e inquestionável —, eles enfrentarão uma discriminação social considerável, especialmente se não dominarem o idioma japonês de forma impecável. Esse fato mostra que a discriminação é uma parte tão indissociável quanto elementar da sociedade japonesa, e ela está tão profundamente arraigada à cultura nipônica que é praticamente impossível alterá-la ou atenuá-la por qualquer motivo.

A verdade é que — quando falamos de um país como o Japão — nem todos os discursos politicamente corretos do mundo, nem a histeria progressista ocidental mais inflamada poderão algum dia modificar, extirpar ou sequer atenuar o componente racista da cultura nipônica. E isso é consequência de uma questão tão simples quanto primordial: discriminar faz parte da natureza humana, sendo tanto um direito individual quanto um elemento cultural inerente à muitas nações do mundo. Os japoneses não tem problema algum em admitir ou institucionalizar o seu preconceito, justamente pelo fato de que a ideologia politicamente correta não tem no oriente a força e a presença que tem no ocidente.

E é fundamental enfatizar que, sendo de natureza pacífica — ou seja, não violando nem agredindo terceiros —, a discriminação é um recurso natural dos seres humanos, que está diretamente associada a questões como familiaridade e segurança.

Absolutamente ninguém deve ser forçado a apreciar ou integrar-se a raças, etnias, pessoas ou tribos que não lhe transmitem sentimentos de segurança ou familiaridade. Integração forçada é o verdadeiro crime, e isso diversos países europeus — principalmente os escandinavos (países que lideram o ranking de submissão à ideologia politicamente correta) — aprenderam da pior forma possível.

A integração forçada com imigrantes islâmicos resultou em ondas de assassinato, estupro e violência inimagináveis para diversos países europeus, até então civilizados, que a imprensa ocidental politicamente correta e a militância progressista estão permanentemente tentando esconder, porque não desejam que o ocidente descubra como a agenda “humanitária” de integração forçada dos povos muçulmanos em países do Velho Mundo resultou em algumas das piores chacinas e tragédias na história recente da Europa.

Ou seja, ao discriminarem estrangeiros, os japoneses estão apenas se protegendo e lutando para preservar sua nação como um ambiente cultural, étnico e social que lhe é seguro e familiar, assim se opondo a mudanças bruscas, indesejadas e antinaturais, que poderiam comprometer a estabilidade social do país.

A discriminação — sendo de natureza pacífica —, é benévola, salutar e indubitavelmente ajuda a manter a estabilidade social da comunidade. Toda e qualquer forma de integração forçada deve ser repudiada com veemência, pois, mais cedo ou mais tarde, ela irá subverter a ordem social vigente, e sempre será acompanhada de deploráveis e dramáticos resultados.

Para citar novamente os países escandinavos, a Suécia é um excelente exemplo do que não fazer. Tendo seguido o caminho contrário ao da discriminação racional praticada pela sociedade japonesa, atualmente a sociedade sueca — além de afundar de forma consistente na lama da libertinagem, da decadência e da deterioração progressista — sofre em demasia com os imigrantes muçulmanos, que foram deixados praticamente livres para matar, saquear, esquartejar e estuprar quem eles quiserem. Hoje, eles são praticamente intocáveis, visto que denunciá-los, desmoralizá-los ou acusá-los de qualquer crime é uma atitude politicamente incorreta e altamente reprovada pelo establishment progressista. A elite socialista sueca jamais se atreve a acusá-los de qualquer crime, pois temem ser classificados como xenófobos e intolerantes. Ou seja, a desgraça da Europa, sobretudo dos países escandinavos, foi não ter oferecido nenhuma resistência à ideologia progressista politicamente correta. Hoje, eles são totalmente submissos a ela.

O exemplo do Japão mostra, portanto — para além de qualquer dúvida —, a importância ética e prática da discriminação, que é perfeitamente aceitável e natural, sendo uma tendência inerente aos seres humanos, e portanto intrínseca a determinados comportamentos, sociedades e culturas.

Indo ainda mais longe nessa questão, devemos entender que na verdade todos nós discriminamos, e não existe absolutamente nada de errado nisso. Discriminar pessoas faz parte da natureza humana e quem se recusa a admitir esse fato é um hipócrita. Mulheres discriminam homens na hora de selecionar um parceiro; elas avaliam diversos quesitos, como altura, aparência, status social, condição financeira e carisma. E dentre suas opções, elas sempre escolherão o homem mais atraente, másculo e viril, em detrimento de todos os baixinhos, calvos, carentes, frágeis e inibidos que possam estar disponíveis. Da mesma forma, homens sempre terão preferência por mulheres jovens, atraentes e delicadas, em detrimento de todas as feministas de meia-idade, acima do peso, de cabelo pintado, que são mães solteiras e militantes socialistas. A própria militância progressista discrimina pessoas de forma virulenta e intransigente, como fica evidente no tratamento que dispensam a mulheres bolsonaristas e a negros de direita.

A verdade é que — não importa o nível de histeria da militância progressista — a discriminação é inerente à condição humana e um direito natural inalienável de todos. É parte indissociável da natureza humana e qualquer pessoa pode e deve exercer esse direito sempre que desejar. Não existe absolutamente nada de errado em discriminar pessoas. O problema real é a ideologia progressista e o autoritarismo politicamente correto, movimentos tirânicos que não respeitam o direito das pessoas de discriminar.

Fascismo

Quando falamos de fascismo, precisamos entender que, para a esquerda política, o fascismo é compreendido como um conceito completamente divorciado do seu significado original. Para um militante de esquerda, fascista é todo aquele que defende posicionamentos contrários ao progressismo, não se referindo necessariamente a um fascista clássico.

Mas, seja como for, é necessário entender que — como qualquer ideologia política — até mesmo o fascismo clássico tem o direito de existir e ocupar o seu devido lugar; portanto, fascistas não devem ser arbitrariamente censurados, apesar de defenderem conceitos que representam uma completa antítese de tudo aquilo que é valioso para os entusiastas da liberdade.

Em um país como o Brasil, onde socialistas e comunistas tem total liberdade para se expressar, defender suas ideologias e até mesmo formar partidos políticos, não faz absolutamente o menor sentido que fascistas — e até mesmo nazistas assumidos — sofram qualquer tipo de discriminação. Embora socialistas e comunistas se sintam moralmente superiores aos fascistas (ou a qualquer outra filosofia política ou escola de pensamento), sabemos perfeitamente que o seu senso de superioridade é fruto de uma pueril romantização universitária da sua própria ideologia. A história mostra efetivamente que o socialismo clássico e o comunismo causaram muito mais destruição do que o fascismo.

Portanto, se socialistas e comunistas tem total liberdade para se expressar, não existe a menor razão para que fascistas não usufruam dessa mesma liberdade.

É claro, nesse ponto, seremos invariavelmente confrontados por um oportuno dilema — o famoso paradoxo da intolerância, de Karl Popper. Até que ponto uma sociedade livre e tolerante deve tolerar a intolerância (inerente a ideologias totalitárias)?

As leis de propriedade privada resolveriam isso em uma sociedade livre. O mais importante a levarmos em consideração no atual contexto, no entanto — ao defender ou criticar uma determinada ideologia, filosofia ou escola de pensamento —, é entender que, seja ela qual for, ela tem o direito de existir. E todas as pessoas que a defendem tem o direito de defendê-la, da mesma maneira que todos os seus detratores tem o direito de criticá-la.

Essa é uma forte razão para jamais apoiarmos a censura. Muito pelo contrário, devemos repudiar com veemência e intransigência toda e qualquer forma de censura, especialmente a estatal.

Existem duas fortes razões para isso:

A primeira delas é a volatilidade da censura (especialmente a estatal). A censura oficial do governo, depois que é implementada, torna-se absolutamente incontrolável. Hoje, ela pode estar apontada para um grupo de pessoas cujas ideias divergem das suas. Mas amanhã, ela pode estar apontada justamente para as ideias que você defende. É fundamental, portanto, compreendermos que a censura estatal é incontrolável. Sob qualquer ponto de vista, é muito mais vantajoso que exista uma vasta pluralidade de ideias conflitantes na sociedade competindo entre si, do que o estado decidir que ideias podem ser difundidas ou não.

Além do mais, libertários e anarcocapitalistas não podem nunca esperar qualquer tipo de simpatia por parte das autoridades governamentais. Para o estado, seria infinitamente mais prático e vantajoso criminalizar o libertarianismo e o anarcocapitalismo — sob a alegação de que são filosofias perigosas difundidas por extremistas radicais que ameaçam o estado democrático de direito — do que o fascismo ou qualquer outra ideologia centralizada em governos burocráticos e onipotentes. Portanto, defender a censura, especialmente a estatal, representa sempre um perigo para o próprio indivíduo, que mais cedo ou mais tarde poderá ver a censura oficial do sistema se voltar contra ele.

Outra razão pela qual libertários jamais devem defender a censura, é porque — ao contrário dos estatistas — não é coerente que defensores da liberdade se comportem como se o estado fosse o seu papai e o governo fosse a sua mamãe. Não devemos terceirizar nossas próprias responsabilidades, tampouco devemos nos comportar como adultos infantilizados. Assumimos a responsabilidade de combater todas as ideologias e filosofias que agridem a liberdade e os seres humanos. Não procuramos políticos ou burocratas para executar essa tarefa por nós.

Portanto, se você ver um fascista sendo censurado nas redes sociais ou em qualquer outro lugar, assuma suas dores. Sinta-se compelido a defendê-lo, mostre aos seus detratores que ele tem todo direito de se expressar, como qualquer pessoa. Você não tem obrigação de concordar com ele ou apreciar as ideias que ele defende. Mas silenciar arbitrariamente qualquer pessoa não é uma pauta que honra a liberdade.

Se você não gosta de estado, planejamento central, burocracia, impostos, tarifas, políticas coletivistas, nacionalistas e desenvolvimentistas, mostre com argumentos coesos e convincentes porque a liberdade e o livre mercado são superiores a todos esses conceitos. Mas repudie a censura com intransigência e mordacidade.

Em primeiro lugar, porque você aprecia e defende a liberdade de expressão para todas as pessoas. E em segundo lugar, por entender perfeitamente que — se a censura eventualmente se tornar uma política de estado vigente entre a sociedade — é mais provável que ela atinja primeiro os defensores da liberdade do que os defensores do estado.

Machismo

Muitos elementos do comportamento masculino que hoje são atacados com virulência e considerados machistas pelo movimento progressista são na verdade manifestações naturais intrínsecas ao homem, que nossos avôs cultivaram ao longo de suas vidas sem serem recriminados por isso. Com a ascensão do feminismo, do progressismo e a eventual problematização do sexo masculino, o antagonismo militante dos principais líderes da revolução sexual da contracultura passou a naturalmente condenar todos os atributos genuinamente masculinos, por considerá-los símbolos de opressão e dominação social.

Apesar do Brasil ser uma sociedade liberal ultra-progressista, onde o estado protege mais as mulheres do que as crianças — afinal, a cada semana novas leis são implementadas concedendo inúmeros privilégios e benefícios às mulheres, aos quais elas jamais teriam direito em uma sociedade genuinamente machista e patriarcal —, a esquerda política persiste em tentar difundir a fantasia da opressão masculina e o mito de que vivemos em uma sociedade machista e patriarcal.

Como sempre, a realidade mostra um cenário muito diferente daquilo que é pregado pela militância da terra da fantasia. O Brasil atual não tem absolutamente nada de machista ou patriarcal. No Brasil, mulheres podem votar, podem ocupar posições de poder e autoridade tanto na esfera pública quanto em companhias privadas, podem se candidatar a cargos políticos, podem ser vereadoras, deputadas, governadoras, podem ser proprietárias do próprio negócio, podem se divorciar, podem dirigir, podem comprar armas, podem andar de biquíni nas praias, podem usar saias extremamente curtas, podem ver programas de televisão sobre sexo voltados única e exclusivamente para o público feminino, podem se casar com outras mulheres, podem ser promíscuas, podem consumir bebidas alcoólicas ao ponto da embriaguez, e podem fazer praticamente tudo aquilo que elas desejarem. No Brasil do século XXI, as mulheres são genuinamente livres para fazer as próprias escolhas em praticamente todos os aspectos de suas vidas. O que mostra efetivamente que a tal opressão do patriarcado não existe.

O liberalismo social extremo do qual as mulheres usufruem no Brasil atual — e que poderíamos estender a toda a sociedade contemporânea ocidental — é suficiente para desmantelar completamente a fábula feminista da sociedade patriarcal machista e opressora, que existe única e exclusivamente no mundinho de fantasias ideológicas da esquerda progressista.

Tão importante quanto, é fundamental compreender que nenhum homem é obrigado a levar o feminismo a sério ou considerá-lo um movimento social e político legítimo. Para um homem, ser considerado machista ou até mesmo assumir-se como um não deveria ser um problema. O progressismo e o feminismo — com o seu nefasto hábito de demonizar os homens, bem como todos os elementos inerentes ao comportamento e a cultura masculina — é que são o verdadeiro problema, conforme tentam modificar o homem para transformá-lo em algo que ele não é nem deveria ser: uma criatura dócil, passiva e submissa, que é comandada por ideologias hostis e antinaturais, que não respeitam a hierarquia de uma ordem social milenar e condições inerentes à própria natureza humana. Com o seu hábito de tentar modificar tudo através de leis e decretos, o feminismo e o progressismo mostram efetivamente que o seu real objetivo é criminalizar a masculinidade.

A verdade é que — usufruindo de um nível elevado de liberdades — não existe praticamente nada que a mulher brasileira do século XXI não possa fazer. Adicionalmente, o governo dá as mulheres uma quantidade tão avassaladora de vantagens, privilégios e benefícios, que está ficando cada vez mais difícil para elas encontrarem razões válidas para reclamarem da vida. Se o projeto de lei que pretende fornecer um auxílio mensal de mil e duzentos reais para mães solteiras for aprovado pelo senado, muitas mulheres que tem filhos não precisarão nem mesmo trabalhar para ter sustento. E tantas outras procurarão engravidar, para ter direito a receber uma mesada mensal do governo até o seu filho completar a maioridade.

O que a militância colorida da terra da fantasia convenientemente ignora — pois a realidade nunca corresponde ao seu conto de fadas ideológico — é que o mundo de uma forma geral continua sendo muito mais implacável com os homens do que é com as mulheres. No Brasil, a esmagadora maioria dos suicídios é praticada por homens, a maioria das vítimas de homicídio são homens e de cada quatro moradores de rua, três são homens. Mas é evidente que uma sociedade liberal ultra-progressista não se importa com os homens, pois ela não é influenciada por fatos concretos ou pela realidade. Seu objetivo é simplesmente atender as disposições de uma agenda ideológica, não importa quão divorciadas da realidade elas são.

O nível exacerbado de liberdades sociais e privilégios governamentais dos quais as mulheres brasileiras usufruem é suficiente para destruir a fantasiosa fábula da sociedade machista, opressora e patriarcal. Se as mulheres brasileiras não estão felizes, a culpa definitivamente não é dos homens. Se a vasta profusão de liberdades, privilégios e benefícios da sociedade ocidental não as deixa plenamente saciadas e satisfeitas, elas podem sempre mudar de ares e tentar uma vida mais abnegada e espartana em países como Irã, Paquistão ou Afeganistão. Quem sabe assim elas não se sentirão melhores e mais realizadas?

Homofobia

Quando falamos em homofobia, entramos em uma categoria muito parecida com a do racismo: o direito de discriminação é totalmente válido. Absolutamente ninguém deve ser obrigado a aceitar homossexuais ou considerar o homossexualismo como algo normal. Sendo cristão, não existe nem sequer a mais vaga possibilidade de que algum dia eu venha a aceitar o homossexualismo como algo natural. O homossexualismo se qualifica como um grave desvio de conduta e um pecado contra o Criador.

A Bíblia proíbe terminantemente conduta sexual imoral, o que — além do homossexualismo — inclui adultério, fornicação, incesto e bestialidade, entre outras formas igualmente pérfidas de degradação.

Segue abaixo três passagens bíblicas que proíbem terminantemente a conduta homossexual:

“Não te deitarás com um homem como se deita com uma mulher. Isso é abominável!” (Levítico 18:22 — King James Atualizada)

“Se um homem se deitar com outro homem, como se deita com mulher, ambos terão praticado abominação; certamente serão mortos; o seu sangue estará sobre eles.” (Levítico 20:13 — João Ferreira de Almeida Atualizada)

“O quê! Não sabeis que os injustos não herdarão o reino de Deus? Não sejais desencaminhados. Nem fornicadores, nem idólatras, nem adúlteros, nem homens mantidos para propósitos desnaturais, nem homens que se deitam com homens, nem ladrões, nem gananciosos, nem beberrões, nem injuriadores, nem extorsores herdarão o reino de Deus.” (1 Coríntios 6:9,10 —Tradução do Novo Mundo das Escrituras Sagradas com Referências)

Se você não é religioso, pode simplesmente levar em consideração o argumento do respeito pela ordem natural. A ordem natural é incondicional e incisiva com relação a uma questão: o complemento de tudo o que existe é o seu oposto, não o seu igual. O complemento do dia é a noite, o complemento da luz é a escuridão, o complemento da água, que é líquida, é a terra, que é sólida. E como sabemos o complemento do macho — de sua respectiva espécie — é a fêmea.

Portanto, o complemento do homem, o macho da espécie humana, é naturalmente a mulher, a fêmea da espécie humana. Um homem e uma mulher podem naturalmente se reproduzir, porque são um complemento biológico natural. Por outro lado, um homem e outro homem são incapazes de se reproduzir, assim como uma mulher e outra mulher.

Infelizmente, o mundo atual está longe de aceitar como plenamente estabelecida a ordem natural pelo simples fato dela existir, visto que tentam subvertê-la a qualquer custo, não importa o malabarismo intelectual que tenham que fazer para justificar os seus pontos de vista distorcidos e antinaturais. A libertinagem irrefreável e a imoralidade bestial do mundo contemporâneo pós-moderno não reconhecem nenhum tipo de limite. Quem tenta restabelecer princípios morais salutares é imediatamente considerado um vilão retrógrado e repressivo, sendo ativamente demonizado pela militância do hedonismo, da luxúria e da licenciosidade desenfreada e sem limites.

Definitivamente, fazer a apologia da moralidade, do autocontrole e do autodomínio não faz nenhum sucesso na Sodoma e Gomorra global dos dias atuais. O que faz sucesso é lacração, devassidão, promiscuidade e prazeres carnais vazios. O famoso escritor e filósofo francês Albert Camus expressou uma verdade contundente quando disse: “Uma só frase lhe bastará para definir o homem moderno — fornicava e lia jornais”.

Qualquer indivíduo tem o direito inalienável de discriminar ativamente homossexuais, pelo direito que ele julgar mais pertinente no seu caso. A objeção de consciência para qualquer situação é um direito natural dos indivíduos. Há alguns anos, um caso que aconteceu nos Estados Unidos ganhou enorme repercussão internacional, quando o confeiteiro Jack Phillips se recusou a fazer um bolo de casamento para o “casal” homossexual Dave Mullins e Charlie Craig.

Uma representação dos direitos civis do estado do Colorado abriu um inquérito contra o confeiteiro, alegando que ele deveria ser obrigado a atender todos os clientes, independente da orientação sexual, raça ou crença. Preste atenção nas palavras usadas — ele deveria ser obrigado a atender.

Como se recusou bravamente a ceder, o caso foi parar invariavelmente na Suprema Corte, que decidiu por sete a dois em favor de Jack Phillips, sob a alegação de que obrigar o confeiteiro a atender o “casal” homossexual era uma violação nefasta dos seus princípios religiosos. Felizmente, esse foi um caso em que a liberdade prevaleceu sobre a tirania progressista.

Evidentemente, homossexuais não devem ser agredidos, ofendidos, internados em clínicas contra a sua vontade, nem devem ser constrangidos em suas liberdades pelo fato de serem homossexuais. O que eles precisam entender é que a liberdade é uma via de mão dupla. Eles podem ter liberdade para adotar a conduta que desejarem e fazer o que quiserem (contanto que não agridam ninguém), mas da mesma forma, é fundamental respeitar e preservar a liberdade de terceiros que desejam rejeitá-los pacificamente, pelo motivo que for.

Afinal, ninguém tem a menor obrigação de aceitá-los, atendê-los ou sequer pensar que uma união estável entre duas pessoas do mesmo sexo — incapaz de gerar descendentes, e, portanto, antinatural — deva ser considerado um matrimônio de verdade. Absolutamente nenhuma pessoa, ideia, movimento, crença ou ideologia usufrui de plena unanimidade no mundo. Por que o homossexualismo deveria ter tal privilégio?

Homossexuais não são portadores de uma verdade definitiva, absoluta e indiscutível, que está acima da humanidade. São seres humanos comuns que — na melhor das hipóteses —, levam um estilo de vida que pode ser considerado “alternativo”, e absolutamente ninguém tem a obrigação de considerar esse estilo de vida normal ou aceitável. A única obrigação das pessoas é não interferir, e isso não implica uma obrigação em aceitar.

Discriminar homossexuais (assim como pessoas de qualquer outro grupo, raça, religião, nacionalidade ou etnia) é um direito natural por parte de todos aqueles que desejam exercer esse direito. E isso nem o direito positivo nem a militância progressista poderão algum dia alterar ou subverter. O direito natural e a inclinação inerente dos seres humanos em atender às suas próprias disposições é simplesmente imutável e faz parte do seu conjunto de necessidades.

Conclusão

A militância progressista é absurdamente autoritária, e todas as suas estratégias e disposições ideológicas mostram que ela está em uma guerra permanente contra a ordem natural, contra a liberdade e principalmente contra o homem branco, cristão, conservador e tradicionalista — possivelmente, aquilo que ela mais odeia e despreza.

Nós não podemos, no entanto, ceder ou dar espaço para a agenda progressista, tampouco pensar em considerar como sendo normais todas as pautas abusivas e tirânicas que a militância pretende estabelecer como sendo perfeitamente razoáveis e aceitáveis, quer a sociedade aceite isso ou não. Afinal, conforme formos cedendo, o progressismo tirânico e totalitário tende a ganhar cada vez mais espaço.

Quanto mais espaço o progressismo conquistar, mais corroída será a liberdade e mais impulso ganhará o totalitarismo. Com isso, a cultura do cancelamento vai acabar com carreiras, profissões e com o sustento de muitas pessoas, pelo simples fato de que elas discordam das pautas universitárias da moda.

A história mostra perfeitamente que quanto mais liberdade uma sociedade tem, mais progresso ela atinge. Por outro lado, quanto mais autoritária ela for, mais retrocessos ela sofrerá. O autoritarismo se combate com liberdade, desafiando as pautas de todos aqueles que persistem em implementar a tirania na sociedade. O politicamente correto é o nazismo dos costumes, que pretende subverter a moral através de uma cultura de vigilância policial despótica e autoritária, para que toda a sociedade seja subjugada pela agenda totalitária progressista.

Pois quanto a nós, precisamos continuar travando o bom combate em nome da liberdade. E isso inclui reconhecer que ideologias, hábitos e costumes de que não gostamos tem o direito de existir e até mesmo de serem defendidos.

@ 52387c6b:49dbdfb2

Chef's notes

Easy start to the day, can also put some Woostr in your Bloody Mary. Perfect for washing down the toast. Breakfast of champions. If you have some sharp cheddar you can melt this on the toast, altho this may prove too complex for the average bloke, just an option. Be mindful this will add significant prep and cook time. 2-3 minutes

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 30 sec
• 🍳 Cook time: 2 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 1

Ingredients

• 2 slices of bread
• Butter
• Woostr sauce
• Bloody Mary

Directions

1. Toast bread to your liking, lather a dollop of butter on. Criss cross the toast with a butter knife ( so the woostr dont roll off) and then drizzle on woostr.

@ 7308f407:94057dcf

Chef's notes

This recipe is from a YouTube video that my mom sent to me because she wanted to try it. I made the recipe for my family once, and it was a success. We made Birria bowls, Birria nachos, Quesatacos (crispy tacos filled with cheese, birria, cilantro, onion and Salsa Macha.) I have been using this recipe for the last three years.

The YouTube title is "BIRRIA ESTILO TIJUANA en la birriería 'EL HOMMIE'". https://youtu.be/zAn8iM8dR14?si=gdYKBPyqyX13bwyo

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: The prep time for the recipe involves several steps, including preparing the vegetables, roasting and preparing the chiles, blending the ingredients, and straining the sauce. Here's a rough estimate of the prep time: Preparing vegetables and chiles (cutting, roasting, and removing seeds): 15 minutes Blending and straining the sauce: 10 minutes Mixing ingredients and initial setup for cooking the meat: 10-15 minutes Overall, the estimated prep time is now approximately 35-40 minutes.
• 🍳 Cook time: The cooking time for the recipe involves several steps: Boiling the sauce: 20 minutes Cooking the meat in the broth: 4-8 hours (The cooking time for the meat in the broth depends on how small or big you cut the meat before cooking.) Additional steps such as cooking down the fat (if using for Quesatacos): 20 minutes Overall, the estimated cooking time is approximately 4 hours and 40 minutes to 8 hours and 40 minutes.
• 🍽️ Servings: This recipe typically serves approximately 8-10 people +, depending on how much meat each person eats or how many tacos you make.

Ingredients

• 24 Guajillo chiles
• 17 Pasilla chiles
• 1 large onion
• Water (to boil dry chiles)
• 5 cloves
• 2 bay leaves
• 3 tablespoons salt
• 5 garlic cloves
• Salt to taste
• Ingredients for Cooking Birria:
• 1/2 bunch cilantro
• 10 tablespoons dried oregano
• 2 teaspoons dried thyme
• 1 + 1/2 tablespoons ground black pepper
• 2 tablespoons ground cumin
• 6 cups water
• Adobo sauce (from dry chiles listed above)

Directions

1. Adobo Sauce Preparation:
2. To prepare the vegetables for the Adobo sauce, cut the tomatoes into halves. Next, cut the white onion into quarters.
3. Remove the stem and seeds from the dried peppers. Roast the ancho and guajillo chiles for a couple of seconds on each side.
4. In a medium/large pot, turn the heat to medium. Add water, chiles, onion, tomatoes, five garlic cloves, five cloves, and two bay leaves along with three tablespoons of salt.
5. As some of the vegetables and spices boil, blend the ingredients from the pot. Once combined, add them back to the pot and merge the next batch.
6. Remove the bay leaves to prevent them from blending into the sauce.
7. Once all ingredients are blended, boil the sauce for 20 minutes, removing the foam that rises to the surface. Cooking the sauce down allows the tomatoes to break down and develop a great taste with the spices.
8. After the sauce is finished cooking, use a large bowl and metal strainer to strain the sauce, removing the pepper seeds and any remnants of the tomato.
9. Meat Preparation:
10. In a large pot, add the meat along with 1/2 bunch of cilantro, ten tablespoons of dried oregano, two teaspoons of dried thyme, 1 1/2 teaspoons of ground black pepper, two tablespoons of ground cumin, six cups of water, and the Adobo sauce you previously made.
11. Mix all ingredients in the pot to ensure the Adobo sauce is evenly dispersed.
12. Cook on high heat until it begins to boil. Once boiling, stir the ingredients, cover with a lid, and set to the lowest heat setting on the stove. Cook for about 4-8 hours with the lid on.
13. After the cooking time, verify that the meat is tender by using a fork to cut through. If the meat is not tender enough, add more time to cook on low.
14. If the meat is to your desired consistency, remove it to another bowl. Allow the meat to cool down if you are shredding it by hand. If not, keep it aside to add back to the pot once the broth is strained. You can also chop the meat using a knife to break it down into smaller pieces.
15. Remove the cilantro and discard it along with any other unwanted parts from the broth.
16. Remove the fat from the broth into a bowl and keep it aside if you would like to use it for Quesatacos.
17. If using the fat from the broth, cook it down on medium heat for about 20 minutes. This breaks down the fat from a solid to a liquid. After cooking, strain the fat to separate the solids from the liquid.
18. Strain all sauce using a metal strainer.
19. Leave some sauce on the side if you are making beans with the broth (about 12 cups).
20. Once the broth is strained, add the meat back into the pot.
21. Ready to serve with meat in its broth, as Quesatacos, or however you would like to enjoy the Birria.

@ deab79da:88579e68

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 30 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 20-30 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 1 lb cod fillets
• 1/4 cup butter
• 1/4 cup white flour
• 1 1/4 cups milk
• 1 tsp salt
• pepper to taste
• 1 small onion
• 1 carrot
• 3 celery stalks
• 1/2 cup breadcrumbs
• 1/2 cup shredded old cheddar

Directions

1. Preheat oven to 375F. Place cod in a greased baking dish.
2. Make the white sauce in a heavy saucepan. Melt the butter over medium heat and stir in the flour until smooth. Remove from heat and slowly stir in half of the milk, then return to heat and beat until smooth and shiny.
3. Gradually add the remaining milk, followed by salt, pepper, and your vegetables. Cook until sauce is smooth & thickened.
4. Pour sauce over the fish, and sprinkle breadcrumbs and cheese over the top.
5. Bake, uncovered for 20-30 minutes until sauce bubbles and the cheese begins to brown. Let rest 10 minutes after cooking completes.

@ 3bf0c63f:aefa459d

Bitcoin transactions explained

A transaction is a piece of data that takes inputs and produces outputs. Forget about the blockchain thing, Bitcoin is actually just a big tree of transactions. The blockchain is just a way to keep transactions ordered.

Imagine you have 10 satoshis. That means you have them in an unspent transaction output (UTXO). You want to spend them, so you create a transaction. The transaction should reference unspent outputs as its inputs. Every transaction has an immutable id, so you use that id plus the index of the output (because transactions can have multiple outputs). Then you specify a script that unlocks that transaction and related signatures, then you specify outputs along with a script that locks these outputs.

As you can see, there's this lock/unlocking thing and there are inputs and outputs. Inputs must be unlocked by fulfilling the conditions specified by the person who created the transaction they're in. And outputs must be locked so anyone wanting to spend those outputs will need to unlock them.

For most of the cases locking and unlocking means specifying a public key whose controller (the person who has the corresponding private key) will be able to spend. Other fancy things are possible too, but we can ignore them for now.

Back to the 10 satoshis you want to spend. Since you've successfully referenced 10 satoshis and unlocked them, now you can specify the outputs (this is all done in a single step). You can specify one output of 10 satoshis, two of 5, one of 3 and one of 7, three of 3 and so on. The sum of outputs can't be more than 10. And if the sum of outputs is less than 10 the difference goes to fees. In the first days of Bitcoin you didn't need any fees, but now you do, otherwise your transaction won't be included in any block.

If you're still interested in transactions maybe you could take a look at this small chapter of that Andreas Antonopoulos book.

If you hate Andreas Antonopoulos because he is a communist shitcoiner or don't want to read more than half a page, go here: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Coin_analogy

@ deab79da:88579e68

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 30 min
• 🍳 Cook time: ~20 min

Ingredients

• 4 boneless skinless chicken breast
• 1 small onion
• 1-3 jalapeno pepper, to taste
• 1/2 cup soy sauce
• 1/2 cup pineapple juice
• 1/4 cup olive oil
• 1/4 cup apple cider vinegar
• Juice of 1 lime
• 1 tsp honey
• 2 cloves garlic, minced
• 1/2 tsp ground nutmeg
• 1/2 tsp ground ginger
• 1/2 tsp allspice
• 1/2 tsp red pepper flakes
• small bunch of fresh cilantro
• Salt & Pepper

Directions

1. Put all of the ingredients, except the chicken breast, in a blender and blend until smooth
2. Let the chicken marinate ine the mixture for several hours, or overnight
3. Best cooked on a charcoal or gas grill. In a pinch, medium heat in a saute pan will do.
4. Remove the chicken from the marinade and grill or saute until cooked through. While the chicken is cooking, place the remaining marinade in a small saucepan and bring to a boil. Simmer for 5 minutes.
5. When the chicken is cooked, allow to rest for 5 minutes. Before serving brush the chicken with the remaining glaze. Serve with your favorite seasonal vegetables.

@ 6389be64:ef439d32

Lynn Margulis suggests that evolving life is predicated upon the cooperation of cells and not competition. Symbiosis, not mutation, drives evolution by transferring whole genes from cell to cell instead of random point mutations in organisms' basic instruction set.

What if developers of Bitcoin, nostr, etc. reject (for the time being) modern market competition and embrace collaboration? Forming companies for profit seem to be flashing a target for regulatory pressures at this time.

@ deab79da:88579e68

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 10 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 50 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 6

Ingredients

• 4 large eggs
• 3/4 cup granulated sugar
• 3 cups milk
• 1 cup heavy whipping cream
• 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
• 1 1/2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
• 3 cups cooked rice , cooled
• 1 cup raisins

Directions

1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F.
2. Beat the eggs and sugar together. Slowly pour in the milk and cream and mix well.
3. Add the vanilla and cinnamon and mix well. Add the rice and raisins and stir to combine.
4. Pour mixture into a greased casserole dish. Any oven-safe dish will work--you can use one pan to bake at least 9x9'' or bigger, or smaller individualized serving dishes.
5. Place the filled casserole dish inside a larger, oven-proof dish. Add about 2 inches of water to the larger pan (or enough to fill about halfway up the side of the rice pudding dish). This method will help the pudding to have a custard texture.
6. If using a 9x9'' or slightly larger pan, bake for 40-50 minutes or until the top has set (It's okay if it jiggles just slightly). Serve warm.
7. Leftovers store well in the refrigerator for up to 5 days.

@ 6aadf4c9:b5ae0fd1

Chef's notes

The viral TikTok spaghetti squash recipe that everybody loves! It is super tasty, light and low carb.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20 mins
• 🍳 Cook time: 1 hour and 5 mins
• 🍽️ Servings: 2

Ingredients

• Squash
• Ground turkey
• Onion
• Spinach
• Tomatoes
• Boursin Cheese
• Mozzerella Cheese
• Heavy whipping Cream
• olive oil
• Butter
• Green pepper
• Garlic

Directions

1. Preheat the oven to 425°F
2. Cut the squash in half, drizzle olive oil and use a pastry brush to spread it around. Season with salt, pepper, onion, garlic powder, oregano and parsley
3. Bake the oven for 1 hour
4. Slice some onions, green pepper, tomatoes, and garlic. Sautee in a pan with butter and olive oil
5. Add heavy whipping cream, boursin cheese and stir
6. Add the mozzerella cheese and the cooked ground turkey or your meat of choice
7. Bring the squash out of the oven, use a fork to pull apart the squash to form spaghetti
8. Add your sauce into the spaghetti squash boat
9. Top it with some mozzerella cheese and leave in oven for about 3mins on broil to melt the cheese
10. Serve and Enjoy!

@ 000002de:c05780a7

Our old WEF buddy is at it again on this bitcoin is a system of distrust thing. He talked about this before but goes into more detail about his thinking here.

You can watch the video here without visiting Twitter

When I say that Bitcoin is a currency of distrust, I'm just repeating what Bitcoin fans themselves say. There may be good reasons not to trust the banks and governments that create dollars, yens, and other currencies – but that doesn’t change the fact that the preference for Bitcoin is based on distrust of human institutions. Why is this an alarming development? Because the whole purpose of money is to create trust between strangers. Financial devices like currencies, bonds and shares – 90% of which are just data in computers – build trust between millions of strangers, who can then pool their knowledge and resources together, and cooperate. Humans control the world because we learned to do this. If we now lose trust in human institutions, this will limit the amount of money and handicap economic activity and cooperation. I hope that humanity finds a way to build trustworthy human institutions, instead of adopting technologies of distrust..

@ 7ff2dcb0:c36d340b

Chef's notes

You can never go wrong with a chicken sandwich. Enjoy this twist on the Ceaser Wrap inspired by Rachaell's Recipes. Just to mention, Rachaell uses a tortilla press to get her cutlets to be flat. If you have one that's great but I just make sure to cut the chicken breast very thin, about a cm thick as if I'm fileting it lol.

This is a sandwich I saw on TikTok a while ago and finally decided to make it. Credits to Rachaell's Recipes https://www.rachaellsrecipes.com/. I have it at least once a week now and honestly don't plan on stopping anytime soon. The proper name of this recipe is The Crunchy Chicken Ceasar Salad. Hope you enjoy it as much as I do.

The garlic and herb butter you will make in this recipe is my favorite part of the sandwich. This step takes the longest so I recommend doing it first. Spreading it on the bread and toasting it adds a burst of flavor. Personally, I put the bread in the oven on HI broil for about 4 minutes but you can always toast it on the stovetop.

I mention in the recipe you can use your dressing of choice because Rachaell suggests Ceasar dressing but I like mine better with avocado dressing.

Last note, when breading the chicken it is important to add a little water to the dressing you choose if it's a regular thick dressing. If you you run the risk of your chicken having mushy breading in the middle and no one likes that. Enjoy!

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 10 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 25 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 4 sub rolls
• 1 chicken breats, pounded flat or cut flat
• 2 hearts of romaine lettuce, cleaned, dried, and chopped
• Freshly grated Parmesan cheese
• Juice of 1 lemon
• Dressing of choice, plus 1/2 cup for the breading mixture
• Breadcrumbs or panko for breading
• Flour for dredging
• Oil of choice for frying
• 2 whole heads of garlic, roasted
• 1 tablespoon of chopped parsley
• 8 tablespoons of unsalted butter, softened
• 1/8 cup of freshly grated Parmesan cheese
• Salt and pepper to taste

Directions

1. Prepare the Garlic Butter and Sub Rolls: Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C). Mix all ingredients for the garlic butter in a small bowl. Set aside. Cut the sub rolls open, slightly hollow them out, and spread the garlic butter inside, topping with extra grated Parmesan. Arrange on a baking sheet, open side up, and bake for 10-15 minutes until golden. For a crunchier top, broil on high for 2-3 minutes.
2. Bread and Fry the Chicken: Set up a breading station with three parts: flour, dressing of choice mixed with a little water, and breadcrumbs. Dredge each chicken cutlet in flour, dip in the dressing mixture, then coat in breadcrumbs. Heat avocado oil in a large pan over medium heat (test heat by dropping a breadcrumb in; if it sizzles, it’s ready). Fry cutlets until golden on each side and then drain on paper towels.
3. Assemble the Salad: Toss the chopped romaine with Caesar dressing, fresh lemon juice, and extra Parmesan for enhanced flavor.
4. Making the Garlic Butter Spread: Take the roasted garlic heads, squeeze the garlic out of its peel into the softened 8 tablespoons of butter. Add the teaspoon of freshly chopped parsley. Mix well.
5. Assemble the Subs: Build each sub with a crunchy roll, fried cutlet, dressed salad, and a sprinkle of Parmesan cheese.

@ 82100056:e198089f

++Intro++

The way in which the value of a bond interacts with interest rates seems counter-intuitive to many of us. This article will briefly explain how the bond market works in conjunction with interest rates.

Definitions

Interest rate: The cost of borrowing money/the reward for lending/saving money.

Bond: Fixed income investment that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower, usually by a business or the government. The issuer must pay back the face value of the loan on a specific date, as well as a periodic interest payment.

Bond price/value: What an investor is willing to pay for an existing bond based on its future cash flows.

Face value: The initial price of the bond.

Secondary market: Where previously issued bonds are bought and sold on a market (rather than directly from the issuer).

++Bonds and interest rates++

Bonds have an inverse relationship to interest rates. When interest rates rise, the value of a bond will fall. Equally, when interest rates fall, the value of a bond will rise.

When interest rates rise, new bonds are issued at the higher rates. This makes the old bonds with lower rates less attractive because the rate of return is lower.

For example, let’s say you buy a bond at face value when interest rates are at 4%. Then interest rate rises to 5%. All else being equal, the newly issued bond paying 5% is worth more than the previously issued bonds paying 4%. And vice-versa. If you wanted to sell your 4% bond on the secondary market, you would have to lower the price to make up for the 1% difference in yield. Otherwise, why would someone buy something that yields 4% when they can earn 5% on their cash?

Investors who plan to hold their bond until maturity don’t necessarily need to worry about fluctuations in bond prices on the secondary market. Providing there is not a default, they will be repaid their principal in full at maturity, in addition to the interest rate.

++Conclusion ++

To summarise, bond prices decrease when interest rates rise to adjust the yield of the existing bonds with new market rates. This allows existing bonds to remain competitive with newly issued bonds.

There is of course a lot more to bond markets than has been outlined above but hopefully this article has helps to explain the relationship between bonds and interest rates.

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

Hey stackers, let’s lay down your unique and unusual offerings. Unveil the unexpected!

Need a hand? Check our guides… What hidden gems do y'all have up for sale? Let's rustle up some dusted serendipitous in the ~AGORA
marketplace.


---

Click any link👇below to start! [⚖️ SELL] - [🛒 BUY] - [🧑‍💻 HIRE] - [🖇 OFFER] - [🧑‍⚖️ AUCTION] - [🤝 SWAP] - [🆓 FREE] - [⭐ REVIEW]

@ 32e18276:5c68e245

Hey Damus enjoyers,

v1.8 has been tagged! Today we submitted v1.8 to the App Store, Here's a quick preview of what's in this release!

New Emoji Selector

It's now easier than ever to select emoji reactions! Just long press the reaction button to pop-up the new emoji selector. Thanks Terry for implementing this!

Quote Reposts

Quote reposts are now listed on posts, just like on the birdsite (x site ?)

New fullscreen video player

Our video controls were pretty bad before, this has been improved in this version! You can now seek videos, view them fullscreen, and airplay them to your tv. Thanks Daniel for this feature!

Improved longform style

Longform posts now show the image and related tags. Thanks Eric!

Account recovery, bug fixes

Thread loading is greatly improved, we now support the latest nip10 specification for improved compatibility between clients. We also added an account recovery feature called First Aid. You can use this to create a new contact list if for whatever reason you don't have one anymore. If you are running into issues following people, you can use this to recover your account:

Testflight

v1.9 dev is underway, with an up and coming highlighter feature where you can clip highlights from the web and other posts and share them to your feed. If you want to test out the latest up and coming features, make sure to grab a damus purple membership to get access!

https://damus.io/purple/login

That's all for now, here's the full changelog if you want to see what else is new!

Full Changelog

Added

• Added nip10 marker replies (William Casarin)
• Add marker nip10 support when reading notes (William Casarin)
• Added title image and tags to longform events (ericholguin)
• Add First Aid solution for users who do not have a contact list created for their account (Daniel D’Aquino)
• Relay fees metadata (ericholguin)
• Added callbackuri for a better ux when connecting mutiny wallet nwc (ericholguin)
• Add event content preview to the full screen carousel (Daniel D’Aquino)
• Show list of quoted reposts in threads (William Casarin)
• Proxy Tags are now viewable on Selected Events (ericholguin)
• Add ability to mute words, add new mutelist interface (Charlie)
• Add ability to mute hashtag from SearchView (Charlie Fish)

Changed

• Change reactions to use a native looking emoji picker (Terry Yiu)
• Relay detail design (ericholguin)
• Updated Zeus logo (ericholguin)
• Improve UX around video playback (Daniel D’Aquino)
• Moved paste nwc button to main wallet view (ericholguin)
• Errors with an NWC will show as an alert (ericholguin)
• Relay config view user interface (ericholguin)
• Always strip GPS data from images (kernelkind)

Fixed

• Fix thread bug where a quote isn't picked up as a reply (William Casarin)
• Fixed threads not loading sometimes (William Casarin)
• Fixed issue where some replies were including the q tag (William Casarin)
• Fixed issue where timeline was scrolling when it isn't supposed to (William Casarin)
• Fix issue where bootstrap relays would inadvertently be added to the user's list on connectivity issues (Daniel D’Aquino)
• Fix broken GIF uploads (Daniel D’Aquino)
• Fix ghost notifications caused by Purple impending expiration notifications (Daniel D’Aquino)
• Improve reliability of contact list creation during onboarding (Daniel D’Aquino)
• Fix emoji reactions being cut off (ericholguin)
• Fix image indicators to limit number of dots to not spill screen beyond visible margins (ericholguin)
• Fix bug that would cause connection issues with relays defined with a trailing slash URL, and an inability to delete them. (Daniel D’Aquino)
• Issue where NWC Scanner view would not dismiss after a failed scan/paste (ericholguin)

@ d0b327c6:1ae748c2

Tradotto dall’originale di Friedrich A. Hayek - pubblicato il 1 mag 1996

Se volete imparare il più possibile sull'economia da un solo articolo, leggete “L'uso della conoscenza nella società” di Friedrich A. Hayek, pubblicato nel numero di settembre 1945 della American Economic Review. In primo luogo, nessun altro articolo spiega il problema economico con la stessa chiarezza. In secondo luogo, nessuno fornisce una migliore comprensione della superiorità delle economie di mercato. In terzo luogo, espone una delle più deplorevoli fallacie dell'approccio standard all'insegnamento dell'economia. Infine, getta un riflettore sulla pericolosa ignoranza della pianificazione economica.

Hayek sottolinea che un'allocazione sensata di risorse scarse richiede conoscenze disperse tra molte persone, senza che nessun individuo o gruppo di esperti sia in grado di acquisirle tutte. Un processo decisionale economico informato richiede che le persone possano agire sulla base delle informazioni di “tempo e luogo” che solo loro possiedono, fornendo al contempo un sistema di comunicazione che ci motivi e ci informi su come farlo al meglio. Gli scambi di mercato e i prezzi generano le informazioni e la motivazione. Eppure agli studenti di economia viene sempre insegnato che il mercato funziona correttamente solo se tutti i partecipanti hanno una conoscenza perfetta. Si tratta di un'assurdità, come spiega Hayek. Se tutti avessero una conoscenza perfetta, le ragioni del mercato scomparirebbero in gran parte. Il mercato è essenziale proprio perché permette alle persone di beneficiare di una conoscenza ampiamente dispersa quando nessuno possiede più del più piccolo frammento di quella conoscenza, nemmeno i pianificatori governativi. Ogni volta che un piano governativo limita lo scambio di mercato, l'ignoranza viene sostituita dalla conoscenza.

Leggete l'articolo di Hayek e affronterete le vostre letture future con una prospettiva più informata su ciò che riguarda l'economia.

~ Dwight Lee

---

I

Qual è il problema che vogliamo risolvere quando cerchiamo di costruire un ordine economico razionale? In base ad alcuni presupposti noti, la risposta è abbastanza semplice. Se possediamo tutte le informazioni rilevanti, se possiamo partire da un sistema di preferenze dato e se abbiamo una conoscenza completa dei mezzi disponibili, il problema che rimane è puramente logico. Cioè, la risposta alla domanda su quale sia l'uso migliore dei mezzi disponibili è implicita nelle nostre ipotesi. Le condizioni che la soluzione di questo problema ottimale deve soddisfare sono state elaborate in modo esauriente e possono essere enunciate al meglio in forma matematica: in sintesi, esse consistono nel fatto che i tassi marginali di sostituzione tra due merci o fattori devono essere gli stessi in tutti i loro diversi usi.

Questo, però, non è assolutamente il problema economico che la società deve affrontare. E il calcolo economico che abbiamo sviluppato per risolvere questo problema logico, sebbene sia un passo importante verso la soluzione del problema economico della società, non fornisce ancora una risposta. Il motivo è che i “dati” da cui parte il calcolo economico non sono mai “dati” per l'intera società a una singola mente che possa elaborarne le implicazioni e non potranno mai essere dati.

Il carattere peculiare del problema di un ordine economico razionale è determinato proprio dal fatto che la conoscenza delle circostanze di cui dobbiamo fare uso non esiste mai in forma concentrata o integrata, ma solo come frammenti dispersi di conoscenza incompleta e spesso contraddittoria che tutti gli individui separati possiedono. Il problema economico della società non è quindi solo un problema di come allocare le risorse “date” - se per “date” si intende date a una singola mente che risolve deliberatamente il problema posto da questi “dati”. È piuttosto un problema di come assicurare il miglior uso delle risorse conosciute da qualsiasi membro della società, per fini la cui importanza relativa è nota solo a questi individui. O, per dirla in breve, è un problema di utilizzo della conoscenza che non è data a nessuno nella sua totalità.

Temo che questo carattere del problema fondamentale sia stato oscurato piuttosto che illuminato da molti dei recenti perfezionamenti della teoria economica, in particolare da molti degli usi fatti della matematica. Sebbene il problema di cui voglio occuparmi principalmente in questo articolo sia quello di un'organizzazione economica razionale, nel corso della trattazione sarò portato più volte a sottolineare le sue strette connessioni con alcune questioni metodologiche. Molti dei punti che desidero sottolineare sono in effetti conclusioni verso le quali sono inaspettatamente confluiti diversi percorsi di ragionamento. Ma, per come vedo ora questi problemi, non si tratta di un caso. Mi sembra che molte delle attuali controversie in materia di teoria economica e di politica economica abbiano la loro origine comune in un'errata concezione della natura del problema economico della società. Questo equivoco, a sua volta, è dovuto a un errato trasferimento ai fenomeni sociali delle abitudini di pensiero che abbiamo sviluppato nel trattare i fenomeni della natura.

II

Nel linguaggio comune, con la parola “pianificazione” descriviamo il complesso di decisioni interrelate sull'allocazione delle risorse disponibili. Tutta l'attività economica è in questo senso una pianificazione; e in qualsiasi società in cui molte persone collaborano, questa pianificazione, chiunque la faccia, dovrà in qualche misura basarsi su una conoscenza che, in prima istanza, non è data al pianificatore ma a qualcun altro, che in qualche modo dovrà essere trasmessa al pianificatore. I vari modi in cui la conoscenza su cui le persone basano i loro piani viene loro comunicata è il problema cruciale per qualsiasi teoria che spieghi il processo economico, e il problema di quale sia il modo migliore di utilizzare la conoscenza inizialmente dispersa tra tutte le persone è almeno uno dei problemi principali della politica economica, o della progettazione di un sistema economico efficiente.

La risposta a questa domanda è strettamente legata all'altra questione che si pone, quella di chi deve fare la pianificazione. È su questa domanda che si concentra tutta la controversia sulla “pianificazione economica”. Non si tratta di una disputa sul fatto che la pianificazione debba essere fatta o meno. È una disputa sul fatto che la pianificazione debba essere fatta a livello centrale, da un'unica autorità per l'intero sistema economico, o debba essere suddivisa tra molti individui. La pianificazione, nel senso specifico in cui il termine viene usato nella controversia contemporanea, significa necessariamente pianificazione centrale, ovvero direzione dell'intero sistema economico secondo un piano unificato. La concorrenza, invece, significa pianificazione decentralizzata da parte di molte persone distinte. La via di mezzo tra le due, di cui molti parlano ma che a pochi piace quando la vedono, è la delega della pianificazione alle industrie organizzate o, in altre parole, il monopolio.

Quale di questi sistemi sia più efficiente dipende principalmente dalla domanda in base alla quale ci si può aspettare che venga fatto un uso più completo delle conoscenze esistenti. E questo, a sua volta, dipende dal fatto se è più probabile che si riesca a mettere a disposizione di un'unica autorità centrale tutte le conoscenze che dovrebbero essere utilizzate, ma che inizialmente sono disperse tra molti individui diversi, oppure che si riesca a trasmettere agli individui quelle conoscenze aggiuntive di cui hanno bisogno per consentire loro di adattare i loro piani a quelli degli altri.

III

Sarà subito evidente che su questo punto la posizione sarà diversa rispetto ai diversi tipi di conoscenza; e la risposta alla nostra domanda dipenderà quindi in larga misura dall'importanza relativa dei diversi tipi di conoscenza: quelli che è più probabile che siano a disposizione di individui particolari e quelli che dovremmo aspettarci con maggiore sicurezza di trovare in possesso di un'autorità composta da esperti opportunamente scelti. Se oggi si dà per scontato che questi ultimi siano in una posizione migliore, è perché un tipo di conoscenza, quella scientifica, occupa oggi un posto così importante nell'immaginario collettivo che si tende a dimenticare che non è l'unico tipo di conoscenza rilevante. Si può ammettere che, per quanto riguarda la conoscenza scientifica, un corpo di esperti opportunamente scelti può essere nella posizione migliore per comandare tutte le migliori conoscenze disponibili - anche se questo, ovviamente, non fa altro che spostare la difficoltà sul problema della selezione degli esperti. Quello che vorrei sottolineare è che, anche ammettendo che questo problema possa essere facilmente risolto, è solo una piccola parte del problema più ampio.

Oggi è quasi un'eresia suggerire che la conoscenza scientifica non è la somma di tutte le conoscenze. Ma un po' di riflessione mostrerà che c'è senza dubbio un corpo di conoscenze molto importanti ma non organizzate che non possono essere definite scientifiche nel senso di conoscenza di regole generali: la conoscenza delle circostanze particolari del tempo e del luogo. È a questo proposito che praticamente ogni individuo è avvantaggiato rispetto a tutti gli altri, perché possiede informazioni uniche di cui si può fare un uso vantaggioso, ma che possono essere utilizzate solo se le decisioni che dipendono da esse sono lasciate a lui o sono prese con la sua attiva collaborazione. Dobbiamo solo ricordare quanto dobbiamo imparare in qualsiasi occupazione dopo aver completato la nostra formazione teorica, quanta parte della nostra vita lavorativa dedichiamo all'apprendimento di particolari lavori e quanto sia preziosa, in tutti i settori della vita, la conoscenza delle persone, delle condizioni locali e delle circostanze particolari. Conoscere e mettere a frutto un macchinario non pienamente utilizzato, o l'abilità di qualcuno che potrebbe essere sfruttata meglio, o essere a conoscenza di un surplus di scorte a cui attingere durante un'interruzione dei rifornimenti, è socialmente utile quanto la conoscenza di tecniche alternative migliori. E lo spedizioniere che si guadagna da vivere sfruttando viaggi altrimenti vuoti o mezzi pieni di navi da carico, o l'agente immobiliare la cui conoscenza è quasi esclusivamente un'opportunità temporanea, o l'arbitraggista che guadagna dalle differenze locali dei prezzi delle merci, svolgono tutti funzioni eminentemente utili basate su una conoscenza speciale di circostanze dell'attimo fuggente non note ad altri.

È curioso che questo tipo di conoscenza sia oggi generalmente considerata con una sorta di disprezzo e che si pensi che chiunque, grazie a tale conoscenza, ottenga un vantaggio rispetto a qualcuno più dotato di conoscenze teoriche o tecniche, abbia agito in modo quasi disonesto. Ottenere un vantaggio da una migliore conoscenza delle strutture di comunicazione o di trasporto è talvolta considerato quasi disonesto, anche se è altrettanto importante che la società si avvalga delle migliori opportunità in questo senso come nell'utilizzo delle ultime scoperte scientifiche. Questo pregiudizio ha influenzato in misura considerevole l'atteggiamento verso il commercio in generale rispetto a quello verso la produzione. Anche gli economisti che si considerano definitivamente immuni dalle grossolane fallacie materialiste del passato commettono costantemente lo stesso errore quando si tratta di attività dirette all'acquisizione di tali conoscenze pratiche - evidentemente perché nel loro schema di cose si suppone che tutte queste conoscenze siano “date”. L'idea comune oggi sembra essere quella che tutte queste conoscenze debbano essere facilmente accessibili a tutti, e il rimprovero di irrazionalità mosso all'ordine economico esistente si basa spesso sul fatto che non sono così disponibili. Questo punto di vista non tiene conto del fatto che il metodo per rendere tali conoscenze il più possibile disponibili è proprio il problema a cui dobbiamo trovare una risposta.

IV

Se oggi è di moda minimizzare l'importanza della conoscenza delle circostanze particolari di tempo e di luogo, ciò è strettamente legato alla minore importanza che oggi viene attribuita al cambiamento in quanto tale. In effetti, sono pochi i punti in cui le ipotesi formulate (di solito solo implicitamente) dai “pianificatori” differiscono da quelle dei loro avversari quanto l'importanza e la frequenza dei cambiamenti che renderanno necessarie modifiche sostanziali dei piani di produzione. Naturalmente, se si potessero stabilire in anticipo piani economici dettagliati per periodi abbastanza lunghi e poi rispettarli strettamente, in modo da non richiedere ulteriori decisioni economiche di rilievo, il compito di elaborare un piano globale che regoli tutta l'attività economica sarebbe molto meno formidabile.

Vale forse la pena di sottolineare che i problemi economici sorgono sempre e solo in conseguenza del cambiamento. Finché le cose continuano come prima, o almeno come ci si aspettava, non sorgono nuovi problemi che richiedano una decisione, né la necessità di elaborare un nuovo piano. La convinzione che i cambiamenti, o almeno gli aggiustamenti quotidiani, siano diventati meno importanti nei tempi moderni implica la convinzione che anche i problemi economici siano diventati meno importanti. Questa convinzione della minore importanza del cambiamento è, per questo motivo, di solito sostenuta dalle stesse persone che affermano che l'importanza delle considerazioni economiche è stata messa in secondo piano dalla crescente importanza della conoscenza tecnologica.

È vero che, con l'elaborato apparato della produzione moderna, le decisioni economiche sono necessarie solo a lunghi intervalli, come quando si deve costruire una nuova fabbrica o introdurre un nuovo processo? È vero che, una volta costruito un impianto, il resto è tutto più o meno meccanico, determinato dal carattere dell'impianto e che lascia poco da cambiare per adattarsi alle circostanze sempre diverse del momento?

La convinzione affermativa, piuttosto diffusa, non è, per quanto posso accertare, confermata dall'esperienza pratica dell'uomo d'affari. In un'industria comunque competitiva - e solo questa può servire da test - il compito di evitare che i costi aumentino richiede una lotta costante, che assorbe gran parte dell'energia del manager. Quanto sia facile per un manager inefficiente dissipare i differenziali su cui si basa la redditività e quanto sia possibile, con le stesse strutture tecniche, produrre con una grande varietà di costi, sono tra i luoghi comuni dell'esperienza aziendale che non sembrano essere altrettanto familiari nello studio dell'economista. La forza stessa del desiderio, costantemente espresso da produttori e ingegneri, di poter procedere senza essere condizionati da considerazioni sui costi monetari, è una testimonianza eloquente della misura in cui questi fattori entrano nel loro lavoro quotidiano.

Uno dei motivi per cui gli economisti sono sempre più inclini a dimenticare i piccoli cambiamenti costanti che costituiscono l'intero quadro economico è probabilmente la loro crescente preoccupazione per gli aggregati statistici, che mostrano una stabilità molto maggiore rispetto ai movimenti del dettaglio. La stabilità comparativa degli aggregati, tuttavia, non può essere spiegata - come gli statistici sembrano talvolta inclini a fare - con la “legge dei grandi numeri” o con la reciproca compensazione dei cambiamenti casuali. Il numero di elementi con cui abbiamo a che fare non è abbastanza grande perché tali forze accidentali producano stabilità. Il flusso continuo di beni e servizi è mantenuto da costanti aggiustamenti deliberati, da nuove disposizioni prese ogni giorno alla luce di circostanze non conosciute il giorno prima, da B che interviene subito quando A non riesce a consegnare. Anche un impianto di grandi dimensioni e altamente meccanizzato va avanti soprattutto grazie a un ambiente a cui può attingere per ogni sorta di necessità imprevista: tegole per il tetto, cancelleria per i moduli e tutti i mille e uno tipi di attrezzature in cui non può essere autonomo e che i piani per il funzionamento dell'impianto richiedono di essere prontamente disponibili sul mercato.

Questo è forse anche il punto in cui dovrei menzionare brevemente il fatto che il tipo di conoscenza di cui mi sono occupato è una conoscenza che per sua natura non può entrare nelle statistiche e quindi non può essere trasmessa a nessuna autorità centrale in forma statistica. Le statistiche che un'autorità centrale dovrebbe utilizzare dovrebbero essere ottenute proprio astraendo dalle piccole differenze tra le cose, mettendo insieme, come risorse di un unico tipo, elementi che differiscono per ubicazione, qualità e altri particolari, in un modo che può essere molto significativo per la decisione specifica. Ne consegue che la pianificazione centrale basata su informazioni statistiche, per sua natura, non può tenere conto direttamente di queste circostanze di tempo e di luogo e che il pianificatore centrale dovrà trovare un modo o l'altro per lasciare all'“uomo sul posto” le decisioni che dipendono da esse.

V

Se siamo d'accordo sul fatto che il problema economico della società è principalmente quello di un rapido adattamento ai cambiamenti nelle particolari circostanze di tempo e di luogo, ne consegue che le decisioni finali devono essere lasciate alle persone che hanno familiarità con queste circostanze, che conoscono direttamente i cambiamenti rilevanti e le risorse immediatamente disponibili per farvi fronte. Non possiamo aspettarci che questo problema venga risolto comunicando prima tutte queste conoscenze a un consiglio centrale che, dopo averle integrate, emetta i suoi ordini. Dobbiamo risolverlo con una forma di decentramento. Ma questo risponde solo a una parte del problema. Abbiamo bisogno del decentramento perché solo così possiamo assicurarci che la conoscenza delle particolari circostanze di tempo e di luogo venga prontamente utilizzata. Ma l'“uomo sul posto” non può decidere solo sulla base della sua limitata ma intima conoscenza dei fatti del suo ambiente immediato. Rimane ancora il problema di comunicargli le ulteriori informazioni di cui ha bisogno per inserire le sue decisioni nell'intero schema dei cambiamenti del sistema economico più ampio.

Di quante conoscenze ha bisogno per farlo con successo? Quali eventi che accadono al di là dell'orizzonte della sua conoscenza immediata sono rilevanti per la sua decisione immediata, e quanto di essi deve conoscere?

Non c'è quasi nulla che accada in qualsiasi parte del mondo che non abbia un effetto sulla decisione che deve prendere. Ma non è necessario che egli conosca questi eventi in quanto tali, né tutti i loro effetti. Per lui non è importante sapere perché in un determinato momento sono richieste più viti di una certa dimensione che di un'altra, perché i sacchetti di carta sono più facilmente disponibili di quelli di tela, o perché la manodopera specializzata, o particolari macchine utensili, sono diventate al momento più difficili da ottenere. Tutto ciò che conta per lui è quanto più o meno difficile sia diventato procurarseli rispetto ad altre cose di cui si occupa anche lui, o quanto più o meno urgenti siano le cose alternative che produce o usa. È sempre una questione di importanza relativa delle cose particolari di cui si occupa, e le cause che alterano la loro importanza relativa non lo interessano oltre all'effetto su quelle cose concrete del suo ambiente.

È a questo proposito che quello che ho chiamato il “calcolo economico” vero e proprio ci aiuta, almeno per analogia, a vedere come questo problema possa essere risolto, e di fatto viene risolto, dal sistema dei prezzi. Anche una singola mente di controllo, in possesso di tutti i dati di un piccolo sistema economico autonomo, non passerebbe in rassegna esplicitamente tutte le relazioni tra fini e mezzi che potrebbero essere influenzate ogni volta che si deve effettuare un piccolo aggiustamento nell'allocazione delle risorse. Il grande contributo della logica pura della scelta è proprio quello di aver dimostrato in modo definitivo che anche una singola mente potrebbe risolvere questo tipo di problema solo costruendo e utilizzando costantemente tassi di equivalenza (o “valori”, o “tassi marginali di sostituzione”), cioè attribuendo a ogni tipo di risorsa scarsa un indice numerico che non può essere derivato da alcuna proprietà posseduta da quella particolare cosa, ma che riflette, o in cui è condensato, il suo significato in vista dell'intera struttura mezzi-fini. In ogni piccolo cambiamento egli dovrà considerare solo questi indici quantitativi (o “valori”) in cui si concentrano tutte le informazioni rilevanti; e, aggiustando le quantità una per una, potrà riorganizzare in modo appropriato le sue disposizioni senza dover risolvere l'intero puzzle ab initio o senza doverlo esaminare subito in tutte le sue ramificazioni.

Fondamentalmente, in un sistema in cui la conoscenza dei fatti rilevanti è dispersa tra molte persone, i prezzi possono agire per coordinare le azioni separate di persone diverse nello stesso modo in cui i valori soggettivi aiutano l'individuo a coordinare le parti del suo piano. Vale la pena di contemplare per un momento un caso molto semplice e banale dell'azione del sistema dei prezzi per vedere cosa realizza precisamente. Supponiamo che da qualche parte nel mondo sia sorta una nuova opportunità per l'utilizzo di una materia prima, ad esempio lo stagno, o che una delle fonti di approvvigionamento dello stagno sia stata eliminata. Ai nostri fini non importa - ed è molto significativo che non importi - quale di queste due cause abbia reso lo stagno più scarso. Tutto ciò che gli utilizzatori di stagno devono sapere è che una parte dello stagno che consumavano è ora impiegata in modo più redditizio altrove e che, di conseguenza, devono risparmiare stagno. La grande maggioranza di loro non ha nemmeno bisogno di sapere dove è sorto il bisogno più urgente, o a favore di quali altri bisogni dovrebbero ridurre la fornitura. Se solo alcuni di loro conoscono direttamente la nuova domanda e vi destinano risorse, e se le persone che sono consapevoli della nuova lacuna così creata la colmano a loro volta da altre fonti, l'effetto si diffonderà rapidamente in tutto il sistema economico e influenzerà non solo tutti gli usi dello stagno, ma anche quelli dei suoi sostituti e i sostituti di questi sostituti, l'offerta di tutte le cose fatte di stagno e i loro sostituti, e così via; e tutto questo senza che la grande maggioranza di coloro che contribuiscono a determinare queste sostituzioni sappia nulla della causa originale di questi cambiamenti. L'insieme agisce come un unico mercato, non perché uno qualsiasi dei suoi membri esamini l'intero campo, ma perché i loro limitati campi visivi individuali si sovrappongono sufficientemente in modo che, attraverso molti intermediari, le informazioni rilevanti vengano comunicate a tutti. Il semplice fatto che esista un unico prezzo per qualsiasi merce - o piuttosto che i prezzi locali siano collegati in modo determinato dal costo del trasporto, eccetera - porta alla soluzione che (è solo concettualmente possibile) potrebbe essere stata raggiunta da un'unica mente in possesso di tutte le informazioni che in realtà sono disperse tra tutte le persone coinvolte nel processo.

VI

Per comprendere la sua reale funzione, dobbiamo considerare il sistema dei prezzi come un meccanismo di comunicazione delle informazioni, funzione che, ovviamente, svolge in modo meno perfetto man mano che i prezzi diventano più rigidi (anche quando i prezzi quotati sono diventati abbastanza rigidi, tuttavia, le forze che opererebbero attraverso le variazioni di prezzo continuano a operare in misura considerevole attraverso le variazioni degli altri termini del contratto). Il fatto più significativo di questo sistema è l'economia di conoscenza con cui opera, ovvero quanto poco devono sapere i singoli partecipanti per poter intraprendere l'azione giusta. In forma abbreviata, attraverso una sorta di simbolo, vengono trasmesse solo le informazioni più essenziali e solo agli interessati. È più di una metafora descrivere il sistema dei prezzi come una sorta di macchinario per registrare il cambiamento, o un sistema di telecomunicazioni che consente ai singoli produttori di osservare semplicemente il movimento di alcuni indicatori, come un ingegnere potrebbe osservare le lancette di alcuni quadranti, al fine di adeguare le proprie attività a cambiamenti di cui non potranno mai sapere più di quanto si rifletta nel movimento dei prezzi.

Naturalmente, questi aggiustamenti probabilmente non sono mai “perfetti” nel senso in cui li concepisce l'economista nella sua analisi di equilibrio. Ma temo che la nostra abitudine teorica di affrontare il problema con l'ipotesi di una conoscenza più o meno perfetta da parte di quasi tutti ci abbia reso un po' ciechi rispetto alla vera funzione del meccanismo dei prezzi e ci abbia portato ad applicare standard piuttosto fuorvianti nel giudicare la sua efficienza. La meraviglia è che in un caso come quello della scarsità di una materia prima, senza che venga emesso un ordine, senza che più di una manciata di persone ne conoscano la causa, decine di migliaia di persone, la cui identità non potrebbe essere accertata con mesi di indagini, siano indotte a utilizzare la materia o i suoi prodotti con maggiore parsimonia; cioè, si muovono nella giusta direzione. Questo è già un miracolo, anche se, in un mondo in continua evoluzione, non tutti si troveranno così bene da mantenere i loro tassi di profitto sempre allo stesso livello costante o “normale”.

Ho usato deliberatamente la parola “meraviglia” per scuotere il lettore dalla compiacenza con cui spesso diamo per scontato il funzionamento di questo meccanismo. Sono convinto che se fosse il risultato di un disegno umano deliberato, e se le persone guidate dalle variazioni di prezzo capissero che le loro decisioni hanno un significato che va ben oltre il loro scopo immediato, questo meccanismo sarebbe stato acclamato come uno dei più grandi trionfi della mente umana. La sua sfortuna è duplice: non è il prodotto di un progetto umano e le persone guidate da esso di solito non sanno perché sono costrette a fare ciò che fanno. Ma coloro che chiedono a gran voce una “direzione consapevole” - e che non possono credere che qualcosa che si è evoluto senza un progetto (e persino senza che noi lo comprendessimo) debba risolvere problemi che non dovremmo essere in grado di risolvere consapevolmente - dovrebbero ricordarlo: Il problema è proprio come estendere la portata del nostro utilizzo delle risorse al di là della portata del controllo di una singola mente; e quindi, come fare a meno della necessità di un controllo cosciente e come fornire incentivi che facciano fare agli individui le cose desiderabili senza che nessuno debba dire loro cosa fare.

Il problema che incontriamo qui non è affatto peculiare dell'economia, ma si pone in relazione a quasi tutti i fenomeni veramente sociali, al linguaggio e alla maggior parte della nostra eredità culturale, e costituisce davvero il problema teorico centrale di tutte le scienze sociali. Come ha detto Alfred Whitehead in un altro contesto, “è un'ovvietà profondamente errata, ripetuta da tutti i libri di testo e da persone eminenti quando fanno discorsi, che dovremmo coltivare l'abitudine di pensare a ciò che stiamo facendo. È esattamente il contrario. La civiltà progredisce ampliando il numero di operazioni importanti che possiamo compiere senza pensarci”.

Questo ha un significato profondo in campo sociale. Facciamo un uso costante di formule, simboli e regole di cui non comprendiamo il significato e attraverso le quali ci avvaliamo dell'aiuto di conoscenze che individualmente non possediamo. Abbiamo sviluppato queste pratiche e istituzioni basandoci su abitudini e istituzioni che si sono dimostrate vincenti nel loro ambito e che a loro volta sono diventate le fondamenta della civiltà che abbiamo costruito.

Il sistema dei prezzi è solo una di quelle formazioni che l'uomo ha imparato a usare (anche se è ancora molto lontano dall'aver imparato a farne l'uso migliore) dopo essersi imbattuto in esso senza comprenderlo. Attraverso di essa è diventata possibile non solo una divisione del lavoro, ma anche un utilizzo coordinato delle risorse basato su una conoscenza equamente suddivisa. Le persone che amano deridere qualsiasi suggerimento in tal senso di solito distorcono l'argomentazione insinuando che essa asserisca che per miracolo sia cresciuto spontaneamente proprio quel tipo di sistema che meglio si adatta alla civiltà moderna. È il contrario: l'uomo ha potuto sviluppare la divisione del lavoro su cui si basa la nostra civiltà perché si è imbattuto in un metodo che l'ha resa possibile. Se non l'avesse fatto, avrebbe potuto sviluppare un altro tipo di civiltà, completamente diverso, come lo “stato” delle formiche termiti, o un altro tipo del tutto inimmaginabile. Tutto ciò che possiamo dire è che nessuno è ancora riuscito a progettare un sistema alternativo in cui si possano conservare alcune caratteristiche di quello esistente che stanno a cuore anche a coloro che lo attaccano più violentemente - come, in particolare, la misura in cui l'individuo può scegliere le proprie attività e, di conseguenza, utilizzare liberamente le proprie conoscenze e abilità.

VII

È per molti versi una fortuna che la disputa sull'indispensabilità del sistema dei prezzi per qualsiasi calcolo razionale in una società complessa non sia più condotta interamente tra schieramenti che hanno opinioni politiche diverse. La tesi secondo cui senza il sistema dei prezzi non potremmo conservare una società basata su una divisione del lavoro così estesa come la nostra fu accolta con un urlo di scherno quando fu avanzata per la prima volta da von Mises venticinque anni fa. Oggi le difficoltà che alcuni ancora trovano nell'accettarlo non sono più principalmente politiche, e questo rende l'atmosfera molto più favorevole a una discussione ragionevole. Quando Leon Trotsky sostiene che “la contabilità economica è impensabile senza relazioni di mercato”; quando il professor Oscar Lange promette al professor von Mises una statua nelle sale di marmo del futuro Consiglio Centrale di Pianificazione; e quando il professor Abba P. Lerner riscopre Adam Smith e sottolinea che l'utilità essenziale del sistema dei prezzi consiste nell'indurre l'individuo, pur cercando il proprio interesse, a fare ciò che è nell'interesse generale, le differenze non possono più essere attribuite a pregiudizi politici. Il restante dissenso sembra chiaramente dovuto a differenze puramente intellettuali, e più in particolare metodologiche.

Una recente dichiarazione del professor Joseph Schumpeter nel suo Capitalismo, socialismo e democrazia fornisce una chiara illustrazione di una delle differenze metodologiche che ho in mente. Il suo autore è il primo tra gli economisti che si avvicinano ai fenomeni economici alla luce di una certa branca del positivismo. Per lui questi fenomeni appaiono quindi come quantità oggettivamente date di merci che impattano direttamente l'una sull'altra, quasi, sembrerebbe, senza alcun intervento della mente umana. Solo in questo contesto posso spiegare il seguente (per me sorprendente) pronunciamento. Il professor Schumpeter sostiene che la possibilità di un calcolo razionale in assenza di mercati per i fattori di produzione deriva per il teorico “dalla proposizione elementare che i consumatori, nel valutare (”esigere“) i beni di consumo, valutano ipso facto anche i mezzi di produzione che entrano nella produzione di questi beni.” [1]

Presa alla lettera, questa affermazione è semplicemente falsa. I consumatori non fanno nulla del genere. L'espressione “ipso facto” del professor Schumpeter significa presumibilmente che la valutazione dei fattori di produzione è implicita o deriva necessariamente dalla valutazione dei beni dei consumatori. Ma anche questo non è corretto. L'implicazione è una relazione logica che può essere affermata in modo significativo solo per proposizioni simultaneamente presenti a una stessa mente. È evidente, tuttavia, che i valori dei fattori di produzione non dipendono solo dalla valutazione dei beni dei consumatori, ma anche dalle condizioni di fornitura dei vari fattori di produzione. Solo una mente in cui tutti questi fatti fossero noti contemporaneamente potrebbe trovare la risposta in base ai fatti che le sono stati forniti. Il problema pratico, tuttavia, sorge proprio perché questi fatti non sono mai così noti a una sola mente e perché, di conseguenza, è necessario che nella soluzione del problema si utilizzino conoscenze disperse tra molte persone.

Il problema, quindi, non è affatto risolto se riusciamo a dimostrare che tutti i fatti, se fossero noti a un'unica mente (come ipoteticamente supponiamo siano dati all'economista osservatore), determinerebbero in modo univoco la soluzione; dobbiamo invece mostrare come una soluzione sia prodotta dalle interazioni di persone ciascuna delle quali possiede solo una conoscenza parziale. Assumere che tutta la conoscenza sia data a un'unica mente nello stesso modo in cui assumiamo che sia data a noi economisti spiegatori significa assumere il problema e ignorare tutto ciò che è importante e significativo nel mondo reale.

Il fatto che un economista del calibro del professor Schumpeter sia caduto nella trappola che l'ambiguità del termine “dato” tende agli incauti non può essere spiegato come un semplice errore. Suggerisce piuttosto che c'è qualcosa di fondamentalmente sbagliato in un approccio che abitualmente ignora una parte essenziale dei fenomeni con cui abbiamo a che fare: l'inevitabile imperfezione della conoscenza dell'uomo e la conseguente necessità di un processo attraverso il quale la conoscenza viene costantemente comunicata e acquisita. Qualsiasi approccio, come quello di gran parte dell'economia matematica con le sue equazioni simultanee, che in effetti parte dal presupposto che la conoscenza delle persone corrisponda ai fatti oggettivi della situazione, tralascia sistematicamente quello che è il nostro compito principale di spiegare. Non nego che nel nostro sistema l'analisi dell'equilibrio abbia una funzione utile da svolgere. Ma quando arriva al punto di indurre alcuni dei nostri principali pensatori a credere che la situazione che descrive abbia una rilevanza diretta per la soluzione di problemi pratici, è giunto il momento di ricordare che non si occupa affatto del processo sociale e che non è altro che un utile preliminare allo studio del problema principale.

Friedrich A. Hayek

@ 126a29e8:d1341981

Esta es la traducción de una carta de Ross Ulbricht que se publicó en su blog en Septiembre de 2019. Podéis leer el artículo original aquí: https://rossulbricht.medium.com/bitcoin-equals-freedom-6c33986b4852

Algo especial sucedió en el primer año después de que Satoshi nos regalara Bitcoin. Algo que nadie esperaba y que muchos pensaban que era imposible. Intenta imaginar Bitcoin en aquel entonces, antes de que pudieras comprar cosas con él, antes de que hubiera un tipo de cambio, antes de que nadie supiera realmente qué pasaría con él, si es que pasaba algo. Bitcoin no empezó como dinero. Se convirtió en dinero, pero lo hizo de forma distinta a cualquier dinero anterior. A pesar de todas las cosas que Bitcoin ha hecho posibles, a pesar de todas las formas en que está cambiando nuestro mundo, no apreciamos plenamente o ni siquiera entendemos lo que sucedió en aquellos primeros días, cuando era sólo un juguete para geeks.

Cualquier otro dinero anterior al Bitcoin -en la larga historia de la civilización humana- se valoraba por razones distintas a su uso como dinero. El ganado en África, los sellos de correos en las prisiones, las conchas marinas y los metales preciosos se han utilizado como dinero y encajan en este patrón. La única excepción es el dinero fiduciario -algo declarado como dinero por una autoridad-, pero incluso las monedas fiduciarias nacionales estuvieron en su día respaldadas por algo con valor previo, como el oro.

Bitcoin cambió todo eso. Bitcoin no tenía ningún valor previo y nadie estaba obligado a utilizarlo, pero de alguna manera se convirtió en un medio de intercambio. Las personas que no entienden y se preocupan poco por Bitcoin pueden, sin embargo, aceptarlo como pago porque saben que puede ser utilizado para pagar por otra cosa o ser intercambiado por dinero convencional.

La gente suele mencionar las pizzas que se compraron por diez mil bitcoins y, en retrospectiva, se burlan del tipo que se comió lo que se convertiría en un almuerzo multimillonario. A mí me interesa más la persona que renunció a dos pizzas en perfecto estado por meros bitcoins. ¿Qué vio en esos bits y bytes, en esa firma digital de algo que la gente llamaba cadena de bloques? Lo que motivó al vendedor de pizzas pudo haber llamado también la atención de los primeros mineros, que no podían vender pero acumulaban alegremente. Quizá inspiró a los que simplemente regalaban bitcoins por miles. Fuera lo que fuese, era algo nuevo.

La teoría económica clásica dice que un intercambio no se produce a menos que ambas partes valoren más lo que reciben que lo que entregan. Entonces, ¿de dónde viene el valor? Bitcoin nunca debería haber despegado, pero lo hizo. Incluso un producto nuevo tiene algún tipo de valor, y los primeros en adoptarlo corren el riesgo de no obtener el valor de su dinero, pero aún así esperan ganar con el intercambio.

En cambio, los primeros usuarios de Bitcoin no tenían ni idea de lo que sabemos ahora. Todo lo que tenían era un sueño, una convicción y el entusiasmo suficiente para convertir un artilugio digital en un fenómeno multimillonario del que sólo estamos empezando a ver los efectos.

Te diré lo que creo que pasó, aunque lo cierto es que nadie lo sabe. Es casi magia que Bitcoin pudiera surgir de la nada y, sin valor previo ni decreto de autoridad, convertirse en dinero. Pero Bitcoin no se originó en el vacío. Fue la solución a un problema con el que los criptógrafos llevaban lidiando muchos años: Cómo crear dinero digital sin autoridad central que no pudiera falsificarse y en el que se pudiera confiar.

Este problema persistió durante tanto tiempo que algunos dejaron la solución a otros y soñaron en cambio con cómo sería nuestro futuro si el dinero digital descentralizado llegara a existir de alguna manera. Soñaban con un futuro en el que el poder económico del mundo estuviera al alcance de todos, en el que el valor pudiera transferirse a cualquier lugar con sólo pulsar una tecla. Soñaban con que la prosperidad y libertad dependieran únicamente de las matemáticas de una encriptación robusta.

Bitcoin nacía pues en terreno fértil y era reconocido por quienes lo habían estado esperando. Fue un momento histórico para ellos, mucho más importante que las pizzas o las facturas de la electricidad generadas por la minería. La promesa de libertad y el encanto del destino dieron energía a la comunidad inicial. Bitcoin se adoptó consciente y espontáneamente como dinero mientras nadie lo veía, y nuestro mundo nunca volverá a ser el mismo.

https://freeross.org

@ c69b71dc:426ba763

Chef's notes

You need a blender. If you want your breakfast to be more filling, you can also mix ground almonds or walnuts with the apples and dates.

Enjoy!

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 5-10 minutes
• 🍳 Cook time: 0
• 🍽️ Servings: 2

Ingredients

• 2 Oranges
• 2 Sweet Apples
• 3-4 Medjol Dates
• 1 tbsp Vanilla Extract or 1-2 tbsp Vanilla Protein Powder
• optional: 1/4 tsp Cinnamon Powder

Directions

1. Peel the oranges and cut them into thin slices.
2. Core the apples and dates and mix with the vanilla extract or vanilla protein until a creamy
3. Then alternately layer orange slices and cream in two tall glasses.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

Previously, I wrote about my concerns surrounding the Keynesian Beauty Contest nature of Stacker News: https://stacker.news/items/473181/r/Undisciplined. Check that out for context.

Now, I'd like to add some thoughts about why I'm hopeful that we can sustain a culture of authenticity in the face of the perverse incentives those contests have.

Repeated games are different

The most important element that I didn't touch on in the previous post is that most of us don't just use Stacker News once and abscond with our rewards. We come back over and over again.

That matters for the incentives because we aren't just guessing today's beauty contest winner, we're signaling who tomorrow's contestants should be. If you're zapping posts that you don't like, just because you expect them to do well, then you're going to have more posts like that to look at in the future and fewer of the ones you do want to look at.

Eventually, I imagine inauthentic zappers will lose interest in a site that only offers content that's valuable to other people.

Authenticity optimizes global trust

Our votes in this beauty contest are weighted by our global trust score, which is something like our propensity to zap content that is valued by others. It's based on our individual trust scores with every other stacker, though, and this is what got me thinking about this post.

When you zap inauthentically, you may get more rewards today, but you are also increasing the trust scores of those who also zap that way and decreasing the scores of those who share your authentic preferences.

Alternatively, if you zap authentically, then you will elevate those who share your preferences and give more weight to their votes in the future. This incentivizes such people to be on Stacker News at all.

TLDR

Long-term, being authentic actually maximizes your voting power on Stacker News and will result in being maximally rewarded for zapping your favorite content.

That's in addition to the direct effect of incentivizing people to make more content that you like.

Zap true and Stacker News will become the place you want it to be.

Some other posts about using SN well

(Just hover over links to see the post titles)

From me https://stacker.news/items/287074/r/Undisciplined https://stacker.news/items/523858/r/Undisciplined https://stacker.news/items/488525/r/Undisciplined

From @Natalia https://stacker.news/items/252695 https://stacker.news/items/392551

From @cryotosensei https://stacker.news/items/400068/r/Undisciplined https://stacker.news/items/444755/r/Undisciplined https://stacker.news/items/393176/r/Undisciplined

As always, zap well.

@ 97c70a44:ad98e322

The last few days on developer nostr have involved quite a kerfluffle over the outbox model, blastr, banning jack, and many related misunderstandings. This post is an attempt to lay out my thoughts on the matter in an organized and hopefully helpful way.

What's wrong with outbox?

It all started with a post from jack asking why more devs haven't implemented the outbox model. There are many answers to this question, not least having to do with there being two standards for user relay selections, and ongoing changes to NIP 65. But I don't want to talk about compatibility here.

nostr:nevent1qydhwumn8ghj7argv4nx7un9wd6zumn0wd68yvfwvdhk6tcprfmhxue69uhhq7tjv9kkjepwve5kzar2v9nzucm0d5hszymhwden5te0wfjkccte9enrw73wd9hj7qpq2uf488j3uy084kpsn594xcef9g9x3lplx4xnglf0xwghyw2n3tfqqnrm02

Mazin responded with some numbers which estimate how many connections the outbox model requires. Too many connections can become expensive for low-power clients like mobile phones, not to mention some privacy issues stemming from nosy relays.

nevent1qythwumn8ghj76twvfhhstnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0qyv8wumn8ghj7cm9d3kxzu3wdehhxarj9emkjmn99uq3samnwvaz7tmrwfjkzarj9ehx7um5wgh8w6twv5hsqgrn7l6zj7ht6ruyk76vvvtkfs4xrhyzc3tm64l3eyfvd40y26sz0gshmunh

I have some minor disagreements with Mazin's numbers, but I basically agree with his point — a purist outbox model, where a large proportion of nostr users run their own relays results in a high number of connections to different relays. I brought this question up late last year in my interview with Mike Dilger and in a conversation with fiatjaf, who convinced me that in practice, this doesn't matter — enough people will use a handful of larger hubs that there will be a good amount of overlap in relay selections between most pubkeys.

To articulate this more clearly: the goal is not "personal web nodes", which is a pipe dream the Farcasters and BlueSkys (BlueSkies?) of the world aim at, but a more pragmatic mix between large hubs and smaller purpose-built relays. These small relays might be outlets for large publishers, small groups, or nerds who also run their own SMTP servers and lightning nodes.

The point of the outbox model is that these small nodes be possible to run, and discoverable from the rest of the network so that we can preserve the censorship-resistant qualities of nostr that brought us here in the first place.

Blast It!

It's no secret that I've long been a critic of Mutiny's blastr relay implementation. My main objection is that the blastr approach doesn't account for the hard limits involved in scaling smaller relays. If the goal is to cross-pollinate notes across all relays in the network, all relays will require the same size database, and contain all notes in the network. This works right now (sort of), but as the network grows, the relays running on a $5 VPS are going to have their disks fill up and will inevitably fall over.

nevent1qyvhwumn8ghj76r0v3kxymmy9ehx7um5wgcjucm0d5hszxnhwden5te0wpuhyctdd9jzuenfv96x5ctx9e3k7mf0qythwumn8ghj7un9d3shjtnwdaehgu3wvfskuep0qqs07jr9qx49h53nhw76u7c3up2s72k7le2zj94h5fugmcgtyde4j9qfrnwxj

Not only that, but the content breakdown on any given relay by default becomes an undifferentiated soup of "GM", chinese notes, bots, bitcoin memes, and porn. Blastr makes it impossible to run an interesting relay without implementing write policies.

Which is actually fine! Because that's always been true — servers that allow anonymous uploads always get abused. Tony is just helpfully pointing out to us that this is no less true of nostr relays. I only wish he could have waited a little longer before mounting his attack on the network, because lots of hobbyists are interested in running interesting relays, but the tools don't yet exist to protect those servers from unsolicited notes.

One other note on blastr — Tony at one point described blastr as a relay proxy. This is an interesting perspective, which puts things in a different light. More on proxies later.

Ban Jack?

Here's a thought experiment: how might we actually "ban blastr"? @Pablof7z suggested to me in a conversation that you could configure your relay to check every note that gets published to your relay against the big nostr hubs, and if it exists on any of them to simply delete it. Of course, that would result in your relay being basically empty, and the hubs having all of your content. That's game theory for you I guess.

Another approach that was floated was to encourage users to only publish to small relays. In theory, this would force clients to implement outbox so users could still see the content they were subscribed to. Fiatjaf even posted two identical notes, one to his personal relay, and one to a hub to see which would get more engagement. The note posted to the mainstream relay got 10x more replies and likes than the more obscure note.

nostr:nevent1qyd8wumn8ghj7urewfsk66ty9enxjct5dfskvtnrdakj7qgmwaehxw309aex2mrp0yh8wetnw3jhymnzw33jucm0d5hszymhwden5te0wp6hyurvv4cxzeewv4ej7qpqdc2drrmdmlkcyna5kkcv8yls4f8zaj82jjl00xrh2tmmhw3ejsmsmp945r

Of course, this is thwarted by blastr, since blastr not only replicates notes posted to it, it also actively crawls the network as well. So the next logical step in this train of thought would be for hubs to encourage people to use small relays by actively blocking high-profile accounts.

nostr:nevent1qydhwumn8ghj7argv4nx7un9wd6zumn0wd68yvfwvdhk6tcpzdmhxue69uhhyetvv9ujue3h0ghxjme0qyd8wumn8ghj7urewfsk66ty9enxjct5dfskvtnrdakj7qpqpjhnn69lej55kde9l64jgmdkx2ngy2yk87trgjuzdte2skkwwnhqv5esfq

This would of course never happen (Damus is one client that hasn't implemented NIP 65, and they also run the biggest relay), but it was a fun thought experiment. At any rate, the silliness of the suggestion didn't stop certain people from getting offended that we would "disrupt the free market" by "forcing" our opinions on everyone else. Oh well.

Death to Blastr

In reality, even though blastr makes it a little harder to adopt outbox in the short term, its days are numbered. Eventually, relay operators will start to feel the pain of unsolicted notes, and will either shut their relays down or look for tools that will help them curate the content they host.

From my perspective, these tools take two forms — read protection and write protection. This is something I alluded to in my talk at Nostrasia last November.

Write protection is straightforward — already many relays have access control lists based on active subscriptions, invite codes, or just static whitelists that determine who is allowed to post to a given relay, or what event authors are represented there. This approach effectively prevents blastr from using relays as free storage, which is a huge improvement.

Read protection is more tricky, because anything publicly readable will be scraped by blastr and replicated to unauthenticated-write relays across the network. In most cases, this is ok, but there are use cases for relays to exist that host a unique collection of notes oriented around some organizing principle. Unfortunately, with blastr in action (or any scraper that might exist), the only way to do this is to actively protect proprietary content. There are a few approaches that can work to make this happen:

• IP-based access control lists
• AUTH-based access control lists
• Stripping signatures when serving events
• Storing and serving encrypted content

Each of these approaches has its own set of trade-offs. But depending on use case, any of them or a combination of them could work to allow relay operators to carve out their own piece of the nostr-verse. In fact, this is a big part of what Coracle is about — the white-labeled version of the product confines certain notes to proprietary relays, with optional encrypted group support.

Enough of my polemic against blastr. Let's talk about how to make the outbox model actually work.

Hints are pointless

Right now, clients that implement the outbox model rely pretty heavily on relay hints to find related notes — whether user profiles, reply parents, or community definitions. The problem with hints is that they are prone to link rot. Many of the relays that were set up a year ago when nostr took off are no longer online, and yet they persist in user relay lists, and in relay hints. These hints can't be updated — they are set in stone. What this means is that a different mechanism has to be used to find the notes the hints were supposed to help locate.

Because of this, I've come around to the position that hints are basically pointless. They are fine as a stopgap, and might be appropriate for certain obscure and ill-defined use cases where relay urls are the most durable address type available. But they provide basically no value in supporting the long-term robustness of the network.

What are durable, however, are pubkeys. Pubkeys are available pretty much everywhere, except in event id hints — and there is a proposal in the works to add a pubkey to those too. The cool thing about pubkeys as hints is that once you have a pubkey, all you need to do is find that person's kind 10002 inbox/outbox selections, and you should be able to find any note they have published.

This goes with the caveat that when users change their relay selections, or rotate their key, they (or their relays) should be sure to copy their notes to the new relay/pubkey.

The question then is: how do I find a given pubkey's relay selections?

There are already several mechanisms that make this reasonably easy. First of all, NIP 65 explicitly recommends publishing relay selections to a wide range of relays. This is a place where the blastr approach is appropriate. As a result, relay selections are usually available on the most popular public relays. Then there are special purpose relays like purplepag.es, which actively seek out these notes and index them.

These indexes are not confined to relays either. It would be trivial to create a DVM that you could ask for a pubkey's relay selections, optionally for a fee. Alex Gleason's proxy tag could also be used to indicate indexes that exist outside the nostr network — whether that be torrents, DHT keys, or what have you.

The best part is that this doesn't negatively impact the decentralization of the network because in principle these indexes are stateless — in other words, they're easily derived from the state of the public part of the nostr network.

Just do it for me

Looping back to where we started — the complexity and technical challenges of implementing the outbox model — there is a simple solution that many people have experimented with in different ways that could solve both issues at once: proxies.

As I mentioned above, Tony thinks of blastr as a proxy, and he's right. More specifically, it's a write-proxy. This is only part of its functionality (it also acts as an independent agent which crawls the network. EDIT: apparently this is not true!), but it is an essential part of how people use it.

Another kind of proxy is a read proxy. There are several implementations of these, including my own multiplextr proxy, which is outbox-compatible (although it requires a wrapper protocol for use). The advantage of a proxy like this is that it can reduce the number of connections a client has to open, and the number of duplicate events it has to download.

Proxies can do all kinds of fancy things in the background too, like managing the outbox model on behalf of the client, building an index of everything the user would be likely to ask for in advance to speed up response times, and more.

One interesting possibility is that a NIP 46 signer could double as a proxy, reducing the number of round trips needed. And since a signer already has access to your private key, this kind of proxy would not result in an escalation in permissions necessary for the proxy to work.

It's simple

The number of cool and creative solutions to the content replication and indexing problem is huge, and certainly doesn't end with blastr. Just to summarize the next steps I'm excited to see (to be honest, I want to build them myself, but we all know how that goes):

• More clients supporting outbox
• Outbox implementations maturing (Coracle's still has some issues that need to be worked out)
• A shift from relying on relay hints to relying on pubkey hints + relay selection indexes of some kind
• Proxy/signer combos which can take on some of the heavy lifting for clients of delivering events to the right inboxes, and pulling events from the right outboxes

Let's get building!

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

Wrangle up your latest tech discoveries, reviews, and recommendations. Let's hear all about your favorite tech products, services, or projects!

Feel free to share any new tech you've heard about, bought for yourself, or technology that you just think other stackers should know about. Found any gadgets or gizmos that blew your mind? Don't be shy—share the pros and cons and help your fellow stackers in the ~AGORA stay ahead of the tech curve!

Send your best 👇

@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740

I heard it somewhere, I think it was from Preston Pysh, who suggested the bitcoin ETFs might be a trap of sorts, wherein once a sufficient number of coins were in their custody*, the government would “6102” them for national security.

* I think Coinbase might actually hold the keys to the ETF coins, so “custody” probably isn’t the right word to describe the arrangement between the ETFs and those buying price exposure to, but not actual, bitcoin via those instruments.

The number “6102” refers to the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 and Executive Order 6102 that authorized President Roosevelt to force American citizens to turn in their gold. (He did this to issue more gold-backed money during The Great Depression.)

Because bitcoin private keys are merely information and therefore difficult to seize from individuals en masse (you’d have to make people cough up information they could claim to have lost or forgotten), the ETFs could be a roundabout way to create a concentrated and easy-to-seize hard money to which to peg the dollar.

As it stands, the US-based ETFs collectively have amassed nearly a million coins, roughly five percent of the total 21 million supply, (a few million of which are likely lost forever.) Let’s fast forward a few years and assume the following (all of which seem plausible to me, though the exact numbers are not important):

The national debt, presently at $35 trillion, balloons to $50 trillion. The interest expense alone on the debt at five percent rates is 2.5 trillion per year, roughly three times the size of the entire (on the books) defense budget. Official inflation numbers are running north of five percent, even though people know real inflation is upwards of 10. Bitcoin is trading at $1 million per coin (roughly 14x where it is now.) If you think that’s crazy, consider $70K is 14x $5K where it was in the spring of 2020. Let’s also assume the ETFs collectively have two million coins (more than 10 percent) at that point.

Essentially, the dollar is on the brink of hyper-inflating, the US at risk of going full Weimar. Gold is at $10K per ounce, but it’s just a rock and can’t underpin a global system where money moves at the speed of light, and there’s no way for people to audit its supply in an environment of increasing global distrust.

The US government policy makers put on poker faces for the public to buy time, but are well aware of the precarity. They are faced with two terrible choices: raise rates to try and tame inflation the way Paul Volcker did in the 1970s, thereby skyrocketing the interest expense on our much larger debt and crippling the economy, or cut rates, make already severely debased money even cheaper and usher in almost certain hyperinflation.

Under these circumstances, where both choices portend a high likelihood of government collapse, it’s not only conceivable, but I’d argue, probable they avail themselves of a third option: 6102 the ETF coins.

I imagine it might go down like this: The administration, whoever it is, meets with Brian Armstrong of Coinbase and the CEOs of the ETF issuers, gives them a very brief heads up: “We’re taking the coins for national security and compensating all your clients at the face value at which they’re trading,” i.e., they would just give them today’s market value if they were to sell, i.e., $1M per coin. So if there were two million coins in ETF custody, that would be $2T distributed pro rata among the investors.

Most of the investors would realize a significant (nominal) profit from where they bought. Moreover, the CEOs would be considered patriots (by the government) if they complied and criminals if they refused. They would probably be allowed/encouraged to buy underlying coins for themselves that day, knowing what was about to happen too. In short, it’s almost inconceivable to me they wouldn’t go along, and in fact, might have an inkling of this end game already.

After the government surreptitiously gained control of the keys to the ETF coins, they would make an announcement: the US dollar is now fully backed by the hardest money in human history and fully redeemable at $30M USD per coin. In other words, their two million coins would now be worth $60 trillion, more than enough to pay off the debt in its entirety and restore confidence in the dollar.

The dollar would inflate immediately now that it was debased 30:1 vs its prior bitcoin price. But that ratio would apply only to bitcoin. Real estate prices might go up 5x, food 2x, it’s impossible to say. The dollar would have real redeemable value for something of finite supply and would no longer be printable via fiat so long as that tether remained in place. In fact, and this is beyond my tech knowledge, the announcement could be tied to some kind of cryptographically unforgeable and legally binding arrangement wherein the dollar must always be pegged at that 30:1 rate. If it could be arbitrarily debased further, there might be no point.

Of course, this would handicap the government significantly — no longer could it print money to fund proxy wars in Ukraine, invade Iraq or shell out off-the-books blank checks for CIA operations in Central America. It would lose much of its power as the expenses of empire would have to be justified or greatly curtailed. And while those that wield this excessive and dangerous power would never go along with it voluntarily, under the circumstances above — facing chaotic collapse — they would have little choice.

There would be significant pain — even my arbitrary estimates of real estate and food inflation would be catastrophic for many, and it could easily be much worse than that. But compared to the alternative it would be like an airplane touching down on the runway during a storm with but a mild bump.

@ a012dc82:6458a70d

Table Of Content

• Content

• Conclusion

• FAQ

• You May Also Like

• External Links

Those shoes fit all of us. The time has come where a friend, acquaintance, or family member of yours approaches you at a social function and asks, "You were into Bitcoin, right?" You're well aware that you have only a short amount of time to capture their interest and provide a summary. How, therefore, can you provide them with a coherent explanation of such an intricate and complicated issue?

To help you out the next time you're in that predicament, I've compiled a list of potential solutions.

CENTRALISATION IS THE ENEMY OF PROPERTY

You can lose control of centralised money in two ways. directly, as in Greece in 2015 and 2016, when people lost 20% of whatever was in their bank accounts to a government haircut; or indirectly, as the United States and the United Kingdom have shown by blocking access to Russian corporations' or individuals' assets during the current crisis in relations surrounding the Ukraine. Second, since all of our fiat currencies are managed by a small group of powerful people, this may be accomplished through inflation: the government creates more money, causing the value of your savings to decrease.

As a decentralised digital currency, Bitcoin is not issued or regulated by any central authority. It's a 21st-century safeguard against inflation and central bank money production, and it's a completely novel form of currency. When compared to the US dollar, it is a provably scarce digital asset backed by a barrier of encrypted real-world energy. After 10 years, the value of these coins has increased to 20,000 times that of the US dollar.

It is deflationary since it is both rare and distributed across the internet, and no one can take it from you if you store it offline.

WHAT EXACTLY IS BITCOIN?

Bitcoin can refer to either the asset (which is now worth 20,000 times its USD value) or the network (which is growing faster than the internet, Facebook, and Amazon combined).Digital rails (a shared distributed ledger where a record of all Bitcoin transactions is recorded) are dispersed over tens of thousands of devices and computers, allowing Bitcoin as an asset to move freely across the network. This digital asset is a 21st-century savings technology that allows you to keep value and money on a smartphone or hardware device known as a wallet using military-grade encryption.

Its purchasers can safely keep the results of their labour (or life force) and material wealth in a digital ledger protected by complex algorithms and cryptographic techniques (through inflation). Once you become fluent in bitcoin terminology, you'll see that anyone who has government-issued currency (which is all of us) is watching their wealth melt like an ice cube in the sun as the fiat value inflates and hyperinflates when evaluated against bitcoin. It's time for everyone to wake up and smell the coffee if they care about their wealth lasting into the future. This is especially true for parents who hope to leave their children a financial legacy. Even though Bitcoin is currently volatile, all signs point to it maintaining its value over the long term, while fiat currencies rapidly lose theirs.

THE BITCOIN NETWORK HAS NEVER BEEN HACKED

Over the next 13 years, Bitcoin's network reliability is unmatched.

IN A NUTSHELL, HOW DOES BITCOIN WORK?

The blockchain is the backbone of Bitcoin. The blocks that make up a blockchain are what give it its name. A new block is added to the blockchain every time it is verified. The process of rewarding miners with freshly created Bitcoin for solving the mathematical challenge used to confirm blocks is baked into the Bitcoin protocol. This is the technique that ensures the Bitcoin blockchain is always secure, but it is also quite energy-intensive.

Bitcoin mining is the resource-intensive process that issues new bitcoins and keeps a record of every bitcoin transaction ever made. Bitcoin miners turn energy from the actual world (both stranded and renewable) into a currency that will last longer than your grandkids. The more power bitcoin miners consume, the more secure and invulnerable the network becomes.

About every 10 minutes, the protocol releases 6.25 coins into circulation. In 2024, the issuance rate will decrease to 3.125 coins every 10 minutes, cutting the total supply in half.

As soon as a Bitcoin transaction is completed, its details are added to the next block. Once a block has been validated and added to the blockchain, it cannot be removed.

WHO MAKES USE OF BITCOIN?

Bitcoin's user base keeps growing. A rise of slightly less than 165 new Bitcoin users per minute was predicted for the first half of 2021 ("How Fast Is Bitcoin Growing?2021 ("How Fast Is Bitcoin Growing?"). This represents a huge increase in population as well as a substantial amount of development.

Bitcoin is the first digital currency to be recognised as legal tender by a government. Microstrategy, an intelligence software business in the Fortune 500, has designated Bitcoin as a major treasury reserve asset, making it the first and only asset of its kind to receive such a designation.

CEO Michael Saylor gave the following statement:

Our company's balance sheet went from being a declining asset to an appreciating one. So now there are two companies. Both are examples of businesses that are crucial to the modern economy, yet one is enterprise software and the other deals with digital property. The question then becomes, "Why did we do it?" I'm trying to play it safe by avoiding any actions that could cause financial harm or damage to the company's stock price. It's a waste of money. The second phase is an opportunistic one in which we may acquire premium real estate. In comparison to analogue property, digital property is superior. Strategic planning occurs throughout Stage 3. Before everyone moves to Cyber Manhattan, it's a smart idea to buy all the real estate. If I can borrow dollars at 5% interest and bitcoin is increasing in value by 100% per year, my arbitrage is 95%. So why wouldn't I go for it?

THERE’S A LOT OF NEGATIVITY ABOUT BITCOIN IN THE PRESS

Looking back through time, we see that it is unusual for a king to be ousted from his throne by an outsider without putting up some sort of resistance. Almost ever since it was first introduced by the Medici, the fiat banking system has dominated the financial world. This won't go away quietly. The fiat system has been able to set the conditions, and its personnel have reaped enormous rewards as a result. Bitcoin, the underdog King Arthur who triumphantly drew the sword from the stone, changed all that. And the governments and central banks approve of that? They don't do that at all.

This is a major factor in the propaganda campaign waged against bitcoin by governments and central banks.

Inquiring minds want to know the truth about such falsehoods. There is no foundation for it. Energy is being wasted. The situation is quite unstable. Billionaires have complete control over it. Nothing could ever be done with it. Criminals and terrorists are the main users. This is clearly a Ponzi scheme.

Rubbish. Bitcoin might cause a paradigm shift, which is why it's been vilified so much by the people now in power.

YOU CAN PURCHASE A FRACTION OF A BTC

Most of us probably don't have a spare $20,000 laying around that we could use to buy a complete Bitcoin. One bitcoin is equal to one hundred million Satoshis, so if you wanted to start with just $10, you could buy some bitcoin.

Conclusion

Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, was created to function as an alternative to traditional fiat cash. Since Bitcoin's inception in 2009, its popularity has skyrocketed and its applications have multiplied, giving rise to a plethora of other digital currencies. Bitcoin investment is less complicated than the Bitcoin generation process. Bitcoin can be purchased and sold by investors and speculators at crypto exchanges. Investors should carefully examine whether or not Bitcoin is the correct investment for them, as with any investment but especially one as new and volatile as Bitcoin.

FAQs

In what ways can I best describe Bitcoin to a non-technical audience? In order to conduct financial transactions without the intervention of a central bank or other centralised authority, a growing number of people are turning to cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC).

How can Bitcoin be explained in the simplest terms? Bitcoin is a digital currency that may be bought, sold, and exchanged directly without the use of a central authority or centralised institution like a bank. Satoshi Nakamoto, the inventor of Bitcoin, first articulated the need for "an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of faith."

Can you give a simple explanation of cryptography for newcomers? Cryptocurrency, also known simply as "crypto," is a form of digital currency designed to function as a medium of exchange. It employs cryptography for transaction verification and security and to regulate the issuance of additional units of a certain digital currency.

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DISCLAIMER: None of this is financial advice. This newsletter is strictly educational and is not investment advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any assets or to make any financial decisions. Please be careful and do your own research.

@ 97c70a44:ad98e322

#lastword

A few weeks ago, Mike proposed the addition of a feature to nostr. The content of the proposal itself isn't important, but the resulting conversation illustrated something important about nostr development that I wanted to draw attention to.

If you're interested, you can find the issue here. The idea was basically a tag that disabled comments to a reply, for when you wanted to gracefully exit a conversation that had outlived its usefulness.

While I definitely sympathize with the experience of getting stuck in an unproductive argument and being unable to leave because you have to have the last word, I do think it's better to take responsibility for leaving the conversation, rather than make other people do it for you. You can either outlast your opponent, let them have the last word, or tell them "I don't want to talk about this any more, I'm not going to reply".

This is just my opinion, and it's really not important whether I'm right or not. What was interesting was how Vitor responded:

I am not sure if the NIP review process should consider "what's good for the user" in the discussion. That kind of nanny state thinking is what went wrong with regular social media in the first place.

Permaculture and Ethics

What it sounds like (although I have a hard time believing this is actually his position), is that Vitor is dismissing the relevance of an ethical framework in designing a protocol, preferring to stick to the mechanics of what is being suggested. As Vitor says, "Clients can do whatever they want, of course." This is true, but ignores the question of why a client developer might want to do any particular thing.

In a recent Thank God for Nostr episode, I interviewed Scott Mann of the Permaculture Podcast. When I asked him his opinion on how to manage decentralized protocol design and build effective consensus, here's what he had to say:

[You] don't need to frame it as a software development project, or even a protocol. I would look at it as a distributed community-based and community-supported project, whatever that is. Because permaculture is such a large umbrella, I like to go up to that 50,000 foot view and pull away from what the details are. Because the details are what we're going to build our solutions from.

And that's one of the things I didn't mention earlier — there's kind of a hierarchy within permaculture that goes, at the top are the ethics of permaculture: earth care, people care, fair share. Beneath that are the principles, then usually we have strategies and techniques.

But there's a dividing line between ethics and principles and the strategies and techniques, that we start at that top, and use the ethics to decide whether or not we're even going to launch a project.

He goes on to say:

I'm going to use the principles and see how can I apply those principles to my research and original design. To make sure that whatever I'm creating creates some kind of a surplus, to have a refinement process in place before I even launch, like what is that going to look like, even if I have to change it later, just having some of these building blocks in place.

And then once I've done that and have gone deep into my research into what this might look like, how I might launch it, that's where I would start going into strategies and going ok, how do I want to market this? How do I want to get this out to the people who are going to use it, how do I want to maintain this, how do I want to do distributed decision making, and then as I start to think about distributed decision making, looking at what is the form that I want to use for that?

Scott's thesis is that ethics and principles should be in the front of your mind both as you're considering a project, and as you continue to build it out. This not only makes sense as something to do if you want to succeed, it's categorically true. Action can't happen without agency, and it is your agency that informs what you choose to do, and how you plan to go about it.

The word "ethics" comes from the Greek ēthos, meaning "moral character". In other words, your ethic is who you are. Your values, hopes, preferences, faults all factor in to your actions.

This is not always clear, because in fiat-world, many people suspend their values in order to "get something done". If you want to protect your savings, you invest it in index funds, propping up the stock price of companies that hate you. If you want to make money, you go work at a job where you're berated quarterly for being racist. People think that they can exercise their own values in their private life, while actively undermining those values with the majority of their time and purchasing power.

But this is not how people with integrity act. And I think if you can say one thing about nostr — both its developers and the community at large — is that they have a very high level of integrity. In other words, their actions are clearly informed by their ēthos.

This is a very good thing. What is the point of building an entirely new internet if we're not going to impose our values upon it? What an absolute waste of effort.

A Nostr Manifesto

This is not to say that any one developer has the right to imposing his own vision on the protocol because of his own personal values and reasons for contributing, which is what I think Vitor was being cautious about. But there are lines I think we can draw as a community that can't really be crossed without excluding yourself from what I might call the "nostr group ethic".

So what are those boundaries? What is a nostrich? Here are some values I've observed to be generally shared among nostr developers and users. Not everyone would full agree with these (including myself), but I think they're a fair characterization of the community.

1. Free speech absolutism. No central entity should be able to globally censor any content. This comes with the trade-off of objectively evil content continuing to exist. This trade-off is acceptable, both because of the value of free speech, but also because evil will continue to exist regardless of attempts to suppress it.
2. Empower individuals over institutions. No centralized entity can be trusted to safeguard the interests of the individual. Institutional incentives are asymmetric and easily corrupted. Better to have many subjective views of the world, than a single, centrally managed view of the world.
3. Advertising-based business models should be viewed with great skepticism and caution. Advertising is a system of incentives that is central to the institutional corruption we see around us. Broadly, this includes paid ads, monetization of engagement, public/private partnerships, and "crypto".

There are others that are shared by many within nostr, although not as widely agreed upon. Two I can think of are:

• Economic activity should be voluntary. Software and content should be free, and creators should be amply rewarded via zaps or other value-for-value models.
• Social media should support real life community and relationships, not detract from them. We should all take time to touch grass.

I'm personally skeptical of the first of these, and strongly in support of the second. Much of my energy as a nostr developer has gone into attempting to subvert and reform traditional patterns of social media to not only support, but also resemble relationships that exist in the analog world God made, and placed us in.

This particular principle is the one at play in the conversation I linked to at the top of this post. My comments weren't an accusation that anyone was acting "unethically" in a universal sense, only that the proposed feature was incompatible with my vision for what nostr should be.

But of course, my vision is not shared by everyone, and the principle of "support real life" is clearly subservient to core ethic #2, which admits the value of a diverse set of opinions about the world. I have no right (or ability) to invalidate anyone else's core principles. But by the same token I'm free to express my own, and attempt to convince other people to share them. This is the basic value proposition of freedom of speech itself.

Ethical Cohesion

I would go further, and say that not only is it permissible to talk about ethical reasons for building one thing or another on nostr, it's essential. By having these conversations we fuse our individual ethics into a shared ethic. By calibrating our moral compasses to point in (roughly) the same direction, we also decrease the friction involved in getting something done.

I think this was a significant part of the idea behind Sovereign Engineering — get a bunch of people in a room together sharing meals and going on hikes, and the work will accelerate! This is also the way a church works. By meeting weekly together we strengthen our shared identity and build one another up through our activity. In fact, this is the basic definition of a community as Scott Mann puts it. In his words, a community can provide:

a series of connections, and a knowledge base, and a skillset that we can't fulfill as an individual, while having a social relationship with people in such a way that we can call on them for help.

So maybe, as I've said before, the real protocol is the friends we made along the way. Disagreement and discussion is a healthy thing for a community to have, and we should never stop asking "why?"

@ 955e5a04:c03b3cc3

In the mind-bending prose of Paramahansa Yogananda’s Autobiography of a Yogi, we find a nugget of cosmic truth:

"Human life is beset with sorrow until we know how to tune in with the Divine Will, whose right course is often baffling to the egoistic intelligence."

Yogananda’s words cut through the noise, much like the rollercoaster ride that is Bitcoin, the digital beast that defies the tame expectations of Wall Street suits and reckless gamblers alike. The human ego, with its insatiable hunger for quick gains and predictable outcomes, is constantly at odds with the chaotic, often inscrutable dance of the market—much like trying to sync up with the vast, mysterious rhythms of the Divine Will.

Investing in Bitcoin isn’t just about watching numbers go up and down on a screen. No, it’s about understanding the deeper currents that drive this beast. The market’s cycles and trends, much like the whims of the cosmos, require a kind of zen-like focus to navigate. Tuning out the ego’s desperate cries and aligning with a broader, more holistic view of market forces can lead to harmony—and maybe even a touch of financial enlightenment.

To ride the Bitcoin wave without being swallowed by it, one must embrace a few key strategies:

1. Stay Informed: Don’t be a blind mouse in a snake pit. Absorb the news, follow the analyses, and always keep an eye on the shifting sands of regulation and technology.
2. Don’t Diversify: If you do, invest in companies that operate within the Bitcoin ecosystem. These businesses, from mining operations to blockchain technology firms, to shops helping make a bitcoin economy as they offer additional layers of engagement with the Bitcoin world.
3. HODL: In the face of the market’s terrifying swings, hold fast. The long game is the only game. Historical growth patterns show that patience often rewards the brave.
4. Community: Dive into the Bitcoin community. Swim with the schools of thought, get a feel for the collective pulse. Insight often comes from the unlikeliest of places.

For the uninitiated, the journey begins with education. Don’t just jump in blind; read, watch, and learn. Choose your battleground wisely—opt for reputable exchanges like Coinbase, Binance, or Kraken. And for the love of all that’s holy, secure your treasure with hardware wallets. Begin modestly, get your feet wet before diving into the deep end.

Timing, they say, is everything. The best moment to start was yesterday, but the next best is now. Don’t wait for the perfect moment—it doesn’t exist. Jump in, but with eyes wide open.

In the swirling chaos of financial markets and the dizzying highs and lows of Bitcoin, aligning our investments with a well-informed strategy is akin to finding peace in the cosmic dance of the Divine Will. By silencing the ego’s shrill demands and embracing a broader, more informed perspective, we can ride the Bitcoin beast towards potential prosperity without losing our minds.

So here’s the gospel according to Jam: The market’s a freak show, Bitcoin’s the main act, and if you play your cards right, you might just come out of it not only richer but a hell of a lot wiser.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

I'm starting off my NBA post mortem series with the Thunder, because they're a favorite of the largely Canadian audience here and because I think they have one of the simpler roads ahead.

Young Team, Open Window

As with our final four, it's odd for such a young team to be legitimately near contending for a title, but they clearly are. Titles are won by top 5 players with good injury luck and OKC had both.

I whole-heartedly agree with the criticism Richard Jefferson expressed about how they blew their opportunity this year, by not doing more at the trade deadline. They already have too many good young players, so what's the point of keeping that hoard of draft picks?

Would they have been more competitive with Alex Caruso, Mikal Bridges, or Daniel Gafford? They had the resources to get any of them.

However, the advantage of going into the playoffs with the guys they had is that they learned a lot about what needs to change: Chet's too small and Giddy ain't it.

They are really onto something, though, and the core of SGA, Chet, and Dort is a great starting point.

Roadmap

OKC has sufficient cap space and trade assets to basically do whatever they want. I think the core considerations are culture fit and complementarity with SGA and Chet. For that reason, I think most star players should be off their board, although a reunion with Paul George might make sense.

I heard Lauri Markkanen floated as the perfect fit and that makes a lot of sense. He should be available and he's a good rebounder who won't clog the paint. He's also not such a big star that they need to worry about his ego.

Other than that, everyone can always use more shooting. I'd look into acquiring Duncan Robinson from the Heat. He's as dangerous of a shooter as there is and he's a great teammate and his length gives him positional versatility.

How does this look for next year's playoff team?

C: Chet F: Lauri F: Duncan G: Dort G: SGA

Who should I cover next?

@ 266815e0:6cd408a5

Lot of people are starting to talk about building a web-of-trust and how nostr can or is already being used as such

We all know about using the kind:3 following lists as a simple WoT that can be used to filter out spam. but as we all know it does not really signal "trust", its mostly just "I find your content interesting"

But what about real "trust"... well its kind of multi-denominational, I could trust that your a good developer or a good journalist but still not trust you enough to invite you over to my house. There are some interesting and clever solutions proposed for quantifying "trust" in a digital sense but I'm not going to get into that here. I want to talk about something that I have not see anyone discuss yet.

How is the web-of-trust maintained? or more precisely how do you expect users to update the digital representation of the "trust" of other users?

Its all well and good to think of how a user would create that "trust" of another user when discovering them for the first time. They would click the "follow" button, or maybe even rate them on a few topics with a 1/5 star system But how will a user remove that trust? how will they update it if things change and they trust them less?

If our goal is to model "trust" in a digital sense then we NEED a way for the data to stay up-to-date and as accurate as possible. otherwise whats the use? If we don't have a friction-less way to update or remove the digital representation of "trust" then we will end up with a WoT that continuously grows and everyone is rated 10/10

In the case of nostr kind:3 following lists. its pretty easy to see how these would get updated. If someone posts something I dislike or I notice I'm getting board of their content. then I just unfollow them. An important part here is that I'm not thinking "I should update my trust score of this user" but instead "I'm no longer interested, I don't want to see this anymore"

But that is probably the easiest "trust" to update. because most of us on social media spend some time curating our feed and we are used to doing it. But what about the more obscure "trust" scores? whats the regular mechanism by which a user would update the "honestly" score of another user?

In the real world its easy, when I stop trusting someone I simply stop associating with them. there isn't any button or switch I need to update. I simply don't talk to them anymore, its friction-less But in the digital realm I would have to remove or update that trust. in other words its an action I need to take instead of an action I'm not doing. and actions take energy.

So how do we reflect something in the digital world that takes no-energy and is almost subconscious in the real world?

TLDR; webs-of-trust are not just about scoring other users once. you must keep the score up-to-date

@ 7e1d20be:0b4a42c2

Chef's notes

You can make it much better yourself than any restaurant would care to do for you

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 30
• 🍳 Cook time: 20
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 1 large chicken breast
• 5 tomatoes or puree
• 3 onions
• garlic
• cashews
• some dry green herb like dill or sage or parsley or whatever or the original kasoori methi
• curd
• butter
• cream
• the standard 5 masalas/spices/powders from india
• a bunch of small wrapped cloth bags of what is called solid spices / khada masala
• redchilly powder, chillies and salt as per taste

Directions

1. look at this video https://youtu.be/zF7dKdIMKvc?si=XRkXB9q3KoRoF_i6
2. make the sauce
3. put in the chicken
4. drizzle with butter and cream
5. bake bread
6. enjoy a better pizza with the same ingredients as a pizza

@ ac115d52:2de190d4

As many others, I am always keeping an ear out for a valid counter-argument to Bitcoin. Most recently, I found an interesting argument against Bitcoin proposed by Yuval Noah Harari.

The argument, paraphrased:

Bitcoin assumes distrust between parties. Existing institutions such as (central) banks, require trust from the participants. Humanity should find ways of trusting each other, instead of adopting technology that removes the need for that trust.

I both agree and disagree with Yuval here. I'm absolutely a proponent of trust between humans, but I disagree that the trust should be through institutions.

One of the primary ways we as humans have learned to succeed as a species - and indeed thrive to the point of being masters of our natural environment - is our ability and reliability in predicting what will happen next.

We do not simply trust that our crops will grow next summer, we ensure it. We have understood that there is a yearly cycle of seasons and we have learned to reliably predict and anticipate it, allowing us to plan for it. Trust didn't fill up our grain stores and get us through famines.

We do not simply trust that if a healer puts some eels on our body it will drive out the bad spirits from our blood and heal us - we ensure that our medicine works and is reliable through the implementation of the scientific method and rigorous testing. Trust didn't bring down child mortality to near-zero in the modern world.

We do not simply trust that if we put enough fuel in a metal cylinder and light it on fire, it will take us to the moon - we meticulously calculated every thinkable variable to ensure that the rocket will take us there. Trust didn't get us to the moon.

Humans have sought to eliminate every single point of failure in prediction that stands between ourselves and our ability to know exactly what will happen next. Adaptability has for the most part taken the crown as what has allowed us to survive - but our ability of prediction must be what should be recognized for it's role in ensuring our prosperity.

So I will refuse the first point: It is not as Yuval suggests our ability to trust each other that has allowed us to control the natural world. It is our ability to successfully predict and eliminate unknown factors, gaining certainty and giving us the ability to anticipate what our next move should be. Cooperation, mainly has been ensured through incentive structures. "If you help me sow grain, you will have a share of it". Financial devices, like currencies, bonds and shares is merely an exercise in the attempt to implement this incentive structure and make it universally adaptable.

What Yuval is unfortunately missing is that the trust of the institutions which we should be able to reliably predict - have been repeatedly abused and subverted, and often fatally to the detriment of the working class. Their time is over.

What should be trustable and predictable, is now instead an instrument of speculation that reliably moves wealth from the working class to the ruling class. As a matter of fact, we have all learned to trust this natural state of things where everyone but the elite is being robbed. The institutions are no longer serving the common good of the people.

For many people, this trust in the fact that institutions will reliably subvert their needs, has resulted in the dissolution of society and the division of people everywhere. We are being misled by opaque promises of better times, a reliable inflation rate of 2%, wage growth that follows the inflation, and that our living standards will follow our increase in productivity. Instead of fulfilling these promises, we have been divided along lines of nonsensical dilemmas, blaming our brothers and neighbors for wrongthink, and forcing us to constantly choose a lesser of two evils.

Bitcoin subverts distrust between people - because Bitcoin is a predictable, reliable money that acts more like a law of nature than a human institution. Human institutions can be corrupted, co-opted for personal motives, and subverted by individual greed. Bitcoin lacks the feature for any of these things.

As for the seasons of the year, Bitcoin introduces a predictable economical cycle of halvings until the year 2140 - by which point we will hopefully have found a different, greater cycle to adapt to.

Yuval is wrong. Bitcoin does not create more distrust. Bitcoin eliminates it.

@ 000002de:c05780a7

Fees are back up :)

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

A follow up to my post yesterday https://stacker.news/items/545750/r/Undisciplined about the passing of the NBA torch

Who's got next?

With a final four of teams led by stars who are all 25 or younger, the time is right for a new face of the NBA to emerge. Personally, I think it's going to be Anthony Edwards, but two of the other young stars are also American (Halliburton and Tatum) and they're both fairly charismatic and photogenic.

Adam Silver must be thrilled by this outcome (just imagine if SGA had advanced, though).

Who do you all think will pry "Face of the League" from Steph and Lebron's cold dead hands?

Bright Future

Just for fun, I wanted to do my All-NBA team of potential future Face of the League:

C: Wemby (despite being French, he's that special) F: Tatum F: Ant-Man G: SGA G: Halliburton

6th man: Brunson

@ dbb9c664:c62a102f

Chef's notes

For cleaner fruits, soak them in water, baking soda, and vinegar for 30 minutes and RINSE 🚿

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 2
• 🍳 Cook time: 0
• 🍽️ Servings: 1

Ingredients

• Any kind of fruit
• Lemon squeeze

Directions

1. Add lemon juice and honey to any fruit!
2. Enjoy the pop of flavor!

@ 0b963191:fc5e7ffd

Chef's notes

Can of course substitute in beef for the lamb.

In terms of canned peas, always prefer La Sueur

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 30 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 1 hour
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• Potatoes:
• 1 ½ pounds potatoes (Russet)
• ½ cup half-and-half
• 2 ounces unsalted butter
• ¾ teaspoon kosher salt
• ¼ teaspoon black pepper
• 1 egg yolk
• Meat Filling:
• 2 tablespoons canola oil
• 1 cup chopped white onion
• 3 carrots, peeled and diced
• 1 ½ pounds ground lamb
• 1 teaspoon kosher salt
• ½ teaspoon black pepper
• 3 tablespoons flour
• 3-4 teaspoons tomato paste
• 1 cup chicken broth
• 3 teaspoons Worcestershire sauce
• 2-3 teaspoons chopped rosemary leaves (fresh)
• 1-2 teaspoons chopped thyme leaves (fresh)
• ¾ cup corn kernels
• ¾ cup peas

Directions

1. Potatoes:
2. Peel and dice potatoes.
3. Place in a pot and cover in cold water.
4. Bring to a boil.
5. Lower fire to simmer and cook for 15-20 minutes.
6. Heat butter and half-and-half for 30-40 seconds in the microwave.
7. Drain potatoes and put back into the pot.
8. Mash potatoes and add half-and-half, butter, salt, pepper.
9. Continue mashing until smooth and stir in yolk until combined.
10. Preheat the oven to 400 degrees.
11. Filling:
12. Heat canola oil in a 10-12 inch pan over high heat.
13. Add onions and carrots and saute over medium-high heat for 4-5 minutes.
14. Add garlic and combine for 30 seconds.
15. Add Lamb, salt, and pepper and cook until browned.
16. Sprinkle flour and stir to coat lamb and cook for 1-2 minutes.
17. Add Tomato paste, chicken broth, Worcestershire sauce, rosemary, thyme. Stir and bring to a boil.
18. Reduce heat to low, cover, and simmer for 12-15 minutes while sauce thickens.
19. Oven:
20. Add meat filling to baking dish.
21. Add peas and corn and stir in evenly
22. Spread mashed potatoes using a rubber spatula. start at the corners and make sure to seal around the edges.
23. Bake for 25 minutes
24. Remove from the oven and let sit for 15-20 minutes.

@ 0d97beae:c5274a14

Bitcoin cannot be explained in a simple sentence. Nothing unknown really can. If I were to ask you what money was, there is no way you could explain it in a sentence and capture what money really was, because if you told me it was the cash in your wallet, I could ask how it can then be transferred over a plastic card, followed by why it inflates over time, followed by followed by why I can't send it to Russia and many more questions. Believe it or not, these are all properties of the money we use today.

We use money every day, yet most of us do not know where it comes from, why there is a government debt, nor what inflation really is.

Shells, salt, and gold were all used as money in the past, they were mediums by which we could take payment, defer for some time, and then make payments at a later date. Today we have cash, but we also have digital accounts with debit and credit balances as our medium for money.

Bitcoin is an alternative medium that can be used as money. Each medium has its properties, and people choose to use the medium that works best for them; the chosen medium can and does change over time as better ones become available, but we often settle on a single medium after a transitional period until a new and better medium is discovered later on.

At a glance, some of the more widely known properties of Bitcoin are:

1. It is digital and can be used over any digital communication technology including the internet.
2. It has a fixed maximum supply of 21 Million Bitcoin (scarce).
3. It has no central authority who controls its supply nor its utility (decentralised).
4. It can be owned and spent without any trusted intermediaries (permission-less).

Of course, there are more nuanced properties that are not so commonly brought up at the beginning of one's journey into the technology:

1. It exists in the form of a constantly growing public digital record (a digital ledger).
2. It relies on people to secure multiple copies of the ledger to remain resilient.
3. It depends on people to defend the properties that they care for in order to uphold its integrity.
4. It relies on energy to be globally abundant, yet costly-to-produce to keep itself impossible to co-opt.

This means that Bitcoin's existence and its headline properties are not self-sustaining or automatic, it is dependent on the active participation and efforts of individuals. There are also real operational costs due to the way it relies on energy production too.

This very circular dependency of properties depending on the people who depend on them should give anyone pause; if its properties depend on people, how easily can those properties be lost? Fortunately, these properties exist for as long as a single individual defends it. Its usefulness as a money is practically none, but the properties exist. As long as others begin to discover and value these properties, its user base will grow and its ability to represent a useful money will improve.

Contrasting the desired properties

The very properties mentioned at the beginning are unique, but together can make for a much more convenient money than we have today.

Today we have money that can be used online or in person and is convenient most of the time for many of us, but there are limits to how they can be used that are naturally enforced by the medium; the nature of needing to prove your identity to have a bank account, to plead your case before a bank will make a decision to approve or disapprove a large transaction: these are natural properties of our money today due to the mediums we use.

Banks are independent companies with the right to autonomy around who they serve, and what they permit, but they are also the only gateway to digital payments, and in many cases, even in-person payments when shops refuse to accept cash. They are also the gateway to loans and mortgages which are no longer just opportunistic products, but are necessities that people need to survive in society. As a medium for money, both banks and cash leave a lot to be desired - especially today where cash is becoming less widely accepted and increasingly painted as a suspicious tool used only by criminals.

Bitcoin can provide similar properties of cash payments within a digital setting; they are person to person (aka peer to peer) and no intermediary can intercept and block the transaction for political or liability risk purposes. This is often referred to as the permission-less property of Bitcoin. It also seems to be gaining the opposite reputation to cash as a tool for financial freedom and wealth preservation rather than a tool for shady activities, even though many are still trying to push that narrative.

If the convenience and accessibility problem does not affect or appeal to you, another property Bitcoin provides is its fixed maximum supply. This foremost removes the power for others to inflate the value of our money in order to pay for arbitrary political initiatives, forcing governments to cover their costs, including the support of wars, honestly through taxation and other forms of fund raising alone.

This property has another side effect: as traders observe Bitcoin's price in the market, they engage in trading activities, adding massively to its volatility. This volatility attracts more attention to Bitcoin which so happens to accelerate its growth. With a fixed supply, the only other determinant of its price is demand, and while trading demand can be volatile, and while traders tend not to care about the properties of Bitcoin as much as the opportunity for profits, there is an underlying market growth caused by individuals who discover and seek to acquire more Bitcoin after understanding its properties in contrast to those of their own money.

Bitcoin's core properties are much more valuable to people in third world countries. This is where much of the direct use of Bitcoin is happening, where its properties are being utilised and proven, and where there is an opportunity to make the most of this new medium to break free from tyranny and/or help people to improve their positions in the global order; and they will become more familiar with this medium before most of the rest of us catch on to how we can use it effectively as money.

Mainstream misconceptions of Bitcoin

Many try to downplay Bitcoin by citing its limited supply as its only attribute, but this is clearly not the case. It is the different properties together that make it a strong candidate for money, and it is the growing interest by people that makes it a likely candidate for a widely used money.

Another critique is that Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies are the same, and that there are more units of other cryptocurrencies, but again, Bitcoin is only Bitcoin; each other cryptocurrency should be evaluated on its own merits, yet they are often compared to the success stories of Bitcoin by those who wish to sell the product, and Bitcoin is often described as if it were the whole range of cryptocurrencies by those who wish to debate against Bitcoin.

It is widely accepted that the majority of cryptocurrencies are pump-and-dump and ponzi schemes, but what is not well acknowledged is that Bitcoin seems to be the only technology that does not have a central leader or authority. Many cryptocurrencies claim to have the same decentralised property, but for many reasons, there is always a leader or foundation that plans and pushes changes with little to no resistance, including Ethereum who has shown that when checks and balances are put into place but the foundation needs an exception, the checks and balances can be easily disabled or pushed into the future. It sounds a lot like central banks and how they often tend to kick many monetary problems down the road.

It is not impossible that cryptocurrencies may live for many years and serve a purpose to many, but they are closer to private money than to a neutral commodity, which means that they are likely to be captured and presented as the next money, while inheriting many of the properties of today's bank money with biased policies to the wealthy class over others. Worse still, they may have their leaders shut down operations and only then will we know whether the technology can stand and operate on its own with its users at the wheel, but its market price will likely tumble too.

Of course there are nuances

As people have explored and interacted with Bitcoin, they have confirmed that it has limitations, such as its limited capability of processing only around 4,200 transactions every 10 minutes on average. This does not however mean that it is doomed to fail, it merely means that if we wish to continue to use Bitcoin in the future among many more users, we may need to reconsider how we use it.

A great example of how we may overcome this limitation is a payments network called the Lightning Network which was designed to provide relief to Bitcoin by handling the majority of economic transactions off band, reducing the number of Bitcoin records from what might naturally be multiple per person per day, to possibly just a few per person per month.

Another example of its nuances, is the public nature of the Bitcoin ledger. Although there are no names or ID's associated with payments, there is a traceable trail of payments that have the potential to reveal very personal and private information such as your net worth, spending habits and who you financially interact with. Think of this as collection of anonymous data that can later be tied to your identity and become personal data.

This trail enables the strict accounting that Bitcoin employs to enforce its fixed maximum supply property and ensure that users can always verify it. Fortunately, researchers and developers have been working to find and develop ways for people to conceal or separate the details of their trades from their historical activities, while also improving the efficiency by which we use the medium; many people don't tend to value their privacy today, but if cheap enough, it can simply become the standard way to use Bitcoin.

Privacy is an important property to achieve, today we have privacy from our neighbours, but none from those who provide it and who also use it to exploit us. Bitcoin has the opportunity to become private from our neighbours and our would-be exploiters at the same time.

Other issues are also being researched and developed, such as how best to develop user interfaces for applications that interact with Bitcoin on behalf of its users (these apps are often called Bitcoin wallets). Many of the things that we must do today, such as writing down 12 words, may feel unfamiliar, but they are huge improvements to much scarier and error prone practices that were used in earlier years such as writing down a 64 character code of random looking letters and numbers. The products we use today will likely change over time, but those who see that progression will better understand the technology and may likely also influence the direction that these products take by simply using, not using, or even complaining or gossiping about them.

TLDR;

Bitcoin is a medium, a tool that can embody money and be used for trade, just like shells, gold, paper money and bank accounts have done until now. This has been a call for people to explore this medium and understand how to use it instead of ignoring it until you have fallen to a position of disadvantage compared to those who did.

Its limited supply makes it economically enticing as a store of value, but it also possesses properties that make it resilient to manipulation and efforts to control it. These properties mean that Bitcoin is not a passing fad to ignore.

We also compared its properties against the properties of the money we use today in order to highlight the stark difference in nature of Bitcoin, and to hint at some of the reasons why people are exploring Bitcoin for themselves and why it has become the only medium available to many people around the world to use as money.

Finally we explored some of the limitations of this medium in order to ensure that it is clear that Bitcoin is not in its final form just yet; just like the internet, it will evolve to overcome its limitations as people build out extra infrastructure in order to be able to benefit from its properties at scale.

@ dbb9c664:c62a102f

Chef's notes

Soak the veggies in water with baking soda and vinegar for about 30 minutes prior to juicing. 🌱

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 5
• 🍳 Cook time: 5
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 1 bunch of kale
• 1 bunch of celery
• 2 cucumbers
• 4 kiwis

Directions

1. Soak the vegetables in water with baking soda and vinegar for 30 minutes
2. Cut into juice-sized pieces
3. Put into your juicer!
4. Enjoy!

@ dbb9c664:c62a102f

Chef's notes

Try to use fresh lemon if you can. It makes the guac taste bangin

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 10 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 8-10 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 3

Ingredients

• 1 sweet potato
• 1 tbsp oil
• Spices (salt, pepper, garlic powder, paprika, brown sugar)
• Dried herbs (oregano & parsley)
• 1 avocado
• Salt & pepper
• Lemon juice
• OPTIONAL: garlic or onion

Directions

1. Cut the sweet potato in half lengthwise
2. Cut 1/2 inch steaks
3. Cut those in half
4. Cut each fry a little under 1/2 an inch for restaurant quality
5. Combine fries in a bowl with oil and spices
6. Air fry or bake at 375 degrees F for 8-10 minutes
7. Smash avocado with lemon juice and spices and optionally add 2 garlic cloves or 1/2-1/4 an onion
8. Enjoy! 😉

@ b804f68e:2fb0fa1f

One of the first duties of a doctor is to teach the masses not to take any medicine. - William Osler

All things are poison and not anything else but poison, the dose alone makes that thing not poison. - Paracelsus

Don't think the first quote needs much more explanation than that. Unfortunately, modern 'doctors' and healthcare systems at large have been heavily corrupted by the idea and incentive that patients = profits. This is why it is important for us to learn about and take accountability of our own health, and consistently work on improving it because if not the system will continue to take complete advantage of our lack of knowledge all the way down to our last breath and penny.

"Paracelsus, a Swiss physician and alchemist of the Renaissance, is often referred to as the father of toxicology. His statement highlights the idea that any substance can be harmful if taken in large enough quantities, and conversely, even toxic substances can be harmless or beneficial in small doses. This principle is known as the dose-response relationship." - ChatGPT

Paracelsus specifically addresses the dose-dependent nature of both the harms and benefits of substances, however this principle aligns well with the concept of hormesis too. In contemporary society, where life has become significantly safer, more stable, and comfortable, we can observe that this lack of stress and absence of physical and mental challenges have contributed to a rise in mental health issues and autoimmune diseases. This illustrates that too much comfort can become the "poison" Paracelsus warned about.

Conversely, many are now recognizing the immense benefits of deliberately engaging in "poisonous" activities—where short-term exposure to stressors, such as high-intensity exercise, deliberate hyperthermia (e.g., sauna use), or hypothermia (e.g., cold showers), can yield significant health benefits. These controlled exposures to stress can trigger adaptive responses in the body, enhancing resilience and overall well-being. Thus, embracing hormetic stress can be seen as a modern application of Paracelsus's insight into the importance of dose and balance.

@ fec1f0c9:25ee63f5

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20
• 🍳 Cook time: 10-14 days
• 🍽️ Servings: 8

Ingredients

• 1 gallon of filtered water

Directions

1. Prepare the sweet tea: Bring 4 cups of water to a boil in a large pot. Remove the pot from heat and add the tea bags and sugar, stirring until the sugar is completely dissolved. Let the tea steep for about 10-15 minutes, then remove the tea bags.

@ b60c3e76:c9d0f46e

“Kami sekeluarga sangat bersyukur dan berterima kasih kepada pemerintah khususnya Kementerian PUPR (Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat -Red) yang telah membangun hunian yang layak. Fasilitas berupa saluran air bersih, jalan yang bagus juga membuat dirinya bersama keluarga serta warga terdampak bencana merasa sangat nyaman,” kata Jhoni Yunus.

Jhoni, pria berusia 50 tahun yang akrab disapa Papauto, adalah satu kepala keluarga yang menerima bantuan hunian tetap (huntap) korban gempa bumi (likuifaksi) dan tsunami di Kota Palu, Sulawesi Tengah. Ada banyak warga yang bernasib serupa. Mereka adalah bagian ribuan warga yang jadi korban. Saat bencana terjadi, selain rumah yang hancur, Papuato juga kehilangan anak laki-lakinya yang saat itu berada di sekolah.

Korban lain yang juga menerima bantuan rumah adalah Nuralim, 32, mengaku bersyukur sekali bisa mendapatkan hunian layak, yang bisa dia tinggali bersama keluarga. Menurut ibu dari dua anak yang berasal dari Kota Palu itu, hunian bantuan pemerintah ini sangat baik karena sudah lengkap dengan fasilitas pendukungnya.

Selain rumah yang layak huni, lokasi huntap terhitung strategis. Terletak di Kelurahan Petobo, Kota Palu, huntap itu berada di daerah kelahiran Nuralim. Yang lebih penting, daerah lokasi hunian itu sudah dilengkapi dengan aneka fasilitas, antara lain, di tiap unit terdapat dua kamar tidur, satu kamar mandi, dan ruang tamu

Nuralim menceritakan, saat terjadi gempa di Kota Palu pada 2018, rumahnya hancur hingga rata dengan tanah. Gempa juga menyebabkan satu anaknya meninggal dunia.

Selain menjadi korban gempa, Nuralim juga mengaku tidak pernah menyangka bisa memiliki hunian yang nyaman seperti itu, karena suaminya hanyalah seorang buruh dengan penghasilan tidak menentu. “Saya sangat bersyukur mendapat huntap di tempat kelahiran saya di Kelurahan Petobo, Kota Palu. Sebelumnya saya tinggal di hunian sementara (huntara) bersama para korban bencana lainnya. Saya dan keluarga sangat berterima kasih kepada Kementerian PUPR yang sudah memberikan hunian yang layak bagi kami warga terdampak bencana gempa bumi Palu sehingga bisa membangun kembali kehidupan kami kembali,” ujarnya saat ditemui tim Ditjen Perumahan Kementerian PUPR, Selasa (26/3/2024).

Tahap Tiga

Merujuk data Kementerian PUPR, per awal Mei 2024, sebanyak sebanyak 3.724 unit huntap telah selesai dibangun. Bahkan sejak Ramadan 2024, huntap-huntap itu sudah diserahkan dan dihuni warga. Tersebar di sejumlah lokasi, yakni di Kota Palu (2.231 unit), Kabupaten Sigi (730 unit), dan Kabupaten Donggala (763 unit), seluruh huntap tersebut dilengkapi dengan sarana sosial serta fasilitas umum.

“Dengan mengucap bismillahirahmanirahim, pada hari ini huntap pascabencana gempa bumi Palu saya nyatakan diresmikan," ujar Presiden RI Joko Widodo usai melakukan Peresmian Huntap dan Infrastruktur Permukiman di Kota Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Selasa (26/3/2024).

Presiden Jokowi berharap nantinya kompleks huntap itu dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik oleh masyarakat. Dirinya berharap masyarakat Sulawesi Tengah yang terdampak bencana bisa kembali bangkit menjalani kehidupan bersama keluarganya di rumah yang dibangun dengan teknologi rumah tahan gempa tersebut.

Menteri PUPR Basuki Hadimuljono mengatakan, pembangunan huntap merupakan komitmen pemerintah dalam penyediaan hunian yang layak bagi masyarakat melalui Program Sejuta Rumah. Selain itu juga menjadi upaya pemerataan pembangunan di seluruh pelosok negeri, terutama di wilayah terdepan, terluar, dan tertinggal).

Total huntap yang kini diresmikan sebanyak 3.724 unit untap dan infrastruktur permukiman dengan rincian ada di Kota Palu sebanyak 2.231 unit rumah dengan luas lahan 66,2 Ha, Kabupaten Sigi sebanyak 730 unit rumah dengan luas lahan 97,46 Ha, dan Kabupaten Donggala sebanyak 763 unit rumah dengan luas lahan 16,55 Ha.

“Pembangunan huntap dan infrastruktur permukiman ini merupakan bukti nyata bahwa pemerintah hadir dalam penyediaan hunian yang layak. Diharapkan dengan memiliki rumah yang lebih layak, sehat dan nyaman, para penerima bantuan dapat meraih kualitas hidup yang lebih baik," kata Menteri Basuki.

Fasilitas Komplit

Direktur Jenderal Perumahan Kementerian PUPR Iwan Suprijanto menerangkan, pembangunan huntap di Palu dilaksanakan oleh Satuan Kerja Penyediaan Perumahan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah Balai Pelaksana Penyediaan Perumahan (BP2P) Sulawesi II Direktorat Jenderal Perumahan Kementerian PUPR. Pembangunan huntap di Kota Palu terdiri dari Huntap Duyu (230 unit), Huntap Talise (599 unit), Huntap Mandiri (308 unit), Huntap Balaroa (52 unit). Sedangkan di Kabupaten Sigi, Huntap Pombewe (605 unit), Huntap Lambara (62 unit), Huntap Salua (63 unit) dan di Kabupaten Donggala dilaksanakan di Huntap Loli Tasiburi II (32 unit), Huntap Wani (73 unit), Huntap Loli Raya atau Dondo (16 unit), dan Huntap Ganti (17 unit).

Lebih lanjut, Iwan menambahkan, sebelum melaksanakan pembangunan huntap, pihaknya juga telah melakukan verifikasi bersama antara pemerintah pusat dalam hal ini Kementerian PUPR dan pemerintah daerah setempat. Gubernur Sulawesi Tengah juga menerbitkan SK Gubernur nomor 360 tahun 2019 yang menyatakan bahwa warga terdampak bencana sebesar 8.788 unit dengan kriteria warga pemilik rumah atau ahli waris yang sah dengan ketentuan setiap pemilik rumah hanya mendapat satu unit huntap. Saat ini sebanyak 3.724 unit yang sudah terbangun dan secara resmi sudah diresmikan oleh presiden dengan nilai total biaya pembangunan Rp1,05 triliun dan saat ini telah dilakukan penghunian sebanyak 3.195 unit.

“Selain membangun hunian tetap, Kementerian PUPR RI juga melengkapi pembangunan infrastruktur dasar seperti pembangunan jalan lingkungan dan akses kawasan permukiman, drainase, penerangan jalan umum (PJU), fasum, fasos, faskes, ruang terbuka publik, jaringan air bersih beserta reservoir, sistem penegelolahan air limbah domestik terpusat (SPALDT), TPS3R, dan kolam retensi,” terangnya.

Kementerian PUPR, kata Iwan, berharap dengan tinggal di huntap dapat memulihkan kembali semangat masyarakat terdampak bencana untuk membangun kehidupan baru. “Peresmian ini menandai kehidupan dan permukiman disini sudah bisa dimanfaatkan secara penuh oleh masyarakat terdampak. Masyarakat sudah bisa menempati tempat tinggal yang lebih layak. Ini juga merupakan bukti bahwa negara hadir untuk melindungi rakyat dan meningkatkan kualitas lingkungannya,” tandasnya.

---

Penulis: Dwitri Waluyo Redaktur: Ratna Nuraini/Elvira Inda Sari Sumber: Indonesia.go.id

@ d34e832d:383f78d0

The blockchain ecosystem is built upon multiple layers, each serving a unique purpose to ensure the robustness, scalability, and functionality of decentralized networks. This article aims to break down these layers—Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3—highlighting their roles and notable implementations such as Mainnet, Test Net, SigNet for Layer 1, Bisq, Liquid, and Lightning for Layer 2, and Nostr for Layer 3.

Layer 1 Networks

Layer 1 networks form the foundational layer of the blockchain protocol and are responsible for the core functionalities of the network, including consensus mechanisms, transaction validation, and maintaining the blockchain ledger.

Mainnet

Mainnet is the primary network where real transactions occur, and actual value is transferred. Transactions on Mainnet are irreversible and recorded on the blockchain ledger, providing a permanent audit trail. Examples of Mainnet networks include Bitcoin Mainnet and Ethereum Mainnet.

• Usage: Real-world transactions, dApps, and smart contracts.
• Security: High, with strong incentive mechanisms to ensure the integrity of transactions.
• Consensus: Proof of Work (PoW) for Bitcoin, Proof of Stake (PoS) for Ethereum 2.0.

Test Net

Test Net is an alternative network identical to Mainnet but used for testing purposes. Developers use Test Net to experiment with new features, smart contracts, and dApps without risking real assets.

• Usage: Testing and experimentation.
• Risk: Low, as Test Net transactions do not involve real value.
• Utility: Identifying bugs and issues before deploying on Mainnet.

SigNet

SigNet is a specialized Test Net that focuses on experimenting with signature schemes, particularly Schnorr signatures and Taproot, which aim to enhance privacy and scalability.

• Usage: Testing signature-related features and improvements.
• Focus: Advancements in cryptographic techniques and transaction efficiency.
• Participants: Developers and researchers focused on cryptographic enhancements.

Layer 2 Networks

Layer 2 networks are built on top of Layer 1 to enhance scalability, speed, and efficiency. These networks address the limitations of Layer 1 by handling transactions off the main blockchain while still leveraging its security features.

Bisq

Bisq is a decentralized Bitcoin exchange that allows users to trade cryptocurrencies without relying on a central authority. Bisq ensures privacy and security by conducting transactions directly between peers.

• Usage: Decentralized trading and exchange.
• Benefits: Privacy, security, and decentralization.
• Tech: Peer-to-peer network without central servers.

Liquid

Liquid is a sidechain developed by Blockstream that allows fast and confidential Bitcoin transactions. It enables quicker settlement times and privacy through confidential transactions.

• Usage: Fast and private Bitcoin transactions, trading, and issuance of digital assets.
• Features: Enhanced privacy, faster settlement, sidechain pegged to Bitcoin Mainnet.
• Participants: Exchanges, traders, and financial institutions.

Lightning Network

Lightning Network is designed to facilitate instant, low-cost micropayments by creating off-chain payment channels. Transactions are aggregated and settled on the Layer 1 network, reducing congestion and transaction fees.

• Usage: Instant micropayments and fast transactions.
• Benefits: Scalability, low fees, speed.
• Mechanism: Payment channels that operate off-chain, only settling on-chain when channels are closed.

Layer 3 Networks

Layer 3 networks build upon the functionalities of Layer 1 and Layer 2 to offer more sophisticated services and applications, often related to data management, communication, and additional privacy features.

Nostr

Nostr (Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays) is a protocol for decentralized, censorship-resistant messaging and social networking. Nostr leverages the underlying security and decentralization characteristics of the blockchain ecosystem.

• Usage: Secure, decentralized social media and communication.
• Benefits: Censorship resistance, privacy, and decentralization.
• Implementation: Uses public-private key cryptography for secure messaging and relay-based data transmission.

Closing

The blockchain ecosystem's multilayer architecture enables robust, scalable, and secure decentralized applications. Layer 1 networks like Mainnet, Test Net, and SigNet provide foundational support, while Layer 2 networks like Bisq, Liquid, and Lightning offer enhanced performance and efficiency. Layer 3 networks like Nostr further extend capabilities into decentralized communication and advanced applications.

Understanding these layers and their specific applications is crucial for anyone looking to navigate the blockchain space effectively, develop new solutions, or leverage the benefits of decentralized networks for a variety of uses. As the ecosystem continues to evolve

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

ผมได้รับการแนะนำซีรีย์นี้ จากกลุ่ม netflix thailand ตั้งแต่ก่อนจะออนแอร์ เลยทำให้ได้ดูตั้งแต่วันแรกที่ออนแอร์ในไทย ขอแสดงความรู้สึกที่ผมมองกับซีรีย์เรื่องนี้ครับ ซึ่งมันอาจเล่าเลยไปแตะเนื้อหาบ้าง แต่ผมพยายามจะน้อยที่สุดนะครับ ใครอยากได้รสชาติเต็มๆ อาจไปดูแล้วค่อยมาอ่านก็ได้ครับ

เรื่องนี้เป็นเรื่องเกี่ยวกับการ draw คนที่มีปัญหาชีวิตที่แตกต่างกัน และแน่นอนว่าส่วนนึงของปัญหาคือ ปัญหาการเงิน พวกเขาถูกซื้อเวลาที่เหลืออยู่ โดยคน 8 คนนี้ต้องมาอยู่ในสถานที่เดียวกัน และอยู่ในห้องคนละห้องคนละชั้นกัน โดยที่ไม่ได้บอกอะไรเลยนอกจากไกด์ไลน์เบื้องต้นเล็กน้อย ที่เหลือทุกคนต้องไปทำความเข้าใจเอาเอง โดยทุกคนจะได้รายได้ต่อนาที ในขณะที่เวลาในรายการจะนับถอยหลังลงเรื่อยๆแต่ก็มีการเพิ่มขึ้นของเวลา ด้วยเหตุผลบางอย่างเช่นกัน เป็นสมการที่ต้องสร้างความสมดุล รายได้แปรผันตามเวลาก็จริง แต่เวลาที่มีอยู่เมื่อคูณกับเวลาแล้วมันยังไม่เพียงพอสำหรับปัญหาทางการเงินของผู้เล่นบางคน การเพิ่มเวลาจึงเป็นความโหยหาของหลายๆคน ทีนี้จะทำยังไงถึงจะตอบสนองความต้องการของทั้ง 8 คน

โอเค เส้นเรื่อง มันอาจจะไม่ cool หรือ ชัดเจนจนเป็นหลักการณ์ เป็น documentary หรือ เป็นหนังสือศาสตร์อะไรให้มาเทิดทูน แต่ด้วยความที่มันเป็นสื่อ เอนเตอร์เทน เป็นงาน commercial art ชนิดนึง แน่นอนว่า ความสนุก บันเทิง การค้าพานิชย์ เป็นตัวนำ แต่ผมดันไปโฟกัสอะไรบางอย่าง

การก่อเกิดสังคม ทุกคนในเกมส์เริ่มต้นจากห้องตัวเอง เรียนรู้กติกาเกี่ยวกับห้องตัวเอง เท่าที่คู่มือแจ้งไว้แบบหยาบๆ เมื่อออกมารวมตัวกันครั้งแรก ก็ทำความรู้จักกันบ้าง ไม่สนใจกันบ้าง ตามแต่ลักษณะนิสัยและสิ่งที่เคยประสบมาในชีวิต แปลกแยกปลีกตัวก็มีบ้าง แต่มวลรวม การเริ่มทำความรู้จักกันโดยไม่รู้ปูมหลังของกันและกัน มันเสมือนการก่อเกิดสังคมใหม่ๆ แต่ละคนยังคงคิดว่าล้วนมีความเป็นอยู่แบบเดียวกัน คือ ห้องเปล่าๆ ที่มีอินเตอร์คอมไว้ติดต่อกับส่วนกลาง เพื่อซื้อของที่จำเป็นด้วยรายได้ที่ทางเกมส์มีให้สะสมทุกชั่วโมง เมื่อทุกคนคิดว่าคนอื่นต่างมีความเป็นอยู่แบบเดียวกัน มีรายได้จากเกมส์เหมือนกัน และทึกทักเอาเองว่าสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นน่าจะมีกติกาตามที่พวกเขาเข้าใจว่ามันจะต้องเป็นอย่างนั้นอย่างนี้ การเริ่มสร้างสังคมจึงยังเป็นแบบอุดมคติ ประนีประนอม มีมารยาทให้กันและกัน เป็นโลกที่สวยงาม มีการแบ่งหน้าที่การทำงานต่างๆ แต่จริงๆแล้วสันดานดิบของมนุษย์ต้องหลังจากความสวยงามแรกเริ่มนี้ต่างหาก

ความเหลื่อมล้ำ นี่เป็นองค์ประกอบหลักที่ชัดเจนอันดับแรก ที่เราจะได้ดูได้รู้สึก สัญลักษณ์ความสูงของชั้นทำให้ตัวละครและคนดูรู้สึกถึงว่าสูงของเลเวลชีวิต คนที่อยู่ชั้นสูงจึงรู้สึกสูงส่งกว่าคนอยู่ชั้นต่ำ ไม่ว่าจะขนาดของห้อง หรือ รายได้ต่อนาที ที่ทิ้งห่างชนชั้นต่ำแบบไม่ทิ้งฝุ่น การได้มาของชั้นและห้องนั้นคือการสุ่มเลือกไพ่ด้วยตัวเอง ก่อนจะเข้ามาในสถานที่นี้ ไพ่หมายเลข 1-8 คือลำดับชั้น1 ถึงชั้น8 ซึ่งผู้เล่นเพิ่งจะมารู้ภายหลังที่ได้เข้าไปดูห้องของแต่ละคน ชั้น8 ได้รายได้ต่อชั่วโมงสูงสุด ขนาดห้องใหญ่ที่สุด อยู่ชั้นบนสุด ในขณะที่ชั้น 1 มีรายได้ต่อชั่วโมงต่ำสุด ขนาดห้องเล็กสุด เล็กขนาดแค่หมุนตัวรอบ อยู่ชั้นล่างสุด อีกทั้งทุกชั้นจะมีลิฟท์ส่งของร่วมกัน แต่ลิฟท์นั้นจะสามารถส่งของลงมาเท่านั้น ไม่สามารถส่งขึ้นได้

เมื่อทุกคนรับรู้ถึงห้องและรายได้ของแต่ละชั้นจากการเยี่ยมชมห้องของแต่ละคนแล้ว ก็เริ่มรู้สึกถึงโชคชะตา แต่นี่คือ โชคที่เกิดมาแบบเลือกไม่ได้ ชั้น8 เกิดมาพร้อมระดับสูงส่ง รายได้มหาศาล ในขณะที่ชั้น 1 เกิดมาพร้อมความอัตคัต รายได้ต่ำเตี้ยเรี่ยดิน เหมือนคนคาบช้อนเงินช้อนทองออกมา ไปจนถึง คนที่เกิดมาในครอบครัวยากจน ระหว่างเกมส์จึงเกิดสิ่งที่เราเห็นได้ในสังคมชีวิตจริง นั่นคือการกดขี่ชนชั้นล่างโดยชนชั้นบน และการวางตัวของชนชั้นกลาง นอกจากนี้ผู้เล่นที่อยู่ชั้น 1 เป็นคนที่ขาบาดเจ็บข้างนึง แทนภาพของคนพิการ ที่จะต้องจำยอมทุกสภาวะจากสังคม

เวลาคือสิ่งมีค่า นาฬิกายักษ์ที่ตั้งตรงห้องโถงกลาง นับถอยหลังเสมอ ผู้เล่นทุกคนต้องค้นหาคำตอบกันเอง ว่าเขามาทำอะไรที่นี่ จากสิ่งแรกที่รู้ตั้งแต่แรกคือ รายได้ทุกชั่วโมงในจำนวนเงินที่แน่นอน เมื่อประกอบกับนาฬิกาโถงกลางที่นับถอยหลัง จึงเกิดการคำนวนว่า ถ้าหมดเวลาแล้วจะได้เงินเท่าไร จนกระทั่ง พวกเขาค้นพบว่า มีการเพิ่มขึ้นของเวลาได้ในที่นี้ ถ้าพวกเขาทำสิ่งที่ถูกใจ “บางคน” นาฬิกาจะมีการเพิ่มเวลาขึ้น นั่นหมายถึงว่า พวกเขาต้องคิดแล้วว่าจะทำอะไรให้ “บางคน” ถูกใจมากๆ เพื่อจะได้เพิ่มเวลามากๆ จึงเริ่มมีการทำทุกวิถีทางให้เวลาได้เพิ่มขึ้น เกมส์จึงเริ่มจากการแสดงสนุกสนาน ตลกขบขัน ไปจนถึงเรื่องทางเพศ และความรุนแรง หักหลัง กดขี่ ทำร้าย ในที่สุด อย่างที่คนชั้น 8 ได้บอกไว้ กิจกรรมได้ทำตามการกระตุ้นต่างๆของมนุษย์เท่าที่จะมีได้

จนต้องเพิ่มความเร้าใจแบบดิ่งลึกลงสู่สิ่งที่โหดร้ายที่สุดเท่าที่มนุษย์จะกระทำต่อกัน เพื่อได้มาซึ่งเวลา แม้ว่า เวลาที่แต่ละคนต้องการจะไม่เหมือนกัน บางคนต้องการเวลาที่เมื่อคูณรายได้แล้ว จะสามารถนำไปแก้ปัญหาการเงินหลังจากออกไปได้ บางคนต้องการเวลาตามเป้าหมายในจำนวนเงินที่ต้องการ เพื่ออะไรบางอย่าง และบางคนต้องการเวลาเพียงเพื่อที่จะอยู่ที่นี่ตลอดไป เพื่อเหตุผลบางอย่าง ซึ่งการผูกเหตุผล ความต้องการ กับ key message ในเรื่องนี้ สามารถผูกได้อย่างสนุกและลุ้นระทึก

เงินเฟ้อ รายได้ต่อนาทีในเกมส์ สูงมากจนเรียกว่าไม่สามารถหาที่ไหนได้จากโลกภายนอกนั้น แต่เกมส์ได้ส่งมอบสภาวะค่าครองชีพที่สูงโด่งมาให้ด้วย เรียกว่ารายได้มหาศาลในเกมส์ หากต้องซื้อของก็ต้องแลกมาด้วยค่าครองชีพที่สูงกว่าภายนอกถึง 100 เท่าเช่นกัน

นั่นทำให้แต่ละคนไม่ต้องการใช้เงิน เลือกการเก็บออมด้วยหวังว่าจะแก้ปัญหาชีวิตได้ โดยเฉพาะชนชั้นล่าง แต่ขณะเดียวกัน ชนชั้นบน ซึ่งมีรายได้ต่อชั่วโมงสูงจนหลุดกรอบ ก็ยิ่งสนุกสนานกับการจับจ่ายสารพัดสิ่งในเกมส์โดยไม่ต้องกังวลอะไร

การควบคุม กดขี่ ความแตกต่างของชนชั้นบนและชนชั้นล่าง มีมากจนสามารถสร้างอิทธิพลในการควบคุมกันได้ จนเกิดการแบ่งเป็น 2 ชนชั้น ได้แก่ ชนชั้นสูง (5-8) และชนชั้นล่าง (1-4) ด้วยรายได้มหาศาลจนรวมตัวกันเป็นชนชั้นปกครอง ให้ชนชั้นล่างทำงานแลกเวลา กำหนดทิศทางของกิจกรรมและบทลงโทษหากไม่ปฎิบัติตาม(ร่างกฎหมาย) ซึ่งรุนแรงขึ้นจากอุปกรณ์ที่ซื้อได้ด้วยเงินมหาศาลนั้นๆ เพื่อจะทำให้คนดูชื่นชอบ และให้เวลาเพิ่มขึ้น และแน่นอนว่าเมื่อบทลงโทษต้องมาตกอยู่ที่ชนชั้นสูง ก็สามารถยกเลิกไปได้อย่างดื้อๆนั่นคือไม่ต้องรับโทษ

ในเรื่องมีการส่งสัญญาณตั้งแต่ตอนเริ่มต้น EP แรกๆ จากสาธารณูปโภคพื้นฐานที่เกมส์จะมีให้นั้นจะมีเพียงอาหารจำกัดจำนวนกล่อง กติกาที่บอกว่า ลิฟท์ที่ส่งของจะทำได้เพียงการส่งจากบนลงล่างเท่านั้น อาหารและน้ำขวดเริ่มต้นที่ชั้น 8 และมีเพียง 12 ชุด จากโลกแห่งความเสมอภาคด้วยกติกาที่ตั้งร่วมกันว่า ได้รับคนละ 1 ชุด แล้วอีก 4 ชุดที่เหลือมอบให้กับห้องที่ทำงานหนักที่สุดในวันนั้นๆ

แต่ชนชั้นสูง ก็เริ่มท้าทายควบคุมด้วยการไม่ส่งอาหารลงมา จนทำให้ชนชั้นล่างเกิดความหวาดกลัวว่า ชนชั้นสูงจะไม่ส่งอาหารและน้ำลงมาให้อีก กลายเป็นว่า อาหารและน้ำที่พึงได้ตามสิทธิ์(ที่คิดเอง) ไปอยู่บนพื้นฐานความเมตตาของชนชั้นบนที่มีต่อชนชั้นล่างโดยปริยาย

นอกจากนั้นของเสียจากการขับถ่าย ก็ยังถูกส่งลงมาให้คนชั้นล่างเป็นคนเก็บรับเอาไว้ อาศัยหลับนอนกับสิ่งนั้น ด้วยสภาพจำยอม แม้จะห้องเล็กขนาดหมุนตัว แต่ก็ต้องรับสิ่งปฎิกูลเหล่านี้และใช้ชีวิตไปกับมัน ในขณะที่ชนชั้นสูง ใช้ชีวิตอย่างสุขสบาย สั่งซื้อทุกอย่างได้ตามต้องการ

การปฎิวัติ แน่นอนว่า การถูกกดขี่ข่มเหง ควบคุมบงการ กิจกรรมและบทลงโทษ ที่สร้างความบาดเจ็บ เพื่อแลกกับเวลา โดยชนชั้นสูงไม่ต้องโดนลงโทษใดๆ ทำให้ชนชั้นล่างต้องวางแผนปฎิวัติยึดอำนาจ แน่นอนที่สุดว่า ต่อให้ทำได้ก็จะสำเร็จเพียงชั่วคราว ในท้ายที่สุดชนชั้นสูง คือผู้ที่ควบคุมสังคมนี้อยู่เสมอ ชัยชนะที่ชนชั้นล่างได้มาเป็นความสุขเพียงชั่วคราวเสมอ เพราะมนุษย์เรา เมื่อได้ชัยชนะแล้ว อำนาจในมือจะทำให้แสดงตัวตนที่แท้จริงออกมาในที่สุด และนั่นทำให้ชนชั้นสูงกลับมาควบคุมสังคมอีกครั้ง ซีรีย์ยังตอกย้ำให้เห็นด้วยว่า ต่อให้ชนชั้นล่างมีเงินมากขนาดไหน ก็ไม่สามารถอัพเกรดตัวเอง ไปเป็นชนชั้นสูงได้ เพราะจะเจอกติกาซ้อนกติกา อย่างไม่สิ้นสุด จนชนชั้นล่างหมดกำลังไปเอง

อำนาจที่แท้จริง

ซีรีย์แสดงให้เห็นถึงอำนาจ เงินตรา ชนชั้น ความเหลื่อมล้ำ การเลือกความเป็นอยู่ชีวิตระหว่างการยอมจำนนและการต่อสู้เพื่ออิสรภาพ เราอาจมองว่า นี่คือเกมส์ที่ชนชั้นสูงได้เปรียบ เงินที่ได้อำนาจที่มี คือพลังแห่งการควบคุมทุกสรรพสิ่งบนโลกนั้น

แต่ถ้าเราขยับมองให้ถอยออกจากนั้นอีกขั้นนึง จะพบว่าทุกคนล้วนตกภายใต้อำนาจที่พวกเขาเลือกไม่ได้ อำนาจที่เขาไม่มีสิทธิ์เลือกอะไรทั้งนั้น ทุกอย่างที่เกิดขึ้น มาจากการกำหนดไว้แล้ว ไม่ว่าจะสาธารณูปโภคขั้นพื้นฐานต่างๆที่อยู่ อาหาร รายได้ ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ และแม้แต่รางวัล โดยใช้ เวลา ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งมีค่าที่สุดมาเป็นตัวกำหนดความเป็นไปของชีวิต

คนที่กุมทุกอย่างที่กล่าวมานี้ต่างหาก คือ ผู้มีอำนาจที่แท้จริง ที่แม้แต่ชนชั้น 8 ก็ไม่สามารถต้านทานใดๆได้ ต่อให้มีรายได้มหาศาลเท่าไร ก็ต้องจำนนกับอัตราเงินเฟ้อและกติกาต่างๆ ที่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ตลอดเวลา โดยไม่มีการโต้แย้ง ต้องยอมรับปฎิบัติตามเท่านั้น

หนังสือ never ending story เรียกสิ่งนี้ว่า เจ้าความว่างเปล่า

ในซีรีย์นี้ เราเรียกกลุ่มพลังอำนาจเหล่านี้ว่า

คนดู

คนที่กำลังดูทุกอย่างที่เกิดขึ้น คนที่ดูเกมส์นี้อย่างสนุกสนานโดยไม่ต้องลงไปเล่นเอง คนที่อยู่เหนือเกมส์ คนที่กดไลค์ให้เวลา ที่มีรายได้สูงกว่าชนชั้น 8 หลายเท่า จนส่งมาเป็นรายได้ให้โลกใบนี้ได้อย่างต้องการ

คนดูพวกนี้ต่างหาก ที่กำหนดสังคมใบนี้อยู่ โดยที่คนในนั้นไม่มีสิทธิ์ใดๆ นอกจากทำตาม

siamstr

pirateketo

@ fec1f0c9:25ee63f5

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20
• 🍳 Cook time: 10-14 days
• 🍽️ Servings: 8

Ingredients

• 1 gallon of filtered water

Directions

1. Prepare the sweet tea: Bring 4 cups of water to a boil in a large pot. Remove the pot from heat and add the tea bags and sugar, stirring until the sugar is completely dissolved. Let the tea steep for about 10-15 minutes, then remove the tea bags.

@ 000002de:c05780a7

@ fec1f0c9:25ee63f5

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20
• 🍳 Cook time: 10-14 days
• 🍽️ Servings: 8

Ingredients

• 1 SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast)
• 1 cup of sugar
• 8 bags of black or green tea
• 1 gallon of filtered water

Directions

1. Prepare the sweet tea: Bring 4 cups of water to a boil in a large pot. Remove the pot from heat and add the tea bags and sugar, stirring until the sugar is completely dissolved. Let the tea steep for about 10-15 minutes, then remove the tea bags.
2. Cool Down the Tea: Add the remaining 4 cups of filtered water to the pot to cool down the tea mixture. You want the tea to be at room temperature before proceeding.
3. Transfer to Fermentation Jar: Pour the sweet tea into your clean fermentation jar. Add Starter Tea and SCOBY: Gently pour the starter tea into the jar, ensuring it's mixed well with the sweet tea. Carefully place the SCOBY on top of the tea. It may sink or float, both are okay.
4. 1. Cover and Ferment: Cover the jar with a cloth or paper towel, securing it with a rubber band. This allows airflow while keeping out contaminants. Place the jar in a warm, dark area, ideally between 75-85°F (24-29°C), and let it ferment undisturbed for 7-14 days. The longer you ferment, the more tart and less sweet your kombucha will become.
5. Tasting for Readiness: After 7 days, begin tasting your kombucha using a straw or non-metal spoon. It should be slightly tangy but still slightly sweet. If it's too sweet, let it ferment longer; if it's too sour, ferment for less time next batch.
6. Bottling: Once the kombucha reaches your desired taste, carefully remove the SCOBY and set it aside in a clean container with some of the kombucha (this will be your starter for the next batch). Use a funnel to pour the kombucha into clean bottles, leaving about an inch of headspace at the top. If desired, now is the time to add flavorings (see below). Tightly seal the bottles.
7. Second Fermentation (Optional): If you prefer fizzy kombucha, let the sealed bottles sit at room temperature for 1-3 days for a second fermentation. This will build up carbonation. Keep an eye on the pressure, as over-fermentation can cause bottles to explode.
8. Refrigerate and Enjoy: Once the second fermentation is complete (if you did it), move the bottles to the refrigerator to chill. Your kombucha is now ready to drink!
9. Flavoring (Optional): Add your preferred flavorings while bottling, before the second fermentation. Check my account for specific flavor recipes (the possibilities are endless).

@ ec0d8d50:74e4c93e

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@ 9eeca894:4afe5882

How I put NixOS on my UDM (trashcan model) router

a rare cursed fetch!

Content also available on https://code.despera.space/iru/htdocs/src/branch/main/notes/UDM-NIXOS.md

Really it's just a running NixOS on systemd-nspawn thing.

The UDM product line basically runs on Linux kernel and userland. It is a surprisingly normal device that allows you to SSH and run commands. It even has apt and systemd services installed. The only catch being that for the most part the file system structure is immutable with only a few exceptions like /data and /etc/systemd. Previous versions even had the Unifi services running on a podman container. On recent versions of the firmware podman was phased out but we got something that resembles a more complete system structure as opposed to a busybox-like system.

So basically its some kind of Debian-based Linux running on a headless ARM64 computer. Can we install and run stuff? Yes! In fact projects like https://github.com/unifi-utilities/unifios-utilities publish scripts to run general purpose programs and configurations on UDM. Be aware however that firmware upgrades might wipe the persistent data storage so don't put anything in there that you don't want to lose and preferably keep scripts so you can setup again after having its flash storage nuked by a major update.

I have the base UDM model. The first with the pill format that has been aparently replaced by the UDR. The UDR seems to have more features like Wifi6, bigger internal storage and even an SD card slot meant for vigilance camera footage storage but comes with a weaker CPU in comparison with the original UDM base. As far as I know the rack mountable models follow the same OS and file system structure.

Okay but why?

I'm gonna leave this to your imagination on why would you add services to your proprietary router applicance. To me its the fact that I don't really like running servers at home and I'm ultimately stuck with this router so why not put it to work maybe running a static webserver or something silly like Home Assistant. The truth of the matter is that I can't just leave things alone.

And if you can run Linux why would you run something that is not NixOS? Thats crazy and it doesn't make sense.

How do we root the UDM? What kind of jailbreak do I need?

No.

You enable SSH from the Controller UI, log into it as root with the password you set to the admin user. You just waltz in and start installing and configuring.

```

apt update && apt install systemd-container

```

Thats it. Kinda. The complicated part is modifying the programs to write into the persistent data directories while also making sure your stuff starts on boot and doesn't get wiped on minor firmware upgrades.

Building the NixOS root image.

Might want to read first: https://nixcademy.com/2023/08/29/nixos-nspawn/

We need a NixOS tarball image. TFC's https://github.com/tfc/nspawn-nixos contains the flake to build such an image and also publishes artifacts for AMD64 but not ARM64. I guess you could build this from an AMD64 machine but I haven't looked into building a cross platform environment (didn't needed to compile anything though). I have a recent macbook with UTM so I just downloaded one of the default Linux virtual machine images from the UTM page and installed the Nix runtime over the OS.

Make sure you have git and curl installed.

$ sh <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon

You need to start another terminal session.

$ git clone https://github.com/tfc/nspawn-nixos $ cd nspawn-nixos $ nix --extra-experimental-features 'nix-command flakes' build .

Optionally you could try to edit the configuration to generate an image with everything you need. In case you need something like Home Assistant, some compilation might be necessary and although I haven't tried compiling code on the UDM I suspect it might be a painful process due to CPU performance and space constraints. Here is an example with Home Assistant, Caddy and Tailscale.

The image will be available under ./result/tarball/nixos-system-aarch64-linux.tar.xz. Use scp to send this to the /data/ directory of the UDM.

Installing the image

First we create the folder structure:

```

mkdir -p /data/custom/machines

ln -s /data/custom/machines /var/lib/machines

```

Under normal circunstainces by now you would just run machinectl import-tar /data/nixos-system-aarch64-linux.tar.xz <machinename> however the version of tar that is present in this system doesn't really like the resulting tarball image. It will yeld errors like Directory renamed before its status could be extracted.

Thankfully we can install bsdtar through apt install libarchive-tools however machinectl import-tar is hardcoded to use the tar command. Adding a symlink from /usr/bin/bsdtar to /usr/local/bin/tar won't work since some parameters are used that are not supported in bsdtar. You could try writing a wrapper shell script but just unpacking the tarball directly was sufficient.

```

mkdir /var/lib/machines/udmnixos

bsdtar Jxvfp /data/nixos-system-aarch64-linux.tar.xz -C /var/lib/machines/udmnixos

```

Lets start the container.

```

machinectl start udmnixos

machinectl

MACHINE CLASS SERVICE OS VERSION ADDRESSES udmnixos container systemd-nspawn nixos 23.11 192.168.168.88…

```

Good. Now we need to change the root password.

```

machinectl shell udmnixos /usr/bin/env passwd

Connected to machine udmnixos. Press ^] three times within 1s to exit session. New password: Retype new password: passwd: password updated successfully Connection to machine udmnixos terminated. ```

Finally we can login into the container.

```

machinectl login udmnixos

Connected to machine udmnixos. Press ^] three times within 1s to exit session.

<<< Welcome to NixOS 23.11.20240115.b8dd8be (aarch64) - pts/1 >>>

nixos login: root Password:

[root@nixos:~]# ```

We haven't finished yet. By default the network is set to its own container network. We also don't have a DNS resolver configured. You can leave that session with CTRL+]]].

https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd-nspawn.html#-n

```

machinectl stop udmnixos

```

Networking and Persistence

The first thing that needs to be addressed is the DNS configuration. The default setting that copies the /etc/resolv.conf from host won't work since it points to localhost. Either install resolved, netmask or set a static DNS config.

As for the network method we have some options here.

• Run using the default network stack and map ports to the container.
• Run using something akin to --network=host where the container has full access to the host network.
• Give the container its own independent interface through a bridge.
• Give the container its own independent interface through macvlan.

Using --network-veth and port mapping

```

mkdir -p /etc/systemd/nspawn

cat > /etc/systemd/nspawn/udmnixos.nspawn <<HERE

[Exec] Boot=on ResolvConf=off

[Network] Port=tcp:2222:22 HERE

machinectl enable udmnixos

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/machines.target.wants/systemd-nspawn@udmnixos.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@.service

machinectl start udmnixos

```

Remember this will listen on ALL UDM interfaces so you might want to make sure the firewall rules will accomodate it.

```

iptables -t nat -L -n -v | grep 2222

0     0 DNAT       tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            tcp dpt:2222 ADDRTYPE match dst-type LOCAL to:192.168.206.200:22
0     0 DNAT       tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0           !127.0.0.0/8          tcp dpt:2222 ADDRTYPE match dst-type LOCAL to:192.168.206.200:22

```

Using the host network

This will give access to all the network interfaces. Any service that runs on the container will be accessible from the UDM interfaces without the need to map ports. The container will also have the same IP addresses as the UDM.

You might want to read about capabilities if you plan on running some VPN software like Wireguard or Tailscale.

```

mkdir -p /etc/systemd/nspawn

cat > /etc/systemd/nspawn/udmnixos.nspawn <<HERE

[Exec] Boot=on

Daring are we?

Capability=all

ResolvConf=off

[Network] Private=off VirtualEthernet=off HERE

machinectl enable udmnixos

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/machines.target.wants/systemd-nspawn@udmnixos.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@.service

machinectl start udmnixos

```

Using a bridge to give the container its own interface

I had to give some capabilities to the container otherwise it wouldn't properly start. Replace the value of Bridge with the bridge corresponding to the UDM network you want to add. Normally these correspond to the VLAN id of that network. Use brctl show to find out.

```

mkdir -p /etc/systemd/nspawn

cat > /etc/systemd/nspawn/udmnixos.nspawn <<HERE

[Exec] Boot=on Capability=CAP_NET_RAW,CAP_NET_ADMIN ResolvConf=off

[Network] Bridge=br2 Private=off VirtualEthernet=off HERE

machinectl enable udmnixos

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/machines.target.wants/systemd-nspawn@udmnixos.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@.service

machinectl start udmnixos

machinectl login udmnixos

machinectl login nixos

Failed to get login PTY: No machine 'nixos' known root@UDM:/etc/systemd/nspawn# machinectl login udmnixos Connected to machine udmnixos. Press ^] three times within 1s to exit session.

<<< Welcome to NixOS 23.11.20240518.e7cc617 (aarch64) - pts/1 >>>

nixos login: root Password:

[root@nixos:~]# ifconfig host0: flags=4163 mtu 1500 inet [redacted] netmask 255.255.255.192 broadcast [redacted] inet6 [redacted] prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 inet6 [redacted] prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0 ether 92:01:4c:a7:a1:7b txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 2415 bytes 611986 (597.6 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 61 bytes 5337 (5.2 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

lo: flags=73 mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10 loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

```

MACVLAN isolation and more

Here is where some custom configuration might be needed. Read https://github.com/unifi-utilities/unifios-utilities/tree/main/nspawn-container to find out how to setup custom scripts.

Persistence

As far as I verified by rebooting the UDM many times to write this note all configurations were preserved. According to the article on nspawn-containers on the unifies-utilities project although /etc/systemd and /data folders are preserved during firmware upgrades /var/ and /usr/ are not and there goes our packages and symlink. Please follow the steps on that page to setup persistence across firmware upgrades.

@ 3842def1:e2855211

Chef's notes

Next Level Quick and Delicious. Dive into a bowl of sheer delight with our Classic Macaroni and Cheese! Each forkful of our creamy, decadent macaroni is enveloped in a rich, velvety sauce crafted from the finest sharp cheddar and Parmesan cheeses. The perfect blend of spices, including a hint of paprika and garlic, adds a subtle warmth that enhances the cheese's deep, satisfying flavors without overpowering them.

This dish isn't just food; it's a comforting embrace in edible form. Prepare it effortlessly with minimal prep and cook time, making it the perfect solution for a hearty family dinner or a cozy night in. For an added touch of indulgence, top it off with golden, crispy breadcrumbs, baked to perfection, offering a delightful contrast of textures.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 15 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 20 min

Ingredients

• 8 ounces macaroni pasta
• 2 cups shredded sharp cheddar cheese
• 1/2 cup grated Parmesan cheese
• 3 cups milk
• 1/4 cup butter
• 2 1/2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
• 1/2 teaspoon salt
• 1/2 teaspoon black pepper
• 1/2 teaspoon paprika
• 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
• 1/2 cup breadcrumbs (optional for topping)

Directions

1. Preheat your oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) if you plan to bake the macaroni with a breadcrumb topping.
2. Cook the macaroni according to the package instructions until al dente, then drain and set aside.
3. In a saucepan, melt the butter over medium heat. Stir in the flour and keep stirring for about 1 minute to form a roux or in other words the foundation of flavor.
4. Gradually add the milk to the roux while continuously stirring to prevent lumps. Cook until the sauce thickens.
5. Reduce the heat and add the shredded cheddar cheese, Parmesan cheese, salt, pepper, paprika, and garlic powder. Stir until the cheese is melted and the sauce is smooth.
6. Combine the cooked macaroni and cheese sauce in a large bowl, mixing well.
7. (Optional) For a baked version, pour the macaroni mixture into a greased baking dish. Sprinkle breadcrumbs over the top and bake for 20 minutes, or until the top is golden brown.
8. Serve hot and enjoy your creamy, comforting macaroni and cheese!

@ ec0d8d50:74e4c93e

Spaceman adalah permainan yang menghibur dan menawarkan peluang besar untuk meraih kemenangan. Dalam panduan ini, kami akan membahas secara detail cara main Spaceman agar Anda dapat memaksimalkan pengalaman bermain Anda dan meraih hadiah besar.

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@ 629c7b77:8283da35

The most important thing to realize at the start of your bitcoin journey is not your keys not your coins. This term coined by Andreas Antonopolous around a decade ago means that if you are not in possession of your private keys, you do not have access to your bitcoin. You have an IOU and have to ask for permission to someone else in order to use the bitcoin. "But what is a private key and how do I know if I have it or not" is a common question I have been asked by newcomers to bitcoin. Your private key is a number, a 256 bit integer, an unimaginably large number and so long as you have this number you can spend your bitcoin and so long as nobody else has this number, nobody else can spend your bitcoin. This YouTube video by 3Blue1Brown explains just how big the number is and how unlikely it is that somebody could guess your private key. Computer wallets like Sparrow, phone wallets like Blue Wallet as well as hardware wallets like ColdCard (etc..) specialize in managing private keys and keeping them reasonably safe.

A common concern I have heard from newcomers to bitcoin is that there's no way to keep the private key safe. They reason that maybe it is offline at the start but in order to be useful it must be exposed at some point. I get some incredulous looks when I tell them that we never reveal the private key but we can prove we have it using digital signatures. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is a fascinating subject and even the basics are far beyond the scope of this post. The important thing to know is that from a private key we can mathematically derive a public key. With our private key we can sign(think numbers and algebra not handwriting) a message(think bitcoin transaction). Anybody that has the public key information and the signature number can use basic math to prove that only the person with the private key could have produced the signature needed to spend some bitcoin. Its also important to note that there is no known way to gain any information about a private key with just a public key.

When we send a bitcoin transaction we don't actually send it to an address, in fact the bitcoin blockchain has no concept of an address. What we are doing is locking the bitcoin to a script. A example of a simple locking script would be two items "public_key check_signature". Check_signature is a op_code that bitcoin software knows how to check that a signature is valid for a given transaction(message) and public key. The bitcoin is sent or locked to this script and the only thing that can unlock this script is a "signature" made by the private key corresponding to the public key. This is a simple example of part of what bitcoin core is checking when you hear the term validating transactions. Scripts have evolved from this simple pay to public key example that was used in the early days of bitcoin to other more secure and useful script types like pay to public key hash(p2pkh), pay to script hash(p2sh), pay to witness pubkey hash(p2wpkh), pay to witness script hash(p2wsh) and pay to taproot(p2tr). There is a standard way for wallets to generate addresses for each script type that make sending bitcoin easier for users. P2pkh addresses start with a 1, p2sh with a 3, p2wpkh, p2wsh, p2tr with a bc1.

So to summarize, not your keys, not your coins. Use good wallet software/hardware to manage your private keys for you. If you lose your private keys you will not be able to produce the necessary digital signature needed to unlock your bitcoin. Similarly, if someone gains access to your private keys, they will have all the necessary information to unlock or spend your coins to scripts where they control the private keys.

Bonus: One private key maps to one public key and from this public key one address of a given script type can be created. In the early bitcoin days every time your wallet needed a new address a new private public key pair was generated. This meant a new wallet backup had to be exported every time a new address was created. The goal of BIP (bitcoin improvement proposal) 32 was to solve this problem by creating a standard such that with one master seed, many private key public key pairs could be derived. Users of a wallet implementing this could backup a master seed(and a derivation path) at the time of wallet creation and always be able to recalculate all the private public key pairs needed to recreate and spend from the wallet in the future. HD wallets are the standard today and with the help of BIP39 which maps the master seed from a huge number to a seed phrase most of us are familiar with making it much easier for us to read and write.

@ 3842def1:e2855211

Chef's notes

Thank you Ree Drummand, used your recipe for years and my family has loved it!!!!

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 15 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 45 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 12

Ingredients

• Butter, for greasing
• 8 whole eggs
• 1 loaf sourdough or French bread
• 1/2 cup whipping (heavy) cream
• 2 cups whole milk
• 2 tablespoons vanilla extract
• 1/2 cup brown sugar
• 1/2 cup granulated sugar
• Topping Ingredients:
• 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
• 1/2 cup firmly packed brown sugar
• 1/2 cup all-purpose flour
• 1 stick cold butter, cut into pieces, plus more for serving
• Freshly grated nutmeg
• 1/4 teaspoon salt
• 1 cup fresh blueberries, for serving
• Hmmmmm Warm pancake syrup, for serving

Directions

1. 9-by-13-inch baking pan
2. For the French toast: Lubricate the baking dish with butter. Shred the bread into pieces, or slice into cubes, and scatter them throughout the dish. Break the eggs into a large bowl. Combine the eggs, milk, cream, granulated sugar, brown sugar, and vanilla, and beat well. Spread this mixture evenly over the bread. Seal the dish tightly and refrigerate until use (overnight is ideal).
3. For the topping: Blend the flour, brown sugar, cinnamon, salt, and a bit of nutmeg in a different bowl. Mix thoroughly with a fork. Incorporate the butter using a pastry blender, and work it until the mix looks like small pebbles. Keep in a zip-top plastic bag in the fridge.
4. When you're prepared to bake the casserole, heat the oven to 350 degrees F. Take the casserole out of the fridge and scatter the topping over it. Bake for 45 minutes for a softer, pudding-like texture, or for 1 hour or more for a crisper, more solid texture.
5. Serve individual portions. Enhance with butter and a pour of warm pancake syrup, and garnish with blueberries.

@ d7607464:421e573a

chezmoi is a command-line tool that uses git to keep your dotfiles in sync across all of your machines. In this guide, I'll show you a simple use case of keeping dotfiles synced between two machines, machine_A and machine_B. chezmoi has many more features that you can explore beyond this as you become more comfortable with the workflow.

Chezmoi Cheatsheet

This is a diagram of the various locations chezmoi accesses to manage your dotfiles, as well as the relevant commands to move files around. I'll be referencing the locations home_A, chezmoi_A, home_B, chezmoi_B, and repo shown in this diagram throughout this guide.

Installation

The first step to using chezmoi is installing and initializing it. We will be on machine_A to start with. Here, I'll be building the binary from the source code.

First, make sure you have golang installed: https://go.dev/doc/install

Then, clone the chezmoi repo and use make to build it:

bash cd /tmp git clone https://github.com/twpayne/chezmoi.git cd chezmoi make build

This will create the chezmoi binary, which you can then copy any directory in your PATH. Here, I'll move it to ~/bin. If ~/bin doesn't exist, you have to create it and re-source ~/.profile to add it to PATH.

bash mkdir -p ~/bin && source ~/.profile cp chezmoi ~/bin/chezmoi

Now you should be able to run chezmoi:

```bash

chezmoi --version chezmoi version dev, commit 255846 . . . ```

Initialization

Now that you've installed chezmoi, you have to initialize it. This guide uses the main branch for all git operations, and you can change the default branch for git repositories as follows before you initialize chezmoi:

bash git config --global init.defaultBranch main

Then initialize chezmoi:

bash chezmoi init

This creates the chezmoi git repository at ~/.local/share/chezmoi. Based on the diagram above, this is the location corresponding to chezmoi_A.

Adding your first file

Most systems have a .bashrc or similar configuration file, so that can be the first dotfile you add to chezmoi:

bash chezmoi add ~/.bashrc

Change into the chezmoi_A directory to see the file added to chezmoi:

bash chezmoi cd ls

You'll see dot_bashrc listed. chezmoi renames the dots at the start of all of your dotfiles as 'dot_' so they are not considered hidden. This directory is a git repository as well, but it isn't linked to an online repository yet. You can use a private repository on GitHub or GitLab, or even a self-hosted instance of GitLab. Whatever remote repository you choose to use, follow its instructions to create a new repository called dotfiles and add it as origin to your local chezmoi git repository. Here, I'll create a private GitHub repository and link it using ssh. Then you should be able to see it with:

```bash

git remote -v origin git@github.com:wisehodl/dotfiles.git (fetch) origin git@github.com:wisehodl/dotfiles.git (push) ```

Now commit your first dotfile and push it to the online repo:

bash git add dot_bashrc git commit -m "Added .bashrc" git push -u origin main

Congratulations! You've successfully backed up your first dotfile using chezmoi. chezmoi add can add individual files as well as directories.

Adding directories and ignoring files.

chezmoi can add whole directories with chezmoi add but you may want to ignore certain files if they are auto-generated or contain sensitive information. Say you have a directory you want to add to chezmoi that contains some authentication details as well as actual config files, like so:

bash /home/wise/.test/ ├── .auth └── .config

Here, we want to add .test to chezmoi but ignore the .auth file that contains some login information. First, you'll have to tell chezmoi to ignore the .auth file using the .chezmoiignore file. It works just like .gitignore if you're familiar with that.

bash echo ".test/.auth" >> .chezmoiignore

Now you can add the .test directory:

```bash

chezmoi add ~/.test chezmoi: warning: ignoring .test/.auth ```

And you'll see that chezmoi is purposely ignoring the .auth file. If you look at your chezmoi directory now, you'll see the dot_test directory added with only the config file.

Add these changes to your git repo:

bash git add -A git commit -m "Added .test/" git push

Here, you should start to get a feel for how the workflow for adding files to chezmoi typically goes. Before we start modifying files, let's move over to machine_B and sync your dotfiles over there.

Syncing to another machine

For the sake of simplicity, I'll assume that you are syncing your dotfiles to a fresh install of the same Linux distro as machine_A. If you have a lot of conflicting dotfiles between machine_A and machine_B, you'll either need to utilize git merge or chezmoi merge at your discretion and resolve the conflicts. If certain files do need to be different between the machines, then you'll have to utilize chezmoi's templating capabilities. These situations are beyond the scope of this guide and are left as an exercise for the reader.

On machine_B follow the steps above to install and initialize chezmoi. Then, add your remote git repository as before, and pull it into the chezmoi directory:

bash git pull origin main

The first time you push from chezmoi_B, you may have to run git push -u origin main to set the upstream branch and fully set up the remote connection.

Now to review, we've synced up 4 out of the 5 locations in the diagram above: home_A, chezmoi_A, repo, and chezmoi_B. Syncing chezmoi_B and home_B is where things can get complicated if, like I said before, you have a lot of file conflicts. You can check for differences between the source directory, chezmoi_B and the destination directory, home_B using chezmoi diff. There is also the concept of a "target state" in chezmoi, but it only becomes relevant if you use templates. In the context of this guide, the source directory is also the target state.

Say, for example, you had some conflicting lines in ~/.bashrc, chezmoi diff would show you the changes that would need to occur to make the destination state, ~/.bashrc, match the source state, ~/.local/share/chezmoi/dot_bashrc. There are a few strategies you can use to resolve this conflict:

1. Create a new branch in chezmoi_B, add the file from home_B with chezmoi add, then perform a git merge back to main.
2. Use chezmoi merge ~/.bashrc, which will take you into a vimdiff window to manually change the files to match.
3. Overwrite the source file with the destination file using chezmoi add ~/.bashrc
4. Overwrite the destination file with the source file using chezmoi apply ~/.bashrc

[DANGER AHEAD]

This guide will go with option 4 for every file in chezmoi_B:

```bash

Do not do this unless you want to OVERWRITE files in your

home directory.

chezmoi apply ```

chezmoi will do its best to warn you if you're about to do something dangerous and give you some options on how to proceed.

Doing this, the dotfiles in both machine_A and machine_B are in sync! But you know that your dotfiles will change and grow over time, so we have to talk about strategies for maintaining this sync.

Modifying your dotfiles

You have to remain mindful that you're using chezmoi to keep your dotfiles in sync, otherwise machine_A and machine_B can get out of sync pretty easily. chezmoi has the chezmoi edit command to edit files in the destination state, but I prefer to edit files in either home_A or home_B and then follow the path in the diagram above from end to end to sync up the whole network.

For example, you can change or add a file from home_B and do:

1. (home_B) $ chezmoi add ~/path/to/.file
2. (home_B) $ chezmoi cd
3. (chezmoi_B) $ git add -A
4. (chezmoi_B) $ git commit -m "Changed ~/path/to/.file"
5. (chezmoi_B) $ git push
6. (home_A) $ chezmoi cd
7. (chezmoi_A) $ git pull
8. (chezmoi_A) $ chezmoi apply

And that will propagate the change across your network. You can also use chezmoi update from home_A to pull the repo and apply the target state all in one step. The best way to avoid conflicts and headaches is to always push changes you make to you dotfiles as soon as you can and avoid making changes to the same file on two different machines simultaneously, just like with any git repository.

Conclusion

If you've followed the steps in this guide, you will have learned a workflow to keep the dotfiles between two Linux machines in sync using chezmoi. The diagram at the top of the guide should serve as a useful cheatsheet for the most common tasks you'll perform to maintain your dotfiles.

chezmoi is a very versatile application, and is capable of managing very complex dotfile setups. Their documentation is very technical and daunting to the new user, but it remains a good resource for doing more complex tasks with chezmoi.

• Command Overview: https://www.chezmoi.io/user-guide/command-overview/
• Reference: https://www.chezmoi.io/reference/

---

All the best!

• WiseHODL

@ 0403c86a:66d3a378

🏆 Meet Stan Kroenke, the sports mogul who had an unforgettable weekend! His teams, the Colorado Avalanche, Arsenal, and Denver Nuggets, all faced heartbreaking losses in their respective leagues. 😲

🏒 The Colorado Avalanche, a favorite to win the Stanley Cup, suffered a shocking overtime loss at home, ending their playoff run.

🏆 Arsenal gave it their all, but Manchester City's win dashed their hopes for the Premier League title. Aston Villa's earlier victory over Arsenal proved pivotal in this tight race.

🏀 The Denver Nuggets had a rollercoaster series against the Golden State Warriors. After a thrilling comeback to take a 3-2 lead, they stunned fans by losing the final two games, including a heart-wrenching home Game 7 defeat after leading by 20 points. 😲

Despite the billions in his bank account, this weekend was far from a slam dunk for Stan Kroenke. 🤑 Sports, as they say, are unpredictable! 🤯

@ ec0d8d50:74e4c93e

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@ 76c71aae:3e29cafa

The Curious Case of DSNP: Years of Effort, Minimal Output

It's been a while since I looked at DSNP. There’s news that its backer, Frank McCourt, is trying to put together a team to buy TikTok. That’s insane. The DSNP and Project Liberty team are well-meaning, but they’re even less equipped to run a social network or protocol than Elon Musk at his lowest point when he was firing engineers based on how many lines of code they’d written.

To check what’s happened with DSNP since I last looked a year ago, I just read the entire spec, and there's not actually that much to it. The amount of time and money spent on developing so little is quite stunning. While the spec is fine, it is minimal.

Key Features and Odd Choices

DSNP allows users to have a key pair, write content into a datastore, follow people, and sign messages. However, the protocol seems to mix up layers, specifying the wire protocol, signing system, and at-rest specification format that clients and user data servers might use (pds in atproto, instance in fedi, relay in nostr). They use the ActivityStreams 2.0 schema, which is a good choice. Many new protocols have created their own schemas, but I appreciate DSNP's use of the standard. I wish more protocols had not tried to reinvent the wheel in this respect.

Encrypted Direct Messages and Metadata Privacy

There’s mention in the whitepaper about encrypted direct messages, suggesting it’s possible to hide metadata using techniques from Ethereum’s Whisper. Although the specs or code about DMs don't elaborate much on this, it’s good to see an attempt to hide metadata. However, there’s nothing about double ratchet encryption, forward secrecy, or any advanced encryption techniques. So, overall, it feels quite basic.

Data Storage and Interesting Choices

For storing user data and posts, they're using Apache Parquet, a file format from Hadoop. This is probably the only neat or interesting aspect. I've been searching for a supported data format like Parquet for a while because I think it can facilitate privacy-preserving contact discovery, so it’s cool to see its inclusion here.

Minimal Data Types and Following Options

DSNP supports very minimal data types: post, follow, reaction, profile, and, oddly, location. You can follow publicly or privately, the latter being a neat feature that Scuttlebutt had but most of the current generation of emerging social protocols don't.

Lack of Comprehensive Features

There does not appear to be any client app or server code, which might not be needed. There is an SDK for some core functions, but that’s it. Their documentation lacks information on user discovery, algorithms, or anything beyond the basics.

The Verdict: A First Draft After Years of Work

It feels like someone spent millions and ended up with a naive first draft, despite working on this for years. It’s similar to the early sketches of Farcaster and Lens, but those protocols have grown significantly over the past couple of years, with real users, lots of functionality, and apps.

DSNP remains as vaporware today as it was four years ago. These clowns have wasted tens of millions of dollars on nothing. Some academics have happily taken the money to fund their research labs. Consultants have written and thrown away countless prototypes nobody’s ever used.

There are lots of serious projects to build decentralized social media protocols. All these folks had to do was either work with others or even copy them. This stuff is all open source. Yet DSNP keeps sending folks to conferences without talking to anybody or attending any talks.

It’s a shame because they’ve got their hearts in the right place. The Unfinished conferences are really well put together with lots of great speakers. They hired the supremely talented and savvy Karl Fogel and James Vasile to help them make their code and process open, but you can’t fix DSNP.

Fundamentally, software and specs are a social enterprise, even more so if you’re working on social protocols. But these folks… they’ve never figured out how to play well with others. The money and good intentions couldn’t overcome their fundamental failure to have the humility to learn and play well with others.

@ 80185950:ae8205c6

Chef's notes

This is perfect for someone who doesn’t want to sit all day in a kitchen to make quality meal. So simple and so yummy.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 5 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 20 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• Bag of King Prawns
• Pasta Fusilli
• Chilli flakes
• Italian herbs
• Mozarella
• Olive Oil
• Sweet Paprika Powder
• Garlic Granules
• Vegetable seasoning powder or liquid

Directions

1. Cook pasta and leave on the side when ready
2. In seperate pan heat up some olive oil
3. Put prawns and fry them maximum 4 minutes
4. In those 4 minutes add gradually all spices
5. Make sure chilli flakes are crispy and fried
6. Now mix in pasta
7. Sprinkle with mozarella cheese
8. When cheese melts it’s ready to serve

@ b60c3e76:c9d0f46e

KRIS menjamin semua golongan masyarakat mendapatkan perlakuan sama dari rumah sakit, baik pelayanan medis maupun nonmedis.

Demi memberikan peningkatan kualitas layanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat, pemerintah baru saja mengeluarkan Peraturan Presiden (Perpres) nomor 59 tahun 2024 tentang Jaminan Kesehatan. Melalui perpres itu, Presiden Joko Widodo (Jokowi) telah menghapus perbedaan kelas layanan 1, 2, dan 3 dalam Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial atau BPJS Kesehatan.

Layanan berbasis kelas itu diganti dengan KRIS (Kelas Rawat Inap Standar). Berkaitan dengan lahirnya Perpres 59/2024 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Perpres 82/2018 tentang Jaminan Kesehatan, Presiden Joko Widodo telah memerintahkan seluruh rumah sakit yang bekerja sama dengan BPJS Kesehatan melaksanakannya.

Kebijakan baru itu mulai berlaku per 8 Mei 2024 dan paling lambat 30 Juni 2025. Dalam jangka waktu tersebut, rumah sakit dapat menyelenggarakan sebagian atau seluruh pelayanan rawat inap berdasarkan KRIS sesuai dengan kemampuan rumah sakit.

Lantas apa yang menjadi pembeda dari sisi layanan dengan layanan rawat inap sesuai Perpres 59/2024? Dahulu sistem layanan rawat BPJS Kesehatan dibagi berdasarkan kelas yang dibagi masing-masing kelas 1, 2, dan 3. Namun, melalui perpres, layanan kepada masyarakat tidak dibedakan lagi.

Pelayanan rawat inap yang diatur dalam perpres itu--dikenal dengan nama KRIS—menjadi sistem baru yang digunakan dalam pelayanan rawat inap BPJS Kesehatan di rumah sakit-rumah sakit. Dengan KRIS, semua golongan masyarakat akan mendapatkan perlakuan yang sama dari rumah sakit, baik dalam hal pelayanan medis maupun nonmedis.

Dengan lahirnya Perpres 59/2024, tarif iuran BPJS Kesehatan pun juga akan berubah. Hanya saja, dalam Perpres itu belum dicantumkan secara rinci ihwal besar iuran yang baru. Besaran iuran baru BPJS Kesehatan itu sesuai rencana baru ditetapkan pada 1 Juli 2025.

“Penetapan manfaat, tarif, dan iuran sebagaimana dimaksud ditetapkan paling lambat tanggal 1 Juli 2025,” tulis aturan tersebut, dikutip Senin (13/5/2024).

Itu artinya, iuran BPJS Kesehatan saat ini masih sama seperti sebelumnya, yakni sesuai dengan kelas yang dipilih. Namun perpres itu tetap berlaku sembari menanti lahirnya peraturan lanjutan dari perpres tersebut.

Kesiapan Rumah Sakit

Berkaitan dengan lahirnya kebijakan layanan kesehatan tanpa dibedakan kelas lagi, Kementerian Kesehatan (Kemenkes) menegaskan mayoritas rumah sakit di Indonesia siap untuk menjalankan layanan KRIS untuk pasien BPJS Kesehatan.

Kesiapan itu diungkapkan oleh Dirjen Pelayanan Kesehatan Kemenkes Azhar Jaya. “Survei kesiapan RS terkait KRIS sudah dilakukan pada 2.988 rumah sakit dan yang sudah siap menjawab isian 12 kriteria ada sebanyak 2.233 rumah sakit,” ujar Azhar.

Sebagai informasi, KRIS adalah pengganti layanan Kelas 1, 2, dan 3 BPJS Kesehatan yang bertujuan untuk memberikan layanan kesehatan secara merata tanpa melihat besaran iurannya.

Melalui KRIS, rumah sakit perlu menyiapkan sarana dan prasarana sesuai dengan 12 kriteria kelas rawat inap standar secara bertahap. Apa saja ke-12 kriteria KRIS itu?

Sesuai bunyi Pasal 46A Perpres 59/2024, disyaratkan kriteria fasilitas perawatan dan pelayanan rawat inap KRIS meliputi komponen bangunan yang digunakan tidak boleh memiliki tingkat porositas yang tinggi serta terdapat ventilasi udara dan kelengkapan tidur.

Demikian pula soal pencahayaan ruangan. Perpres itu juga mengatur pencahayaan ruangan buatan mengikuti kriteria standar 250 lux untuk penerangan dan 50 lux untuk pencahayaan tidur, temperature ruangan 20--26 derajat celcius.

Tidak hanya itu, layanan rawat inap berdasarkan perpres itu mensyaratkan fasilitas layanan yang membagi ruang rawat berdasarkan jenis kelamin pasien, anak atau dewasa, serta penyakit infeksi atau noninfeksi.

Selain itu, kriteria lainnya adalah keharusan bagi penyedia layanan untuk mempertimbangkan kepadatan ruang rawat dan kualitas tempat tidur, penyediaan tirai atau partisi antartempat tidur, kamar mandi dalam ruangan rawat inap yang memenuhi standar aksesibilitas, dan menyediakan outlet oksigen.

Selain itu, kelengkapan tempat tidur berupa adanya dua kotak kontak dan nurse call pada setiap tempat tidur dan adanya nakas per tempat tidur. Kepadatan ruang rawat inap maksimal empat tempat tidur dengan jarak antara tepi tempat tidur minimal 1,5 meter.

Tirai/partisi dengan rel dibenamkan menempel di plafon atau menggantung. Kamar mandi dalam ruang rawat inap serta kamar mandi sesuai dengan standar aksesibilitas dan outlet oksigen.

Azhar menjamin, Kemenkes akan menjalankan hal tersebut sesuai dengan tupoksi yang ada. “Tentu saja kami akan bekerja sama dengan BPJS Kesehatan dalam implementasi dan pengawasannya di lapangan,” ujar Azhar.

Berkaitan dengan perpres jaminan kesehatan itu, Direktur Utama BPJS Kesehatan Ghufron Mukti menilai, perpres tersebut berorientasi pada penyeragaman kelas rawat inap yang mengacu pada 12 kriteria. "Bahwa perawatan ada kelas rawat inap standar dengan 12 kriteria, untuk peserta BPJS, maka sebagaimana sumpah dokter tidak boleh dibedakan pemberian pelayan medis atas dasar suku, agama, status sosial atau beda iurannya," ujarnya.

Jika ada peserta ingin dirawat pada kelas yang lebih tinggi, kata Ghufron, maka diperbolehkan selama hal itu dipengaruhi situasi nonmedis. Hal itu disebutkan dalam Pasal 51 Perpres Jaminan Kesehatan diatur ketentuan naik kelas perawatan.

Menurut pasal tersebut, naik kelas perawatan dilakukan dengan cara mengikuti asuransi kesehatan tambahan atau membayar selisih antara biaya yang dijamin oleh BPJS Kesehatan dengan biaya yang harus dibayar akibat peningkatan pelayanan.

Selisih antara biaya yang dijamin oleh BPJS Kesehatan dengan biaya pelayanan dapat dibayar oleh peserta bersangkutan, pemberi kerja, atau asuransi kesehatan tambahan.

Ghufron Mukti juga mengimbau pengelola rumah sakit tidak mengurangi jumlah tempat tidur perawatan pasien dalam upaya memenuhi kriteria KRIS. "Pesan saya jangan dikurangi akses dengan mengurangi jumlah tempat tidur. Pertahankan jumlah tempat tidur dan penuhi persyaratannya dengan 12 kriteria tersebut," tegas Ghufron.

Penulis: Firman Hidranto Redaktur: Ratna Nuraini/Elvira Inda Sari Sumber: Indonesia.go.id

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

---

All this process has been a great learning for me and that's why I decided to document it. Connecting your node isn't (yet) that intuitive as it should, to auto withdraw your sats and use SN in a fully noncustodial manner. Consider this just a reference, it's generic due to my current tech skills did not enable me to cover all scenarios, so many things will not exactly match your case as it will be mostly depending on your node OS implementation. However, hope you'll find the following steps useful.

---

0. Open a channel with SN node

This is not mandatory, but it will definitely help the autowithdraws to find a cheaper and faster path toward your node.

pubkey: 03cc1d0932bb99b0697f5b5e5961b83ab7fd66f1efc4c9f5c7bad66c1bcbe78f02 connect via IPv4 on clearnet: 03cc1d0932bb99b0697f5b5e5961b83ab7fd66f1efc4c9f5c7bad66c1bcbe78f02@52.5.194.83:9735 connect anonymously via Tor 03cc1d0932bb99b0697f5b5e5961b83ab7fd66f1efc4c9f5c7bad66c1bcbe78f02@xhlmkj7mfrl6ejnczfwl2vqik3xim6wzmurc2vlyfoqw2sasaocgpuad.onion:9735 via terminal: lightning-cli connect <node_id> <ip> [<port>] lightning-cli fundchannel <node_id> <amount_in_satoshis> It could also be a private channel and this will allow you to use it exclusively for your autowithdraws and get the cheapest and faster transaction ever setting Base Fee (mSats) and Fee Rate (mSats) equal to zero. By command line should be something like (depending on which node OS you are running): lightning-cli setchannel <channel_id> <base_fee_millisatoshi> <fee_per_millionth> <base_fee_millisatoshi>: This is a fixed amount of satoshis that will be charged for every payment routed through your channel, regardless of the payment's size.

<fee_per_millionth>: This is a variable fee represented in millionths of a satoshi per satoshi routed, essentially a percentage of the transaction amount.

... or you could also easily use Ride The Lightning in case you have it installed:

---

1. Get your rest host and port

SN supports both connections types, tor or clearnet. I highly suggest tor as it provides much more privacy and does not leak your node's IP, as SN is missing a warrant canary and does not yet issue any transparency report, stating that it had not received any national security letters or legal notice to disclose user data.

---

2. Get your invoice only rune

A rune is a base64 string with a unique id which can be used to access commands on your node. It's important to limit the commands the rune we'll use to only allow method=invoice.

So it's now time to open the terminal in your device and connect to your node via ssh, usually something like ssh user@node.local, and then run the following command to generate one: lightning-cli createrune restrictions='["method=invoice"]' It's useful to verify the rune has been correctly created, verifying the list of existing rune running the following command: lightning-cli showrunes You can see all official documentation about lightning-commando-rune from here.

---

3. Get your cert

The certificate is located inside your node and is easily accessible via CLI via terminal with the following command: sudo nano ~/core-lightning/data/c-lightning-rest/certs/certificate.pem Make sure the path is correct, and, if it's, you should get a new window with the certificate. This certificate is encoded with base64, copy it and make sure you remove all spaces before pasting it to the SN form.

---

4. Set your desired balance

Last values to set are the desired balance to be left on SN wallet and the maximum fee as a percent of the withdrawal amount. I assume that if a channel is set toward SN node (as explained in step 0) we can also set zero here. I decided to set 1 just in case. I also set zero on desired balance because I do not want SN to be a wallet, but just an app I use to share and learn.

---

5. Attach and troubleshoot

Hitting the attach button will submit the information attached in the form. When using Tor, it could take a bit, so be patient and wait for the outcome to appear in the log section below. In my case, still have unsuccessfully completed the goal, so my CLN node is not yet attached due to an error: 21m [cln] ERROR could not connect to CLN: request to https://hidden.onion:2104/v1/invoice failed, reason: write EPROTO C077EC2F067F0000:error:0A00010B:SSL routines:ssl3_get_record:wrong version number:../deps/openssl/openssl/ssl/record/ssl3_record.c:354: 21m [cln] ERROR failed to attach wallet

I'm not sure if I am doing something wrong, or if the Tor connection is maybe so unstable that give me this error... Anyway, ideally, I'm still waiting for @k00b and @ek to confirm what's going on from @SN side. If you have a CLN node and want to play around, head to wallet > attach wallets > CLN and try to connect your node.

It will be nice if you can comment below your experience attaching your CLN node, either via clearnet or tor, so it might help better understand and learn how to correctly achieve this goal I've set on my to-do list!

@ 80185950:ae8205c6

Chef's notes

You don’t need to use gluten free ingredients, you can always use normal breadcrumbs or panko if you desire.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 5 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 20 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• Garlic cloves
• Butter
• Prawns large or King Prawns
• Mozarella
• Basil leaves
• Gluten free bread crumbs
• Sweet paprika
• Vegetable seasoning
• Garlic granules
• Olive oil
• Chilli powder

Directions

1. Prepare few garlic cloves by mashing them with tool of your choice
2. Wash prawns or king prawns make sure they are pealed, I use entire bag of them
3. Heat up oven or grill
4. While it’s heating up we will prepare a souse first, we will need a baking dish on the side where all ingredients will meet
5. Heat up the pan and melt half bar of butter, yes I know it’s a lot but believe me we won’t be able to eat it it will act like a souse
6. Add garlic
7. Don’t burn the butter just make sure it melts and as soon it bubbles add all the spices, pinch of everything mentioned in ingredients list. If you don’t have vegetable seasoning use salt instead, as the seasoning is already salty
8. Now add some olive oil to mix into the butter approx 2 table spoons
9. Pour it into the baking dish
10. Now in the same pan throw washed prawns for approx 2 minutes not longer we want them to be soft not gummy
11. Turn them around and after 2 minutes place them into the butter souse in a baking dish
12. Now get some Mozarella cheese, slice it and spread on the dish
13. Decorate with basil leaves
14. Sprinkle with bread crumbs
15. Throw to the oven for 15 min
16. Enjoy :)

@ 005bc4de:ef11e1a2

Chef's notes

In my little hobby garden, I grew these "snack" peppers (green, yellow, orange, red), some hot cayenne peppers, and okra. Pickling them is easy and is great as part of a charcuterie board or added to a cocktail. Mostly, they're just fun, as well as yummy.

The ingredient sizes are estimates, it really doesn't matter. You just want to jam as much as you can into the jar.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20 min
• 🍳 Cook time: no cooking, but at least 2 days chill time
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 1 cup snack peppers
• 1/2 cup okra
• several hot cayenne peppers (to taste)
• 1/2 cup white vinegar
• 1 T sugar (optional - I did not use any)

Directions

1. Clean the ribs from the snack peppers. I saved the seeds (dry them, then plant them...why buy seeds?). Slice the cayenne peppers so the heat gets released from the inside. Also slice the okra so the liquid gets into the inside. Stuff the jar as tightly as you can, no need to waste precious pickling space. Fill the jar half way with vinegar, then top off with water. Add sugar if desired (I did not). Place in the refrigerator to chill. Most recipes call for 2 to 3 days. I usually go for a week. Great as finger food or with a cocktail.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

After a thrilling 2nd round, we have our final 4: Boston, Indiana, Dallas, and Minnesota.

One remarkable thing about this is that the best player on each of these teams is 25 or younger. Normally, elite players don't lead their teams to a title until they're at least 27, so one of these guys will join a rare class of young players who led a title team.

Another remarkable thing is that it's not like the league is bereft of talent.

Who's Missing?

The past 3 MVP's 1. Jokic 2. Giannis 3. Embiid

The All-Time Greats 1. Lebron 2. Steph 3. KD 4. Kawhi 5. Butler

My hat's off to these legends for holding on so long, but I think we need to accept that their time has passed. The league now belongs to the younger generation, although I expect Jokic to be in the mix for the foreseeable future.

What do you all think?

Can the 30+ generation of players still lead a title contender or do they need to get in where they fit in?

I'll have a series of post mortems for most of these teams where we can really get into what direction they should be going.

@ ec0d8d50:74e4c93e

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@ 80185950:ae8205c6

Chef's notes

I usually use Nutella as a chocolate choice, however you can use any spread of your own preference. Make sure pancakes are thin so they can be folded. Enjoy!

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 10 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 15 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 1 egg
• 1 cup of milk
• 3/4 cup of gluten free flour
• Oil
• Salt
• Gluten free baking powder
• 2 bananas
• Flaked almonds
• Peanut butter
• Chocolate spread

Directions

1. Mix 1 egg in the bowl untill fluffy
2. Add milk and mix
3. Add pinch of salt and baking powder
4. Add 1 table spoon of oil
5. Add flour
6. Mix until is thick and fully mixed
7. Heat up few drops of oil on the flat pan
8. Pour little mix untill fully covers pan but make sure remains thin
9. Wait until fully set, I usually don’t flip it over
10. Decorate ready pancake with peanut butter spread, chocolate spread and banana slices
11. You should be able to make 7-8 pancakes
12. When you fry them all take handful of flaked almonds and fry them on the same pan untill crispy
13. Sprinkle them all over your pancakes and add extra banana slices

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

Time to brush off the spurs and saddle up for a ride into the exciting ad-ventures ahead! What innovative goods or services are y'all bringin' on the wagon this week? Give us a sneak peek and let that entrepreneurial spirit get out.

---

Take some pics and start posting your items now!

[⚖️ SELL] - [🛒 BUY] - [🧑‍💻 HIRE] - [🖇 OFFER] - [🧑‍⚖️ AUCTION] - [🤝 SWAP] - [🆓 FREE] - [⭐ REVIEW]

---

Stay humble, stack sats!

@ 80185950:ae8205c6

Chef's notes

You can add more texture by adding chopped tomatoes or peppers. Control water level during boiling if you want the dal to be thicker or more watery. Perfect with rice or any fresh flat bread. Delicious as a dinner curry side or lunch time thicker version with paratha or other flap breads.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 5 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 20 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 1 onion
• Garlic gloves
• Red chilli dried or fresh
• Red lentils
• Butter
• Turmeric
• Vegetable seasoning like Maggi
• Corriander
• Sweet paprika powder

Directions

1. Chop onions and garlic in thin slices
2. Melt 1 table spoon of butter in a pan
3. Add garlic and mix 30 seconds
4. Add onions and mix few minutes
5. Add half cup of lentils (make sure you wash them before)
6. Add right away 1 tea spoon of turmeric powder
7. Add 1 tea spoon of sweet paprika powder
8. Add 2 tea spoons of vegetable seasoning powder or 1 tea spoon of vegetable seasoning Maggi liquid
9. Add 2 cups of water and bring to boil
10. Add red chillies depending how many you want 1-3
11. Boil on small gas for 20 min mix in between to make sure doesn’t stick to the bottom of the pan

@ ec09d831:42c80ce4

https://image.nostr.build/6d3e670146dbe51523cebd38402d4d1b960952c9960f924117a5667353fc376b.png

Gülünç Kâhinlikler ve Entelektüel Tevazunun Değeri

1998 yılında Paul Krugman, 2005 yılına gelindiğinde “internetin ekonomi üzerindeki etkisinin faks makinesinden daha büyük olmadığının” açıkça görüleceği tahmininde bulunmuştu. Bu tahmin o kadar yanlıştı ve o kadar yaygın bir şekilde dilden dile (neredeyse memetik bir şekilde) dolaşıyordu ki Snopes’un bu ifadeleri kontrol eden ve doğruluğunu teyit eden bir sayfası bile mevcuttu.

İnternet uçsuz bucaksız bir yer, ancak bu kadar kötü bir şekilde ıskalayan başka bir tahmin bulmak gerçekten çok zordur. Bu nedenle 2015 yılında Bitcoin ile ilgili olarak yapılan ve aynı derecede fena ıskalayan bir tahmine rastladığımda epey şaşırdım. Ne tesadüftür ki (ya da belki de değil) bu yorum da Krugman’dan geliyor.

Bitcoin “Liberteryen İdeolojiye” Dayanan Bir “Balon” mu?

Temmuz 2015’te düzenlenen bir panelde Krugman’a “Bitcoin gibi ezber bozan, sistem yıkıcı, çığır açıcı dijital para birimleri” hakkındaki görüşü soruldu. Krugman, iki buçuk dakikalık abuk sabuk bir yanıtla Bitcoin’i “liberteryen ideolojiye” dayanan bir para birimi, patlamayı bekleyen bir balon olarak tanımladı. Nobel ödüllü yazar, “Bir soruna teknik açıdan güzel bir çözüm, ancak bu sorunun iktisadi açıdan pek bir önemi olduğunu söyleyemeyiz.” şeklinde her zamanki gibi zırvalamıştı. Ancak buradaki asıl mesele, Krugman’ın bu teknik meseleleri anlamadığının açık olmasıdır. Sözlerine Bitcoin’i kredi kartlarıyla kıyaslayarak devam ederken “Eğer bir para biriminin fiziksel bir şey olması gerekmediği, sanal bir şey olabileceği fikrini arıyorsanız, bu zaten sahip olduğumuz sistemdir” diyordu. “Ödemeleri elektronik olarak yapmanın bir yolunu arıyorsam, bu, bilirsiniz, kredi kartlarıdır.” bile demişti, inanabiliyor musunuz?

Krugman’ın yanıtı, Bitcoin’i gerçekten incelemediğini ve değer önerisini ya da benzersiz özelliklerini gerçekten anlamadığını gösteriyor. Bitcoin itibari para ile aynı özelliklerin çoğuna, yani kolayca transfer edilebilirliğe, bölünebilirliğe ve takas edilebilirliğe sahiptir; ancak itibari paradan farklı olarak arzı öngörülebilir ve kesinlikle sınırlıdır. Tasarımı gereği, Bitcoin’i yaratmak, yani “madencilik” giderek zorlaşmaktadır. Ve sadece 21 milyon Bitcoin üretileceğini kesin olarak biliriz. Bu doğal kıtlık Bitcoin’i itibari paradan çok daha dayanıklı bir para birimi hâline getirmektedir ki bu özelliğin kredi kartlarıyla hiçbir ilgisi yoktur. Krugman, Bitcoin’in özelliklerini tartışmak ya da zayıf yönlerine değinmek yerine, çoğunlukla Bitcoin ile alay ediyor, daha doğrusu alay edebildiğini sanma gafletine düşüyor ve şu finansal tavsiyeyi veriyor: “Bitcoin birçok açıdan gerçekten bir balon gibi görünüyor ve kesinlikle, bu para birimini tutmak için bir neden yok.”

Krugman’ın Tavsiyesini Dikkate Almayıp Bitcoin Alsaydınız Ne Olurdu?

Krugman’ı dinleyip 2015 yılında Bitcoin almamaya karar verdiyseniz, muhtemelen kendinizi Netflix’i satın alması için gelen 50 milyon dolarlık teklifi geri çeviren Blockbuster şirketi yöneticileri gibi hissediyorsunuzdur.

Krugman Temmuz 2015’te bu tahmini yaptığında Bitcoin yaklaşık 300 dolardan işlem görüyordu. Çarşamba sabahı, yani Bitcoin’in 15. yaş günü olan 3 Ocak 2024’te Bitcoin 45.000 dolardan işlem gördü. Bu, Krugman’ın tavsiyesini göz ardı edip 7500 dolara 25 Bitcoin almaya karar verdiyseniz, bugün yaklaşık 1.125.000 dolarınız olacağı anlamına geliyor.

Bir de başka bir açıdan bakalım. Krugman 2015 yılında New York Şehir Üniversitesi’nden (gelir eşitsizliği üzerine çalışmak üzere) yıllık 225.000 dolar maaş alıyordu ve bu meblağa diğer girişimlerinden elde ettiği kazançlar (kitap telifleri, New York Times köşesi, vb.) dâhil değildi. Krugman bir yıl boyunca gelirinin %10’u ile (vergi ödemeden önce) hisse senedi yerine Bitcoin alsaydı, 22.500 dolar karşılığında 75 Bitcoin satın alabilirdi. Bu tek yatırım ona 3,4 milyon dolar net kâr sağlardı.

Bilmenin Sınırlarını Bilmek

Krugman’a karşı insaflı olmak adına, geleceği tahmin etmenin zor olduğunu söylemeliyim. Sonsuz sayıda hareketli parçası olan karmaşık bir dünyada yaşıyoruz. Sistemler, seçimler, ürünler, riskler, vs. gibi şeylerle dolu dünya hakkındaki bilgimiz oldukça sınırlıdır. Ancak yine de bu gerçeği kabul etmeli ve şunu bilmeliyiz ki tüm bilginin tek bir akla aktarılabileceğini varsaymak, gerçek dünyada önemli ve anlamlı olan her şeyi göz ardı etmek olacaktır. Ne yazık ki, bilginin sınırlarını kabul etmek ve bu konuda tevazu göstermek Krugman’ın pek de iyi bildiği bir şey değildir. Hatta kendisine Bitcoin sorulduğunda küçümseyerek cevap vermesi de dinleyicilerin ve moderatörün gülüşmelerine neden olmuştur.

Krugman’ın tepkisinin progresiflerin ağababası Noam Chomsky’nin 2015’teki bir röportaj sırasında kendisine Bitcoin sorulduğunda verdiği yanıtla tam bir tezat oluşturması da çok ilginçtir. Chomsky şüpheci olduğunu ifade etmiş, ancak Bitcoin’i yakından incelemediğini de kabul etmişti. Chomsky, “İlk aklıma gelen, cevap verecek kadar bilgim olmadığı” demiştir. Bu, Krugman’ın üstünkörü yaklaşımından çok daha aydınlatıcı ve mütevazı bir yaklaşımdır.

Entelektüeller arasında kibir pek duyulmamış bir şey değildir, ancak geçmişi tuhaf tahminler ve oldukça utanç verici olduğu ortaya çıkan kötü tavsiyelerle dolu olan Krugman’dan bu kadar kibre tanık olmak biraz şaşırtıcı oluyor (insan biraz akıllanır be adam). Bu kibirli ve aymaz çıkışlarının arasında 2002 yılında resesyonla mücadele etmek için kasıtlı olarak konut balonu yaratma önerisi (konut balonu da nasıl sonuçlandı, gördük), makroekonomik modellerinin ampirik başarısızlıkları ve yukarıda bahsedilen internetin ekonomik etkisinin “faks makinelerinden daha büyük olmayacağı” iddiası yer alıyor. İnanılmaz bir adam!

Tekrar ediyorum, bazı konularda yanılıyor olmakta sorun yok. İnsanız, hepimiz hata yaparız. Ancak bu temel gerçeği kabul etmek, kibri değil de tevazuyu ve yanıldığımızı kabul etme becerisini geliştirmelidir.

Bitcoin’e Dair İyimserlik

Krugman 2017, 2018 ve 2022’deki köşe yazılarından da anlaşılacağı üzere Bitcoin’e şüpheyle yaklaşmaya devam ediyor ve bunda bir sorun yok. Krugman’ın başlıca takıntısı ise Bitcoin’in (içsel değere sahip olan) altın ve (devlet vaatleriyle desteklenen) itibari paranın aksine “dayanaksız” olduğu fikri.

Krugman, “Eğer spekülatörler aniden bitcoinlerin değersiz olduğu korkusuyla toplu bir şüpheye kapılırlarsa, bitcoinler değersiz hâle gelir,” diye yazıyor. Bu doğru olabilir elbette, ancak herhangi bir para birimi (hatta altın) için de söylenebilir. Bitcoin hakkında yaklaşık bir yıl boyunca benzer kuşkulara sahip olduğumu itiraf etmeliyim. Kıt olmak üzere tasarlanmış esnek ama dayanıklı bir para birimi olarak değerini anlamak ve tam olarak inanmak zordu. Tabii artık böyle düşünmüyorum. Enflasyona karşı dayanıklı bir para birimi olarak değer önerisi gerçek, özellikle de itibari paranın tüm dünyada devasa ölçeklerde piyasaya pompalanması nedeniyle istikrarsız göründüğü bir dönemde.

İyi Para, Kötü Para ve Bitcoin’in Yeri

Peki şimdi kötü paradan, yani ABD doları, avro, Japon yeni, Çin renminbisi, İngiliz sterlini, İsviçre frangı ve temelde tüm resmî para birimlerinden bahsedelim. Bunların hepsi itibari parayı temsil etmektedir. İtibari paranın kök adı olan fiat terimi Latinceden gelir ve “böyle olsun!” anlamına sahiptir. Dolayısıyla itibari para “fermana dayalı, zorlayıcı para” ya da “halka zorla kabul ettirilen para”dır. İtibari paranın üç temel özelliği vardır: 1. Devlet (ya da onun temsilcisi olan merkez bankası) para üretimi üzerinde tekel sahibidir. 2. İtibari para banka kredilerinin genişletilmesi yoluyla üretilir; kelimenin tam anlamıyla havadan yaratılır. 3. İtibari para içsel olarak (özünde) değersizdir. Sadece parlak renkli kâğıtlar ve maddi olmayan bit ve baytlardan ibarettir ki bunlar herhangi bir zamanda ve politik olarak uygun görülen herhangi bir miktarda üretilebilirdir.

Kötü Para Nasıl Ortaya Çıktı?

Yeri gelmişken, itibari paranın bu dünyaya kendiliğinden gelmediğini belirtmek isterim. Devletler, altın ve gümüş şeklindeki emtia parasını kendi itibari paralarıyla değiştirmek için uzun süre ve çok uğraştılar. Emtia parasına son darbe 15 Ağustos 1971’de geldi: ABD Başkanı Richard Nixon, Bretton Woods’ta küresel kur ilan edilen ABD dolarının artık altına çevrilemeyeceğini açıkladı. Bu karar (ki ben buna modern tarihin en büyük parasal kamulaştırması ya da gasbı diyorum) dünyayı fiilî bir itibari para rejimine soktu.

Bu çerçevede, itibari paranın iktisadi ve ahlâkî eksikliklerden muzdarip olması sürpriz olmayabilir.

İtibari Paranın Kusurları

Birincisi, itibari para enflasyonisttir. Satın alma gücü zaman içinde azalır ve tarih bu entropinin neredeyse yerçekimi kadar tersinemez olduğunu göstermiştir.

İkincisi, itibari para seçilmiş bir azınlığı diğerlerinin zararına zenginleştirir. Yeni parayı ilk ele geçirenler, sonradan gelenlerin aleyhine fayda sağlar. Bkz: Cantillon Etkisi.

Üçüncüsü, itibari para spekülatif balonları ve krizlerle sonuçlanan sermaye yanlış dağılımlarını teşvik eder. Ekonomiler bu yüzden ani yükselmeler ve çöküşler yaşar. Bkz: Avusturyacı İş Döngüsü Teorisi.

Dördüncüsü, itibari para devletleri, bankaları, tüketicileri ve firmaları aşırı borç tuzağına çeker. Er ya da geç, borçlular kendilerini çıkış yolu olmayan derin bir çukurda bulurlar.

Beşincisi, itibari para büyük devleti besler. Devlet genişledikçe ve bakımsız bir bahçedeki yabani otlar gibi büyüdükçe, bu büyüme bireysel özgürlük ve hürriyeti boğar, hatta yok eder.

İyi Para Üzerine

Kötü para hakkında yeterince konuştum. Şimdi de sırada şu soru var: İyi para nedir? Bu soruyu yanıtlamak için, serbest para piyasasının nasıl işlediğini düşünmemiz yeterlidir. Burada insanlar hangi tür parayı kullanmak istediklerine karar vermekte özgürdürler ve aynı zamanda iyi para arayan diğer insanların ihtiyaçlarını karşılama özgürlüğüne de sahiptirler.

Parada serbest piyasanın sonucu elbette iyi para olacaktır, çünkü insanlar kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda iyi para talep edeceklerdir, kötü para değil. Bu aslında Sağlam Para Teorisi’nin bize söylediği şeydir. Para bir metadan ve serbest piyasanın kendiliğinden ortaya çıkmıştır: Bu süreçte ne bir devlete ne de bir merkez bankasına ihtiyaç duyulmuştur.

İyi para olarak nitelendirilebilmesi için söz konusu “şey” ya da malın belirli özelliklere sahip olması gerekir. Kıt, homojen, bölünebilir, dayanıklı, taşınabilir, madenden darp edilebilir vs. olmalıdır. Altın ve gümüş bu gereklilikleri mükemmel bir şekilde karşılamaktadır ve bu nedenle insanlar seçmekte özgür olduklarında evrensel olarak kabul edilen ödeme aracı olarak seçilmişlerdir.

Peki, bu durumda Bitcoin’in yeri neresidir?

İyi Para Arayışı Olarak Kriptografi Temelli Para Birimleri

Para teorisi açısından bakıldığında Bitcoin’in iyi bir para olarak nitelendirilebileceğini rahatlıkla iddia ediyorum. Bitcoin, bireysel özgürlük ve özel mülkiyet haklarına saygı göstererek, ilgili tüm katılımcıların gönüllü eylemleriyle serbest piyasadan türemiştir.

Ayrıca Bitcoin’in daha sonra gerekçeleriyle açıklayacağım şekilde regresyon teoremine uygun olduğunu ve dolayısıyla Bitcoin’in potansiyel olarak para olabilmesi için gerekli şartları sağladığını da iddia ediyorum. Hâl böyle iken kilit soru da Bitcoin’in resmî itibari para birimlerine ya da altın paraya meydan okuma ve onları geride bırakma şansının olup olmayacağıdır. Bunu daha ayrıntılı olarak sonraki başlıklar altında irdeleyeceğim, ancak öncesinde, “Bitcoin para mıdır?” sorusunu, Mises’in regresyon teoremi bağlamında Bitcoin’in regresyon zaman çizgisini harikulade bir şekilde ele alan Konrad S. Graf’ın “Bitcoin, regresyon teoreminin köken yönünün en iyi belgelenmiş tarihsel örneği olabilir” tespitini hatırlatmak istiyorum. Ayrıca, evet, Bitcoin hiçbir “fiyatı” olmadan başladı çünkü başlangıçta yalnızca tek bir varlık, yani Satoshi Nakamoto onu biliyordu, ancak hiçbir zaman “değersiz” değildi. Neden mi? Çünkü Satoshi Nakamoto ilk 50 bitcoini kazmak için elektrik bedelini ödedi. Satoshi, bu bitcoinler için, bugün dünyanın dört bir yanındaki madencilerin Bitcoin için elektrikle “ödeme” yaptığı gibi “ödeme” yaptı. Tek başına bu bile Mises’in yanlış uygulanan ve yeterince anlaşılmayan regresyon teoremi ile uyumsuzluğu iddialarını çürütmektedir.

Parada Serbest Piyasa

Bitcoin’in heyecan verici bir özelliği de miktarının 21 milyon adetle sınırlı olmasıdır. Bu sabit sınır, bir noktada (takribi 2140 yılında) Bitcoin miktarının daha fazla artmayacağı anlamına gelmektedir. Malum, eğer para miktarı sabit kalır ve ekonomi genişlerse, mal ve hizmet fiyatları düşecektir.

Bu durum para kullanıcıları ya da ekonomi için bir sorun teşkil eder mi diye soracak olursanız peşinen cevaplayayım: Hayır, hiç sorun olmaz. Fiyatlar düşse de firmalar veya tüm piyasa katılımcıları başarılı olmaya devam edebilir. Kârları, gelirler ve maliyetler arasındaki farktan kaynaklanır. Eğer mal fiyatları (nominal olarak) düşerse, firmalar sadece gelirlerinin maliyetlerini aşmaya devam ettiğinden emin olmalıdır. Tüketiciler mal fiyatlarının düştüğünü görmekten memnun olacaktır. Paraları daha değerli hâle geleceğinden nakit bakiyelerini azaltıp harcamalarını artırabilirler.

Şimdi Almak mı, Sonra Almak mı?

Ama bir dakika! Fiyatların zaman içinde düşmesi beklenirse tüketiciler mal satın almaktan kaçınmazlar mı? Bir arabanın bugün 50.000 dolar olduğunu ve bir yıl sonra sadece 40.000 dolar olacağını düşünün. Eğer arabaya şu anda ihtiyacım varsa (çünkü eskisi bozuldu), hemen yeni bir tane almam gerekir, bekleyemem. Genel cevap şudur: İnsanlar şimdi ya da sonra satın alma kararlarını indirgenmiş marjinal faydaya göre verirler. Arabayı 50.000 dolara satın almanın marjinal faydası, insanların değer skalasında sadece 40.000 dolar ödemekten daha düşüktür. Ancak 40.000 dolara satılan araba şimdi değil, bir yıl sonra satışa sunulacaktır. Bu nedenle, karar verme aşamasına gelindiğinde, insanlar bireysel zaman tercih oranlarını kullanarak bir yıl içinde 40.000 dolara satın alacakları malın marjinal faydasını dikkate alacaklardır. Daha sonra sonucu, malı şimdi 50.000 dolara satın almanın marjinal faydası ile karşılaştıracaklardır. Eğer arabayı bir yıl içinde 40.000 dolara satın almanın indirgenmiş marjinal faydası, şimdi 50.000 dolara satın almanın marjinal faydasından düşükse, insanlar şimdi satın alır. Daha yüksekse, satın alımlarını erteleyeceklerdir. Önemli olan nokta şudur: Mal fiyatlarının zaman içinde düşmesi hâlinde ekonominin durma noktasına geleceğinden korkmak için hiçbir neden yoktur. Dolayısıyla Bitcoin gibi sınırlı miktara sahip paralar gayet iyi çalışacaktır! Bırakınız insan eylesin!

Optimal Para Miktarı Üzerine

Burada temel olarak önemli bir hususun altını çizmek isterim: Bir ekonomide üretim ve istihdam artışını mümkün kılmak için para miktarının artması gerekmez. Paranın tek işlevi mübadeledir ve bu nedenle miktarındaki artış bir ekonomiyi daha zengin yapmaz ve herhangi bir sosyal fayda sağlamaz.

Para miktarındaki bir artışın yaptığı tek şey, para miktarının artmadığı bir duruma kıyasla bir para biriminin satın alma gücünü düşürmektir.

Krediye Ne Olur?

Az önce bir Bitcoin para rejiminde fiyat deflasyonu beklememiz gerektiğini öğrenmiştik. Peki bu kredi piyasasına ne yapar? Malların fiyatları düştükçe, para tutmak daha kârlı hâle gelir. Örneğin fiyatlar yılda %3 oranında düşerse, paranın satın alma gücü %3 oranında artar. Bu durumda, paramı yılda sadece %2 getirisi olan bir hazine bonosuna yatırmam. Paramdan vazgeçmemi sağlamak için borçlanıcının bana paranın satın alma gücündeki artıştan daha yüksek bir yatırım getirisi teklif etmesi gerekir. Tabii borç alanlar da borç alırken dikkatli davranacaklardır çünkü stres zamanlarında (2008’deki gibi) enflasyonist bir para politikası tarafından kurtarılmayacaklarını bilirler; Bitcoin sağ olsun, tercih ve eylemler makulleşmiştir!

Bu nedenle, sabit miktarda paranın olduğu bir ekonomide, özellikle günümüzün itibari para rejimiyle gelen borç piramidiyle karşılaştırıldığında, kredi piyasasının nispeten küçük kalması muhtemeldir. Aynı zamanda, firmaların kazançlarını muhafaza etmeleri ve finansman için öz sermaye ihraç etmeleri çok daha yaygın olacaktır. İnsanlar hayatları boyunca biriktirdikleri tasarruflarını bankalar, hükümetler ya da şirketler tarafından ihraç edilen borçlar yerine firma hisselerine yatıracaklardır. Bkz: Philipp Bagus’un Deep Freeze: Iceland's Economic Collapse adlı kitabında da açıklandığı üzere İzlanda’da bankalar kurtarılmayıp kapandıkça toplumun refahı artmıştır.

Faiz Oranına Ne Olur?

Fiyat deflasyonunun yaşandığı bir dünyada piyasa faiz oranı ne olur? Serbest bir piyasada nominal faiz oranının sıfırın altına düşemeyeceğini biliyoruz. Bunu anlamak kolaydır: Diyelim ki size yıllık -%5’ten bir yıllığına 100 dolar borç verirsem, bir yıl içinde 95 dolar geri vermeniz gerekir.

Elbette, (aklını kaçırmamış) herhangi bir borç veren bu tür bir anlaşmayı kibarca reddedecektir. Sadece nakit tutmaları daha iyi olur ve negatif faiz oranıyla borç vermezler. Burada ayrıntıya giremeyeceğim ancak basitçe serbest para piyasasında piyasa denge faiz oranının insanların zaman tercihi tarafından belirlendiğini söyleyeceğim. Zaman tercihi her zaman ve her yerde pozitiftir ve bunun tezahürü olan orijinal faiz oranı da pozitiftir. Başka bir deyişle, faiz oranı bırakın negatife düşmeyi, sıfıra bile düşemez ve düşmez.

Bitcoin Hakkındaki En Çocukça Mit

Para teorisine dair bayağı cehaletleri ile farkında olmadan devlet güzelleyen Krugman ve benzeri tiplerin ağzında sakız olmuş yeni bir söylence var: “Bitcoin bir Ponzi şemasıdır, saadet zinciridir.” Açıkçası bu söylem karşısında her gün şaşkınlığa uğruyorum çünkü hem Bitcoin’i tanımlamak için kullandıkları kavramın anlamını hem de itham ettikleri parasal teknolojiyi bilmemelerine rağmen bu pişkin tiplerin özgüvenleri ve cesaretleri inanılmaz geliyor. Ayrıca hâlâ Bitcoin’e karşı duyduğum en yaygın ithamlardan biri de suçlular, pedofiller ve teröristlerce kullanıldığı yönündeydi ancak elbette bunların hepsi defalarca çürütüldü ve bu yazıda bunlara değinmeye gerek duymuyorum. Bunun yerine, saadet zinciri veya Ponzi şeması iddiasının haklı olup olmadığına daha yakından bakacağım.

Ponzi Şeması Nedir?

Saadet zinciri ya da daha yaygın adıyla Ponzi şeması, adını yaratıcısı Charles Ponzi’den almıştır. Daha sonraki yatırımcılardan alınan paralarla daha önceki yatırımcılar için getiri sağlayan hileli bir yatırım dolandırıcılığıdır. En ünlü modern Ponzi şeması, Bernie Madoff’un yaklaşık kırk yıl boyunca işlettiği Madoff Securities’dir. İşin ilginç yanı ise Madoff’un eski NASDAQ başkanı olması ve neredeyse ABD Menkul Kıymetler ve Borsa Komisyonu’nun (SEC; Securities and Exchange Commission) başına geçecek olmasıdır.

Peki Bitcoin bir Ponzi şeması tanımına uyuyor mu? Öncelikle Ponzi şemasının tanımıyla başlayalım. SEC bunu şu şekilde tanımlıyor:

Ponzi şeması, yeni yatırımcılardan toplanan fonlarla mevcut yatırımcılara ödeme yapan bir yatırım dolandırıcılığıdır. Ponzi şeması organizatörleri genellikle paranızı yatırmayı ve çok az riskle veya hiç risk almadan yüksek getiri elde etmeyi vaat eder. Ancak birçok Ponzi şemasında, dolandırıcılar para yatırımı yapmazlar. Bunun yerine, bu düzeneği, düzeneğe daha önce yatırım yapmış olanlara ödeme yapmak için kullanırlar ve bir kısmını da kendilerine ayırabilirler. Meşru kazançları çok az olan ya da hiç olmayan Ponzi şemaları, varlıklarını sürdürebilmek için sürekli yeni para akışına ihtiyaç duyar. Yeni yatırımcı bulmak zorlaştığında ya da çok sayıda mevcut yatırımcı parasını çektiğinde, bu düzenekler çökme eğilimine girer.

SEC’e göre Ponzi şemaları aşağıdaki kriterleri yerine getirmelidir. Şimdi tüm tehlike işaretlerini Bitcoin üzerinden teker teker ele alalım:

1. Çok az riskle ya da hiç risk almadan yüksek getiri: Bitcoin’in yaratıcısı Satoshi Nakamoto, bırakın yüksek ya da tutarlı yatırım getirilerini, hiçbir zaman herhangi bir yatırım getirisi vaat etmemiştir. Aslında, Bitcoin son derece büyük volatiliteye ve sık sık %50’lik düşüşlerle yüksek riskli bir profile sahiptir.
2. Olağandışı sürekli getiriler: Bitcoin uzun yıllar boyunca getiri sağlayabilir. Getirileri yalnızca 4 yıllık pencerelerde tutarlıdır. Kısa vadede Bitcoin negatif veya sabit büyüme kaydeder.
3. Kayıtsız yatırımlar: Bitcoin, ABD’de Menkul Kıymetler ve Borsa Komisyonu (SEC; Securities and Exchange Commission), Emtia Vadeli İşlemler Komisyonu (CFTC; Commodity Futures Trading Commission) ve Vergi Dairesi (IRS; Internal Revenue Service) tarafından emtia ve mülk olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bitcoin, çoğu gelişmiş ülkede bir emtia olarak değerlendirilir ve kazançlar sermaye kazancı altında vergilendirilir.
4. Ruhsatsız tüccarlar: Çoğu kripto borsası kayıtlıdır, Müşteri Tanıma (KYC; Know Your Customer) ve Kara Para Aklamayı Önleme (AML; Anti-Money Laundering) yönergeleri gibi ilgili ülkelerin yönetmelikleriyle uyumludur. Bunun da ötesinde, birçok küresel banka, varlık yöneticisi ve emtia borsası Bitcoin’e yatırım yapma imkânı sunmaktadır.
5. Gizli ve karmaşık stratejiler: Bitcoin “gizli ve karmaşık” değil de tam tersi prensiplerle çalışır. Açık kaynaklıdır ve herkes istediği zaman hesap defterini görebilir. Değiştirmek için çoğunluğun mutabakatını gerektiren desentralize bir açık kaynaklı yazılım olarak, kodun her satırı bilinir ve hiçbir merkezî otorite bunu değiştiremez.
6. Evrak işleri ile ilgili sorunlar: Bitcoin kodu herkes tarafından, her yerde izlenebilir ve incelenebilir. Bitcoin’in işlemleri ve saklanması gerçek zamanlı olarak kolayca kanıtlanabilir ve kripto borsaları, bankalar ve emanetçiler gibi tüm aracılar artık ilgili vergi dairelerinin gözetimi altındadır.
7. Ödeme alma zorluğu: Bitcoin artık trilyon dolarlık bir varlıktır ve yüksek likiditeye sahiptir. Lisanslı bir emanetçi kuruluşunda güvenle saklanabilir, ışık hızında transfer edilebilir ve dünya çapındaki borsalar aracılığıyla herhangi bir zamanda fiat veya diğer kripto para birimlerine dönüştürülebilir.

Bitcoin’i Hedef Tahtasına Koymak

Peki, Bitcoin’in bir Ponzi şeması olduğunu kim iddia ediyor?

Tabii ki yine “önde gelen” Amerikalı ekonomist ve kendini “Bitcoin şüphecisi” olarak tanımlayan Paul Krugman bunlardan biridir. New York Times’a verdiği bir röportajda, Bitcoin’i ponzi şeması ile bir tutmuş ancak bu iddiasını kanıtlayan bir belgeyi veya tetkiki ise hiçbir zaman sunmamıştır. Daha önce de bahsettiğim gibi 2005 yılına kadar internetin ekonomi üzerindeki etkisinin faks makinesinden daha büyük olmayacağını öngörmesiyle tanınan Krugman, yani bize internetin ekonomik açıdan önemsiz olduğunu söyleyen aynı şüpheci, şimdi çok benzer bir şeyi Bitcoin için söylüyor.

Amerikalı gazeteci ve yazar David Harsanyi’ye göre ise Krugman her zaman yanılıyor ve kendisinden asla şüphe etmiyor. Krugman gibi başka kimler var? Örneğin borsada günlük işlemler yapan Dave Portnoy, 2020 yılında Bitcoin hakkında Krugman ile aynı görüşü paylaştı. Portnoy’un Bitcoin ile geçmişi oldukça tartışmalı çünkü başlarda “Bitcoin’e girdiğini” açıklamış ve Bitcoin’i satın aldığını teyit etmişti. Ancak kısa bir süre sonra 25.000 dolarlık bir kayıp yaşadığını iddia eden Portnoy, Bitcoin’den çıktığını açıkladı ve Bitcoin’in “büyük bir Ponzi şeması” olduğunu ileri sürdü. Sonraları bu konuda yanıldığını da kabul etti.

Büyük Aptal Kuramı Anlatısı

Ponzi şemasının dar tanımı Bitcoin için açıkça geçerli olmadığından, bazı insanlar daha geniş bir tanım kullanmıştır. Bitcoin’in Büyük Aptal Kuramı’na uygun olarak hareket ettiğini ileri sürmektedirler. Bu teori, insanların gereğinden fazla değer biçilmiş varlıkları “daha büyük bir aptala” satabilecekleri için fiyatların yükseldiğini savunur. Bu iddia Bitcoin yükseliş dönemlerinde kısmen geçerli olsa da, herhangi bir emtia için de aynı derecede doğrudur.

Bitcoin’in sadece bir para birimi olmadığını anlamak da önemlidir. O ayrıca bir emtiadır. Ve her emtia gibi nakit akışı yaratmaz ve yalnızca bir başkasının size ödeyeceği ya da takas edeceğiniz şey kadar değerlidir. Bu durumda, Bitcoin aslen parasal enerji olarak hizmet eder ve faydası tamamen merkezî bir taraf olmadan değer depolamak ve iletmekle ilgilidir.

Örneğin, Bitcoin’in yaratıcısı Satoshi Nakamoto bile, “bitcoinlerin temettüsü veya gelecekteki potansiyel temettüsü olmaz, bu nedenle bir hisse senedi gibi değildir. Daha çok bir koleksiyon ürünü ya da emtia gibidir.” demiştir.

Farkına varılması gereken bir diğer önemli nokta da, emtia statüsünün bir varlığı Ponzi şeması veya daha büyük aptal kuramı türü bir yatırım yapmadığıdır, çünkü benzer mantıkla altın da tam olarak bu tanıma girer. Altının kullanımının büyük çoğunluğu endüstri için değildir; serveti depolamak ve sergilemek içindir. Benzer şekilde, hiçbir nakit akışı üretmez ve yalnızca bir başkasının onun için ödeyeceği kadar değerlidir.

Aynı Tanıma Göre Dolar Bir Ponzi Şemasıdır

Eleştirmenler, Ponzi şemasının en geniş tanımına göre, tüm küresel bankacılık sisteminin bir Ponzi şeması olduğunun bir türlü farkına varamadılar.

Birincisi, itibari para yapay bir parasal varlıktır. Bir dolar sadece kâğıttan yapılmış veya bir banka defterine dijital olarak atanmış bir varlıktır. Avro ve diğer para birimleri için de aynı şey geçerlidir. Hiçbir nakit akışı ya da temettü ödemesi sağlamaz.

İkinci olarak, itibari para birimleri kısmi rezervli bankacılık sisteminde çalışır. Dolayısıyla, örneğin, insanların %20’si aynı anda paralarını bankalarından çekmeye çalışsa, bankacılık sistemi çöker. Bu aslında SEC’in bir Ponzi şeması için işaret ettiği tehlike belirtilerinden biri olan ödeme almada zorluktur.

Üçüncüsü, itibari para birimleri enflasyonist varlıklardır. Başka bir deyişle, itibari paralarınız için gelecekte asla aynı değeri alamazsınız çünkü sürekli olarak değer kaybederler. Tarihsel olarak 800 itibari para birimi kullanılmış ve bunların hepsi sıfıra gitmiştir, çünkü gerçek bir değerleri yoktur.

Muhtemelen Paul Krugman’ın ağzından çıkan tek doğru söz şuydu: “Fiat para birimlerinin temel değerleri vardır çünkü silahlı adamlar öyle olduğunu söyler.”

İronik bir şekilde, küresel bankacılık sistemi diğer tüm emtialardan daha fazla Ponzi özelliği taşımaktadır. Bitcoin, Ponzi şemasının en geniş tanımını bile altın piyasası, itibari para birimleri, güzel sanatlar ve birinci sınıf gayrimenkullerden daha fazla karşılamamaktadır. Başka bir deyişle, eğer bir şeyin tanımı nakit olmayan her varlığı içerecek kadar genişse, daha iyi bir tanıma ihtiyacınız vardır.

Son beş yılda Bitcoin’in kurumsal olarak benimsendiğini gördüğümüz yadsınamaz. İlk olarak, Fidelity emanet hizmeti ve CME Group da vadeli işlem ve opsiyon hizmeti sunmaya başladı. Ardından MassMutual ve onlarca büyük sigorta şirketi varlıklarını Bitcoin’e yatırdı. Daha sonra MicroStrategy, Square ve Tesla gibi halka arz edilmiş şirketler rezervlerinin bir kısmını ya da tamamını dolar yerine Bitcoin’e tahsis etti ve DBS Bank ve Standard Chartered Bank gibi uluslararası bankalar kendi Bitcoin brokerliklerini başlattı. Ardından Paul Tudor Jones, Stanley Druckenmiller, Bill Miller, Ray Dalio gibi Wall Street gediklileri Bitcoin satın aldı ve yükseliş görüşlerini dile getirdi. Ve tabii bir de muhteşem Michael Saylor var! Ayrıca 2021 yılında El Salvador, Bitcoin’i yasal ödeme aracı olarak ilan eden ilk ülke oldu.

Bu durumda Bitcoin şüphecileri tarihin yanlış tarafında olabilirler.

Dolayısıyla Bitcoin’i bir para birimi olarak adlandırmak konusunda da artık hiçbir tartışma olmamalıdır. Para birimi basitçe bir mübadele aracı olarak hizmet eden bir maldır, yani insanlar istedikleri mal ve hizmetler karşılığında bunu takas ederler. Farklı durumlarda, farklı mallar bu amaca hizmet eder. Mesela hapishanelerde sigara, para birimi olarak kullanılır. İlk Amerikan kolonilerinde de tütün bir para birimiydi. Bitcoinler ise dünyanın dört bir yanındaki binlerce insan için internet üzerinden bir mübadele aracı olarak kullanılıyor.

Şimdi, bunun “sağlam” bir para birimi olup olmadığı tamamen farklı bir sorudur. Bu yargıya varabilmek için öncelikle para birimlerini sağlam ya da sağlam olmayan olarak belirleyen özellikleri anlamamız gerekir. Altın ve gümüşü tekrar ele alalım: Tarih boyunca bir mübadele aracı olarak varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir ve bu tesadüfi değildir. Arzu edilen özelliklere sahiptirler. Sağlam bir para biriminin zaman içinde değerli kalması, sınırlı bir arza sahip olması, kolayca bölünebilir ve taşınabilir olması gerekir. Bu özelliklerden herhangi biri eksikse, özellikle de rekabete tâbi ise, böyle bir para biriminin uzun vadede yaşayabilirliğini sorgulamak gayet makuldür. Hatta bu nedenle pek çok serbest piyasa ekonomistine “goldbug” da denmektedir ki bu kişiler itibari paranın, alternatiflerine kıyasla büyük kusurlarını tespit edebilen kişilerdir.

Bitcoin, tamamen dijital olmasına rağmen, şeffaflık konusunda taviz vermez, herkes tarafından incelenebilir. Bitcoinler inanılmaz derecede taşınabilirdir; dünyanın herhangi bir yerine anında, neredeyse hiçbir ücret ödemeksizin veya çok göz ardı edilebilir bedellerle gönderilebilirler. Bir Bitcoin, yüz milyonda bire denk gelecek birimlerine kadar zahmetsizce bölünebilirler, yani 1 Bitcoin = 100.000.000 Satoshi diyebiliyoruz. Arzları kesinlikle sınırlıdır, hatta altından bile daha kısıtlıdır: Sadece 21.000.000 Bitcoin var olacaktır ve bu da değiştirilemez kodun içinde yazılıdır. Öte yandan değeri hakkında konuşmak gerekir. Vahşi fiyat dalgalanmaları yaşadığımız bu ilk evrelerinde, zaman içinde değerlerini koruyacaklarını söylemek doğru olur mu? Bu soruyu yanıtlamak için öncelikle “içsel değer” diye bir şeyin olmadığını anlamamız gerekiyor. Evrendeki hiçbir mal özünde değerli değildir, tıpkı herhangi bir yiyeceğin özünde lezzetli olmaması gibi. Değer, tanımı gereği tamamen subjektiftir (özneldir). Bir malın amaçlarımızı tatmin etme kabiliyetine ilişkin bir değerlendirmedir ve bu tür değerlendirmeleri yalnızca öznel bireyler yapabilir. Altın ve gümüş, moleküler yapılarında değer içerdikleri için değil, amaçlarımızı tatmin etme kabiliyetleri nedeniyle daima değerli görülmüştür.

İnsanlar bir para biriminin “içsel değerinden” bahsederken genellikle şöyle bir şeyi kastederler: “Parasal olmayan bir kullanımı vardır.” Örneğin insanlar altını bir mübadele aracı olarak kabul etmeselerdi, onu mücevher olarak takabilir ya da eritip elektronik cihazlarda kullanabilirlerdi. Eleştirmenlerin Bitcoin’in başarısız olmaya mahkûm olduğunu iddia etmelerinin nedeni budur. Bitcoin ile bir başkasına göndermekten başka bir şey “yapamazsınız”. Bu eleştiriyle ilgili iki sorun var: Birincisi, para birimlerinin parasal olmayan bir kullanıma sahip olması mantıksal bir gereklilik değildir; ikincisi, durum böyle olsa bile, bitcoinlerin gerçekten de parasal olmayan bir kullanımı vardır. Burada para birimi olarak “Bitcoin” ile desentralize bir bilgisayar ağı üzerinde çalışan bir yazılım olarak “Bitcoin” arasında bir ayrım yapmak faydalı olacaktır.

Dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde, herhangi bir para birimi arasında, güvenli bir şekilde, neredeyse hiçbir maliyet olmadan ve bankalar gibi aracılara güvenmeden anında para taşımanıza olanak tanıyan bir ödeme sistemi olduğunu hayal edin. Şimdi bu sistemin bu işlemlere aracılık etmek için yalnızca bir para birimini kabul ettiğini düşünün. Elbette bu para biriminin bir değeri olacaktır ve buna karşılık bu para biriminin her bir biriminin de bir değeri olacaktır. İşte bu ödeme sistemi Bitcoin yazılımını çalıştıran Bitcoin ağıdır ve kullandığı para birimi de bitcoinlerdir (ve bu para biriminin yüz milyonda birlik parçaları olan Satoshilerdir). Bitcoin (yazılım, ödeme sistemi ve ağ) bir değere sahip olduğu için bitcoinlerin (para birimi) de bir değeri vardır. Bununla birlikte, her bir Bitcoin’in diğer para birimlerine göre nominal fiyatının ne olması gerektiğini bildiğimiz söylenemez. Bir Bitcoin’in değeri 10 dolar mı olmalı, 1000 dolar mı, 100.000 dolar mı? Bunu bilmiyoruz ancak bu belirsizliği anlamanın tek yolu piyasadır, yani insan eylemi ve subjektif değerin özgürlüğüdür. Her an vuku bulan volatilite bir piyasa dinamiğidir ve Bitcoin’in kaç ABD doları olduğundan her an emin olmamız mümkün değildir, bu nedenle aralarında uygun bir döviz kuru belirlemek de kolay bir iş değildir. Spekülatörler de piyasaya hücum edince bir dizi ani yükseliş ve düşüş meydana gelmiş ve gelmektedir. Ancak bu kimseyi şaşırtmamalıdır. Bitcoin’in aşağıdaki matematiksel işlemde sağlama alınan temel özelliklerinden hiçbiri değişmemektedir.

Piyasanın gelecekte para birimi olarak neyi seçeceğini bilemeyiz, çünkü bu tamamen insanların değerlerine bağlıdır. Bırakın Bitcoin’i, insanların ABD dolarına değer vermeye devam edip etmeyeceğini dahi bilemeyiz. Ancak Bitcoin’in altın ve gümüşü başarılı para birimleri hâline getiren bazı temel özelliklere sahip olduğunu ve hatta bazı kategorilerde bu rakiplerinden daha iyi performans gösterdiğini biliyoruz. (Bitcoin’in 2024’teki blok ödül yarılanması, stok-akış oranı konusunda altının 6000 yıllık mutlak üstünlüğünü ekarte edecektir.)

Artık insanların Bitcoin’i bir para birimi olarak kabul edip etmeyeceği bir sorgulama konusu değildir. Zaten kabul ediyorlar ve topluluk giderek büyüyor. Asıl soru şu: Bitcoinler gelecekte de değerli olmaya devam edecek mi? Bitcoinler kesinlikle çürümeyecek ya da arz hiperenflasyona maruz kalmayacak olsa da bu özellikler değerlenmeye devam edecek mi? Tek uygun yanıt şu olsa gerek: Kesinlikle!

Bitcoin’e Değerini Veren Nedir?

Bitcoin’e karşı çıkmak için Mises’in çalışmalarını kullananlar tekrar düşünmelidir.

Bitcoin’i hiç kullanmamış pek çok kişi ona kafa karışıklığıyla bakıyor. Bu büyüleyici internet parasının neden bir değeri var ki? Bu sadece birilerinin uydurduğu bir bilgisayar şeyi değil mi ki? Onlarca yıldır sağlam paranın somut, sert ve bağımsız olarak değerli bir şeyle desteklenmesi gerektiği fikrini savunan goldbug’ların eleştirilerini düşünün. Bitcoin bu niteliklere sahip görünmüyor, değil mi? Belki de sahiptir. Daha yakından bakalım.

Bitcoin ilk olarak 15 yıl önce ulusal bazlı, devlet tarafından yönetilen paraya muhtemel bir rakip olarak ortaya çıktı. Satoshi Nakamoto’nun teknik makalesi 31 Ekim 2008’de yayınlandı. Bu belgenin yapısı ve dili şu mesajı veriyordu: Bu para birimi bilgisayar teknisyenlerine yöneliktir, ekonomistlere ya da siyasi uzmanlara değil. Makalenin dolaşımı sınırlıydı; onu okuyan acemiler şaşkınlığa uğradı. Ancak ilgisizlik tarihin ilerlemesini durdurmadı. İki ay sonra, dikkatini verenler, Nakamoto’nun, onu barındırmak isteyen dünyadaki herhangi bir bilgisayar düğümünde yaşayan dağıtık bir defter kavramı aracılığıyla üretilen ilk Bitcoin grubu olan “Genesis Blok”un ortaya çıkışını gördü.

Aradan 15 yıl geçti ve tek bir Bitcoin şu an 44.000 dolardan işlem görüyor ve coin başına 68.000 dolara kadar yükseldiğini de gördük (bu makalenin ilk kez Bitcoin’in 15. yaş günü olan 3 Ocak 2024’te yayınlandığını göz önünde bulundurunuz). Bitcoin para birimi hem çevrim içi hem de çevrim dışı binlerce kurum tarafından kabul edilmektedir. Bitcoin’in ödeme sistemi, geniş bankacılık altyapıları olmayan yoksul ülkelerde olduğu kadar gelişmiş ülkelerde de çok popüler. Federal Rezerv, OECD, Dünya Bankası ve büyük yatırım kuruluşları da dâhil olmak üzere başlıca kurumlar da bu paraya büyük ilgi gösteriyor.

Her ülkede sayıları azımsanmayacak kadar çok olan Bitcoin tutkunları, arzının kesinlikle sınırlı olması ve devlet parasından çok daha üstün bir sistem sunması nedeniyle gelecekte mübadele değerinin aya doğru yükseleceğini söylüyor. Tekrar etmek gerekirse, Bitcoin, üçüncü bir taraf olmadan bireyler arasında transfer edilir; hangi miktarda takas edilmek istenirse istensin neredeyse maliyetsizdir; öngörülebilir bir arzı vardır; dayanıklıdır, pazarlanabilirdir ve bölünebilirdir. İşte bunlar paranın tüm önemli özellikleridir. Merkez bankaları ve hükümetlerden azade, güvene ve kimliğe dayalı olmayan bir parasal sistem yaratır. Dijital çağ için yeni bir sistemdir.

Sağlam Para için Sağlam Dersler

“Sağlam para” geleneğinde eğitim almış olanlar için bu fikir ciddi bir meydan okuma olmuştur. Kendi adıma konuşacak olursam, Bitcoin’i anlamaya yaklaşmadan önce bir yıl boyunca Bitcoin hakkında okumalara gömülmüştüm. Bu fikrin tamamında beni rahatsız eden bir şeyler vardı: “Hiç yoktan para kazanamazsınız, hele bilgisayar kodundan hiç kazanamazsınız. Peki öyleyse neden bir değeri vardı? Yanlış bir şeyler olmalı.”

Paranın bu şekilde reforme edilmesini beklemiyorduk. İşte sorun burada: Beklentilerimiz. Ludwig von Mises’in paranın kökenine ilişkin teorisine daha fazla dikkat etmeliydik, yani onun yazdığını düşündüğümüz şeylere değil, aslında yazdıklarına.

Mises 1912 yılında The Theory of Money and Credit’i yayınladı. Almanca olarak yayınlandığında Avrupa’da büyük bir yankı uyandırdı ve derhâl İngilizceye çevrildi. Paranın her yönünü ele alsa da temel katkısı paranın değerini ve fiyatını -sadece paranın kendisini değil- kökenlerine kadar takip etmesiydi. Yani, paranın elde ettiği mal ve hizmetler açısından fiyatını nasıl edindiğini açıkladı. Daha sonra bu süreci “Regresyon Teoremi” olarak adlandırdı ve günümüzde ortaya çıktığı üzere Bitcoin, teoremin her koşulunu yerine getirmekteydi.

Mises’in hocası Carl Menger, paranın kendisinin devletten ya da toplumsal sözleşmeden değil, piyasadan kaynaklandığını göstermiştir. Para, girişimci insanların dolaylı mübadele için ideal bir meta biçimi aramasıyla yavaş yavaş kendiliğinden ortaya çıkar. Artık insanlar sadece mallarını birbirleriyle takas etmek yerine, tüketecekleri değil de ticaretini yapacakları bir mal edinmişlerdir. Bu mal, en pazarlanabilir meta olan para hâline gelir. Ancak Mises, paranın değerinin zaman içinde geriye doğru, takas edilen bir meta olduğu dönemdeki değerine kadar uzandığını da eklemiştir. Mises, paranın ancak bu şekilde bir değere sahip olabileceğini söylemiştir.

Paranın değeri teorisi, paranın nesnel mübadele değerini ancak paranın değeri olmaktan çıktığı ve sadece bir metanın değeri hâline geldiği noktaya kadar izleyebilir. ... Bu şekilde sürekli olarak daha da geriye gidersek, sonunda paranın nesnel mübadele değerinde, paranın ortak bir mübadele aracı olarak işlevine dayanan değerlemelerden kaynaklanan herhangi bir bileşen bulamadığımız bir noktaya varmamız gerekir; burada paranın değeri, para olmaktan başka bir şekilde yararlı olan bir nesnenin değerinden başka bir şey değildir. ... Kişisel tüketim için değil, sadece gerçekten istenen mallarla tekrar değiştirmek için piyasada mal edinmek olağan hâle gelmeden önce, her bir meta sadece doğrudan faydasına ve kullanışlılığına dayanan subjektif değerlemeler tarafından verilen değerle tanımlanıyor ve kabul ediliyordu.

Mises’in açıklaması, iktisatçıları uzun süredir şaşırtan önemli bir sorunu çözmüştü. Bu, varsayımsal bir tarih anlatısıdır ve yine de mükemmel bir anlam teşkil etmektedir. Aksi takdirde tuz tamamen yararsız olsaydı para olur muydu? Kunduz postları giyim için yararlı olmasaydı parasal değer kazanır mıydı? Önceden meta olarak hiçbir değerleri olmasaydı gümüş ya da altın para değerine sahip olur muydu? Parasal tarihin tüm örneklerinde cevap açıkça hayırdır. Paranın ilk değeri, para olarak yaygın bir şekilde alınıp satılmaya başlamadan önce, doğrudan faydasından kaynaklanır. Bu, tarihsel yeniden yapılandırma yoluyla ortaya konan bir açıklamadır. Bu, Mises’in regresyon teoremidir.

Bitcoin’in Kullanım Değeri

İlk bakışta Bitcoin bir istisna gibi görünebilir. Bir Bitcoin’i para dışında başka bir şey için kullanamazsınız (yaratıcısının teknik makalesinde de safi bir mübadele aracı olmak üzere tasarlandığının altı çizilmiştir). Üzerinize giyemezsiniz. Ondan bir makine yapamazsınız. Onu yiyemezsiniz, hatta onunla süslenemezsiniz. Değeri yalnızca dolaylı mübadeleyi kolaylaştıran bir birim olarak anlaşılır. Yine de Bitcoin zaten paradır. Her gün kullanılmaktadır. Tüm mübadeleleri gerçek zamanlı olarak görebilirsiniz; bu bir efsane değil. Piyasanın en somut ve doğal hâli olarak karşımızda durmaktadır.

Seçim yapmak zorundaymışız gibi görünebilir. Mises yanılıyor mu? Belki de tüm teorisini çöpe atmalıyız. Ya da belki de söyledikleri tamamen tarihseldir ve dijital çağın geleceği için geçerli değildir. Ya da belki de regresyon teoremi Bitcoin’in kalıcılık gücü olmayan boş bir çılgınlık olduğunun kanıtıdır, çünkü kullanışlı bir emtia olma değerine indirgenmesi mümkün değildir. Yine de, Bitcoin’i çevreleyen telaş duygusunu anlamak için karmaşık para teorisine başvurmak zorunda değilsiniz. Birçok insan, birkaç sene önceki ben gibi, fiziksel hiçbir temeli olmayan bir paradan tedirginlik duyuyor. Elbette, bir Bitcoin’i bir kâğıda yazdırabilirsiniz, ancak QR kodu veya açık anahtarı olan bir kâğıda sahip olmak bu tedirginlik duygusunu hafifletmek için yeterli değildir.

Bu sorunu nasıl çözebiliriz? Kendi zihnimde, bir yıldan uzun bir süre bu sorunla uğraştım. Kafamı karıştırdı. Mises’in görüşünün yalnızca dijital çağ öncesi için geçerli olup olmadığını merak ettim. İnternette Bitcoin’in değerinin, dönüştürüldüğü ulusal para birimleri dışında sıfır olacağı yönündeki spekülasyonları inceledim. Belki de Bitcoin’e olan talep, dolardan başka bir şeye duyulan çaresiz gereksinim nedeniyle Mises’in senaryosundaki taleplerin önüne geçmişti.

Zaman geçtikçe -ve Saifedean Ammous, Konrad Graf, Peter Surda, Parker Lewis, Pierre Rochard, Lyn Alden, Jeff Booth, Michael Goldstein’in çalışmalarını okudukça- nihayet çözüm belirdi. Kısa keseceğim ve şöyle açıklayacağım: Bitcoin hem bir ödeme sistemi hem de bir paradır. Ödeme sistemi değerin kaynağıdır, hesap birimi ise sadece bu değeri fiyat cinsinden ifade eder. Para ve ödemenin birlikteliği, Bitcoin’in en alışılmadık ve çoğu yorumcunun anlamakta güçlük çektiği özelliğidir. Hepimiz para birimini ödeme sistemlerinden ayrı olarak düşünmeye alışkınız. Bu düşünce, tarihin teknolojik sınırlamalarının bir yansımasıdır. Dolar var ve kredi kartları var. Euro var ve PayPal var. Yen var ve banka havalesi hizmetleri var. Yani her durumda para transferi üçüncü taraf hizmet sağlayıcılara dayanıyor. Bunları kullanmak için, onlarla “güven ilişkisi” denilen şeyi kurmanız gerekir; yani anlaşmayı düzenleyen kurumun ödeme yapacağınıza güvenmesi ve sizin ödemeyi alabileceğinize güvenmeniz gerekir.

Fiziksel yakınlık durumu hariç, para ve ödeme arasındaki bu uyumsuzluk her zaman bizimle olmuştur. Eğer pizza diliminiz için size bir dolar verirsem, üçüncü bir taraf yoktur. Ancak coğrafi yakınlıktan çıktığınızda ödeme sistemleri, üçüncü taraflar ve güven ilişkileri gerekli hâle gelir. İşte o zaman Visa gibi şirketler ve bankalar gibi kurumlar vazgeçilmez olur. Onlar, parasal yazılımın yapmasını istediğiniz şeyi yapmasını sağlayan uygulamalardır. Sorun şu ki, bugün sahip olduğumuz ödeme sistemleri herkesin kullanımına açık değildir. Aslında insanlığın büyük bir çoğunluğunun bu tür araçlara erişimi yok ve bu da dünyadaki yoksulluğun en önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Finansal yönden haklarından mahrum olanlar sadece yerel ticaretle sınırlı kalmakta ve dünya ile ticari ilişkilerini genişletememektedir.

Bitcoin’in geliştirilmesinin birincil olmasa da önemli bir amacı bu sorunu çözmekti. Protokol, para birimi özelliğini bir ödeme sistemiyle birlikte örmek için yola çıktı. Bu ikisi kodun kendi yapısı içinde tamamen birbirine bağlıdır. Bu bağlantı, Bitcoin’i mevcut herhangi bir ulusal para biriminden ve gerçekten de tarihteki herhangi bir para biriminden farklı kılan şeydir.

Nakamoto’nun teknik makalesinin girişindeki özeti okuyalım. Yarattığı parasal sistemde ödeme sisteminin ne kadar hayati bir kilit noktası olduğunu gözlemleyelim:

Tamamen eşler arası çalışan bir elektronik ödeme sistemi, çevrim içi ödemelerin bir finans kurumundan geçmeden, doğrudan bir taraftan diğerine gönderilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Dijital imzalar çözümün bir parçasıdır ancak çift harcamayı önlemek için yine de üçüncü bir tarafa güvenmek lazım ise, asıl faydalar kaybolmuş demektir. Çift harcama problemine eşler arası ağ kullanarak bir çözüm önermekteyiz. Ağ, işlemleri süregelen özet tabanlı bir iş kanıtı zincirine ekleyerek zaman damgasıyla işaretlemekte ve iş kanıtı tekrarlanmadan değiştirilemeyen bir kayıt oluşturmaktadır. En uzun zincir, sadece şahit olunan olayların sırasının kanıtı olarak hizmet etmemekte, ayrıca kendisinin en büyük işlemci gücüne sahip havuzdan geldiğinin de kanıtı olmaktadır. İşlemci gücünün çoğunluğu, ağa saldırmak için iş birliği yapmayan düğümler tarafından kontrol edildiği sürece, en uzun zinciri oluşturacak ve saldırganları geride bırakacaktır. Ağın kendisi minimal bir yapıya gereksinim duymaktadır. Mesajlar elden gelenin en iyisi temeline göre yayınlanmakta ve düğümler istedikleri zaman ağdan ayrılıp, ağ dışında kaldıkları süre içerisinde olanların kanıtı olarak en uzun iş kanıtı zincirini kabul etmek şartıyla ağa tekrar katılabilmektedirler.

Bu paragrafta son derece çarpıcı olan şey, para biriminin kendisinden bir kez bile bahsedilmemesidir. Sadece çifte harcama sorunundan (yani enflasyonist para yaratma sorunundan) bahsedilmektedir. Buradaki yenilik, mucidinin sözlerine göre bile, para değil de ödeme ağıdır. Para ya da dijital birim yalnızca ağın değerini ifade eder ve ağın değerini zaman-mekân boyunca soğuran ve taşıyan bir muhasebe aracıdır.

Bu ağa Blockchain denir (her ne kadar Satoshi Nakamoto “Timechain” demeyi tercih etmiş olsa da). Blockchain, desentralize (dağıtık) bir ağ olan dijital bulutta yaşayan bir defterdir ve herhangi bir zamanda herkes tarafından çalışırken gözlemlenebilir. Tüm kullanıcılar tarafından dikkatle denetlenmektedir. Emniyetli ve tekrarlanamayan bilgi bitlerinin bir kişiden dünyanın herhangi bir yerindeki başka bir kişiye aktarılmasına olanak tanır ve bu bilgi bitleri dijital bir mülkiyet hakkı biçimiyle güvence altına alınır. Nakamoto’nun “dijital imza” olarak adlandırdığı şey budur. Bulut tabanlı hesap defteri şeklindeki icadı, mülkiyet haklarının üçüncü taraf bir güven kurumuna bağlı olmaksızın doğrulanmasına olanak tanımaktadır.

Bitcoin Blockchain’i, Bizans Generalleri Problemi olarak da bilinen Bizans Hata Toleransı sorununu da çözmüştür. Bu, potansiyel olarak kötü niyetli aktörlerin varlığında geniş bir coğrafi aralıkta eylemi koordine etme sorunudur. Aralarında mesafe bulunan generaller habercilere güvenmek zorunda olduğundan ve bu güven de zaman ve güven gerektirdiğinden, hiçbir general diğer generalin mesajı aldığından ve onayladığından, hatta doğruluğundan bile kesinlikle emin olamaz. Herkesin erişebileceği bir defteri internete koymak bu sorunun üstesinden gelir. Defter her işlemin miktarını, zamanını ve açık adreslerini kaydeder. Bu bilgiler dünya çapında paylaşılır ve her zaman güncellenir. Defter, sistemin bütünlüğünü garanti eder ve para biriminin bir unvana sahip dijital bir mülkiyet biçimi hâline gelmesini sağlar.

Bunu anladığınızda, Bitcoin’in değer önerisinin bağlı olduğu ödeme ağına dayandığını görebilirsiniz ve işte burada Mises’in bahsettiği kullanım değerini bulabilirsiniz. Bu değer para biriminde değil, Bitcoin’in üzerinde yaşadığı parlak ve inovatif ödeme sisteminde gömülüdür. Eğer Blockchain’in bir şekilde Bitcoin’den ayrılması mümkün olsaydı (ki bu asla mümkün değildir), para biriminin değeri anında sıfıra düşerdi.

Kavram Kanıtı

Şimdi, Mises’in teorisinin Bitcoin’e nasıl uyduğunu daha iyi anlamak için bu para biriminin tarihiyle ilgili bir noktayı daha anlamanız gerekiyor. Tarihin yeniden başladığı gün olan 3 Ocak 2009’da Bitcoin’in değeri insanların gözünde tam olarak sıfırdı. Ve piyasaya sürüldükten sonra 10 ay boyunca da öyle kaldı. Tüm bu süre boyunca işlemler gerçekleşiyordu, ancak tüm bu süre boyunca sıfırın üzerinde bir değeri yoktu.

Bitcoin’in ilk ilan edilen fiyatı 5 Ekim 2009’da ortaya çıktı. Söz konusu mübadele işleminde 1 dolar, 1309,03 Bitcoin’e eşitti (o dönemde birçok kişi bu fiyatı aşırı pahalı bulmuştu). Başka bir deyişle, Bitcoin’in ilk değerlemesi bir sentin onda birinden biraz daha fazlaydı. Evet, o günlerde 100 dolar değerinde Bitcoin almış olsaydınız ve panikle satmamış olsaydınız, bugün multi-milyarder olurdunuz.

İşte sorulması gereken sorulardan önemli bir tanesi de şudur: Bitcoin’in bir piyasa değeri elde etmesine neden olacak şekilde 9 Ocak ve 5 Ekim 2009 tarihleri arasında ne oldu? Cevap, tüccarların, meraklıların, girişimcilerin, geek koleksiyoncuların ve diğerlerinin Blockchain’i deniyor olmasıydı. İşe yarayıp yaramadığını bilmek istiyorlardı. Birimleri çift harcama yapmadan transfer etti mi? Gönüllü CPU gücüne dayanan bir sistem, işlemleri doğrulamak ve onaylamak için gerçekten yeterli miydi? İş kanıtı ardından ödül olarak verilen bitcoinler doğrulama hizmetleri için ödeme olarak doğru noktaya mı düşüyordu? Hepsinden önemlisi, bu yeni sistem görünüşte imkânsız olanı, yani üçüncü bir tarafa değil de eşler arasında emniyetli bir şekilde mülkiyet unvanına dayalı bilgi parçalarını coğrafi uzamda hareket ettirmeyi gerçekten başarabildi mi?

Güven inşa etmek 10 ay sürdü ki bu güven ana akım güvenden tamamıyla farklıydı. Bitcoin’in ABD doları ile eşit seviyeye ulaşması ise 18 ay daha sürdü. Özellikle de Mises’in regresyon teoreminde olduğu gibi paranın tarih öncesine ilişkin spekülasyonlar yapan bir paranın kökeni teorisine güveniyorsanız, Bitcoin’in bu tarihçesini anlamak çok önemlidir. Bitcoin her zaman değeri olan bir para değildi. Bir zamanlar bir deftere bağlı saf bir muhasebe birimiydi. Bu defter, Mises’in “kullanım değeri” dediği şeyi elde etti. Böylece teoremin tüm gerekliliklerini karşılamış oldu.

Sonuç

Tekrar gözden geçirmek gerekirse, Bitcoin’in havadan başka bir şeye dayanmadığını, somut bir emtia olarak gerçek bir geçmişe sahip olmadığı için para olamayacağını söyleyen biri varsa ve bu kişi acemi ya da yüksek eğitimli bir ekonomist olsa da, ona karşı şu iki temel argümanı ortaya koymanız gerekir: Birincisi, Bitcoin tek başına bir para birimi değil, yenilikçi bir ödeme ağına bağlı bir muhasebe birimidir; ikincisi, bu ağ ve dolayısıyla Bitcoin, piyasa değerini ancak piyasa ortamında gerçek zamanlı testlerden geçerek elde etmiştir. Başka bir deyişle, göz kamaştırıcı teknik özellikleri hesaba kattığınızda, Bitcoin tıpkı tuzdan altına kadar diğer tüm para birimlerinin yaptığı gibi ortaya çıkmıştır. İnsanlar ödeme sistemini faydalı bulmuş ve ona bağlı muhasebe birimi taşınabilir, bölünebilir, pazarlanabilir, sonsuza kadar dayanıklı ve mutlak bir şekilde kıt olmuştur.

Böylece para doğmuştur. Bu para, sağlam paranın en iyi özelliklerinin tümüne sahip olmakla birlikte, tüm dünyanın üçüncü taraflara güvenmek zorunda kalmadan ticaret yapmasını sağlayan kütlesiz ve mekânsız bir ödeme ağı da sunmaktadır. Ancak burada son derece önemli bir şeye dikkat edin. Blockchain sadece parayla ilgili değildir. Güvenlik, doğrulama ve gerçekliğin tam teminatını gerektiren her türlü bilgi transferiyle ilgilidir. Bu, eşler arası gerçekleştirilen her türlü sözleşme ve işlemle ilgilidir. İnsanoğlunun tasarladığı en tehlikeli üçüncü taraf olan Devlet’in kendisi de dâhil olmak üzere üçüncü tarafların olmadığı bir dünya düşünün. Bu geleceği hayal edin ve geleceğimizin sonuçlarını tam olarak kavramaya başlayın.

Mises çok büyük ihtimalle Bitcoin karşısında hayrete düşer ve şaşırırdı. Ama aynı zamanda 100 yıldan uzun bir süre önce ortaya koyduğu para teorisinin 21. yüzyılda doğrulanmasından ve yeni bir hayat kazanmasından da gurur duyardı.

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Chef's notes

My personal tips. You want it more thicker, add less water from the beginning but keep an eye that it doesn’t burn and keep adding water. If you want to switch things make it different, you can add baby potatos at the moment of adding water to boil.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 40 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 3 onions
• 4 garlic cloves
• ginger
• Cinnamon stick
• cardamom seeds
• Fenugreek seeds
• Fennel seeds
• Curry powder
• Chilli powder
• Turmeric
• Coriander powder
• Ground cumin / Jeera Powder
• Garam masala
• Salt
• Sunflower Oil
• Baby chicken cut in small pieces 8-12

Directions

1. Chop onions
2. Grate garlic and ginger
3. Heat up a table spool of oil in a pan
4. Throw few cardamom seeds, piece of cinnamon stick, pinch of fennel seeds for 30 seconds
5. Add grated garlic and ginger and mix another 30 seconds
6. Add chopped onions
7. Add 1 table spoon of salt
8. Fry everything mixing until onions are fried
9. Add powders, max 1 table spoon of each powder
10. Mix all for 1-2 min untill onions are fried with spices
11. Wash chicken pieces and throw it all into a pan
12. Mix it all until spices spread on the chicken
13. Keep frying for another 10-20 minutes until chicken catches fully the spices and colour
14. It gets too dry add a bit water and keep mixing
15. Now add water just to cover the chicken level
16. Mix all and leave on small gas for 30 min
17. Mix occasionally
18. All done!

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@ 91e58ef2:0f378564

In the blockchain sector, emerging technologies and concepts consistently garner widespread market attention. Currently, SocialFi has become one of the most dynamic and innovative tracks in the crypto space. On May 2, crypto investor and influencer Su Zhu highlighted on the X platform that SocialFi not only shows strong growth momentum but also demonstrates its innovative potential within the entire crypto field. This is evident from the recent active performance of several SocialFi projects.

For instance, on March 28, Ethereum founder Vitalik recently posted on Firefly, a social aggregation application by Mask Network, mentioning Farcaster and Lens and emphasizing the importance of diversified clients. This action immediately triggered a surge in the price of the MASK token, skyrocketing from $5 to $6.4. This market response not only proves the high expectations for SocialFi projects but also underscores the influence of this track on the entire crypto market.

The rise of SocialFi brings new business models and user interaction methods to the blockchain community. Its redefinition of data sovereignty and economic incentives is gradually changing people’s expectations and usage of social networking platforms. Let’s delve into the key projects in this field and their potential impact on the entire crypto community.

SocialFi, combining social media and decentralized finance, has seen significant rise and attention in recent years. According to Google Trends data, the search popularity of SocialFi showed a clear increase in 2022, reaching a notable peak in early 2024. This trend reflects the community’s broad interest in the potential of integrating social media mechanisms with blockchain technology.

SocialFi platforms now attract over 8.7 million users, with about 550,000 active users. These users are spread across various blockchain platforms such as Ethereum, Optimism, and BSC, executing a total of 82 million transactions. This data demonstrates how SocialFi leverages decentralized technology to provide users with more direct profit models and higher data control.

Despite the immense potential shown by the surge in users, the development of SocialFi also faces several challenges. Early SocialFi projects like BitClout and Mastodon encountered failures due to issues like creating profiles without user consent and restrictions on fund withdrawals. These challenges highlight the importance of designing incentive mechanisms and ensuring a quality user experience.

However, with the advent of Layer 2 solutions and improved blockchain infrastructure, such as Optimism and Base, modern SocialFi platforms now boast higher transaction processing speeds and lower operational latency, making real-time interactions possible. This not only enhances the user experience but also facilitates further integration of social media and decentralized finance.

While no project has yet fully realized the ideal SocialFi model, the demand and interest in such products remain strong. The community holds great expectations for the first platform to successfully achieve this model, indicating significant market potential and growth space.

The future of SocialFi, though challenging, remains promising with technological advancements and active community participation. It is worth anticipating its integrated development in the blockchain and financial fields. Below, we begin to review noteworthy projects.

Farcaster: Innovating Social Monetization, Surpassing 300,000 Users Farcaster is an innovative SocialFi protocol that has attracted over 300,000 users and 50,000 daily active users. It offers a user-friendly interface akin to modern social media, enabling leaders and newcomers alike to easily participate and monetize content in various ways. One of the most popular monetization methods is tipping through the community token $DEGEN. Technically, Farcaster enhances its decentralized structure using smart contracts and a client network matrix based on “Hub,” ensuring data consistency and network stability.

These technological applications ensure that even if some nodes experience issues, the entire network can continue to operate. According to the latest data, Farcaster’s protocol revenue showed significant growth from September 2023 to May 2024, with total revenue approaching $1 million, reflecting the market’s high recognition of its model.

Friend Tech: A Leading SocialFi Force on the Base Chain with Over $27 Million in Total Revenue Friend Tech is a decentralized application (dApp) that allows users to tokenize social media profiles. Within just three months, it achieved a 416-fold increase in its user base and generated over $27 million in revenue. The platform leveraged the early development stage of the Base chain and widespread market anticipation, quickly accumulating users by linking with Web2 social accounts. The use of an invitation-only system tapped into people’s curiosity and vanity, leading to viral growth. Additionally, Friend Tech maintained a sense of mystery about the project, minimizing operations and focusing on the product itself, which attracted significant attention. The project completed a seed funding round led by Paradigm, though the specific amount was not disclosed, indicating its vast commercial potential.

Mask Network: Seamlessly Integrating Traditional Social Media with Web3 and Supporting Crypto Transactions Mask Network is a decentralized social network tool designed to merge traditional social media with Web3 functionalities. Through the Mask Network extension, users can showcase and manage Web3 assets like NFTs on Twitter, conduct cryptocurrency transactions, and enhance privacy with encrypted tweets. Mask supports multi-chain transactions, including Ethereum, BSC, and Polygon, and integrates with DEXs like Uniswap and SushiSwap.

Mask Network’s development has received notable support from Vitalik Buterin, who actively shares his views on the platform and distributed his first ETH red envelope via Mask, increasing social media users’ acceptance of Web3 features. Additionally, Mask has completed a $2 million seed funding round led by HashKey and Hash Global, as well as a subsequent $3 million funding round, highlighting its strong potential as a bridge between social media and Web3.

UXLINK: A Leader in Web3 Social Interaction and Accelerator of Network Effects As a pioneer in Web3 social networking, UXLINK now has over 5.8 million users, covering over 8.34 million users within its network and involving 102,010 active groups. This platform bridges real-world relationships with Web3, enabling high-frequency information exchange and asset transactions through a robust social network.

UXLINK leverages familiar social interactions combined with a decentralized framework to significantly drive its rapid growth. It not only facilitates a smooth transition for users into Web3 investments and entrepreneurship but also enhances user engagement through social media mechanisms adapted from Web2, thereby promoting widespread network effects and nurturing a vibrant digital ecosystem.

Tomo: A Cross-Chain Social Tool Mastering Meme Play on Linea and Base Tomo, a Web3 social platform based on the Linea and Base ecosystems, recently launched Tomoji Launchpad, a meme issuance platform based on the ERC404 protocol. This platform allows users to create and trade personalized emojis. It not only offers a high-quality Web3 interaction environment but also revolutionizes the monetization of social activities and content through its unique social wallet feature.

Currently, Tomo boasts a community of 350,000 members and generates over $50,000 in monthly fees through TomoID, a management tool designed for KOLs and community leaders. This tool consolidates links from all social platforms and allows users to earn rewards by creating content, similar to the experience on Instagram.

Additionally, Tomo’s growth has been bolstered by significant investments, including strategic funding from OKX Ventures and HTX Ventures, as well as a $3.5 million seed round led by Polychain Capital. These investments not only demonstrate market recognition of Tomo’s strategic position in the Web3 space but also reflect confidence in its transformative potential. Tomo’s NFT fragmentation and native token liquidity functions signal its commitment to creating a transparent and open trading market environment, injecting new vitality into the Web3 ecosystem.

Pop: Raised $4 Million with Over 100,000 Monthly Active Users Pop, a leading SocialFi AI project within the BSC ecosystem, has quickly emerged as a star in the industry. Currently, Pop boasts over 500,000 global online users, with more than 50,000 daily active users and over 100,000 monthly active users. By enhancing DeFi features and integrating advanced AI technologies, Pop offers a mature and smooth user experience, having generated over 20 million pieces of content globally.

Pop’s Token (PPT) Successfully Listed on Major Exchanges and Gains Market Recognition Pop’s token (PPT) has successfully been listed on major exchanges and has garnered widespread market recognition. Additionally, Pop has completed a $4 million funding round led by Fundamental Labs and Chainlink. This not only provides robust financial support for the project but also enhances its credibility within the investment community. These achievements mark Pop as a leading project in the multi-chain SocialFi sector, showcasing its innovative capabilities and market potential in connecting social influence with blockchain technology.

Fantasy Top: Creating a Premier Web3 Interactive Environment with Successful $4 Million Funding Fantasy Top (FT) is a SocialFi game built on Ethereum’s Layer 2 solution, Blast. It allows users to participate in competitions by buying, selling, and trading cryptocurrency-related virtual trading cards. These competitions offer rewards such as ETH, GOLD tokens on Blast, native “fan points,” and additional trading card packs. FT not only provides a premium Web3 interactive environment but has also become a leader in the multi-chain SocialFi domain.

According to a report by K33 Research analyst David Zimmerman, despite challenges like “inappropriate incentive measures” in the SocialFi sector, the introduction of FT is seen as the next potential hotspot. FT has successfully raised $4 million, accumulated over 7,000 ETH in trading volume within its first week, attracted 33,000 users, and generated 236 ETH in fees. These figures not only demonstrate FT’s market potential but also highlight its unique position in the Web3 social and card game space.

FT’s success signals that the SocialFi season might be here, showcasing growth and maturity in the social finance sector. As more innovative projects like FT enter the market, the entire Web3 ecosystem is expected to develop further.

Decentralized Social Networks: Progress and Challenges Despite various challenges faced by decentralized social networks, such as the need to scale infrastructure for more users, simplify digital wallet creation for new users, and reduce gas fees, significant progress has been observed on platforms like Farcaster. Farcaster’s daily active users have grown to 20,000, a tenfold increase from two weeks ago, demonstrating rapid community expansion and high engagement.

The permissionless nature of decentralized social networks offers developers ample room for innovation, allowing further development on existing blockchain foundations. This trend, well-established in the DeFi sector, is now becoming evident in the SocialFi space as well.

In this environment, emerging SocialFi applications like Fantasy Top and Focus showcase their market momentum. Fantasy Top, combining social media elements with gaming mechanics, quickly amassed a large user base and spurred active market transactions. Meanwhile, Focus raised $75 million in its first week, indicating strong market performance and potential in the social subscription platform market.

Future Outlook for SocialFi Looking ahead, with the launch of more innovative blockchain social platforms like Xterio and Young Protocol, the SocialFi sector is expected to continue expanding. These platforms offer new ways for user interaction and community building, providing new paths for the decentralization of social networks. This not only drives user growth but also offers developers rich opportunities for innovation, heralding sustained progress and expansion in decentralized social networks.

@ 3c827db6:66418fc3

With the previous articles, we found the disconnect between paid-for work and paid-for time. We also understood that if you want to get paid you have to provide work that is valuable for others. So when the person consumes the benefit of your work, the exchange happens value for value - work for sats. But what happens if the benefit that the consumer experiences is not a momentary but a continuous process? There are a few examples of this. I will start with the one that is not that captivating but still valuable.

Streaming services, like other industries, grapple with the limitations of the fiat payment system. The burden of fees and the absence of suitable technology for streaming payments have compelled them to adopt similar mitigations as other industries. This translates to charging users on a monthly basis.

With the Lightning Network, we have the technology to stream sats for content. No longer confined to monthly subscriptions, you pay for what you consume in real time. Whether you watch sporadically or binge extensively, streaming payments allow for a more personalized and efficient payment model. This way the creator of the content and the user have a direct connection for each minute the content is broadcasted. With streaming payments now you can say goodbye to subscription payments.

Unveiling A New Era Of Fair Compensation And Accountability In Movie Production

Imagine you've created a movie or documentary. Traditionally, you'd charge people for a ticket, essentially asking them to pay upfront for future value, creating a slight disconnect. Now, with streaming payments using sats, consumers can pay as they watch. If your movie sucks, they might only pay for the first 30 minutes. However, you still receive value, and viewers won't feel overcharged for something they didn't enjoy. If your movie is great they not only stream sats the whole time but at the end, they leave a tip.

On the receiving side of the movie most people involved in it received a salary for doing their job. As we already know this is not aligning the whole structure in the same direction. Some people do not care at all how good the movie is if they have already been paid and do not receive a bonus further. Some people might care about reputation in the market but very few just want to do the best job. Again, we went through this, and as you are guessing you just do a split payment in the backend where all the people in the credits actually receive sats or even milisatoshis based on their contribution. This was something I did not expect that Bitcoin would disrupt. This way the reputation is directly linked to the payment and a lot more people will fight to have the best movie. You can be someone who contributed to a project and wants to stay anonymous for whatever reason but still receive money - Lightning instant settlement is the way to do it.

These concepts should not be new if you read through the last 3 articles. In addition, people in the Bitcoin space are familiar with the Value for Value (V4V) podcasting and that is very close to what I am describing above. While the technology for podcasting is already in place, it's surprising how few podcasts leverage this technology to implement split payments effectively. They give that responsibility to some hosting service that decides to take a 5% split for themselves and the other 95% goes to the wallet of the show. Why not do the split the proper way? The hosting service provides value so they should get a percentage but if you are 3 people involved in the production of the podcast you should have that 95% split so it goes to those individuals. There's no excuse, especially for Bitcoin podcasts, not to make this effort and implement split payments appropriately.

The Dynamic Future Of Pay-as-you-go In Content Consumption

In this example, the pay-as-you-go model holds true for continuous experiences, like streaming. Now, let's revisit the movie example. If you're a theater, you are essentially the hosting provider for the movie. The quality of the theater experience can vary; one theater might have uncomfortable chairs, while another boasts luxurious massage chairs. The theater with subpar seating might receive a 3% share of the movie's streaming sats revenue, while the one with comfortable massage chairs might earn 5% for each sat stream paying for the movie. Furthermore, if a viewer activates the massage function of the chair, additional sats are streamed for each second that the function is on. I do not know the exact payment dynamics between theaters and movie studios but I bet there are prepayments and funds held at multiple points in the fiat payment process. With the adoption of the Lightning Network, theaters no longer have to prepay for movies to be projected on their screens. They can now observe which movies are most popular in real time and adjust their projections accordingly to optimize revenues. This benefits the consumer and optimizes profits for themselves and the creators of the movie.

Now you see the content gets its value stream for the continuous experience and everyone in the film industry will fight to give the best experience for the most amount of time. The better the experience the more sats flow their way. Due to the highly subjective nature of content, where one person might deem a movie subpar, another might label it as their favorite. This subjectivity is why I believe most content streaming will not have a predetermined price. Even movies may adopt the V4V model, similar to what Adam Curry is pioneering in podcasting. For instance, you watch a movie, and during the credits, a prominent QR code appears, allowing you to decide how much you want to send to the creators of the movie. You will listen to a song or a podcast the same way. Whether you predefine a streaming rate per minute or request payment at the end, both options are technically possible. However, the market will ultimately determine which option prevails as the better one.

Also, why not have a bidding competition for any event that has assigned seats? The person who bids the most for a ticket gets to be in the first row of the concert or a sports stadium. This way the subjectivity is left for all the viewers to decide how valuable it really is. This way it ensures a full stadium also because if there is no value in attending the event people are not going to bid for the seats or just pay 1 sat for it.

Revolutionizing Taxi Transactions For Drivers And Passengers Alike

The continuous experience or service for streaming could be anything in the physical realm. I will take a look at how instant settlement could look like in transportation services. One such transportation service is the taxi service. Even though Uber decentralized the taxi companies which is great they did nothing about decentralizing the payment process. Lightning Network fixes that and more.

With a streaming payment option for each meter of movement, taxi drivers no longer need to wait until the end destination to receive their payment. In a world of instant settlement, payment occurs as you go, eliminating the risk for the taxi driver regarding whether the passenger will pay at the end of the journey. While this might not be a groundbreaking improvement, there are several additional benefits to consider.

Why do most taxis operate with cash? Taxi drivers in most places need a POS device for the customers to be able to pay for a better user experience (UX). It may be a better UX but on the other hand, it creates problems for the drivers either way:

• They have to acquire clunky devices.
• They must pay payment processing fees, negatively impacting their margins.
• Operating solely with cash exposes them to the honeypot problem, carrying a substantial amount of money, and making them vulnerable to theft.

With an app tailored for the taxi experience and integrated with the Lightning Network, these issues become irrelevant. There is no need for additional equipment, no payment processing fees for receiving money, and no exposure to visible cash, reducing the risk of being a target for theft. Now you can have a better UX with better security and better margins - an additional benefit is that it will be paid with Bitcoin. Not only that but just like the example with the movie theater chairs drivers will be incentivized to make the travel experience even better. They can offer - to watch a movie, video games like PlayStation, or massage chair. If you choose to use those extra experiences on top of the travel experience you have to increase the sats streaming their way.

An additional benefit for the travel experience of customers arises when multiple passengers in a taxi have different destinations. Traditionally, the taxi meter ticks for the entire journey, and when the first person is dropped off, determining a fair amount for their portion becomes complex. However, with the Lightning Network, it's conceivable to streamline this process. Imagine a scenario where three passengers enter a taxi, each with distinct destinations. Each person scans a QR code upon entering, linking their streaming sats to the taxi app. The app manages split-receiving, dynamically adjusting the distribution of streaming payments based on how many people are in the taxi. As passengers are dropped off one by one, the app seamlessly adjusts the split-receiving, providing a fair and efficient payment solution for each individual's share of the journey.

Optimizing City Transportation With Streaming Sats

The proposed model of split-receiving through QR codes and streaming sats can extend beyond taxi services to other modes of transportation, such as buses. The idea is to calculate the average cost per mile (or meter/foot) for providing the transportation service, including factors like fuel, maintenance, and driver salary, and add a margin for profit. Passengers entering the vehicle scan a QR code, and the app dynamically adjusts the streaming payments based on the number of people on board.

For buses, this model allows for real-time adjustment of streaming payments as passengers enter and exit. If there are 30 people on the bus the split is between them. At the next stop, 10 people are dropped off and 5 people get on board - now the sats stream is divided by 25 people. As the number of people on the bus changes at each stop, the streaming sats are proportionally divided among the passengers. This approach can lead to more efficient and flexible city transportation. Late-night buses will be more expensive for the passengers because of the fewer riders, while buses during peak hours may offer a more cost-effective traveling experience as payments are shared among more passengers.

This system encourages transportation optimization around events, such as concerts or sports games, where private buses or minivans wait to fill up before departing. Routes can be dynamically adjusted because you will have a system tracking how many people are in the vehicles at what time and at what location on the map. Importantly, this data remains anonymous, as no KYC information is required for the Lightning Network payments.

The Streamlined Pay-from-a-distance

Now with this streaming money feature, it can be applied differently. Let’s go back to the taxi service for a moment. The pay-from-a-distance feature that is available in the Lightning Network can significantly enhance the experience of ordering a taxi. Instead of the traditional model where drivers wait patiently and charge fixed fees when passengers enter the car, this model introduces streaming sats from the moment the passenger accepts the ride. Here's how it works:

• The passenger places an order in the app, specifying the destination. Nothing new here.
• Drivers see the order and can apply for it, similar to platforms like Uber.
• Streaming sats start the moment the passenger accepts the driver, and streaming payments commence. This fee will be less than the actual transportation but the user is still paying for the service of the car coming to him and not the other way around.
• The taxi arrives at the passenger's door, and the streaming payments continue. There is a fee for waiting at the door per minute.

By shifting the waiting cost to the passenger, there's a strong incentive for both parties to be prompt, and the system becomes more efficient. Additionally, the passenger's responsibility to follow the car reduces operational costs related to alerting passengers via message or a call. Any inefficient time management becomes a cost for the passenger. This model aligns incentives for both drivers and passengers, creating a more seamless cost and time-effective taxi experience.

The concept of paying from a distance can be creatively applied to various scenarios, providing convenience and peace of mind. For instance, when it comes to sending your child somewhere with a taxi, traditional concerns about trusting them with money or the driver's reliability may arise. However, with the ability to stream sats for the ride, you gain real-time visibility on your device, tracking your child's journey and ensuring they reach the intended destination safely. This pay-from-a-distance feature extends beyond transportation and can be applied to other continuous services. For example, daycare services charge per minute, allowing you to stream payments in real-time, ensuring accurate and fair compensation for the duration your child spends there. Additionally, you can send a present to a friend, such as a massage session, and pay for it in a streaming fashion, covering the cost continuously based on the duration of the service. The flexibility of streaming payments not only offers real-time tracking and control but also opens up new possibilities for various services where charging per minute or duration is relevant. Those services can be paid on the spot or from a distance. image2

I know that now it looks like we are going backwards from the original point of never paying money for time. The key distinction here is that you may be paying for time past for the service but in that time you get a continuous stream of value (work done) so you are streaming value back to pay for it. In some cases the time spent is actually an accurate measure of the work done.

It's true that developing apps with such functionalities is technically feasible, and there might be entrepreneurs and developers willing to explore these possibilities. However, a significant challenge arises when considering custodial control over users' funds. Small startups might find it financially burdensome and complex to operate as custodians, potentially steering away from such responsibilities. This will take not only high responsibility but also a very big financial wall and expertise to obtain the licenses that comply with the ever-changing regulations. On the other hand, large tech companies with substantial resources could afford to take on the role of custodians, presenting both a business opportunity for them and a risk for the users. The move by some tech giants, like X(formerly Twitter), to obtain such licenses can be seen as a strategic measure for self-preservation over their own finances. This is also an opportunity to consolidate control over not only user data but user finances within their platforms.

The Breez SDK offers a powerful solution, empowering developers to create diverse applications without having to worry about payment intricacies. Its non-custodial nature is a key advantage, eliminating the need for licenses. The infrastructure of it is made in such a way that it is peer-to-peer so no one is holding money for someone else. The app developers focus on the experience within the app and just plug in the code. This combination of features gives startups a competitive edge and reverses the advantage held by large tech companies. While they go through the complex process of getting a license the startup can integrate the global payment network (the Lightning Network) in one day. Even if certain tech giants choose to lock users' funds within their applications, alternative options will continue to be developed, and users will have the freedom to opt-out. Just like people are choosing Bitcoin over fiat.

Now who is ready to give all of us those experiences in their app?

@ 005bc4de:ef11e1a2

It took me a long time to wrap my brain around bitcoin (and I'm still wrapping). Lately, I've been taking some time to wrap my brain around Cashu. When I first heard of Cashu, I thought it was merely yet another altcoin...something to leach some of the thunder from bitcoin sats and bolster up Cashu "nuts." With it's 8-bit cartoonish logo and talk of keeping your nuts hidden, it all sounded rather sophomoric, meme sunglasses and all. That was at first and on the surface. Digging in, it's not an altcoin, or juvenile, or a meme. It's a protocol and it's clever.

https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/AKGak3XJpRXH8RHUgKuH4Y1JT82b1PmBMyrBcsxWBpikHYeXtTk4nf9f3Mwrddb.png Cashu info and docs: https://cashu.space

In a sentence or two...

Cashu is an implementation of "Chaumian eCash." It's a way to send bitcoin sats via the Lightning Network (LN), except not actually over Lightning all the time, but instead as ecash over the Cashu protocol.

Alice sends Bob ecash tokens over Cashu, then Bob can hodl the ecash, send the ecash, or redeem those ecash tokens for bitcoin sats at any time if he wishes.

Is this just another solution without a problem? I don't think so. It's true that bitcoin sats can be sent without using ecash via the Cashu protocol. Alice could just send Bob sats over Lightning. Why, then, use Cashu at all?

Cashu seems to have a couple of added benefits:

1. better privacy - Users, wallets, and wallet amounts are unseen thanks to "blind signatures." In this way, ecash is like regular paper money.
2. "handability" - Like handing a friend a dollar or a silver coin, or like leaving a $20 bill on the table and walking away, a Cashu token can be handed over. It can be given in any way you can send data...wallet-to-wallet, or a QR scan, an email or text message, or even the Cashu token handwritten on paper (if you want to go through the trouble of scribbling out a long list of characters).

https://images.hive.blog/300x300/https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/EoCbtny6Lu7gYTk2TMaEFpWdH8kHShsk3yxS1kad6W3GVzctq1PWcbsq1gX4BDsM9nY.jpg Example of what an ecash token looks like.

Background

Cashu is an implementation of "Chaumian ecash." To understand Cashu, a little pre-bitcoin digital money history is helpful.

David Chaum wrote about "ecash" in 1982, a long time before normal folks used the internet and far before bitcoin. The goal was to allow for digital micropayments. Ahead of its time and ahead of what we might call value-for-value today, the idea was that you might wish to pay a penny or two to read an article: "Good article, here's two cents." There were a few weaknesses however: (1) it had to work with big tech companies to make it fly (and did in fact get huge partnerships), (2) Chaum's company made mistakes, and (3) Chaum's managerial style did it in. Sources: decrypt, saylor.org, next magazine.

For quite some time, ecash was largely forgotten.

When Bitcoin came along, and especially the Lightning Network, the idea of tiny, fast digital payments became possible. With bitcoin and the LN, Cashu is now resurrecting ecash.

https://images.hive.blog/230x230/https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/23tSyz4YysFAT57wvCx6bkeSsJG2AZ4uNbpRHKHFLiueWCLKZ3jdsXj2tNyuZWh2KYHuK.jpg

ecash uses bitcoin, the Lightning Network, and the Cashu protocol

People often mistakenly think "bitcoin is anonymous." However, bitcoin transactions are recorded forever and can easily be traced by block explorers. In this way, one's coins and transactions can be followed and possibly reveal a lot of unexpected information about the person.

With Cashu, bitcoin addresses can't be linked back via a series of transactions. There are no breadcrumbs to trace backward. In this way, ecash (and Cashu tokens) are more like the dollar bills in your wallet. No one has any idea where the dollar bill in your wallet came from, where it's been, what it purchased, what the person who held it prior to you did with it, and the owner before that, etc. You just know that dollar bill there in your wallet and it can be used in the future if you wish.

How it works, conceptually

In its essence, there are a couple of players with Cashu: you and a "mint" (think of a mint simply as a bank). You have bitcoin sats. You deposit them in a mint/bank, and the mint issues you Cashu tokens saying you have X amount deposited. You can then pass the Cashu (ecash) tokens around to others, just like passing around cash dollar bills. Or, if you choose, you can redeem those Cashu (ecash) tokens back with the mint/bank whenever you wish and receive bitcoin sats.

This site and its animation helped me better understand Cashu and how it works: https://lconf.gandlaf.com

To start with Cashu, you set up a new wallet (several are listed at https://cashu.space). Thus far, I've only looked at the web-based wallets https://cashu.me and https://nutstash.app. Set it up, save your seed words safely, then play from there.

Notably, Cashu.me seems to be doing big things. This announcement is for a new, overhauled version.

Conceptually, ecash is just better money when compared to fiat. Fiat money is paper, backed by nothing other than the decree that it is money combined with the trust that in fact it actually has value because of this decree. It is circular logic. In fact, "fiat" derives from the Latin meaning "it shall be" or "let it be done" - fiat is money solely due to the decree, "It is money."

Think of how money was supposed to work. The paper was simply a physical representation of an actual, physical something, usually gold. That gold has been acknowledged to be of value by humans throughout history. Gold-backed money meant that swapping the paper for gold was possible...the money actually worked.

Of course, fiat money is no longer backed by anything, so this point is now moot.

But, then came bitcoin.

Instead of gold as the backing agent to paper money, imagine substituting bitcoin. It has all of the qualities of gold, but adds the benefits that it can also be transferred globally, digitally, and quickly. And, instead of paper fiat money, substitute a Cashu token...a string of digital characters. Just as paper money used to represent the physical gold backing it (and could be swapped for it), that Cashu token represents the bitcoin backing it (and can be swapped for it). Like turning back the clock to gold-backed paper money, ecash (via Cashu protocol) is now bitcoin-backed digital money.

• During the gold-backed money days, you could pass around green papers with George Washington's picture to your friends and neighbors. Then at any point, anyone could take those papers to the bank and exchange them for gold (at least in theory).
• Now in the bitcoin-backed ecash days, you can pass around cashu tokens with a sunglassed cashew's picture to your friends and neighbors. Then at any point, anyone could take those tokens to the mint/bank and exchange them for bitcoin sats.

It's early still and Cashu is still being developed, so it's probably best to only play around with small amounts of sats. Who knows how far this will pan out? I certainly don't. But, it's fun to play and learn.

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

ODC #000017 - UX > UNDERSTAND

Designing Empathy Map for a Value4Value podcast app

If you miss it, please read our WTF is ODC (Open Design Challenge) intro post from more details.

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Scenario

You're a UX designer for a V4V podcast (Foutain.fm is a competitor). You're the only designer on a small team.

You and your team have vague, general ideas about who uses your app, but haven't done any real research or gotten into specifics. You need something that will help everyone have a more accurate and empathetic understanding of your users. You want to visualize user attitudes and behaviors, and then have a way to present your findings to your teammates.

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Task

Choose a specific type of persona with a particular reason for using a V4V podcast app. Examples include a young person who wants to discover new contents, a salesman who is looking for entertainment when commuting, or a remote writer who needs inspirational content for his next article. Make an empathy map for the type of user you've selected.

You will want to conduct research to inform your empathy map, like user interviews, diary studies, or surveys.

Extra Credit: Create an additional empathy map for another type of user for the same app.

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Guides

If you need help with this challenge, check out our hand-picked tutorial recommendations.

• Empathy Mapping: The First Step in Design Thinking on nngroup.com

• 10 Tips to Develop Better Empathy Maps on xd.adobe.com

• Empathy Mapping: A Guide to Getting Inside a User’s Head on uxbooth.com

• What is an Empathy Map? on piped.video)

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Tools

Not sure which tools to use? Try something new, go 💯% FOSS!

AppFlowy by AppFlowy.io

Affine by Affine.pro

PenPot by kaleidos

FreePlane by freeplane team

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Share Your Results

When you finish the challenge, post your work including anonymized collected data and results on this thread! If you also share it on nostr, be sure to use the hashtag #opendesigner and tag Design_r@iris.to or @Design__r on X! We'll keep an eye out and repost good examples on a regular basis.

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Check our previous ODC and support this community for creative minds, where you'll be able to get open and constructive feedback on your PoW. Ask anything in the ~Design territory and get some ⚡sats for the value you provide!

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Bitcoin #Design #BitcoinDesign #NostrDesign #Nostr #OpenDesign #DesignChallenge #OpenDesignChallenge #PodcastLovers #UserResearch #EmpathyMap #UXDesign #V4V #Value4Value

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@ b804f68e:2fb0fa1f

Consistently writing on SN and Obsidian has underscored for me the critical role of application in the learning process. Writing allows me to visually process, reflect, analyze, and organize the myriad ideas generated within my brain. Through this ongoing practice, I can physically sense my improvement in articulating thoughts to others and myself, both in writing and speech. However, both forms of expression still require significant practice, especially the latter.

Before I began writing regularly, I didn't fully appreciate the importance of purposeful learning. Previously, I viewed reading a book, watching an educational video, or listening to a podcast as the primary components of learning. But these activities are merely the initial stimuli that prepare our brains for deeper engagement, much like a warm-up before a workout. True learning extends beyond passive consumption; it involves actively practicing and applying what we've learned, reflecting on our experiences, and continually revisiting the material to fill in gaps and deepen our understanding. Sharing and discussing our insights with others further enriches this process, as it exposes us to diverse perspectives and feedback we might not have considered on our own. For me, writing acts as the bridge that connects acquired knowledge to practical application.

After writing on SN consistently for over a month, I've come to realize what it truly means to learn and acquire knowledge. Writing daily has exposed gaps in my understanding, often revealing that I lack the depth of knowledge I assumed I had. When I reach the limits of what I know, I'm compelled to research further, which reinforces and expands my comprehension.

Even if you never write publicly, I believe everyone can benefit from the act of writing. The more I write, the more intentional my learning process becomes, and the more organized and structured my thoughts are.

@ 9911f8d9:86db6c34

Chef's notes

Apple can be changed with an other fruit like a pear. Type of apple influences the taste of the soup, so if you like a bit more sour, pick a 'Granny Smith' or 'Elstar' for example.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 30 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 4

Ingredients

• 2 tbsp coconut oil
• 1 onion in rings
• 1 stalk celery, sliced
• 0.5 celeriac, peeled and diced
• 1 apple, without core and cubes
• 1 sprig of thyme without stem
• 0.5 tbsp paprika powder
• 1.5 liters of vegetable stock
• 100-150 ml coconut cream

Directions

1. Heat the pan and add 1 tbsp coconut oil.
2. Add onion and celery and fry for 5 minutes until soft
3. Add celeriac, thyme and paprika powder. Fry this for 2-3 minutes.
4. Pour in the stock and add salt and pepper to taste. Simmer for 30 minutes until the celeriac is quite soft.
5. Remove the pan from the heat and puree the soup with a hand blender. Stir in the cream coconut.
6. Pour the soup into bowls and garnish with the some fresh herbs.

@ ec0d8d50:74e4c93e

Betting on fouls in football is an exciting and often overlooked market. It requires a keen understanding of the game and the players' behavior on the field. This article explores strategies for betting on fouls in football, providing a comprehensive guide to help you make informed bets using Megapari.

Understanding the Nature of Fouls in Football:

Fouls are a fundamental aspect of football, influenced by various factors such as player temperament, match intensity, and refereeing style.

• Types of Fouls: Common fouls include tackles, handballs, and unsporting behavior.
• Referee Influence: Referees' leniency or strictness can significantly impact the number of fouls in a match.

Key Factors to Consider When Betting on Fouls:

Several factors can affect the frequency and nature of fouls in a football match.

• Player Temperament: Players known for their aggressive style or frequent yellow/red cards.
• Match Context: High-stakes matches often see more fouls due to increased intensity.
• Tactical Play: Teams employing physical or defensive tactics are likely to commit more fouls.

Betting Markets for Fouls on Megapari:

Megapari offers various betting markets related to fouls, providing multiple ways to capitalize on this aspect of the game.

• Total Fouls: Betting on the total number of fouls committed in a match.
• Player Fouls: Wagering on individual players to commit a certain number of fouls.
• Team Fouls: Betting on which team will commit more fouls.

Strategies for Betting on Fouls:

Effective strategies can help you navigate the unpredictable nature of fouls in football.

• Research and Analysis: Study team and player statistics, referee profiles, and historical match data.
• Live Betting: Use live betting options to place wagers as the match unfolds and player behaviors become apparent.
• Contextual Betting: Consider the importance of the match, rivalries, and current standings when placing bets.

Leveraging Megapari’s Features for Foul Betting:

Megapari provides several tools and features to enhance your foul betting experience.

• In-Depth Statistics: Access detailed stats on player and team fouls.
• Live Updates: Get real-time updates and adjust your bets accordingly.
• Promotions and Bonuses: Take advantage of special promotions for foul-related bets.

Examples of High-Foul Matches:

Explore historical matches known for high foul counts and consider these when making future bets.

• Derby Matches: Local derbies often see increased fouls due to intense rivalries. Title Deciders: Matches with significant implications for titles or relegation battles.

Conclusion:

Betting on fouls in football can be a thrilling and profitable market if approached with the right strategies and insights. By understanding the key factors influencing fouls and utilizing Megapari's comprehensive betting features

@ 256a7941:b828ba8d

BITCOIN IS A NEW JURISDICTION IN WHICH BRAND NEW LAWS ARE BEING CREATED FOR.

@ 94cf5e4a:7df02514

The world of online betting has come a long way since its inception. From rudimentary websites with limited options to sophisticated platforms like Melbet, the industry has evolved remarkably. This article delves into the early stages of online betting games, highlighting key milestones, technological advancements, and how Melbet has revolutionized the online betting experience.

The Birth of Online Betting

Online betting began in the mid-1990s with the advent of the internet. Early platforms were simple, offering basic betting options and limited sports coverage. The first online betting sites were often extensions of physical sportsbooks, aimed at reaching a broader audience.

• Key Developments: Introduction of secure online payment methods, basic user interfaces, and limited live betting options.

Technological Advancements:

As technology advanced, so did online betting platforms. The late 1990s and early 2000s saw the integration of more sophisticated software, better graphics, and improved user experiences.

• Significant Innovations: Enhanced security measures, the advent of live streaming, and the introduction of mobile betting apps.

Melbet’s Entry and Impact:

Melbet entered the market with a focus on user-centric features and extensive betting options. By offering a wide range of sports, casino games, and innovative betting markets, Melbet set a new standard in the industry.

• Unique Features: Real-time betting, diverse payment options, and a comprehensive mobile app.

User Experience and Interface:

Early online betting platforms were often clunky and difficult to navigate. Melbet, however, prioritized a seamless user experience, making it easy for bettors to find and place bets quickly.

• User-Friendly Design: Intuitive interface, quick access to popular bets, and personalized user dashboards.

Live Betting and Real-Time Updates:

One of the most significant advancements in online betting is live betting. Melbet excels in this area by providing real-time updates and live streaming of events, allowing users to make informed bets as the action unfolds.

• Real-Time Betting: Live odds adjustments, instant bet placement, and interactive features like cash-out options.

Future Trends in Online Betting:

The future of online betting looks promising with advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and blockchain technology. Melbet continues to innovate, staying ahead of trends and offering cutting-edge features to its users.

• Emerging Technologies: AI-driven predictions, VR-based betting experiences, and secure blockchain transactions.

Conclusion:

The journey of online betting from its early stages to the present day has been marked by significant technological advancements and increased user engagement. Melbet has played a crucial role in this evolution, offering a top-notch betting experience with innovative features and a user-friendly interface. As the industry continues to grow, Melbet remains at the forefront, shaping the future of online betting.

@ c69b71dc:426ba763

Chef's notes

Important note: For this recipe it is good to have a powerful blender. Soaking the nuts and seeds overnight also helps the consistency become creamier. If you are allergic to cashew, feel free to replace the cashews with almonds, pine nuts, tree nuts, etc.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 10 minutes
• 🍳 Cook time: 0
• 🍽️ Servings: 2-3

Ingredients

• 60g Cashew (soaked over night)
• 40g Sunflower Seeds (soaked over night)
• 50ml Water (you can always add more water if it gets to sticky)
• 6 pieces Sun dried tomatoes (soaked over night with seeds and nuts)
• 4 Tbsp Nutritional yeast
• 1/2 Tsp Salt
• 1/4 Tsp pepper
• 2 Tbsp Olive oil
• 1/4 Lemon or Lime juice
• 2 Tbsp Apple Vinegar

Directions

1. Blend all the ingredients in a blender, add more water or salt if needed.
2. The Cashew-Cheese should be creamy and kind of sticky, but not to dry and not to liquid.
3. Pour the mixture into a container. Use within 3 days.
4. You can decorate the spread with fresh herbs like parsley, basil, chilli flakes etc.

@ 256a7941:b828ba8d

ALMOST AS IF HAARP WAS USED TO TAKE DOWN IRANIAN PRESIDENT'S HELICOPTER

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

Let's hear some of your latest Bitcoin purchases, feel free to include links to the shops or merchants you bought from too.

If you missed our last thread, here are some of the items stackers recently spent their sats on.

@ c9d0def5:25f90332

I was thinking about what I could write a small post about, to contribute a bit of value, and suddenly, while checking the mempool, I came across an empty block.

This happens because miners are incentivized to mine blocks as quickly as possible, and sometimes they mine a block before receiving any transactions to include. When this happens, the block remains empty.

By mining empty blocks, miners continue to produce the coin generation transaction, also known as the coinbase transaction, which keeps Bitcoin steady on its path to reaching the 21 million Bitcoin issued.

Did you know that empty blocks existed? What's your opinion about it?

I'll leave you the image of the recently mined empty block number 844144.

@ 614420cd:d4678b70

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