@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

The newly proposed RESTRICT ACT - is being advertised as a TikTok Ban, but is much broader than that, carries a $1M Fine and up to 20 years in prison️! It is unconstitutional and would create massive legal restrictions on the open source movement and free speech throughout the internet.

The Bill was proposed by: Senator Warner, Senator Thune, Senator Baldwin, Senator Fischer, Senator Manchin, Senator Moran, Senator Bennet, Senator Sullivan, Senator Gillibrand, Senator Collins, Senator Heinrich, and Senator Romney. It has broad support across Senators of both parties.

Corrupt politicians will not protect us. They are part of the problem. We must build, support, and learn how to use censorship resistant tools in order to defend our natural rights.

The RESTRICT Act, introduced by Senators Warner and Thune, aims to block or disrupt transactions and financial holdings involving foreign adversaries that pose risks to national security. Although the primary targets of this legislation are companies like Tik-Tok, the language of the bill could potentially be used to block or disrupt cryptocurrency transactions and, in extreme cases, block Americans’ access to open source tools or protocols like Bitcoin.

The Act creates a redundant regime paralleling OFAC without clear justification, it significantly limits the ability for injured parties to challenge actions raising due process concerns, and unlike OFAC it lacks any carve-out for protected speech. COINCENTER ON THE RESTRICT ACT

Full Text of Bill

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

People forget Bear Stearns failed March 2008 - months of denial followed before the public realized how bad the situation was under the surface.

Similar happening now but much larger scale. They did not fix fundamental issues after 2008 - everything is more fragile.

The Fed preemptively bailed out every bank with their BTFP program and First Republic Bank still failed. The second largest bank failure in history.

There will be more failures. There will be more bailouts. Depositors will be "protected" by socializing losses across everyone.

Our President and mainstream financial pundits are currently pretending the banking crisis is over while most banks remain insolvent. There are going to be many more bank failures as this ponzi system unravels.

Unlike 2008, we have the ability to opt out of these broken and corrupt institutions by using bitcoin. Bitcoin held in self custody is unique in its lack of counterparty risk - you do not have to trust a bank or other centralized entity to hold it for you. Bitcoin is also incredibly difficult to change by design since it is not controlled by an individual, company, or government - the supply of dollars will inevitably be inflated to bailout these failing banks but bitcoin supply will remain unchanged. I do not need to convince you that bitcoin provides value - these next few years will convince millions.

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

Nostr is an open communication protocol that can be used to send messages across a distributed set of relays in a censorship resistant and robust way.

---

If you missed my nostr introduction post you can find it here. My nostr account can be found here.

---

We are nearly at the point that if something interesting is posted on a centralized social platform it will usually be posted by someone to nostr.

We are nearly at the point that if something interesting is posted exclusively to nostr it is cross posted by someone to various centralized social platforms.

We are nearly at the point that you can recommend a cross platform app that users can install and easily onboard without additional guides or resources.

As companies continue to build walls around their centralized platforms nostr posts will be the easiest to cross reference and verify - as companies continue to censor their users nostr is the best censorship resistant alternative - gradually then suddenly nostr will become the standard. 🫡

Current Nostr Stats

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ b1ddb4d7:471244e7

This article was originally published on dev.to by satshacker.

Alright, you’ve built a useful and beautiful website, tool or app. However, monetization isn’t a priority and you’d rather keep the project free, ads-free and accessible?

Accepting donations would be an option, but how? A PayPal button? Stripe? Buymeacoffe? Patreon?

All of these services require a bank account and KYC verification, before you can send and receive donations – not very convenient.

If we only could send value over the internet, with just one click and without the need of a bank account…

Oh, hold on, that’s bitcoin. The decentralized protocol to send value across the globe. Money over TCP/IP.

In this article, we’ll learn how anyone can easily add a payment button or donation widget on a website or app.

Let’s get into it.

Introduction

Bitcoin is digital money that you can send and receive without the need for banks. While bitcoin is extremely secure, it’s not very fast. The maximum transactions per second (TPS) the network can handle is about 7. Obviously that’s not useful for daily payments or microtransactions.

If you’d like to dig deeper into how bitcoin works, a great read is “Mastering Bitcoin” by Andreas Antonopoulos.

Bitcoin vs Lightning

If you’d like to receive bitcoin donations “on-chain” all you need is a bitcoin wallet. You simply display your bitcoin address on your site and that’s it. You can receive donations.

It would look something like this; 1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa

Instead of showing the actual bitcoin address, you can also turn it into a QR code.

However, this is not a recommended solution. Using static on-chain addresses has two major downsides. It lowers privacy for you and your donnors and it’s a UTXO disaster because many small incoming transactions could beocme hard to consolidate in the future.

For donations and small transactions, the Lightning Network is the better option. Lightning allows for instant settlement with fees only a fraction of a cent.

Similar to bitcoin, you have the choice between non-custodial and custodial wallets. This means, either you have full control over your money or the wallet provider has.

Option 1: Lightning Address

With the lightning address feature, you an easily receive donations to an email like address.

It looks like this: yourname@wallet.com

Many wallets support lightning addresses and make it easy to create one. Then, you simple add the address to your donation page and you’re ready to receive tips.

You can also add a link link as in lightning:yourname@wallet.com and compatible lightning wallets and browser wallets will detect the address.

How to get a Lightning Address Fast

Option 2: Lightning Donation Widgets

If you like to take it a step further, you can also create a more enhanced donation checkout flow. Of course you could programm something yourself, there are many open source libraries you can build upon. If you want a simple plug-and-play solution, here are a couple of options:

Name

Type

Registration

SatSale

Self-hosted

No KYC

BTCPay Server

Self-hosted

No KYC

Pay With Flash

Widget

Email

Geyser Fund

Widget

Email

The Giving Block

Hosted

KYC

OpenNode

Hosted

KYC

---

SatSale (GitHub)

Lightweight, self-hosted Bitcoin/Lightning payment processor. No KYC.

Ideal for developers comfortable with server management. Simple to deploy, supports both on-chain and Lightning, and integrates with WooCommerce.

---

BTCPay Server

Powerful, open-source, self-hosted processor for Bitcoin and Lightning. No KYC.

Supports multiple currencies, advanced features, and full privacy. Requires technical setup and maintenance. Funds go directly to your wallet; great for those seeking full control.

---

Pay With Flash

Easiest for indie hackers. Add a donation widget with minimal code and no KYC. Payments go directly to your wallet for a 1.5% fee.

Setup Steps:

1. Sign up at PayWithFlash.com
2. Customize your widget in the dashboard
3. Embed the code:

1. Test to confirm functionality

Benefits:

• Minimal technical skills required
• Supports one-time or recurring donations
• Direct fund transfer, no intermediaries

---

Geyser Fund

Crowdfunding platform. Widget-based, connects to your wallet, email registration.Focused on Bitcoin crowdfunding, memberships and donations.

---

The Giving Block

Hosted, KYC required. Integrates with fiat and crypto, best for nonprofits or larger organizations.

---

OpenNode

Hosted, KYC required. Accept Bitcoin payments and donations; supports conversion to fiat, suitable for businesses and nonprofits.

---

Summary

• Fast, low-code setup: Use Pay With Flash or Geyser Fund.
• Privacy and control: Choose SatSale or BTCPay Server (requires technical skills).
• Managed, compliant solutions: The Giving Block or OpenNode.

Choose based on your technical comfort, privacy needs, and project scale.

I hope this article helped you. If you added bitcoin donations, share your link in the comments and I will send you a few satoshis maybe

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

Coinbase Announces Bitcoin Rewards Credit Card, Offering up to 4% BTC Back on Everything

Coinbase is launching its first-ever branded credit card in partnership with American Express, set to roll out this fall. Called the Coinbase One Card, it will be available only to U.S. members of Coinbase One, the platform’s monthly subscription service. The card will offer 2% to 4% back in Bitcoin on everyday purchases, along with access to American Express perks.  

JUST IN: Coinbase launches credit card allowing users to earn up to 4% bitcoin back on every purchase pic.twitter.com/d6pdNZV4pi

— Bitcoin Magazine (@BitcoinMagazine) June 12, 2025

This is a first-of-its-kind product for Coinbase, which previously only offered a prepaid debit card with Visa in 2020. 

“We see real potential in the combination of Coinbase and crypto with the powerful backing of American Express, and what the card offers is an excellent mix of what customers are looking for right now,” said Will Stredwick, head of American Express global network services, during the Coinbase State of Crypto Summit in New York.

The card is part of a larger push by Coinbase to expand its subscription-based services. Coinbase One costs $29.99/month and includes zero trading fees, higher staking rewards, and customer support perks. The company also announced a cheaper version—Coinbase Basic—for $4.99/month or $49.99/year, which includes fewer features.

Coinbase’s subscription business is growing fast. It brought in $698.1 million in Q1 2025, compared to $1.26 billion in trading revenue. According to William Blair analyst Andrew Jeffrey, this kind of recurring revenue is a big reason why long-term investors are sticking with the stock.

Launched in 2023, Coinbase One now has over a million members. The company has been steadily growing its ecosystem with products like its Base developer platform and a self-custody wallet. 

The company has long positioned Bitcoin at the center of its strategy—offering BTC custody services to institutions, supporting Bitcoin ETFs, integrating Bitcoin rewards into its products, and actively advocating for Bitcoin-friendly regulation in Washington. Coinbase also supports Bitcoin development directly through funding grants and engineering support. As the largest publicly traded crypto exchange in the U.S., Coinbase continues to frame Bitcoin not just as an asset, but as the foundation of its long-term vision.

This post Coinbase Announces Bitcoin Rewards Credit Card, Offering up to 4% BTC Back on Everything first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Jenna Montgomery.

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Key Takeaways

Michael Goldstein, aka Bitstein, presents a sweeping philosophical and economic case for going “all in” on Bitcoin, arguing that unlike fiat, which distorts capital formation and fuels short-term thinking, Bitcoin fosters low time preference, meaningful saving, and long-term societal flourishing. At the heart of his thesis is “hodling for good”—a triple-layered idea encompassing permanence, purpose, and the pursuit of higher values like truth, beauty, and legacy. Drawing on thinkers like Aristotle, Hoppe, and Josef Pieper, Goldstein redefines leisure as contemplation, a vital practice in aligning capital with one’s deepest ideals. He urges Bitcoiners to think beyond mere wealth accumulation and consider how their sats can fund enduring institutions, art, and architecture that reflect a moral vision of the future.

Best Quotes

“Let BlackRock buy the houses, and you keep the sats.”

“We're not hodling just for the sake of hodling. There is a purpose to it.”

“Fiat money shortens your time horizon… you can never rest.”

“Savings precedes capital accumulation. You can’t build unless you’ve saved.”

“You're increasing the marginal value of everyone else’s Bitcoin.”

“True leisure is contemplation—the pursuit of the highest good.”

“What is Bitcoin for if not to make the conditions for magnificent acts of creation possible?”

“Bitcoin itself will last forever. Your stack might not. What will outlast your coins?”

“Only a whale can be magnificent.”

“The market will sell you all the crack you want. It’s up to you to demand beauty.”

Conclusion

This episode is a call to reimagine Bitcoin as more than a financial revolution—it’s a blueprint for civilizational renewal. Michael Goldstein reframes hodling as an act of moral stewardship, urging Bitcoiners to lower their time preference, build lasting institutions, and pursue truth, beauty, and legacy—not to escape the world, but to rebuild it on sound foundations.

Timestamps

00:00 - Intro
00:50 - Michael’s BBB presentation Hodl for Good
07:27 - Austrian principles on capital
15:40 - Fiat distorts the economic process
23:34 - Bitkey
24:29 - Hodl for Good triple entendre
29:52 - Bitcoin benefits everyone
39:05 - Unchained
40:14 - Leisure theory of value
52:15 - Heightening life
1:15:48 - Breaking from the chase makes room for magnificence
1:32:32 - Nakamoto Institute’s mission

Transcript

(00:00) Fiat money is by its nature a disturbance. If money is being continually produced, especially at an uncertain rate, these uh policies are really just redistribution of wealth. Most are looking for number to go up post hyper bitcoinization. The rate of growth of bitcoin would be more reflective of the growth of the economy as a whole.
(00:23) Ultimately, capital requires knowledge because it requires knowing there is something that you can add to the structures of production to lengthen it in some way that will take time but allow you to have more in the future than you would today. Let Black Rockck buy the houses and you keep the sats, not the other way around.
(00:41) You wait until later for Larry Frink to try to sell you a [Music] mansion. And we're live just like that. Just like that. 3:30 on a Friday, Memorial Day weekend. It's a good good good way to end the week and start the holiday weekend. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Thank you for having me here. Thank you for coming. I wore this hat specifically because I think it's I think it's very apppropo uh to the conversation we're going to have which is I hope an extension of the presentation you gave at Bitblock Boom Huddle for good. You were working on
(01:24) that for many weeks leading up to uh the conference and explaining how you were structuring it. I think it's a very important topic to discuss now as the Bitcoin price is hitting new all-time highs and people are trying to understand what am I doing with Bitcoin? Like you have you have the different sort of factions within Bitcoin.
(01:47) Uh get on a Bitcoin standard, get on zero, spend as much Bitcoin as possible. You have the sailors of the world are saying buy Bitcoin, never sell, die with your Bitcoin. And I think you do a really good job in that presentation. And I just think your understanding overall of Bitcoin is incredible to put everything into context. It's not either or.
(02:07) It really depends on what you want to accomplish. Yeah, it's definitely there there is no actual one-sizefits-all um for I mean nearly anything in this world. So um yeah, I mean first of all I mean there was it was the first conference talk I had given in maybe five years. I think the one prior to that uh was um bit block boom 2019 which was my meme talk which uh has uh become infamous and notorious.
(02:43) So uh there was also a lot of like high expectations uh you know rockstar dev uh has has treated that you know uh that that talk with a lot of reference. a lot of people have enjoyed it and he was expecting this one to be, you know, the greatest one ever, which is a little bit of a little bit of a uh a burden to live up to those kinds of standards.
(03:08) Um, but you know, because I don't give a lot of talks. Um, you know, I I I like to uh try to bring ideas that might even be ideas that are common. So, something like hodling, we all talk about it constantly. uh but try to bring it from a little bit of a different angle and try to give um a little bit of uh new light to it.
(03:31) I alsove I've I've always enjoyed kind of coming at things from a third angle. Um whenever there's, you know, there's there's all these little debates that we have in in Bitcoin and sometimes it's nice to try to uh step out of it and look at it a little more uh kind of objectively and find ways of understanding it that incorporate the truths of of all of them.
(03:58) uh you know cuz I think we should always be kind of as much as possible after ultimate truth. Um so with this one um yeah I was kind of finding that that sort of golden mean. So uh um yeah and I actually I think about that a lot is uh you know Aristotle has his his concept of the golden mean. So it's like any any virtue is sort of between two vices um because you can you can always you can always take something too far.
(04:27) So you're you're always trying to find that right balance. Um so someone who is uh courageous you know uh one of the vices uh on one side is being basically reckless. I I can't remember what word he would use. Uh but effectively being reckless and just wanting to put yourself in danger for no other reason than just you know the thrill of it.
(04:50) Um and then on the other side you would just have cowardice which is like you're unwilling to put yourself um at any risk at any time. Um, and courage is right there in the middle where it's understanding when is the right time uh to put your put yourself, you know, in in the face of danger um and take it on. And so um in some sense this this was kind of me uh in in some ways like I'm obviously a partisan of hodling.
(05:20) Um, I've for, you know, a long time now talked about the, um, why huddling is good, why people do it, why we should expect it. Um, but still trying to find that that sort of golden mean of like yes, huddle, but also what are we hodling for? And it's not we're we're not hodddling just merely for the sake of hodddling.
(05:45) There there is a a purpose to it. And we should think about that. And that would also help us think more about um what are the benefits of of spending, when should we spend, why should we spend, what should we spend on um to actually give light to that sort of side of the debate. Um so that was that was what I was kind of trying to trying to get into.
(06:09) Um, as well as also just uh at the same time despite all the talk of hodling, there's always this perennial uh there's always this perennial dislike of hodlers because we're treated as uh as if um we're just free riding the network or we're just greedy or you know any of these things. And I wanted to show how uh huddling does serve a real economic purpose.
(06:36) Um, and it does benefit the individual, but it also does uh it it has actual real social um benefits as well beyond merely the individual. Um, so I wanted to give that sort of defense of hodling as well to look at it from um a a broader position than just merely I'm trying to get rich. Um uh because even the person who uh that is all they want to do um just like you know your your pure number grow up go up moonboy even that behavior has positive ramifications on on the economy.
(07:14) And while we might look at them and have uh judgments about their particular choices for them as an individual, we shouldn't discount that uh their actions are having positive positive effects for the rest of the economy. Yeah. So, let's dive into that just not even in the context of Bitcoin because I think you did a great job of this in the presentation.
(07:36) just you've done a good job of this consistently throughout the years that I've known you. Just from like a first principles Austrian economics perspective, what is the idea around capital accumulation, low time preference and deployment of that capital like what what like getting getting into like the nitty-gritty and then applying it to Bitcoin? Yeah, it's it's a big question and um in many ways I mean I I even I barely scratched the surface.
(08:05) uh I I can't claim to have read uh all the volumes of Bombber works, you know, capital and interest and and stuff like that. Um but I think there's some some sort of basic concepts that we can look at that we can uh draw a lot out. Um the first uh I guess let's write that. So repeat so like capital time preference. Yeah. Well, I guess getting more broad like why sav

@ e1cde248:609c13b0

ในปี 1975 มหาวิทยาลัย Yale ได้ทำการศึกษาจากกลุ่มคนที่มีอายุตั้งแต่ 50 ปีจำนวน 660 คน ในหัวข้อ ความเห็นที่มีต่อ “การสูงวัยขึ้น(aging)”

กลุ่มที่หนึ่ง มีความเห็นและความเชื่อที่เป็นด้านบวก ทั้งในเรื่องสุขภาพ ความคิด ความคาดหวังที่ดี เมื่อแก่ตัวขึ้น

กลุ่มที่สอง มีความเห็นและความเชื่อที่เป็นด้านลบ ประมาณว่า “การออกกำลังกายไม่ได้ทำอะไรให้ดีขึ้นหรอก ยังไงก็ต้องป่วย ต้องตายอยู่ดี”

ปรากฎว่า เมื่อผ่านไป 23 ปี กลุ่มที่หนึ่งมีอายุขัยเฉลี่ยมากกว่ากลุ่มที่สอง ถึง 7.6 ปี ซึ่งเป็นตัวเลขที่แตกต่างกันมาก

การศึกษานี้ต้องการจะบอกอะไรกับเรา?

แน่นอนว่า ผลลัพธ์ทุกอย่าง เกิดขึ้นได้ จากการกระทำ เวลาที่เราวางแผนจะลงมือทำอะไร ล้วนแต่เริ่มต้นจาก การตั้งเป้าหมาย ทั้งสิ้น

แต่คำถามคือ เมื่อบรรลุเป้าหมายแล้ว ยังไงต่อ?

ข้อเสียอย่างหนึ่ง ของการตั้งเป้าหมายโดยมีรากฐานมาจากผลลัพธ์ที่ต้องการ คือ เรามีแนวโน้มที่จะ “หยุดทำ” เมื่อได้ผลลัพธ์ที่ต้องการแล้ว

ยกตัวอย่างเช่น การลดน้ำหนัก เราชอบมองเรื่องของการลดน้ำหนักเป็นเหมือน การจัดแคมเปญ โดยมีช่วงเวลาที่กำหนด และเมื่อบรรลุเป้าหมาย เราก็กลับมามีพฤติกรรมแบบเดิม ซึ่งทำให้น้ำหนักที่ลดลงไป กลับมา

James Clear ผู้เขียนหนังสือชื่อ Atomic Habits ได้กล่าวว่า แค่การวางแผน และลงมือทำ ไม่ได้นำมาซึ่งผลลัพธ์ที่ยั่งยืน

แต่สิ่งที่สำคัญกว่า ที่เราต้องทำคือ การกำหนดตัวตนของเราใหม่

เวลาที่เราต้องการลดน้ำหนัก 10 กิโล ให้เรามองลึกลงไปกว่าการวางแผนเรื่องการกิน และการออกกำลังกาย

แต่ให้ตั้งเป้าหมายว่า

“ต่อไปนี้ฉันจะเป็นคนที่ เลือกกินที่แต่ของที่มีประโยชน์ และจะออกกำลังกายสม่ำเสมอ” “ฉันไม่ใช่คนที่ชอบกินขนมและของที่มีน้ำตาลสูง” “ฉันเป็นนักกีฬาที่เข้มงวดต่อตารางฝึกซ้อม”

การกำหนดตัวตนของเราใหม่ เป็นเหมือนการปรับเปลี่ยน Mindset ถ้าเรา “โฟกัส” ลงไปที่แก่นของพฤติกรรมแล้ว “ผลลัพธ์” แบบที่เราต้องการจะมาเอง และยั่งยืนกว่า

การศึกษาของมหาวิทยาลัย Yale เป็นข้อพิสูจน์ของเรื่องนี้ได้อย่างดี เพราะกลุ่มคนที่มีความเชื่อที่เป็นด้านบวก จะให้ความสำคัญต่อการออกกำลังกายมากขึ้น หยุดกินเหล้า หยุดสูบบุหรี่ และใช้เวลาอยู่กับคนที่มีมุมมองเป็นบวกเหมือนกัน

เมื่อเราได้ติดสินใจแล้วว่า คนแบบไหนที่เราต้องการจะเป็น พฤติกรรมต่างๆในชีวิตประจำวันของเราจะค่อยๆ เปลี่ยนไป และจะยิ่งเห็นผลชัดเจนขึ้นเรื่อยๆในระยะยาว

เรา คือผลลัพธ์ของ สิ่งที่เราลงมือทำ

เรา คือผลลัพธ์ของ การตัดสินใจของเรา

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

27.08.2014

Originalni tekst na fee.org / Autor: Džefri A. Taker

---

Oni koji se koriste delom Mizesa da bi osporili Bitkoin trebalo bi ponovo da razmisle.

Mnogi ljudi koji nikada nisu koristili Bitkoin posmatraju ga sa zbunjenošću. Zašto ovaj magični internet novac uopšte ima bilo kakvu vrednost? To je samo nekakva kompjuterska stvar koju je neko izmislio.

Uzmite u obzir kritike zlatoljubaca, koji su decenijama gurali ideju da čvrst novac mora biti podržan nečim stvarnim, čvrstim i vrednim samim po sebi.

Bitkoin ne ispunjava te uslove, zar ne?

Možda ipak ispunjava. Pogledajmo detaljnije.

Bitkoin se prvi put pojavio pre skoro šest godina kao mogući konkurent nacionalnom novcu kojim upravlja država. Beli papir Satošija Nakamota objavljen je 31. oktobra 2008. godine. Struktura i jezik ovog rada poslali su poruku: Ova valuta je za kompjuterske tehničare, a ne za ekonomiste niti za političke komentatore. Domet ovog rada je bio ograničen; početnici koji su ga čitali bili su zbunjeni.

Ali nedostatak interesovanja nije sprečio istoriju da ide napred. Dva meseca kasnije, oni koji su obraćali pažnju videli su pojavu Genesis bloka, prve grupe Bitkoina generisanih putem Nakamotovog koncepta distribuirane knjige (distributed ledger) koja je postojala na bilo kom kompjuterskom čvoru na svetu koji je želeo da je hostuje.

Ovde smo šest godina kasnije, a jedan Bitkoin vredi 500 američkih dolara, dok je njegova najviša vrednost bila 1.200 dolara po novčiću. Ovu valutu prihvata na hiljade institucija, kako onlajn, tako i oflajn. Njen platni sistem je veoma popularan u siromašnim zemljama koje nemaju razvijenu bankarsku infrastrukturu, ali i u razvijenim zemljama. Velike institucije – uključujući Federalne rezerve, OECD, Svetsku banku i velike investicione kuće – posvećuju mu pažnju sa dužnim poštovanjem.

Entuzijasti, koji se nalaze u svakoj zemlji, kažu da će njegova tržišna vrednost u budućnosti rasti jer je njegova ponuda strogo ograničena i pruža sistem koji je znatno superiorniji od državnog novca. Bitkoin se prenosi između pojedinaca bez posrednika. Razmena je gotovo besplatna. Ima predvidivu ponudu. Trajan je, zamenljiv i deljiv: sve su to ključne karakteristike novca. Stvara monetarni sistem koji ne zavisi od poverenja i identiteta, a mnogo manje od centralnih banaka i države. To je novi sistem za digitalno doba.

Teške pouke o čvrstom novcu

Onima koji su obrazovani u tradiciji 'čvrstog novca', cela ideja je predstavljala ozbiljan izazov. Govoreći o sebi, čitao sam o Bitkoinu dve godine pre nego što sam makar približno uspeo da ga razumem. Jednostavno, nešto u celoj toj ideji mi je smetalo. Ne možete stvoriti novac ni iz čega, a kamoli iz kompjuterskog koda. Zašto onda ima vrednost? Mora da nešto nije kako treba. Nismo očekivali da će se novac tako reformisati.

Tu je i problem: naša očekivanja. Trebalo je da posvetimo više pažnje teoriji porekla novca Ludviga fon Mizesa — ne onome što mislimo da je on napisao, već onome što je on zaista napisao.

Godine 1912. Mizes je objavio delo "Teorija novca i kredita". Kada je objavljeno na nemačkom, postiglo je ogroman uspeh u Evropi i prevedeno je na engleski jezik. Iako je obuhvatilo svaki aspekt novca, njegov ključni doprinos bio je u praćenju vrednosti i cene novca — i ne samo novca — sve do njegovog porekla. To jest, objasnio je kako novac formira svoju cenu u smislu dobara i usluga koje se njime mogu nabaviti. Kasnije je ovaj proces nazvao "teoremom regresije novca" i ispostavilo se da Bitkoin zadovoljava sve uslove te teoreme.

Mizesov učitelj, Karl Menger, demonstrirao je da sam novac potiče sa tržišta – a ne od države i ne od društvenog ugovora. On se postepeno pojavljuje dok monetarni preduzetnici traže idealan oblik robe za indirektnu razmenu. Umesto da neposredno vrše trampu, ljudi pribavljaju neko dobro ne da bi ga konzumirali, već da bi ga razmenili. To dobro postaje novac, najtržišnije dobro.

Ali Mizes je dodao da se vrednost novca prati unazad kroz vreme sve do njegove vrednosti kao robe koja je služila za trampu. Mizes je smatrao da je to jedini način na koji novac može imati vrednost.

"Teorija vrednosti novca kao takvog može pratiti objektivnu tržišnu vrednost novca kroz vreme samo do tačke kada njegova vrednost prestaje da bude vrednost kao novca i postaje isključivo vrednost kao robe... Ako se na ovaj način neprestano vraćamo sve dalje unazad, na kraju moramo doći do tačke gde više ne nalazimo nijednu komponentu u objektivnoj tržišnoj vrednosti novca koja proističe iz vrednovanja zasnovanih na funkciji novca kao opšteg sredstva razmene; gde vrednost novca nije ništa drugo do vrednost predmeta koji je koristan na neki drugi način osim kao novac... Pre nego što je postalo uobičajeno nabavljati robu na tržištu, ne za ličnu potrošnju, već jednostavno radi ponovne razmene za robu za kojom zaista postoji potreba, svakoj pojedinačnoj robi pripisivana je samo ona vrednost data subjektivnim vrednovanjem zasnovanom na njenoj direktnoj korisnosti."

Mizesovo objašnjenje rešilo je veliki problem koji je dugo zbunjivao ekonomiste. Radi se o nagađajućem istorijskom narativu, a ipak ima savršenog smisla. Da li bi so postala novac da je inače bila potpuno beskorisna? Da li bi dabrovo krzno dobilo monetarnu vrednost da nije bilo korisno kao odeća? Da li bi srebro ili zlato imali novčanu vrednost da isprva nisu imali vrednost kao roba? Odgovor u svim slučajevima monetarne istorije je jasno ne. Početna vrednost novca, pre nego što postane široko razmenjivano kao novac, potiče iz njegove direktne korisnosti. To je objašnjenje koje je demonstrirano kroz istorijsku rekonstrukciju. To je Mizesova teorema regresije novca.

Upotrebna vrednost Bitkoina

Na prvi pogled, Bitkoin deluje kao izuzetak. Ne možete koristiti Bitkoin ni za šta drugo osim kao novac. Ne može se nositi kao nakit. Ne možete od njega napraviti mašinu. Ne možete ga jesti, pa čak ni koristiti ga kao dekoraciju. Njegova vrednost se ostvaruje samo kao jedinica koja olakšava indirektnu razmenu. Pa ipak, Bitkoin je već novac. Koristi se svakodnevno. Razmene možete videti u realnom vremenu. To nije mit. Ta stvar je stvarna.

Može izgledati kao da smo prinuđeni da biramo. Da li je Mizes pogrešio? Možda moramo odbaciti celu njegovu teoriju. Ili je možda njegova poenta bila isključivo istorijska i nije primenjiva na budućnost digitalnog doba. Ili je možda njegova teorema regresije dokaz da je Bitkoin samo prazna manija bez snage da potraje jer se ne može svesti na svoju vrednost kao korisna roba.

Pa ipak, ne morate se pozivati na komplikovane monetarne teorije da biste razumeli osećaj uzbune koji okružuje Bitkoin. Mnogi ljudi, kao i ja, jednostavno osećaju nelagodu u vezi sa novcem koji nema nikakvu fizičku osnovu. Naravno, možete odštampati Bitkoin na komadu papira, ali posedovanje papira sa QR kodom ili javnim ključem nije dovoljno da ublaži taj osećaj nelagode.

Kako da rešimo ovaj problem? U svojoj glavi, zabavljao sam se ovim pitanjem više od godinu dana. Zbunjivalo me je. Pitao sam se da li je Mizesovo shvatanje primenjivo samo u preddigitalnom dobu. Pratio sam onlajn spekulacije da bi vrednost Bitkoina bila nula, da nema nacionalnih valuta u koje se konvertuje. Možda je potražnja za Bitkoinom prevazišla zahteve Mizesovog scenarija zbog očajničke potrebe za nečim drugačijim od dolara.

Vreme je prolazilo — i čitajući radove Konrada Grafa, Petera Šurde i Danijela Kraviša — rešenje je konačno samo stiglo. Preći ću odmah na stvar i otkriti ga: Bitkoin je i sistem plaćanja i novac. Sistem plaćanja je izvor vrednosti, dok obračunska jedinica samo izražava tu vrednost u smislu cene. Jedinstvo novca i plaćanja je njegova najneobičnija karakteristika i ona koju je većina komentatora imala poteškoća da shvati.

Navikli smo da razmišljamo o valuti kao o nečemu što je odvojeno od sistema plaćanja. Ovo razmišljanje je odraz istorijskih tehnoloških ograničenja. Postoji dolar i postoje kreditne kartice. Postoji evro i postoji PayPal. Postoji jen i postoje servisi za prenos novca. U svim ovim slučajevima, transfer novca se oslanja na pružaoce usluga koji predstavljaju treću stranu. Da biste ih koristili, potrebno je da uspostavite ono što se naziva „odnos poverenja“ (trust relationship) sa njima, što znači da institucija koja dogovara posao mora da vam veruje da ćete platiti.

Ovaj jaz između novca i plaćanja uvek je bio prisutan, osim u slučaju fizičke blizine. Ako ti dam dolar za parče pice, nema treće strane. Ali sistemi plaćanja, treće strane i odnosi poverenja postaju neophodni kada napustite geografsku blizinu. Tada kompanije poput Vise i institucije poput banaka postaju nezaobilazne. One su ta aplikacija koja omogućava monetarnom softveru da radi ono što želite.

Problem je u tome što sistemi plaćanja koje danas imamo nisu dostupni svakome. Zapravo, ogromna većina čovečanstva nema pristup takvim alatima, što je glavni razlog siromaštva u svetu. Oni koji su finansijski obespravljeni su ograničeni samo na lokalnu trgovinu i ne mogu proširiti svoje trgovinske odnose sa svetom.

Vodeći, ako ne i primarni, cilj nastanka Bitkoina bio je rešavanje ovog problema. Protokol je postavio sebi zadatak da poveže funkciju valute sa sistemom plaćanja. Te dve stvari su potpuno međusobno povezane u samoj strukturi koda. Ova veza je ono što čini Bitkoin drugačijim od bilo koje postojeće nacionalne valute i, zaista, bilo koje valute u istoriji.

Neka nam se sam Nakamoto obrati iz uvodnog sažetka svog belog papira. Zapazite koliko je platni sistem ključan za monetarni sistem koji je stvorio:

"Potpuna peer-to-peer verzija elektronskog novca omogućila bi slanje uplata putem interneta direktno od jedne strane ka drugoj bez posredovanja finansijskih institucija. Digitalni potpisi pružaju deo rešenja, ali se glavni benefiti gube ako je i dalje potrebna pouzdana treća strana za sprečavanje dvostruke potrošnje. Predlažemo rešenje problema dvostruke potrošnje korišćenjem peer-to-peer mreže. Mreža vremenski označava transakcije tako što ih hešuje u tekući lanac dokaza o radu (proof of work) temeljen na hešu, formirajući zapis koji se ne može promeniti bez ponovnog rada i objavljivanja dokaza o tom radu. Najduži lanac ne služi samo kao dokaz niza događaja, nego i kao dokaz da je taj niz događaja potvrđen od strane dela peer-to-peer mreže koja poseduju najveću zbirnu procesorsku snagu (CPU). Sve dok većinu procesorske snage kontrolišu čvorovi (nodes) koji ne sarađuju u napadu na mrežu, oni će generisati najduži lanac i nadmašiti napadače. Sama mreža zahteva minimalnu strukturu. Poruke kroz mrežu se prenose uz pretpostavku da svaki čvor čini maksimalan napor da poruku prenese u svom izvornom obliku i na optimalan način, a čvorovi mogu napustiti mrežu i ponovo joj se pridružiti po želji, prihvatajući najduži lanac dokaza o radu kao dokaz onoga što se dogodilo dok ih nije bilo."

Ono što je veoma upečatljivo u ovom paragrafu je da se uopšte ne spominje sama valuta. Spominje se samo problem dvostruke potrošnje (odnosno, problem inflatornog stvaranja novca). Inovacija ovde je, čak i prema rečima njenog pronalazača, platna mreža, a ne novčić. Novčić ili digitalna jedinica samo izražava vrednost mreže. To je računovodstveni alat koji apsorbuje i prenosi vrednost mreže kroz vreme i prostor.

Ova mreža se naziva blokčejn. To je knjiga transakcija koja živi u digitalnom oblaku, distribuirana mreža i njeno funkcionisanje može posmatrati svako u bilo koje vreme. Pažljivo je nadgledaju svi korisnici. Omogućava prenos sigurnih i neponovljivih bitova informacija od jedne osobe do bilo koje druge osobe bilo gde u svetu, a ovi informacioni bitovi su zaštićeni digitalnim oblikom vlasništva. Ovo je ono što je Nakamoto nazvao „digitalnim potpisima“. Njegov izum knjige transakcija koja se nalazi na oblaku omogućava proveru vlasničkih prava bez oslanjanja na agenciju koja vrši ulogu treće strane od poverenja.

Blokčejn je rešio ono što je postalo poznato kao "problem vizantijskih generala". To je problem koordinacije akcija na velikom geografskom području u prisustvu potencijalno zlonamernih aktera. Budući da se generali razdvojeni prostorom moraju oslanjati na glasnike i to oslanjanje zahteva vreme i poverenje, nijedan general ne može biti apsolutno siguran da je drugi general primio i potvrdio poruku, a kamoli njenu tačnost.

Postavljanje knjige transakcija, kojoj svi imaju pristup, na Internet rešava ovaj problem. Knjiga transakcija beleži iznose, vremena i javne adrese svake transakcije. Informacije se dele širom sveta i stalno se ažuriraju. Knjiga transakcija garantuje integritet sistema i omogućava da valutna jedinica postane digitalni oblik imovine sa vlasništvom.

Kada ovo shvatite, možete videti da je suština vrednosti Bitkoin povezana sa njegovom integrisanom platnom mrežom. Ovde se pronalazi upotrebna vrednost na koju se Mizes poziva. Ona nije ugrađena u samu valutnu jedinicu, već u briljantan i inovativan platni sistem na kojem Bitkoin živi. Kada bi bilo moguće da se blokčejn nekako odvoji od Bitkoina (a to zaista nije moguće), vrednost valute bi odmah pala na nulu.

Dokaz koncepta

Da biste dalje razumeli kako se Mizesova teorija uklapa u Bitkoin, morate razumeti još jednu stvar u vezi sa istorijom kriptovalute. Na dan pokretanja (9. januar 2009.), vrednost Bitkoina bila je tačno nula. I tako je ostalo 10 meseci nakon pokretanja. Sve to vreme su se transakcije odvijale, ali tokom celog tog perioda vrednost nije bila iznad nule.

Prva objavljena cena Bitkoina pojavila se 5. oktobra 2009. Na ovoj menjačnici, 1 dolar je iznosio 1.309,03 Bitkoina (što su mnogi tada smatrali precenjenim). Drugim rečima, prva procena vrednosti Bitkoina bila je nešto više od jedne desetine penija. Da, da ste kupili Bitkoin u vrednosti od 100 dolara u to vreme i niste ih panično prodali, danas biste bili „polu-milijarder“.

Dakle, postavlja se pitanje: Šta se dogodilo između 9. januara i 5. oktobra 2009. godine, što je dovelo do toga da Bitkoin dobije tržišnu vrednost? Odgovor je da su trgovci, entuzijasti, preduzetnici i drugi isprobavali blokčejn. Želeli su da znaju da li funkcioniše. Da li je prenosio jedinice bez dvostruke potrošnje? Da li je sistem koji se oslanjao na dobrovoljnu računarsku snagu zaista bio dovoljan za verifikaciju i potvrđivanje transakcija? Da li bitkoini koji su dodeljeni kao nagrada završavaju tamo gde treba kao naknada za usluge verifikacije? I iznad svega, da li je ovaj novi sistem zaista uspeo da uradi ono što se činilo nemogućim – to jest, da prenosi bezbedne delove informacija zasnovanih na vlasničkim pravima kroz geografski prostor, bez posredovanja neke treće strane, već direktno između korisnika (peer-to-peer)?

Potrajalo je 10 meseci da se izgradi poverenje. Bilo je potrebno još 18 meseci dok Bitkoin nije dostigao paritet sa američkim dolarom. Ovu istoriju je ključno razumeti, pogotovo ako se oslanjate na teoriju porekla novca koja spekuliše o praistoriji novca, kao što to čini Misesova regresiona teorema. Bitkoin nije uvek bio novac koji ima vrednost. Nekada je bio čisto računovodstvena jedinica vezana za knjigu transakcija (ledger). Ova knjiga transakcija je pribavila ono što je Mises nazvao „upotrebnom vrednošću“. Svi uslovi teoreme su time zadovoljeni.

Zavšni obračun

Da ponovimo, ako neko kaže da se Bitkoin zasniva ni na čemu drugom osim na "običnoj magli", da ne može biti novac jer nema pravu istoriju kao istinska roba i, bez obzira da li je ta osoba početnik ili visoko obučeno ekonomista, morate istaći dve centralne tačke. Prvo, Bitkoin nije samostalna valuta već obračunska jedinica vezana za inovativnu platnu mrežu. Drugo, ova mreža, a samim tim i Bitkoin, svoju tržišnu vrednost stekla je isključivo kroz testiranje u realnom vremenu u tržišnom okruženju.

Drugim rečima, ako zanemarimo impresivne tehničke karakteristike, Bitkoin je prešao put baš kao i svaka druga valuta, od soli do zlata. Ljudi su smatrali da je platni sistem koristan, a vezana računovodstvena jedinica je bila prenosiva, deljiva, zamenljiva, trajna i retka.

Novac je rođen. Ovaj novac poseduje sve istorijski najbolje osobine novca, ali uključuje i bestežinsku i besprostornu platnu mrežu koja omogućava celom svetu da trguje bez potrebe za trećim stranama.

Ali primetite nešto što je izuzetno važno. Kod blokčejna se ne radi samo o novcu. Radi se o bilo kakvom prenosu informacija koji zahteva sigurnost, potvrđivanje i punu garanciju autentičnosti. Ovo se odnosi na ugovore i transakcije svih vrsta, sve obavljene direktno između stranaka (peer-to-peer). Zamislite svet bez trećih strana, uključujući i najopasniju treću stranu ikada stvorenu od strane čoveka: samu Državu. Zamislite tu budućnost i počećete da shvatate implikacije naše budućnosti u svojoj potpunosti.

Mises bi bio zapanjen i iznenađen Bitkoinom. Ali možda bi osećao i ponos što je njegova monetarna teorija, stara više od 100 godina, potvrđena i dobila novi život u 21. veku.

@ 3c7dc2c5:805642a8

🧠Quote(s) of the week:

"Bitcoin trades 168 hours a week. Every other asset trades 35 hours at best (and less on holidays). This is the most magical, transparent, and hard-working [asset] in history. I’m in awe watching Bitcoin trade at 9:30 pm on a Saturday. You could liquidate $100 million worth, any hour of any day, and maybe take a 3% haircut. This is extremely high-bandwidth price discovery." —Michael Saylor https://i.ibb.co/LXCm3Kp8/Gshl-Ixas-Awezk3.png

🧡Bitcoin news🧡

13 years ago the block subsidy was 50 BTC. 13 years from now it will be 0.39 BTC.

On the 2nd of June:

➡️Hong Kong’s Reitar Logitech files to acquire $1.5B in Bitcoin, becoming the latest firm to join the Bitcoin treasury trend. The logistics and real estate company says the move strengthens its financial foundation as it scales its global tech platform.

➡️Bitcoin's global hashrate has reached a new all-time high, with data from Hashrate Index showing a 7-day simple moving average peak of 943 EH/s. https://i.ibb.co/3yR2ZZ0w/Gsahm-VXMAA1m-Ol.png

➡️(K)now (Y)our (C)ustomer is nothing but Stealth Mass Surveillance. What 95% of regulations cost versus return in one picture? https://i.ibb.co/Q3CLzF7j/Gsb20g-Pb-IAABy4-L.jpg

➡️Norwegian Block Exchange becomes the first publicly traded Bitcoin treasury company in Norway.' - Simply Bitcoin

➡️Poland just elected pro-Bitcoin Presidential candidate Karol Nawrocki. “Poland should be a birthplace of innovation rather than regulation.”

➡️NYC Mayor Eric Adams: “You all mocked me, ‘You’re taking your first 3 paychecks in #Bitcoin, what’s wrong with you?’ Now you wish you would have done.”

➡️Strategy plans to launch an IPO for 2.5M shares of its 10% Series A 'Stride' Preferred Stock (STRD), with proceeds going toward general corporate use and Bitcoin acquisition. Dividends are non-cumulative and paid only if declared.

Bit Paine: 'Remember: the entire fiat system is just various forms and layers of debt with different issuers all backed by an “asset,” (itself just a base layer of sovereign debt) that can and will be printed into oblivion. MSTR is just recapitulating this system but with a fixed supply underlying, meaning that in real terms anything it issues will benefit from the dilution of the fiat base layer and hence outperform (wildly) any fiat debt. No matter your institutional mandate, it makes no sense to hold debt whose base layer can be unilaterally demonetized when you can hold debt backed by a fixed supply underlying commodity that goes up forever.'

On the 3rd of June:

➡️Tether sends 37,229 Bitcoin worth almost $4 billion in total to Jack Maller's Twenty-One Capital

➡️El Salvador is running a full Bitcoin node!

➡️Canadian construction engineering company SolarBank adopts a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve "As the adoption of Bitcoin continues to grow, SolarBank believes that establishing a Bitcoin treasury strategy taps into a growing sector that is seeing increasing adoption."

➡️Willy Woo: "Who are the idiots who are selling when institutions and sovereigns are racing to buy billions in BTC?" This chart sheds light. The big whales >10k BTC have been selling since 2017. "They're stupid!" Most of those coins were bought between $0-$700 and held 8-16 years.' https://i.ibb.co/xKctV3Tf/Gsid236as-AAXPl-D.jpg

Selling at 20,000% profit is generally not a bad move.

➡️'South Korea just elected a pro-Bitcoin President who promised to legalize spot Bitcoin ETFs and scrap unfair regulation.' -Bitcoin Archive

➡️The average US investor owns 0.3% of their net worth in Bitcoin.

https://i.ibb.co/5WtFH9LM/Gsfoem-Tb0-AEfo-Ds.jpg

We are so damnn early.

➡️MARA mined 950 Bitcoin worth over $100 MILLION in May. They HODLed all of it.

➡️Bitcoin for Corporations: "Metaplanet just became Japan’s most traded stock — topping the charts in both value and volume:

➤ 170M shares traded

➤ ¥222B ($1.51B) value traded

This is what a Bitcoin strategy looks like in motion."

➡️'The Blockchain Group acquires 624 BTC for €60.2 million, nearly doubling their stack. They are now holding a total of 1,471 BTC with a BTC Yield of 1,097.6% YTD.' -Bitcoin News

➡️Publicly traded company K33 buys 10 Bitcoin for SEK 10 million for its balance sheet.

➡️California Assembly passes a bill to allow the state to receive payments in Bitcoin and digital currencies. It passed 68-0 and now heads to the Senate.

But hold up...

Bitcoin held on exchanges for +3 years will be transferred to the state of California under a law passed by the Assembly.

Not your keys…

➡️Adam Back invests $2.1 million into Swedish Bitcoin treasury company H100.

On the 4th of June:

➡️Daniel Batten: 'A large Bitcoin mining operation uses < 1/3 of the water of an average US family, and 0.0006% of the water a typical Gold mine uses.' https://i.ibb.co/TxNWSkHg/Gsn-VIjh-XQAEECOh.jpg

➡️And there it is: for JPMorgan, Bitcoin is now "safe collateral" JP Morgan will now offer loans backed by Bitcoin ETFs.

https://i.ibb.co/cXX0hKBK/Gsn-C5-B8-Wg-AA2e3i.png

Bent the knee. Wall Street realizes that Bitcoin is pristine collateral. Liquid 24/7/365 globally.

➡️Spanish coffee chain Vanadi Coffee to purchase $1.1 billion Bitcoin for its treasury reserve.

Disclaimer: This sounds great but it's not the whole story.

Pledditor: 'You mean a coffee shop chain founded just 4 years ago, only has 6 locations, and every year it has operated has suffered millions of dollars of net losses? They have 1975 Instagram followers. They have 149 Facebook followers. They have 48 X followers. But remember guys, you are investing in a "COFFEE GIANT"

So where does the $1.1B come from?

'The same way it came for Metaplanet (and all these other penny stocks) Get a bunch of high follower Bitcoin X accounts to hype your ticker (usually Bitcoin Magazine, Vivek, Pete Rizzo, etc), start up an "Irresponsibly Long ___" group, then dump a shitload of stock on the plebs.'

I have said it before...

Bitcoin treasury companies won't prevent another bear market; they’re the reason it’ll happen again this cycle.

➡️Public company Semler Scientific purchases an additional 185 Bitcoin for $20 million.

➡️Wicked: Imagine how rekt people would get if we went from $200k back down to $58k next bear market. The funny thing is that’d only be a 71% pullback, the smallest bear market pullback ever.

https://i.ibb.co/DfFtFZnP/Gsnr-U-3-Xo-AAJy-Kq.jpg

➡️Fidelty: An increasing number of institutions are leveraging Bitcoin as a strategic reserve asset. And as understanding of the asset deepens, interest continues to grow. See what may be driving the shift: Source: https://www.fidelitydigitalassets.com/research-and-insights/adding-bitcoin-corporate-treasury?ccsource=owned_social_btc_corp_treasury_june_x

➡️Solo Bitcoin miner solves block 899,826, earning 3.151 BTC ( $330K). A solo miner rented a massive amount of hashrate on @NiceHashMining and successfully mined a Bitcoin block solo on CKpool, claiming the full reward alone.

➡️Romania's national postal service, Poșta Română, launches a pilot program by installing its first Bitcoin ATM at a Tulcea branch, partnering with Bitcoin Romania (BTR Exchange), the country's leading cryptocurrency exchange.

On the 6th of June:

➡️Mononaut: 'With a weight of only 5723 units, block 899998 was the second lightest non-empty block of this halving epoch.'

➡️'UK-listed gold miner Bluebird Mining Ventures announces strategy to convert gold mining income into Bitcoin. A gold mining company will become the first UK-listed company to implement a Strategic Bitcoin Treasury' - Bitcoin News

➡️Phoenix Wallet: Phoenix 2.6.1 now supports NFC for sending and receiving. Works on Android and iOS. (NFC received on iOS is only due to Apple restrictions)

➡️Man from Germany fails to declare 24 words when crossing the border – nothing happens.

https://i.ibb.co/21W5qVks/Gswdghd-Xw-AA7-SH6.png

➡️Know Labs, Inc. to become a Bitcoin Treasury Strategy company starting with 1,000 BTC. Funny isn't it? Even former Ripple executive, Greg Kidd, is choosing to fill their company treasuries with bitcoin—not XRP.

➡️Bitcoin Successfully Mines the 900,000th Block! https://x.com/i/status/1930973314475815120

➡️Trump Media's latest S-3 filing officially adopts a Bitcoin treasury strategy. - Registers up to $12B in new securities to buy BTC - Adds to $2.44B already raised - Mentions “Bitcoin” 362 times (vs. once in prior S-3)

➡️Bitcoin News: Metaplanet just issued ¥855B ($5.4B) in moving-strike warrants to buy more Bitcoin, Japan’s largest equity issuance of its kind ever. It’s the first above-market pricing in Japan's history, defying the usual 8–10% discount.

➡️ Uber CEO tells Bloomberg Bitcoin is a proven store of value and that it is exploring crypto payments.

➡️Agricultural commodity trading company Davis Commodities will buy $4.5 million Bitcoin for their reserves, calling it "digital gold.

➡️Fidelity: As digital assets evolve, bitcoin’s potential as a store of value sets it apart from other cryptocurrencies. “Coin Report: Bitcoin” outlines why the asset’s design, scarcity, and decentralized nature help make it distinct—and where its future opportunities may lie. Read now: https://www.fidelitydigitalassets.com/research-and-insights/coin-report-bitcoin-btc?ccsource=owned_social_btc_report_june_x

➡️Japanese public company Remixpoint announces it bought 44.8 #Bitcoin worth $4.7 million

On the 8th of June:

➡️Wicked: Bitcoin has been running for 6,000 days and it’s already spent 60 of them, 1% of its life, closing above $100k. https://i.ibb.co/kVyrjR7v/Gs4uy-MIW8-AAOl-A.jpg

On the 9th of June:

➡️Australia’s ABC News reports on how Bitcoin adoption is bringing financial freedom and greater safety to Kibera, one of Africa’s largest slums in Kenya.

➡️ IBIT just blew through $70b and is now the fastest ETF to ever hit that mark in only 341 days, which is 5x faster than the old record held by GLD of 1,691 days. https://i.ibb.co/DfKbwhjG/Gt-Ar6-Eq-X0-AAzrl5.png

Credit chart JackiWang17 on X

➡️Japanese fashion brand ANAP plans to buy and hold over 1,000 Bitcoin by August 2025.

➡️South Korean President to introduce legislation this week to allow big banks to adopt Bitcoin.

➡️Wicked: Bitcoin's now 3x larger than the top 9 shitcoins combined. https://i.ibb.co/LDQKsGHM/Gt-AJy-D6-X0-AA7-PIY.jpg

💸Traditional Finance / Macro:

On the 3rd of May:

👉🏽'Hedge funds are still not buying the Magnificent 7: Hedge funds’ long/short ratio on Magnificent 7 stocks is now at its lowest level in 5 years, per Goldman Sachs. This is even lower than at the 2022 bear market bottom. Furthermore, their exposure to Magnificent 7 stocks is now down -50% over the last year. Meanwhile, hedge funds have bought US information technology stocks for 3 consecutive weeks. This occurred after the sector had been net sold in 10 of the previous 12 weeks. Retail has led the recent rebound.' -TKL

On the 6th of June:

👉🏽If you net out the Mag 7 from the S&P 500, the remaining 493 stocks have barely gone anywhere in over a decade (comparatively speaking). Chart: Goldman Sachs https://i.ibb.co/s9LmVBL8/Gsx53k6-W8-AAM2xr.jpg

🏦Banks:

On the 21st of May: 👉🏽No News

🌎Macro/Geopolitics:

'The reality is that the US soft defaults on its debt every day through structural inflation (the perpetual debasement of the US dollar). In other words, the Treasury pays you back dollars that are worth far less than what you lent to them. A soft default.' This is also valid for Europe.

On top of that, the richest man in the world is publicly arguing with the president of the United States about America’s solvency. Consider buying bitcoin.

So far regarding Trump: - didn't audit the Gold - didn't stop the wars - didn't reduce the deficit/debt/budget - didn't form a Bitcoin reserve - didn't release the Epstein files

Anyway, consider buying Bitcoin.

On the 2nd of June:

👉🏽'The Bank of Japan just racked up a record ¥28.6 trillion in bond losses That’s three times bigger than last year! This isn’t just Japan’s problem. It’s a screaming red alert for global markets.' - StockMarket News

TKL: " Japanese equity funds posted a record $11.8 billion in net outflows last week. This brought the 4-week moving average of outflows to $4.0 billion, an all-time high. Investors’ concerns over rapidly rising long-dated Japanese government bond yields were behind the outflows. Additionally, investors withdrew $5.1 billion from US stock funds. All while global equity funds saw $9.5 billion in net outflows, the most this year. Investors are taking profits after a sharp market recovery."

👉🏽The money printer is back on. US M2 just hit a new all-time high at $21.86T. Liquidity is flowing back into the system.

https://i.ibb.co/fGdx5kmt/Gsd-Jn-R9-XUAAUAO2.jpg

Recession odds have just dropped by 70% to 30% That’s the steepest decline in 65 years without a recession actually happening. Forget everything about a recession when M2 is moving up. Simple as that.

👉🏽$698 billion worth of homes are for sale in the United States, a new all-time high. Rajat Soni: 'The price of a house should be 0.01 BTC right now The housing market is way overpriced in terms of Bitcoin Interest rates or real estate prices will have to fall for these these homes actually to be sold.'

👉🏽The US Dollar is worth 8.9% less than it was at the beginning of the year.

👉🏽Argentina's economy grew 8% year-over-year in April 2025, the highest in the Western world!

On the 3rd of June:

👉🏽Trump's "Big Beautiful Bill" bans all 50 states from regulating AI for 10 years, centralizes control at the federal level, and integrates AI systems into key federal agencies. https://i.ibb.co/Q7t14q7M/Gse-V2f-YWUAAyb-Py.png

👉🏽 ZeroHedge: 'Total US debt is now $37.5 trillion (accrued). The $36.2 trillion actual is just the ceiling set by the debt limit which will be revised to $40 trillion in August/September.'

👉🏽A million seconds ago was May 23rd

A billion seconds ago was 1993

A trillion seconds ago was 30,000 B.C.

The US national debt is now rising by $1 Trillion every 180 days.

👉🏽NATO pushes European members to increase ground-based air defense systems five-fold — Bloomberg

👉🏽Global Markets Investor: 'This is incredible how European markets have outperformed the US this year. Poland, the Czech Republic, and Austria have grown their market capitalization by 44%, 36%, and 33%, respectively. Next are Hungary, Spain, Luxembourg, Greece, and Germany. The US has been flat.'

https://i.ibb.co/TMwrLnB0/Gsiu-KWYXEAAto-U1.jpg

This is one of the WORST years for the US stock market in history: The S&P 500 has UNDERperformed World stocks excluding the US by 12 percentage points year-to-date, the most in 32 YEARS. This is even worse than during the Great Financial Crisis.

👉🏽Bravos Research: 'M2 money supply is now expanding at 4.4% After reaching its deepest contraction in 65 years This is quite constructive for the stock market.' https://i.ibb.co/hFCRgFhr/Gsht-Kgk-Xw-AAy-PFq.jpg

On the 4th of June:

👉🏽“The $1.06 trillion unrealized loss in 2024 was ‘modestly higher’ than the $948.4 billion paper loss seen in 2023.” https://i.ibb.co/Pvm7zVWy/Gsj-9-OWs-AAvwp-F.jpg

Probably nothing. What’s a trillion between friends…

Currently, the US is spending $1,200 trillion per year on interest payments (dark line). If everything were financed at the current interest rate, the cost would exceed $1,500 trillion per year (green). https://i.ibb.co/mCpYtwVW/Gsm-H6-Mr-Xc-AAqd-F5.png

Note: The national debt is $36,9 trillion.

👉🏽Global debt is gigantic: Debt-to-GDP is above 100% in 6 of 7 G7 nations, and is still rising. Japan: ~250% Italy, the US, France, the UK, and Canada: all near or above 100%.

For 5 of 7 G7 economies, debt is set to surge further by 2030. Now debt is a problem but the main question would be...what will the productivity be in 2030?

On the 5th of June:

👉🏽 The United States Treasury just bought back $10 Billion of its own debt, the largest Treasury buyback in history.

Buying back your own debt with printed money. That's what happens just before fiat money goes to die (eventually). Eventually, nobody wants that worthless debt anymore, eventually!

Context by EndGame Macro:

💰 $10 Billion Buyback: The Treasury’s Silent Signal

On June 3, 2025, the U.S. Treasury quietly executed the largest debt buyback in American history, repurchasing $10 billion in short- and medium-term bonds. At first glance, it looked routine. But under the surface, this was a stealth intervention aimed at calming a system under increasing strain. This wasn’t just liquidity smoothing. It was strategic triage.

🧾 What Happened

Buyback Size: $10B (a record)

Debt Offered: $22.87B — more than double what was accepted

Target Maturities: July 2025 to May 2027

Issues Accepted: 22 of 40 eligible

Settlement: June 4, 2025

That huge offer volume isn’t just noise—it’s a warning sign that institutional players are under pressure.

🚨 What the Buyback Really Signaled

1. A Quiet Circuit Breaker The buyback focused on maturities clustered around a $9 trillion rollover wall over the next 12 months. Without announcing it, the Treasury effectively tripped a circuit breaker to reduce near-term funding stress.
2. QE Without the Label This wasn’t the Fed. No balance sheet expansion. But by retiring debt ahead of maturity and shrinking market float, the effect mirrored QE—without the political baggage.
3. Institutions Are Feeling the Squeeze A staggering $22.87 billion in offers points to constraints at banks, funds, or foreign reserve desks. The Treasury didn’t save everyone—just enough to relieve pressure quietly.

🎯 Strategic Motivation

This wasn’t about boosting confidence. It was about managing two threats: Maturity Wall Risk: Avoiding auction failures as short-term debt piles up in 2025–2026. Yield Curve Stability: Preventing disorderly spikes by quietly absorbing supply. This move avoided triggering headlines—while containing the fire under the hood.

🧠 Echoes from History

This buyback fits into a lineage of quiet but powerful interventions: Operation Twist (1961) – Rebalancing maturity without QE branding. BoE Gilt Crisis (2022) – Targeted long-end intervention to save pensions. Belgium’s Shadow QE (2014) – U.S. debt absorbed off-balance-sheet during geopolitical tension. Each move relied on subtlety and intent—not optics.

🧩 What the Market Heard

Primary Dealers: Help exists—but it’s selective and discretionary.

Foreign Holders: Exit in order—or risk exclusion.

Money Markets: Relief, not resolution.

❗ Where the Logic Cracks

If this was routine: Why buy back below par? Why accept only 44% of the offered debt? Why deploy this now and not earlier? Each of these points to deeper stress than officials are openly admitting.

🔒 High-Conviction Takeaway

This buyback was a preemptive stabilization maneuver, not a stimulus. With over $9 trillion in short-term debt set to roll, foreign participation weakening, and institutional selling pressure rising, the Treasury acted before fractures became visible. The line wasn’t drawn to show strength. It was drawn behind the market—to stop a collapse.

🕵️‍♂️ Known Unknowns

Who were the biggest sellers—and what’s pressuring them? Was this coordinated with the Fed or global reserve desks? Is this a one-off event—or the start of a multi-phase liquidity campaign? The silence is strategic—but the signal is loud.

👉🏽Joe Consorti: 'Congress refuses to cut spending. So we must "grow our way out" of the deficit. That would take 39 years of 5% nominal GDP growth, or 22 years at 10%. In other words, 2-4 decades of explosive growth just to break even. We can't "grow our way out". We'll print our way out.'

👉🏽ZeroHedge: And just like that, the "climate crisis" is gone https://i.ibb.co/GQ76Z79P/Gsr3uus-XEAAjuv6.png

Don't get me wrong and with all respect to my environmentalist friends, but the “Crisis” never existed. A big part of the push has been marketing dollars/euros and media spin, let's face it.

Why do I think that? How do you think we will grow out of the Global Debt problem? One word: PRODUCTIVITY.

How can we manage that? They (Governments/Central Banks) need AI data farms. What do data farms need?

Electricity, water, energy.

Because Big Tech and AI need energy -- wherever they can find it -- climate change as a cause is finished. It was all virtue signaling. And remember the climate didn’t cool, it just stopped polling well. The scariest part of the “climate crisis” becoming out-of-vogue with the left is that it'll likely be replaced by something equally absurd and artificially manufactured.

On the 6th of June

👉🏽 'The US economy adds 139,000 jobs in May, above expectations of 126,000. The unemployment rate was 4.2%, in line with expectations of 4.2%. The April jobs number was revised down from 177,000 to 147,000. The headline numbers continue to exceed expectations.' - TKL

Surprise, surprise…

March jobs revised: 185K 120K (-65k)

April jobs revised: 177K 147K (-30k)

13 of the L16 have been revised lower.

Just to make it even worse, this is something I have shared multiple times in 2024. The number of year-over-year private job gains in 2024 was likely overstated by a MASSIVE 907,000 jobs, according to BLS data released Wednesday. This comes as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data covering 97% of employers showed a private payroll growth rate of 0.6% for December 2024. This is 50% lower than the 1.2% growth rate initially reported in the monthly non-farm payroll (NFP) reports. To put this differently, there was a 907,000 gap between NFP data and QCEW data in 2024. This means jobs were likely overstated by an average of 75,583 PER MONTH in 2024.

👉🏽Opinion: Milei reduced government spending by 30% and achieved a surplus in only 1 month. His popularity didn't fall, it rose. Don't tell me fiscal discipline isn't popular with the general public. It's just unpopular to the powerful special interests that control DC or Brussels.

👉🏽'In the current fiscal year, the U.S. government already spent $4,159 billion. This is for the first 7 months and the fiscal year ends in September. The latest available data is as of April. The already accrued deficit amounts to over $1 trillion: $1,049 billion.

You can see in the chart how net interest expense has become the #2 largest spending category at $579 billion (for 7 months) after social security ($907 billion) and even exceeded national defense ($536 billion), health ($555 billion), and Medicare ($550 billion). The deficit is 34% of total receipts! (1049/3110) In other words: the U.S. government spent 34% more than it took in.

The last full fiscal year ended in September 2024. In that fiscal year, we spent $1.13 trillion on interest expenses. After only the first 7 months of fiscal year 2025 ending in September, they are already at $776 billion. This means we'll likely touch $1.3 trillion this fiscal year!' - AJ https://i.ibb.co/RTLTZPn1/Gsxv-Tso-Xc-AAZs-Zo.jpg

On the 7th of June:

👉🏽 The EU Commission paid climate "NGOs" for questionable lobbying with money from German taxpayers and wanted to keep it secret. https://i.ibb.co/zH6J41Zq/Gsz-Lu-F9-Xg-AAZttn.jpg Now read the above statement again and after that read the following bit:

👉🏽EU TRIES TO LECTURE EL SALVADOR - BUKELE BODYSLAMS BACK Source: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/el-salvador-statement-spokesperson-foreign-agents-law-and-recent-developments_en

The Diplomatic Service of the European: "El Salvador: The EU regrets the adoption of the Foreign Agents Law, which risks restricting civil society and runs counter to international obligations. Recent arrests of human rights defenders raise further concerns."

The EU’s sanctimonious finger-wagging at El Salvador reeks of hypocrisy. Brussels lectures sovereign nations on “civil society” while funneling billions into globalist NGOs that undermine national sovereignty. The institution that attacks liberty, freedom, democracy, and free speech in the name of a neosocialist woke ideology wants to lecture other countries on how they defend against their constant meddling and aggression. They are a bunch of unelected bureaucrats, accountable to no one, representing no one. Classic!

Supporting this further, let’s have a look how the EU is increasingly positioning itself as a technocratic regulator of personal freedom:

'The EU – the one that:

•wants to monitor every Bitcoin transaction through MiCA & DAC-8 •would love to ban non-custodial wallets

•is planning a chat control law that would make even China blush

•is considering a wealth register to digitally track every cent of your retirement savings

•restricts cash withdrawals in some member states •is testing CBDCs with expiration dates and spending limits

•and is preparing the digital euro as a full-blown control tool

…this EU is now complaining about human rights violations in El Salvador – a country whose government enjoys one of the highest approval ratings in the world. Over 85% support for President Bukele. Show me a single Western leader who even comes close to that.' - Bitcoin Hotel

Great reply by El Salvador's President Nayib Bukele: 'EU: El Salvador regrets that a bloc which is aging, overregulated, energy-dependent, tech-lagging, and led by unelected bureaucrats still insists on lecturing the rest of the world.'

👉🏽Sam Callahan: Alternative title: 73% of bonds in the world trading at less than the rate of debasement https://i.ibb.co/Y4qMvh0T/Gs7-Ry-WMAABf49.jpg

On the 8th of June:

👉🏽'US existing home sales dropped -3.1% year-over-year to an annualized 4.0 million in April, the lowest for any April since 2009. Month-over-month, home sales fell 0.5%, well below expectations of a +2.0% increase. The decline was driven by the West and Northeast regions. Sales in the South were flat, while in the Midwest improved slightly. Meanwhile, existing home inventory rose +21%, to 1.45 million, the most for any April since 2020, per ZeroHedge. Despite that, the median sales price increased +1.8% year-over-year to $414,000, a record for April. Homebuyer demand is weak and prices are still rising.' -TKL

On the 9th of June:

👉🏽Jeroen Blokland: '- China bought more gold in May. -China has been buying even more gold through ‘unofficial’ channels. - China's gold reserves today are low compared to those of the US and European countries -China is determined to move away from US dollar hegemony - China’s ambition to move away from the US dollar will only have strengthened because of the Trump tariff war - China has to acknowledge that few countries, companies, and households want to hold the Yuan So what will China be doing for years to come?'

No surprise central banks are avoiding sovereign debt and adding gold.

👉🏽TKL: Gold is on fire: Gold's share of global reserves reached 23% in Q2 2025, the highest level in 30 years. Over the last 6 years, the percentage has DOUBLED. At the same time, the US Dollar's share of international reserves has declined 10 percentage points, to 44%, the lowest since 1993. By comparison, the Euro's share has decreased 2 percentage points, to 16%, the lowest in 22 years. Gold is quickly replacing fiat currencies as a reserve currency.

🎁If you have made it this far, I would like to give you a little gift:

Lysander: "Lyn Alden gave one of the clearest breakdowns of why the U.S. is on an unstoppable fiscal path—and why Bitcoin matters more than ever because of it.

Lyn Alden walks through the numbers behind the federal deficit, interest expenses, Social Security, and the structural changes that happened post-2008. The short version? We’re in a new era. One where the government can’t slow down even if it wants to.

Her phrase: “Nothing stops this train.” Not because of ideology, but because of math—and human nature.

This isn’t hyperinflation doom-talk. It’s a sober look at what happens when a system built on ever-growing debt reaches its limits—and why Bitcoin, with its fixed supply and transparent rules, is the opposite of that system.

If you haven’t seen it, this is a must watch. Pure signal! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Giuzcd4oxIk

Credit: I have used multiple sources!

My savings account: Bitcoin The tool I recommend for setting up a Bitcoin savings plan: PocketBitcoin especially suited for beginners or people who want to invest in Bitcoin with an automated investment plan once a week or monthly.

Use the code SE3997

Get your Bitcoin out of exchanges. Save them on a hardware wallet, run your own node...be your own bank. Not your keys, not your coins. It's that simple. ⠀ ⠀

⠀⠀ ⠀ ⠀⠀⠀

Do you think this post is helpful to you?

If so, please share it and support my work with a zap.

▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃

⭐ Many thanks⭐

Felipe - Bitcoin Friday!

▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃

@ 2c564b98:5c6444b0

My First Nostr Long-Form Post

This is a test of long-form content publishing on Nostr using the NIP-23 standard.

What is Nostr?

Nostr is a simple, open protocol that enables global, decentralized, and censorship-resistant social media.

Features of This Post

• Written in Markdown
• Tagged appropriately
• Includes metadata
• Published to multiple relays

Code Example

javascript console.log("Hello, Nostr!");

Conclusion

This demonstrates how easy it is to publish long-form content to Nostr!

---

Published using nostr-publisher

@ 6a14b203:2e99b880

My First Nostr Long-Form Post

This is a test of long-form content publishing on Nostr using the NIP-23 standard.

What is Nostr?

Nostr is a simple, open protocol that enables global, decentralized, and censorship-resistant social media.

Features of This Post

• Written in Markdown
• Tagged appropriately
• Includes metadata
• Published to multiple relays

Code Example

javascript console.log("Hello, Nostr!");

Conclusion

This demonstrates how easy it is to publish long-form content to Nostr!

---

Published using nostr-publisher

@ e1cde248:609c13b0

ในการกล่าวสุนทรพจน์หลักในงาน Bitcoin 2025 ไมเคิล เซย์เลอร์ (Michael Saylor) นักเคลื่อนไหวชื่อดังด้านบิตคอยน์และซีอีโอของบริษัท MicroStrategy ได้บรรยายหัวข้อที่ทรงพลังชื่อว่า "21 วิธีสู่ความมั่งคั่ง" เขาได้เสนอเส้นทางเชิงกลยุทธ์สำหรับบุคคลทั่วไป ครอบครัว และธุรกิจขนาดเล็ก ในการบรรลุความมั่งคั่งทางการเงินผ่านบิตคอยน์

ต่างจากคำพูดก่อนหน้าของเขาที่มุ่งเป้าไปที่สถาบันและรัฐบาล คำพูดนี้ถูกออกแบบมาสำหรับผู้คนทั้ง 8 พันล้านคน บนโลก โดยเน้นขั้นตอนปฏิบัติที่สามารถใช้บิตคอยน์เป็นทรัพย์สินเปลี่ยนชีวิตอย่างแท้จริง ด้านล่างนี้คือการสำรวจเชิงลึกใน 21 หลักการ ของเซย์เลอร์ ซึ่งเปรียบเสมือนพิมพ์เขียวในการสร้างความมั่งคั่งในยุคดิจิทัล:

1. ความชัดเจน (Clarity): เข้าใจบิตคอยน์ในฐานะทุนที่สมบูรณ์แบบ เซย์เลอร์เริ่มต้นด้วยแนวคิดเรื่อง “ความชัดเจน” โดยเน้นว่าบิตคอยน์คือ "ทุนที่ถูกออกแบบอย่างสมบูรณ์" ซึ่งไม่สามารถถูกทำลายหรือดัดแปลงได้ ความเข้าใจนี้เป็นพื้นฐานสำคัญในการยอมรับศักยภาพของบิตคอยน์ในฐานะรากฐานของความมั่งคั่ง

2. ความเชื่อมั่น (Conviction): ศรัทธาในศักยภาพการเติบโตเหนือกว่า เซย์เลอร์ยืนยันว่าบิตคอยน์ถูกออกแบบมาให้เติบโตเร็วกว่าสินทรัพย์ทั่วไป เช่น หุ้น ทองคำ หรืออสังหาริมทรัพย์ การมีความเชื่อมั่นอย่างแท้จริงเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นต่อการให้ความสำคัญกับบิตคอยน์เหนือการลงทุนแบบดั้งเดิม

3. ความกล้า (Courage): ยอมรับความเสี่ยงทางการเงินอย่างชาญฉลาด บิตคอยน์คือการยอมรับความเสี่ยงที่คำนวณได้อย่างชาญฉลาด ไม่ใช่ความกลัวหรือการพนัน ผู้ที่ "เติมเชื้อไฟ" ให้กับระบบนี้คือผู้ที่เปลี่ยนเงินเฟียตหรือสินทรัพย์ด้อยค่ามาเป็นบิตคอยน์

4. ความร่วมมือ (Cooperation): ผนึกกำลังในครอบครัวเพื่อความแข็งแกร่ง เมื่อครอบครัวร่วมมือกัน ศักยภาพในการสร้างความมั่งคั่งจะเพิ่มทวีคูณ เซย์เลอร์เสนอให้ครอบครัวผสานความสามารถและทรัพยากร เพื่อผลักดันกันและกันสู่อนาคตที่ดีกว่า

5. ความสามารถ (Capability): เชี่ยวชาญปัญญาประดิษฐ์ ในปี 2025 AI เป็นกุญแจสำคัญในการปลดล็อกโอกาสทางการเงินระดับสูง โดยที่บุคคลทั่วไปสามารถเข้าถึงคำแนะนำจากทนาย นักบัญชี หรือผู้เชี่ยวชาญ โดยไม่เสียค่าใช้จ่าย

6. การจัดวางโครงสร้าง (Composition): สร้างนิติบุคคลเพื่อป้องกันและขยายผล การตั้งบริษัท ทรัสต์ หรือโครงสร้างทางกฎหมาย เช่น IRA หรือ 401(k) คือวิธีเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพในการลงทุนบิตคอยน์อย่างปลอดภัยและถูกกฎหมาย

7. สัญชาติทางเศรษฐกิจ (Citizenship): เลือกฐานภาษีอย่างชาญฉลาด เลือกอยู่ในพื้นที่หรือประเทศที่เป็นมิตรกับบิตคอยน์ เช่น ฟลอริดา หรือประเทศอย่างสิงคโปร์ เพื่อลดภาระภาษีและเพิ่มเสถียรภาพระยะยาว

8. ความสุภาพ (Civility): เคารพโครงสร้างอำนาจ ไม่จำเป็นต้องล้มล้างระบบเก่า เพียงแค่รู้จักเคารพอำนาจและสร้างพันธมิตรในทางที่สร้างสรรค์เพื่อเดินหน้ากับบิตคอยน์ได้

9. การใช้บริษัท (Corporation): บริษัทคือเครื่องจักรสร้างความมั่งคั่ง บริษัทสามารถใช้ประโยชน์จากระบบการเงินและภาษีได้ดีกว่าปัจเจกบุคคล จึงควรจัดตั้งนิติบุคคลเพื่อลงทุนในบิตคอยน์อย่างจริงจัง

10. โฟกัส (Focus): อย่าหลงทาง อย่าวอกแวกไปกับธุรกิจเสี่ยงสูงหรือเหรียญอื่น ๆ เพราะบิตคอยน์มีประวัติผลตอบแทนสูงอย่างสม่ำเสมอ

11. การมีส่วนร่วม (Equity): ร่วมมือกับนักลงทุน ให้ผู้อื่นร่วมลงทุนในกิจการของคุณ เช่น หมอฟันอาจขายหุ้นบางส่วนของคลินิกเพื่อนำเงินไปลงทุนในบิตคอยน์

12. เครดิต (Credit): ใช้หนี้เป็นเครื่องมือ กู้เงินดอกเบี้ยต่ำและลงทุนในบิตคอยน์ที่มีแนวโน้มเติบโตสูง เพื่อทำกำไรจากส่วนต่างระหว่างดอกเบี้ยกับผลตอบแทน

13. การปฏิบัติตามกฎ (Compliance): ทำตามกฎหมาย สร้างบริษัทที่สอดคล้องกับกฎระเบียบเพื่อขยายเงินทุนได้อย่างมั่นคงและปลอดภัย

14. การระดมทุน (Capitalization): หาเงินลงทุนอย่างต่อเนื่อง ไม่ว่าจะจากการขายหุ้น หรือรีไฟแนนซ์ทรัพย์สินส่วนตัว ทุกโอกาสคือช่องทางในการระดมทุนและลงทุนต่อในบิตคอยน์

15. การสื่อสาร (Communication): โปร่งใสและจริงใจ การเปิดเผยแผนและเป้าหมายอย่างชัดเจนจะสร้างความไว้วางใจจากนักลงทุน พนักงาน และลูกค้า

16. ความมุ่งมั่น (Commitment): อยู่กับบิตคอยน์ ไม่หลงทาง หลีกเลี่ยงเหรียญอื่น ๆ หรือโปรเจกต์ที่ไม่มั่นคง ยึดมั่นในบิตคอยน์เพื่อเสถียรภาพระยะยาว

17. การลงมือทำ (Delivery): ลงมือจริงอย่างแม่นยำ ไม่ใช่แค่คิด แต่ต้องทำอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ สม่ำเสมอ และไม่ประมาท

18. การปรับตัว (Adaptation): พร้อมเปลี่ยนแปลงเมื่อจำเป็น ระบบใด ๆ ก็มีวันล้มเหลว การปรับตัวตามสถานการณ์คือสิ่งที่ทำให้ยืนหยัดได้ในระยะยาว

19. วิวัฒนาการ (Evolution): เติบโตจากจุดแข็ง ขยายธุรกิจจากสิ่งที่คุณเชี่ยวชาญ แทนที่จะพยายามเริ่มสิ่งใหม่จากศูนย์

20. การเผยแพร่ (Advocacy): เป็นกระบอกเสียงเพื่อเสรีภาพทางเศรษฐกิจ บอกต่อและสอนผู้อื่นให้เข้าใจบิตคอยน์ เพื่อขยายเครือข่ายแห่งความมั่งคั่ง

21. ความเอื้อเฟื้อ (Generosity): แบ่งปันความสำเร็จ การช่วยเหลือครอบครัว ชุมชน และพนักงาน ด้วยทรัพยากรที่คุณมี จะสร้างความสุขทั้งต่อตัวคุณและโลก

เซย์เลอร์จบท้ายด้วยคำของซาโตชิ นากาโมโตะว่า:

“มันอาจจะดีถ้ามี bitcoin ไว้บ้าง เผื่อว่ามันจะกลายเป็นสิ่งสำคัญในอนาคต”

หลังจาก 16 ปีแห่งการเติบโตและมูลค่าตลาดกว่า 2 ล้านล้านดอลลาร์ หลักการทั้ง 21 ข้อนี้คือพิมพ์เขียวแห่งเสรีภาพทางการเงิน ที่รวมเอาความชัดเจน ความกล้า และเครื่องมืออย่าง AI, การจัดตั้งบริษัท และเครดิต เข้าด้วยกัน เพื่อให้ทุกคนสามารถใช้บิตคอยน์สร้างอนาคตที่ดีกว่าได้

@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

What is KYC/AML?

• The acronym stands for Know Your Customer / Anti Money Laundering.
• In practice it stands for the surveillance measures companies are often compelled to take against their customers by financial regulators.
• Methods differ but often include: Passport Scans, Driver License Uploads, Social Security Numbers, Home Address, Phone Number, Face Scans.
• Bitcoin companies will also store all withdrawal and deposit addresses which can then be used to track bitcoin transactions on the bitcoin block chain.
• This data is then stored and shared. Regulations often require companies to hold this information for a set number of years but in practice users should assume this data will be held indefinitely. Data is often stored insecurely, which results in frequent hacks and leaks.  
• KYC/AML data collection puts all honest users at risk of theft, extortion, and persecution while being ineffective at stopping crime. Criminals often use counterfeit, bought, or stolen credentials to get around the requirements. Criminals can buy "verified" accounts for as little as $200. Furthermore, billions of people are excluded from financial services as a result of KYC/AML requirements.

During the early days of bitcoin most services did not require this sensitive user data, but as adoption increased so did the surveillance measures. At this point, most large bitcoin companies are collecting and storing massive lists of bitcoiners, our sensitive personal information, and our transaction history.

Lists of Bitcoiners

KYC/AML policies are a direct attack on bitcoiners. Lists of bitcoiners and our transaction history will inevitably be used against us.

Once you are on a list with your bitcoin transaction history that record will always exist. Generally speaking, tracking bitcoin is based on probability analysis of ownership change. Surveillance firms use various heuristics to determine if you are sending bitcoin to yourself or if ownership is actually changing hands.  You can obtain better privacy going forward by using collaborative transactions such as coinjoin to break this probability analysis.

Fortunately, you can buy bitcoin without providing intimate personal information. Tools such as peach, hodlhodl, robosats, azteco and bisq help; mining is also a solid option: anyone can plug a miner into power and internet and earn bitcoin by mining privately.

You can also earn bitcoin by providing goods and/or services that can be purchased with bitcoin. Long term, circular economies will mitigate this threat: most people will not buy bitcoin - they will earn bitcoin - most people will not sell bitcoin - they will spend bitcoin.

There is no such thing as KYC or No KYC bitcoin, there are bitcoiners on lists and those that are not on lists.

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ 70c48e4b:00ce3ccb

Hello all :)

Something pretty exciting just happened in the world of decentralized tech.

A new social network project called Nostria successfully wrapped up its pre-seed funding round. It raised the funds through Angor, a crowdfunding platform built on Bitcoin and Nostr that aligns perfectly with the project’s decentralized mission.This post is all about what Nostria is doing, why it matters, and how Angor made it all possible.

What is Nostria?

nostr:npub16x7nxvehx0wvgy0sa6ynkw9c2ghuph3z0ll5t8veq3xwm8n9tqds6ka44x is a social network app that’s built to make the Nostr protocol easy to use. If you're not familiar with Nostr, it's an open protocol for decentralized social networking. It gives users more control and privacy, without relying on big platforms.

Nostria makes all that feel less like a tech experiment and more like a real social network. The app is simple, elegant, and beginner-friendly. It is available across iOS, Android, and web so you can jump in from anywhere.

Think of it as the easiest way to start using Nostr without needing to understand all the technical stuff under the hood.

https://www.nostria.app/assets/screenshots/nostria-01.jpg

The Problem Nostria is Solving:

One of the challenges Nostr faces right now is scaling. The network relies on relays to pass messages around, but many of these are centralized and getting overloaded. That creates serious bottlenecks and makes the whole experience less reliable. Just to give you an idea:

• Damus relay has around 646,000 users
• Nos relay has 601,000 users
• Snort sits at 417,000 users

When so many users depend on just a few relays, it puts a huge strain on the system and limits how far the network can grow.

Nostria’s Clever Fix

Nostria introduces a smarter way to scale Nostr without losing its decentralized core. Instead of relying on a few overloaded relays, it uses:

• Regionally deployed Discovery Relays – Think of these as local hubs placed in different parts of the world. When users connect, they are matched with a nearby relay, which keeps things faster and spreads the traffic out so no single relay gets overwhelmed.

• Pooled User Relays – Instead of each person depending on just one relay, users are connected through a shared pool. This means messages are sent and received more efficiently, especially when more people join the network.

All of this happens behind the scenes. The app keeps things simple and intuitive, with automation that handles the complexity for you. Whether you're posting, reading, or connecting with others, the experience stays smooth.

Nostria has bold ambitions. Here’s what they’re going for:

• A goal of 1 million daily active users
• Competing with platforms like Bluesky, Mastodon, and even X (formerly Twitter)
• A long-term plan to support both free and premium services to drive adoption

As of now, the Nostr network as a whole has:

• 15,000 daily active users
• 42.7 million total users
• 552 million total events

So the market is already there. It just needs the right tools to grow.

https://www.nostria.app/assets/screenshots/nostria-02.jpg

Meet the Team

Nostria is led by nostr:npub1zl3g38a6qypp6py2z07shggg45cu8qex992xpss7d8zrl28mu52s4cjajh, a software engineer with deep experience in distributed systems. He has been involved with the Nostr protocol since its early days in 2021 and is deeply passionate about decentralization and open-source tech.

https://www.nostria.app/assets/team/sondre.jpg

He’s joined by nostr:npub1e0krp2gr3l5nfd2jw2cydh68adxjpmcqdhs2e0jxkrqd4crwt4dslwrk0k, a thoughtful full-stack developer focused on simplicity and sovereignty, and nostr:npub10c4sn723akd7fqegfe6xntpq43p86vnyvv7j2ryaq8jzvhyea4pq72c5ul, a junior dev who’s already contributed to open source and is finishing up her studies.

https://www.nostria.app/assets/team/kosta.jpg https://www.nostria.app/assets/team/lu.jpg

The Funding Round

To bring Nostria to life, the team aimed to raise $30,000 during their pre-seed round. This funding would help them:

• Complete their MVP (Minimum Viable Product)
• Deploy global infrastructure
• Start building their user base
• Get ready for a full Seed round in late 2025

How Angor Helped?

Angor is a decentralized crowdfunding platform built on Bitcoin and the Nostr protocol. It’s designed exactly for projects like this. The team at Nostria launched their campaign on Angor between May 12 and May 31, and it was a success.

What made the campaign stand out?

1. The whole process was decentralized and transparent.
2. Backers could fund the project directly, without intermediaries.
3. Nostria aligned perfectly with Angor’s vision of empowering projects that push decentralization forward.

The campaign served as both a fundraiser and a real-world example of how decentralized infrastructure can power decentralized ideas. And it worked.

Inside the Funding Terms

As part of this funding round, Nostria offered contributors a post-money SAFE (Simple Agreement for Future Equity). This is a modern, flexible way for startups to raise money early without the complexity of traditional equity rounds.

In simple terms:

•Investors contributed funds now, and in return, they will receive equity in Nostria during a future priced equity round. When Nostria raises its next round, most likely a Seed round, then those SAFE contributions will convert into actual shares.

•The SAFE includes a valuation cap, which sets a maximum company valuation for conversion. This guarantees that early backers receive shares at a better rate than future investors. While the exact cap isn't publicly listed, this feature ensures early supporters are rewarded for their trust.

•There is no interest or maturity date, which is a major benefit over traditional convertible notes. There’s no ticking clock or repayment obligation. Investors simply wait until the next funding event.

•The SAFE also features a Most Favored Nation (MFN) clause. This ensures that if the company issues another SAFE later with better terms, early investors will automatically receive the same improved terms. It’s designed to keep things transparent and equitable.

•Jurisdiction and legal terms: While the full legal text isn’t included in the note, SAFEs typically specify the legal jurisdiction governing the agreement. Nostria’s approach suggests a commitment to following standard legal frameworks, further underlining their seriousness and professionalism.

You can read Nostria’s public SAFE summary here: nostr:npub16x7nxvehx0wvgy0sa6ynkw9c2ghuph3z0ll5t8veq3xwm8n9tqds6ka44x

And you can view the full campaign hosted on Angor here: https://hub.angor.io/project/angor1qwdgxjuzhjykgpn5q8p3l2q9vyrgqdlrkfp5sjr

By sharing these details openly, the team added a strong layer of transparency and trust to the entire campaign. It is a clear signal that they are building something serious and thoughtful, with long-term commitment and care instead of shortcuts.

What’s Next?

With the funding secured, Nostria is sprinting ahead. The roadmap includes:

• June: Deploying media and relay servers
• July: Adding premium features and full cross-platform support
• August: Growing the user base and preparing for the next funding round

If all goes well, Nostria is on track to become one of the most accessible and user-friendly Nostr based platforms out there. With a clear roadmap and a team focused on long-term decentralization, the journey is just getting started...

Got an idea of your own? You can launch your project on Angor, just like Nostria did, and start your own funding round with the support of a like-minded community.

Thanks for reading. See y’all next week with another story from the world of open, decentralized innovation. Ciao

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

The political landscape around Bitcoin is shifting rapidly, and this week's conversations reveal critical developments that could reshape the industry. From legislative battles to institutional adoption, here are the key predictions that emerged from recent episodes.

Bitcoin Will Transform Government Spending Incentives and Reverse Institutional Rot - Ken Egan

Ken Egan predicts that Bitcoin adoption will fundamentally restructure how government institutions operate, forcing fiscal responsibility through unchangeable monetary constraints. "Right now, in a lot of federal agencies... there's no incentive not to spend. The incentive is to spend and protect your budgets," he explained, describing the current system where agencies rush to exhaust budgets to maintain future allocations. Ken believes Bitcoin's fixed supply will make this behavior untenable, creating "a sense of responsibility" and bringing "value back to dollars." He sees this transformation as inevitable once Bitcoin becomes integrated into national strategy, making the "drift toward statism, soft authoritarianism, censorship" incompatible with Bitcoin's core properties. Drawing from his 20 years in government, including his role at the CIA's Center for Cyber Intelligence, Ken argues that Bitcoin will either "capture institutions" or be captured by them - and he's betting on Bitcoin winning. This institutional transformation represents a return to pre-9/11 values of sovereignty and financial freedom that he believes still resonate within the national security establishment.

Non-Custodial Lightning Will Achieve 99.9% Reliability Within 12 Months - Matt Corallo

Matt Corallo predicts that non-custodial Lightning wallets will become as reliable as centralized solutions within the next six to twelve months. This transformation hinges on recent technical breakthroughs, particularly zero-fee commitment transactions that solve Lightning's long-standing fee estimation problem. "Finally, after years of work, we can replace this whole scheme that we had with something that doesn't randomly break all the time," Matt explained. He believes the combination of improved payment reliability, splicing standardization, and graduated wallet models (starting custodial for small amounts, then automatically transitioning to non-custodial) will make Lightning competitive with traditional payment systems. Block's C=Lightning node already demonstrates this potential, generating a 9.7% annualized yield on locked Bitcoin. Matt emphasized that with the language protecting non-custodial wallets potentially being included in the market structure bill, we're approaching a tipping point where Lightning becomes the default Bitcoin transaction layer for everyday use.

The Blockchain Regulatory Clarity Act Must Pass This Year or Face Severe Industry Consequences

Matt warns that without passing the Blockchain Regulatory Clarity Act (BRCA) or incorporating its language into the current market structure bill, the U.S. risks driving all Bitcoin innovation offshore. The urgency is palpable - Phoenix wallet already left the U.S. market after the Samurai arrests, and developers remain terrified of prosecution. "We need the law to be super clear so that big players who have lots of capital, have lots of technical expertise... can do so without fear of criminal prosecution," Matt emphasized. The current window represents the best opportunity in years, with the BRCA language now included in Section 110 of the market structure bill heading for markup. If this fails, Matt predicts the next administration could resurrect the aggressive enforcement approach, potentially making the U.S. join "North Korea, Iran, Russia, Crimea" on the list of countries where Bitcoin services refuse to operate. The stakes couldn't be higher for maintaining America's Bitcoin dominance.

The message is clear: call your representatives at SaveOurWallets.org and make your voice heard. The next few weeks will determine whether America leads or lags in the Bitcoin revolution.

---

Blockspace conducts cutting-edge proprietary research for investors.

Bitcoin Could See 4,066,047 BTC Institutional Wave by 2026, Breaking Traditional Market Cycles

Professional investors pulled $6.2 billion from U.S. bitcoin ETFs in Q1 2025, marking the first institutional retreat since the products launched. Holdings dropped 23% to $21.2 billion, outpacing bitcoin's 11% price decline and the broader ETF market's 12% dip.

Hedge funds led the exodus, slashing exposure by one-third as the lucrative basis trade unwound when bitcoin futures lost their premium. These tactical traders, managing shorter-term capital, predictably fled when easy profits dried up.

Yet beneath the headline numbers lies a bullish shift: investment advisors managing long-term client portfolios actually increased their bitcoin holdings. They now control 50% of all institutional ETF assets, up from 42% last quarter, and represent 81% of professional filers.

Major players are betting bigger. BlackRock, Goldman Sachs, and Macquarie added $559 million combined. Brown University opened an endowment position. The UAE's Mubadala sovereign wealth fund expanded to $411 million.

With institutional allocations still averaging under 1% and corporations increasing BTC holdings 20% this year, the pullback looks less like a reversal and more like healthy repositioning. The smart money isn't leaving—it's consolidating.

Link to Full Article

Subscribe to them here (seriously, you should): https://newsletter.blockspacemedia.com/

---

Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed $150M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.

---

Get this newsletter sent to your inbox daily: https://www.tftc.io/bitcoin-brief/

STACK SATS hat: https://tftcmerch.io/

Subscribe to our YouTube channels and follow us on Nostr and X:

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .mobile-padding { padding: 10px 0 !important; } .social-container { width: 100% !important; max-width: 260px !important; } .social-icon { padding: 0 !important; } .social-icon img { height: 32px !important; width: 32px !important; } .icon-cell { padding: 0 4px !important; } } .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } .moz-text-html .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } /* Helps with rendering in various email clients */ body { margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100% !important; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100% !important; } img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; } /* Prevents Gmail from changing the text color in email threads */ .im { color: inherit !important; }

@ c1e9ab3a:9cb56b43

1. Introduction

The 21st century is marked by a rare confluence of demographic, technological, and monetary regime shifts. As birth rates fall below replacement levels across advanced and many emerging economies, global population growth slows and begins to reverse. At the same time, automation, AI, and robotics are increasing productivity at an accelerating pace. Simultaneously, trust in central banks and fiat currencies is waning, giving rise to calls for a return to hard currencies (e.g., gold, Bitcoin) and decentralized monetary systems.

These trends pose stark challenges to existing economic theories and institutions. This paper explores their implications through two opposing lenses: Keynesian economics and Austrian (Misesian) economics.

---

2. The Keynesian Reaction: Deflation, Demand Collapse, and the Paradox of Thrift

2.1. Demand-Side Fragility in a Shrinking Population

Keynesian theory is rooted in the principle that aggregate demand drives output and employment. A declining population implies a falling consumption base, which directly reduces aggregate demand. Combined with increased longevity, this trend leads to a larger retired population disinclined to spend, creating persistent demand shortfalls.

2.2. Technological Unemployment and Reduced Income Velocity

Rapid productivity gains from AI and robotics may displace large segments of labor, leading to unemployment or underemployment. With fewer wage earners and heightened uncertainty, consumption slows further. Even if goods become cheaper, widespread income insecurity constrains the ability to buy them.

2.3. The Paradox of Thrift

In times of uncertainty, both individuals and businesses tend to save more. Keynes argued that if everyone saves, aggregate demand collapses because one person’s spending is another’s income. Thus, increased saving leads to lower incomes, which reduces saving in aggregate—a self-reinforcing contraction.

2.4. Retreat from Fiat and Central Banking: A Catastrophic Constraint

Abandoning fiat currency and central banking removes the government’s ability to perform countercyclical policy. Interest rates cannot be lowered below zero; money supply cannot be expanded to fill demand gaps. In such a regime, deflation becomes chronic, debt burdens rise in real terms, and recovery mechanisms are neutered.

Conclusion (Keynesian):
The combined effect of declining population, rising productivity, and a hard money transition is catastrophic. It leads to a deflationary spiral, mass unemployment, debt crises, and secular stagnation unless aggressively offset by expansive fiscal and monetary policy—tools unavailable in a hard currency system.

---

3. The Misesian Rebuttal: Market Coordination and the Natural Order of Decline

3.1. Savings as Capital Formation

Mises and the Austrian School reject the paradox of thrift. Savings are not lost demand; they are deferred consumption that funds capital investment. Increased saving, in a free market, lowers interest rates and reallocates resources toward longer-term, higher-order production.

3.2. Deflation as a Signal of Progress

Falling prices due to productivity gains are not a crisis but a benefit. Consumers gain real wealth. Entrepreneurs adjust cost structures. As long as wages and prices are flexible, deflation reflects abundance, not failure.

3.3. Population Decline as Economic Recalibration

A shrinking population reduces demand, yes—but it also reduces the labor supply. Wages rise in real terms. Capital intensity per worker increases. There is no systemic unemployment if labor markets are free and responsive.

3.4. Hard Currency as Restoration of Market Coordination

Transitioning to a hard currency purges fiat-induced malinvestment and restores the price mechanism. With no artificial credit expansion, capital is allocated based on real savings. Booms and busts are mitigated, and long-term planning becomes reliable.

Conclusion (Misesian):
There is no crisis. A hard currency, high-productivity, low-population economy stabilizes at a new equilibrium of lower consumption, higher capital intensity, and rising real wealth. Deflation is natural. Savings are the seed of future prosperity. Government interference, not market adaptation, is the threat.

---

4. Final Synthesis

The Keynesian and Misesian views diverge on first principles: Keynes sees demand shortfalls and rigidities requiring top-down correction, while Mises sees market-coordinated adaptation as sufficient and self-correcting. As the 21st century evolves, this ideological conflict will shape whether the transition leads to depression or renewal.

---

References

• Keynes, J.M. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
• Mises, L. Human Action
• Hayek, F.A. Prices and Production
• Böhm-Bawerk, E. Capital and Interest
• Friedman, M. A Program for Monetary Stability

@ dd664d5e:5633d319

The importance of being lindy

I've been thinking about what Vitor said about #Amethyst living on extended time. And thinking. And doing a bit more thinking...

It's a valid point. Why does Amethyst (or, analog, #Damus) still exist? Why is it as popular as it is? Shouldn't they be quickly washed-away by power-funded corporate offerings or highly-polished, blackbox-coded apps?

Because a lot of people trust them to read the code, that's why. The same way that they trust Michael to read it and they trust me to test it. And, perhaps more importantly, they trust us to not deliver corrupted code. Intentionally, or inadvertently.

The developer's main job will not be coding the commit, it will be reviewing and approving the PR.

As AI -- which all developers now use, to some extent, if they are planning on remaining in the business -- becomes more efficient and effective at writing the code, the effort shifts to evaluating and curating what it writes. That makes software code a commodity, and commodities are rated according to brand.

Most of us don't want to make our own shampoo, for instance. Rather, we go to the store and select the brand that we're used to. We have learned, over the years, that this brand won't kill us and does the job we expect it to do. Offloading the decision of Which shampoo? to a brand is worth some of our time and money, which is why strong, reliable brands can charge a premium and are difficult to dislodge.

Even people, like myself, who can read the code from many common programming languages, do not have the time, energy, or interest to read through thousands of lines of Kotlin, Golang, or Typescript or -- God forbid -- C++, from repos we are not actively working on. And asking AI to analyze the code for you leaves you trusting the AI to have a conscience and be virtuous, and may you have fun with that.

The software is no longer the brand. The feature set alone isn't enough. And the manner in which it is written, or the tools it was written with, are largely irrelevant. The thing that matters most is Who approved this version?

The Era of Software Judges has arrived

And that has always been the thing that mattered most, really.

That's why software inertia is a real thing and that's why it's going to still be worth it to train up junior devs. Those devs will be trained up to be moral actors, specializing in reviewing and testing code and confirming its adherance to the project's ethical standards. Because those standards aren't universal; they're nuanced and edge cases will need to be carefully weighed and judged and evaluated and analysed. It will not be enough to add Don't be evil. to the command prompt and call it a day.

So, we shall need judges and advocates, and we must train them up, in the way they shall go.

@ 9ca447d2:fbf5a36d

BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) has become the fastest exchange-traded fund (ETF) to ever reach $70 billion in assets under management (AUM).

The fund, which launched in January 2024, hit this milestone in just 341 trading days—five times faster than the previous record-holder, the SPDR Gold Shares ETF (GLD), which took 1,691 days to reach the same mark.

IBIT now holds over 662,000 BTC — iShares

Bloomberg ETF analyst Eric Balchunas tweeted on June 9, “IBIT just blew through $70 billion and is now the fastest ETF to ever hit that mark in only 341 days.” This is a big deal and shows bitcoin is going mainstream.

IBIT has beaten fastest growing ETFs in history — Eric Balchunas on X

The fund’s rapid growth means institutional investors are embracing bitcoin at scale.

The fund has $71.9 billion in AUM and holds over 662,000 bitcoin. This makes BlackRock the largest institutional bitcoin holder in the world. To put that in perspective, the fund holds more bitcoin than Binance or Michael Saylor’s Strategy.

“IBIT’s growth is unprecedented,” said Bloomberg analyst James Seyffart. “It’s the fastest ETF to reach most milestones, faster than any other ETF in any asset class.”

BlackRock’s bitcoin ETF isn’t just big. It’s also greatly outperforming other spot bitcoin ETFs launched at the same time. BlackRock’s brand and global client base gave the fund instant credibility.

Many institutional investors want a regulated and convenient way to get into bitcoin without holding the asset directly, and this fund has made it easy for them to invest.

Robert Mitchnick, BlackRock’s head of digital assets, told Yahoo Finance that bitcoin’s rising status as an inflation hedge and alternative store of value is driving IBIT’s popularity.

He explained bitcoin is becoming an inflation hedge and alternative store of value and that’s what’s driving the growth.

Eric Balchunas also noted that when BlackRock filed for IBIT, bitcoin was at $30,000 and there was still skepticism after the FTX blowup. Now that bitcoin is at $110,000, it is “seen as legitimate for other big investors.”

Institutional demand for bitcoin has never been stronger, with IBIT making up nearly 20% of all bitcoin held by public companies, private firms, governments, exchanges and decentralized finance platforms.

That dominance may soon be challenged as public companies prepare to buy more bitcoin and shake up the current supply distribution.

Matthew Sigel, VanEck’s head of digital assets research, shared data that six public companies plan to raise, or have raised, up to $76 billion to buy bitcoin. That’s more than half of the spot Bitcoin ETF industry’s current AUM, so there’s clearly interest beyond ETFs.

On the broader market, IBIT’s rise coincided with bitcoin’s price surge to new highs above $110,000. The inflows reflect investors’ confidence in Bitcoin’s future and desire for regulated exposure through traditional products.

It’s worth mentioning that IBIT also had over $1 billion in volume on its first day of trading. It’s now the largest ETF in BlackRock’s lineup, even bigger than gold funds and other popular ETFs tracking international equities.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

After almost 3 months of work, we've completed the redesign of kycnot.me. More modern and with many new features.

Privacy remains the foundation - everything still works with JavaScript disabled. If you enable JS, you will get some nice-to-have features like lazy loading and smoother page transitions, but nothing essential requires it.

User Accounts

We've introduced user accounts that require zero personal information:

• Secret user tokens - no email, no phone number, no personal data
• Randomly generated usernames for default privacy and fairness
• Karma system that rewards contributions and unlocks features: custom display names, profile pictures, and more.

Reviews and Community Discussions

On the previous sites, I was using third party open source tools for the comments and discussions. This time, I've built my own from scratch, fully integrated into the site, without JavaScript requirements.

Everyone can share their experiences and help others make informed decisions:

• Ratings: Comments can have a 1-5 star rating attached. You can have one rating per service and it will affect the overall user score.
• Discussions: These are normal comments, you can add them on any listed service.

Comment Moderation

I was strugling to keep up with moderation on the old site. For this, we've implemented an AI-powered moderation system that:

• Auto-approves legitimate comments instantly
• Flags suspicious content for human review
• Keeps discussions valuable by minimizing spam

The AI still can mark comments for human review, but most comments will get approved automatically by this system. The AI also makes summaries of the comments to help you understand the overall sentiment of the community.

Powerful Search & Filtering

Finding exactly what you need is now easier:

• Advanced filtering system with many parameters. You can even filter by attributes to pinpoint services with specific features.

The results are dynamic and shuffle services with identical scores for fairness.

See all listings

Listings are now added as 'Community Contributed' by default. This means that you can still find them in the search results, but they will be clearly marked as such.

Updated Scoring System

New dual-score approach provides more nuanced service evaluations:

• Privacy Score: Measures how well a service protects your personal information and data

• Trust Score: Assesses reliability, security, and overall reputation

• Combined into a weighted Overall Score for quick comparisons

• Completely transparent and open source calculation algorithm. No manual tweaking or hidden factors.

AI-Powered Terms of Service Analysis

Basically, a TLDR summary for Terms of Service:

• Automated system extracts the most important points from complex ToS documents
• Clear summaries
• Updated monthly to catch any changes

The ToS document is hashed and only will be updated if there are any changes.

Service Events and Timelines

Track the complete history of any service, on each service page you can see the timeline of events. There are two types of events:

• Automatic events: Created by the system whenever something about a service changes, like its description, supported currencies, attributes, verification status…
• Manual events: Added by admins when there’s important news, such as a service going offline, being hacked, acquired, shut down, or other major updates.

There is also a global timeline view available at /events

Notification System

Since we now have user accounts, we built a notifiaction system so you can stay informed about anything:

• Notifications for comment replies and status changes
• Watch any comment to get notified for new replies.
• Subscribe to services to monitor events and updates
• Notification customization.

Coming soon: Third-party privacy-preserving notifications integration with Telegram, Ntfy.sh, webhooks...

Service Suggestions

Anyone with an account can suggest a new service via the suggestion form. After submitting, you'll receive a tracking page where you can follow the status of your suggestion and communicate directly with admins.

All new suggestions start as "unlisted" — they won't appear in search results until reviewed. Our team checks each submission to ensure it's not spam or inappropriate. If similar services already exist, you'll be shown possible duplicates and can choose to submit your suggestion as an edit instead.

You can always check the progress of your suggestion, respond to moderator questions, and see when it goes live, everything will also be notified to your account. This process ensures high-quality listings and a collaborative approach to building the directory.

---

These are some of the main features we already have, but there are many more small changes and improvements that you will find when using the site.

What's Next?

This is just the beginning. We will be constantly working to improve KYCnot.me and add more features that help you preserve your privacy.

Remember: True financial freedom requires the right to privacy. Stay KYC-free!

@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

---

"Privacy is necessary for an open society in the electronic age. Privacy is not secrecy.  A private matter is something one doesn't want the whole world to know, but a secret matter is something one doesn't want anybody to know. Privacy is the power to selectively reveal oneself to the world." - Eric Hughes, A Cypherpunk's Manifesto, 1993

---

Privacy is essential to freedom. Without privacy, individuals are unable to make choices free from surveillance and control. Lack of privacy leads to loss of autonomy. When individuals are constantly monitored it limits our ability to express ourselves and take risks. Any decisions we make can result in negative repercussions from those who surveil us. Without the freedom to make choices, individuals cannot truly be free.

Freedom is essential to acquiring and preserving wealth. When individuals are not free to make choices, restrictions and limitations prevent us from economic opportunities. If we are somehow able to acquire wealth in such an environment, lack of freedom can result in direct asset seizure by governments or other malicious entities. At scale, when freedom is compromised, it leads to widespread economic stagnation and poverty. Protecting freedom is essential to economic prosperity.

The connection between privacy, freedom, and wealth is critical. Without privacy, individuals lose the freedom to make choices free from surveillance and control. While lack of freedom prevents individuals from pursuing economic opportunities and makes wealth preservation nearly impossible. No Privacy? No Freedom. No Freedom? No Wealth.

Rights are not granted. They are taken and defended. Rights are often misunderstood as permission to do something by those holding power. However, if someone can give you something, they can inherently take it from you at will. People throughout history have necessarily fought for basic rights, including privacy and freedom. These rights were not given by those in power, but rather demanded and won through struggle. Even after these rights are won, they must be continually defended to ensure that they are not taken away. Rights are not granted - they are earned through struggle and defended through sacrifice.

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

France’s The Blockchain Group Secures €9.7 Million More For Its Bitcoin Treasury Strategy

Today, The Blockchain Group (ALTBG), listed on Euronext Growth Paris and recognized as Europe’s first Bitcoin Treasury Company, announced it has raised around €9.7 million through a mix of equity and convertible bond issuances. This move is part of their continued push to build out their Bitcoin Treasury Company strategy.

The Blockchain Group announces an equity and convertible bond issuance for a total amount of ~€9.7M to pursue its Bitcoin Treasury Company strategy

Full Press Release (EN): https://t.co/jjGOBswJsd

Full Press Release (FR): https://t.co/0Jwuv2sP7W

BTC Strategy (EN):… pic.twitter.com/mUVLHJduX5

— The Blockchain Group (@_ALTBG) June 12, 2025

The funding comes from multiple sources and was carried out through their wholly-owned Luxembourg subsidiary, “The Blockchain Group Luxembourg SA.” A major portion, about €6 million, was raised through a convertible bond issuance to TOBAM, with bonds priced at €6.24 per share. That price reflects a 30 percent premium over ALTBG’s closing price on June 9, 2025.

Ludovic Chechin-Laurans also came in with around €2.4 million, subscribing in BTC at a conversion price of about €0.7072 per share. This was part of a deal originally set up back in March 2025. If the stock price climbs 30 percent above that level, to around €0.919 over 20 consecutive trading days, he’ll have the option to convert into up to 3.4 million new ALTBG shares.

Adam Back also finalized his conversion of all OCA Tranche 1 bonds into 14.9 million ALTBG shares and subscribed to an additional 2.1 million shares for €1.16 million at €0.544 per share. 

“The Company recalls that Adam Back notified The Blockchain Group of his intention to convert all OCA Tranche 1 he holds, in accordance with the terms of the OCA Issuance Agreement entered into on March 4, 2025, the details of which were disclosed in a press release dated March 6, 2025, and which the Company now confirms has been definitively completed,” stated the press release.

TOBAM did the same, converting 1 million Tranche 1 bonds into 1.84 million shares and subscribing to 262,605 new shares for €0.14 million.

“Given the recent high volatility in the Company’s share price observed since the signing of the OCA Issuance Agreement, the conversion price of €0.544 reflects a discount of 89.52% compared to the closing price on June 12, 2025,” the press release added.

“These operations could allow for the potential acquisition of ~80 BTC, bringing the Company’s total potential holdings to ~1,611 BTC, including the proceeds from the potential completion of remaining operations announced in the press release dated May 26, 2025,” said the press release.

This post France’s The Blockchain Group Secures €9.7 Million More For Its Bitcoin Treasury Strategy first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Oscar Zarraga Perez.

@ 9ca447d2:fbf5a36d

CANNES, FRANCE – May 2025 — Bitcoin mining made its mark at the world’s most prestigious film gathering this year as Puerto Rican director and producer Alana Mediavilla introduced her feature documentary Dirty Coin: The Bitcoin Mining Documentary at the Marché du Film during the Cannes Film Festival.

The film puts bitcoin mining at the center of a rising global conversation about energy, technology, and economic freedom.

Dirty Coin is the first feature-length documentary to explore bitcoin mining through immersive, on-the-ground case studies.

From rural towns in the United States to hydro-powered sites in Latin America and the Congo, the film follows miners and communities navigating what may be one of the most misunderstood technologies of our time.

The result is a human-centered look at how bitcoin mining is transforming local economies and energy infrastructure in real ways.

To mark its Cannes debut, Mediavilla and her team hosted a packed industry event that brought together leaders from both film and finance.

Dirty Coin debut ceremony at the Marché du Film

Sponsors Celestial Management, Sangha Renewables, Nordblock, and Paystand.org supported the program, which featured panels on mining, energy use, and decentralized infrastructure.

Attendees had the rare opportunity to engage directly with pioneers in the space. A special session in French led by Seb Gouspillou spotlighted mining efforts in the Congo’s Virunga region.

Dirty Coin builds on Mediavilla’s award-winning short film Stranded, which won over 20 international prizes, including Best Short Documentary at Cannes in 2024.

That success helped lay the foundation for the feature and positioned Mediavilla as one of the boldest new voices in global documentary filmmaking.

Alana Mediavilla speaks at the Marché du Film — Cannes Film Festival

“If we’ve found an industry that can unlock stranded energy and turn it into real power for people—especially in regions with energy poverty—why wouldn’t we look into it?” says Mediavilla. “Our privilege blinds us.

“The same thing we criticize could be the very thing that lifts the developing world to our standard of living. Ignoring that potential is a failure of imagination.”

Much like the decentralized network it explores, Dirty Coin is spreading globally through grassroots momentum.

Local leaders are hosting independent screenings around the world, from Roatán and Berlin to São Paulo and Madrid. Upcoming events include Toronto and Zurich, with more cities joining each month.

Mediavilla, who previously worked in creative leadership roles in the U.S. — including as a producer at Google — returned to Puerto Rico to found Campo Libre, a studio focused on high-caliber, globally relevant storytelling from the Caribbean.

She was also accepted into the Cannes Producers Network, a selective program open only to producers with box office releases in the past four years.

Mediavilla qualified after independently releasing Dirty Coin in theaters across Puerto Rico. Her participation in the network gave her direct access to meetings, insights, and connections with the most active distributors and producers working today.

The film’s next public screening will take place at the Anthem Film Festival in Palm Springs on Saturday, June 14 at 2 PM. Additional screenings and market appearances are planned throughout the year at Bitcoin events and international film platforms.

Dirty Coin at the Cannes Film Festival

Watch the Trailer + Access Press Materials

📂 EPK
🎬 Screener
🌍 Host a Screening

Follow the Movement

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dirty_coin_official/
Twitter: https://x.com/DirtyCoinDoc
Website: www.dirtycointhemovie.com

@ 624d01ef:f122bf4a

In his testimony at Meta's antitrust trial, Mark Zuckerberg confessed that social media has changed. He said it is over.

What does that mean?

In its heyday, social media connected people. People shared their lives - romantic updates, party and holiday pictures and what not. And the rest of us partook in it all. We liked, shared, poked. It was a place for friends to connect with friends.

But, now, fatigue has set in. We are no longer interested in the lives of other people. Dopamine stimulation lasts only so long. After that, everything gets jaded and boring. And that is precisely what has happened to traditional social media. No one cares about your holiday pictures any more or what you are doing at work or in your personal life. No one cares about your trendy new clothes or hairstyle. It has all gotten old.

It is incredible that traditional social media lasted almost two decades. But now it - Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, BlueSky, Mastodon - is all jaded.

Instead, people now want to share ideas and opinions, not their lives. I see a lot of that happening over at Nostr. People anonymously share their thoughts, opinions, ideas, their gripes and rants - anything but their personal lives. It is almost like we are returning to the heyday of the Internet - before Web 2.0, user-generated content, and social media took hold. When people anonymously shared thoughts, opinions, and ideas.

Nostr is ideal for that. Technology comes and goes in waves. So, one cannot be certain how long that charm of Nostr will survive. But, for now, Nostr is the future.

@ a8d1560d:3fec7a08

THIS IS IMPORTANT!!!

After the wave of word-scrambling spam bots, a new and very problematic kind of spam has arrived in the Nostr. Whenever you post something now, you will get gay porn videos as an automated answer (No, being gay itself is not problematic!!!). To get rid of all the automated spam, remove the following relays from your inbox and outbox relay list: - nos.lol - relay.damus.io - nostr.oxtr.dev - relay.primal.net

As long as you have even one of these relays in your inbox and outbox lists, you and your followers will be spammed whenever posting something.

It is unknown if the bots only reply to kind 1 events or to all events.

@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

The former seems to have found solid product market fit. Expect significant volume, adoption, and usage going forward.

The latter's future remains to be seen. Dependence on Tor, which has had massive reliability issues, and lack of strong privacy guarantees put it at risk.

— ODELL (@ODELL) October 27, 2022

The Basics

• Lightning is a protocol that enables cheap and fast native bitcoin transactions.
• At the core of the protocol is the ability for bitcoin users to create a payment channel with another user.
• These payment channels enable users to make many bitcoin transactions between each other with only two on-chain bitcoin transactions: the channel open transaction and the channel close transaction.
• Essentially lightning is a protocol for interoperable batched bitcoin transactions.
• It is expected that on chain bitcoin transaction fees will increase with adoption and the ability to easily batch transactions will save users significant money.
• As these lightning transactions are processed, liquidity flows from one side of a channel to the other side, on chain transactions are signed by both parties but not broadcasted to update this balance.
• Lightning is designed to be trust minimized, either party in a payment channel can close the channel at any time and their bitcoin will be settled on chain without trusting the other party.

There is no 'Lightning Network'

• Many people refer to the aggregate of all lightning channels as 'The Lightning Network' but this is a false premise.
• There are many lightning channels between many different users and funds can flow across interconnected channels as long as there is a route through peers.
• If a lightning transaction requires multiple hops it will flow through multiple interconnected channels, adjusting the balance of all channels along the route, and paying lightning transaction fees that are set by each node on the route.

Example: You have a channel with Bob. Bob has a channel with Charlie. You can pay Charlie through your channel with Bob and Bob's channel with User C.

• As a result, it is not guaranteed that every lightning user can pay every other lightning user, they must have a route of interconnected channels between sender and receiver.

Lightning in Practice

• Lightning has already found product market fit and usage as an interconnected payment protocol between large professional custodians.
• They are able to easily manage channels and liquidity between each other without trust using this interoperable protocol.
• Lightning payments between large custodians are fast and easy. End users do not have to run their own node or manage their channels and liquidity. These payments rarely fail due to professional management of custodial nodes.
• The tradeoff is one inherent to custodians and other trusted third parties. Custodial wallets can steal funds and compromise user privacy.

Sovereign Lightning

• Trusted third parties are security holes.
• Users must run their own node and manage their own channels in order to use lightning without trusting a third party. This remains the single largest friction point for sovereign lightning usage: the mental burden of actively running a lightning node and associated liquidity management.
• Bitcoin development prioritizes node accessibility so cost to self host your own node is low but if a node is run at home or office, Tor or a VPN is recommended to mask your IP address: otherwise it is visible to the entire network and represents a privacy risk.
• This privacy risk is heightened due to the potential for certain governments to go after sovereign lightning users and compel them to shutdown their nodes. If their IP Address is exposed they are easier to target.
• Fortunately the tools to run and manage nodes continue to get easier but it is important to understand that this will always be a friction point when compared to custodial services.

The Potential Fracture of Lightning

• Any lightning user can choose which users are allowed to open channels with them.
• One potential is that professional custodians only peer with other professional custodians.
• We already see nodes like those run by CashApp only have channels open with other regulated counterparties. This could be due to performance goals, liability reduction, or regulatory pressure.

• Fortunately some of their peers are connected to non-regulated parties so payments to and from sovereign lightning users are still successfully processed by CashApp but this may not always be the case going forward.

Summary

• Many people refer to the aggregate of all lightning channels as 'The Lightning Network' but this is a false premise. There is no singular 'Lightning Network' but rather many payment channels between distinct peers, some connected with each other and some not.
• Lightning as an interoperable payment protocol between professional custodians seems to have found solid product market fit. Expect significant volume, adoption, and usage going forward.
• Lightning as a robust sovereign payment protocol has yet to be battle tested. Heavy reliance on Tor, which has had massive reliability issues, the friction of active liquidity management, significant on chain fee burden for small amounts, interactivity constraints on mobile, and lack of strong privacy guarantees put it at risk.

---

If you have never used lightning before, use this guide to get started on your phone.

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

The former seems to have found solid product market fit. Expect significant volume, adoption, and usage going forward.

The latter's future remains to be seen. Dependence on Tor, which has had massive reliability issues, and lack of strong privacy guarantees put it at risk.

— ODELL (@ODELL) October 27, 2022

The Basics

• Lightning is a protocol that enables cheap and fast native bitcoin transactions.
• At the core of the protocol is the ability for bitcoin users to create a payment channel with another user.
• These payment channels enable users to make many bitcoin transactions between each other with only two on-chain bitcoin transactions: the channel open transaction and the channel close transaction.
• Essentially lightning is a protocol for interoperable batched bitcoin transactions.
• It is expected that on chain bitcoin transaction fees will increase with adoption and the ability to easily batch transactions will save users significant money.
• As these lightning transactions are processed, liquidity flows from one side of a channel to the other side, on chain transactions are signed by both parties but not broadcasted to update this balance.
• Lightning is designed to be trust minimized, either party in a payment channel can close the channel at any time and their bitcoin will be settled on chain without trusting the other party.

There is no 'Lightning Network'

• Many people refer to the aggregate of all lightning channels as 'The Lightning Network' but this is a false premise.
• There are many lightning channels between many different users and funds can flow across interconnected channels as long as there is a route through peers.
• If a lightning transaction requires multiple hops it will flow through multiple interconnected channels, adjusting the balance of all channels along the route, and paying lightning transaction fees that are set by each node on the route.

Example: You have a channel with Bob. Bob has a channel with Charlie. You can pay Charlie through your channel with Bob and Bob's channel with User C.

• As a result, it is not guaranteed that every lightning user can pay every other lightning user, they must have a route of interconnected channels between sender and receiver.

Lightning in Practice

• Lightning has already found product market fit and usage as an interconnected payment protocol between large professional custodians.
• They are able to easily manage channels and liquidity between each other without trust using this interoperable protocol.
• Lightning payments between large custodians are fast and easy. End users do not have to run their own node or manage their channels and liquidity. These payments rarely fail due to professional management of custodial nodes.
• The tradeoff is one inherent to custodians and other trusted third parties. Custodial wallets can steal funds and compromise user privacy.

Sovereign Lightning

• Trusted third parties are security holes.
• Users must run their own node and manage their own channels in order to use lightning without trusting a third party. This remains the single largest friction point for sovereign lightning usage: the mental burden of actively running a lightning node and associated liquidity management.
• Bitcoin development prioritizes node accessibility so cost to self host your own node is low but if a node is run at home or office, Tor or a VPN is recommended to mask your IP address: otherwise it is visible to the entire network and represents a privacy risk.
• This privacy risk is heightened due to the potential for certain governments to go after sovereign lightning users and compel them to shutdown their nodes. If their IP Address is exposed they are easier to target.
• Fortunately the tools to run and manage nodes continue to get easier but it is important to understand that this will always be a friction point when compared to custodial services.

The Potential Fracture of Lightning

• Any lightning user can choose which users are allowed to open channels with them.
• One potential is that professional custodians only peer with other professional custodians.
• We already see nodes like those run by CashApp only have channels open with other regulated counterparties. This could be due to performance goals, liability reduction, or regulatory pressure.

• Fortunately some of their peers are connected to non-regulated parties so payments to and from sovereign lightning users are still successfully processed by CashApp but this may not always be the case going forward.

Summary

• Many people refer to the aggregate of all lightning channels as 'The Lightning Network' but this is a false premise. There is no singular 'Lightning Network' but rather many payment channels between distinct peers, some connected with each other and some not.
• Lightning as an interoperable payment protocol between professional custodians seems to have found solid product market fit. Expect significant volume, adoption, and usage going forward.
• Lightning as a robust sovereign payment protocol has yet to be battle tested. Heavy reliance on Tor, which has had massive reliability issues, the friction of active liquidity management, significant on chain fee burden for small amounts, interactivity constraints on mobile, and lack of strong privacy guarantees put it at risk.

---

If you have never used lightning before, use this guide to get started on your phone.

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Key Takeaways

In this landmark episode of TFTC, Adam Back and Sean Bill explore Bitcoin’s path to $1 million, focusing on its growing role as pristine collateral in a faltering financial system. Back highlights Blockstream’s infrastructure efforts, from mining operations to tokenized securities, designed to support this transformation, while Bill shares how he navigated institutional skepticism to bring Bitcoin exposure to a U.S. pension fund. Together, they unpack how institutions are entering the space through structured products and Bitcoin-backed credit, with Blockstream’s mining notes offering a glimpse of this new financial architecture. Amid rising debt, inflation, and fiat fragility, the duo presents Bitcoin not just as sound money, but as a strategic reserve asset gaining traction from El Salvador to Wall Street.

Best Quotes

"It's not a stretch to say that Bitcoin could reach parity with gold. That would imply something closer to a million dollars a coin."

"Digital gold vastly understates Bitcoin’s potential, but it’s where the conversation had to start."

"We’re not just building software, we’re solving financial market gaps, one at a time."

"You can wipe out an entire pension fund’s unfunded liability with a 2% allocation to Bitcoin, if it performs as we expect."

"ETF buyers are the new hodlers. They’re not day traders; they’re five-year pocket investors."

"Bitcoin is becoming super collateral, its role in structured credit could help engineer the soft landing everyone hopes for."

"In a world of financial repression, Bitcoin is how the have-nots finally access property rights and savings."

"Emerging markets will be the early adopters of Bitcoin finance because they need it the most."

"You worked for your money. To systematically steal it through hidden inflation is perverse."

"Bitcoin could be the story that saves public pensions, and the people relying on them."

Conclusion

This episode presents a bold vision of Bitcoin as more than sound money, it’s the foundation of a new global financial system. Adam Back and Sean Bill argue that Bitcoin’s role as “super collateral” is reshaping credit, pensions, and sovereign reserves, while a robust infrastructure of financial tools quietly prepares it to absorb institutional capital. As fiat trust erodes, Bitcoin’s adoption will be driven not by hype, but by necessity, and when the shift becomes undeniable, $1 million per coin will mark the start of a new financial era.

Timestamps

00:00:00 - Intro
00:00:38 - New ATH
00:02:06 - Sean's Journey Getting Bitcoin Into Pensions
00:03:15 - Blockstream's Evolution Into Finance
00:08:30 - Building Bitcoin Financial Infrastructure
00:14:30 - The Challenge of Conservative Pension Boards
00:17:02 - Bitkey
00:18:10 - Bitcoin's Current Price and Market Cycle
00:24:05 - Bitcoin as Super Collateral
00:27:24 - Unchained
00:30:09 - Cypherpunk Ideals vs Financial Reality
00:34:55 - Pension Fund Crisis and Bitcoin Solution
00:42:29 - The Cypherpunk Banking Stack
00:49:54 - Digital Cash and Free Banking
00:57:06 - Liquid Network and Institutional Rails
01:07:49 - Sean At CBOT
01:22:16 - Bitcoin Futures and Market Structure
01:25:53 - 2025 Bitcoin Price Predictions

Transcript

(00:00) I'm uh permeable, so I'm always astounded that it's not, you know, 10 or 100 times higher. If everybody saw it, the addressable mark, I mean, it would already be 100 200 trillion asset class, right? That's not a stretch to say that Bitcoin could reach parody with gold. That would imply something closer to a million dollars a coin.
(00:18) You see some established public market companies in different countries saying, "Oh, we're going to buy a billion of Bitcoin. We're going to raise and buy 500." Black Rockck ETF. They're even talking about recommended allocations to portfolio managers in the 2% range. Obviously, digital gold would vastly understate the potential of Bitcoin.
(00:38) Gentlemen, thank you for joining me. Of course. Thanks for having us on. Uh Adam, I was just saying I'm woefully embarrassed. This podcast is almost 8 years old and this is your first time on the show. Oh, okay. This is uh but it's an exciting time. Yeah. And you uh really dedicated to podcast. It's been a lot of years, a lot of episodes, right? It has been. Cool.
(00:59) I think we're approaching 700, which is crazy to think. Wow, that is impressive. The uh No, we're talking hit a new alltime high today. Yeah, Bitcoin doing Bitcoin things just as we were on stage uh at the talking hedge kind of asset manager conference uh trying to explain to them why they should put Bitcoin in their uh fund allocations.
(01:23) Yeah, we were discussing it before we hit record and I saw Tur's tweet looked like Tur was at the event, too. Yeah, he was. M so 50% held up they have Bitcoin in their personal account but only 2% or 4% of the funds very few that actually had allocated to Bitcoin. So a lot of them are believers at a personal level but they haven't been able to sell it within their institution you know so they own it themselves uh but they haven't quite gotten the boards to agree yet.
(01:53) So which was a similar situation I was in in 2019 when I first proposed it. You know, I had my experience with Bitcoin. I had a very good experience and was trying to convince uh the pensions in California that they should be looking at adding Bitcoin to the portfolio. Yeah. And it was great to hear some of your background last night, Sean.
(02:11) So, Sean, for those of you watching, uh is the CIO at Blockstream now. Yeah. I am really excited to have both of you here because I've got into Bitcoin in 2013 and nerded out uh on the tech side of Bitcoin distributed system mining full nodes the layered stack that's been built out and so I followed probably all the work that you guys have done at Blockstream since you've been around and it's been really cool to see everything you've done from the Blockstream satellite.
(02:42) I've broadcast some transactions through that before. It's a Jade um uh CLN or excuse me, Core Lightning now. Um the uh liquid and now over the last few years really sort of leaning into the financialization of finance as I like to um to reference it. And so Adam, like how's that transition from being hypert focused towards a more financial perspective on Bitcoin been? Well, actually in our 2014 uh kickoff meeting, you know, with the founders sitting around big whiteboard, we were trying to forward cast what we'd have to do to get
(03:28) a Bitcoin layer 2 for, you know, settlement of assets and Bitcoin working. And one of the risk you know so we thought we'll build the tech and other people issue the assets but like well they might be lazy they might not do it if that happens we'll have to do it ourselves. So there was a lot of situations like that actually where you know you would think there would be lots of people building applications but many people are really just more in business development and a technology is basically a website and a database and
(03:55) you know Bitcoin core wallet on a server or something like that right so we actually ended up building a lot of middleware and getting into asset management a couple earlier steps one was the mining note so we're doing hosting and mining in our own account and what we did when when it was public that we were hosting initially Fidelity was the uh launch customer.
(04:16) They kept coming back to us and saying, "No, we need we need some hosting." And you know, uh, they'd looked around and decided that we were the best. We were we were like, "No, no, we're prop mining. We don't do hosting." But they persuaded us to host them. And then we're like, "Okay, maybe we should expand and host for other people.
(04:31) " And then that became news. And so then a lot of Bitcoiners contacted us and says, you know, I've got like a dozen miners. Can you host them for me? And of course, if you're if you're hosting for thousands of customers, that's a whole you need need a support team. Somebody has got two miners and one of them's crashed or failed, they're very upset, right? It's half the revenue.
(04:52) Whereas somebody's got, you know, 10,000 per client, it's just part of the, you know, maintenance cycle like a big data center. Discs fail 1% a year, you replace them when they die, they raid, it doesn't matter, right? So, it's kind of that phenomena. So we try to figure out well how can we help you know how can we help people do this without creating a you know that painoint and so we designed this mining note concept where it's kind of socialized so that collectively they look like one of the enterprise customers and then we put a 10% buffer in it so that we would eat
(05:22) the first 10% of equipment failure so they wouldn't get you know the drooping hash rate as miners like failed due to age uh for the for the onset And we also figured out how to try and make them a unified market. So, you know, we're selling more tranches into the market. This started in 2021, a three-year product.
(05:45) And um you know, there was some people on the launch branch and then some people 3 months later. So, what we do is look at how many Bitcoin it had mined in the first three months. We buy that and then match it with a 33month contract for the next one. And so the economically equivalent neither dilutive or anti-dilutive for the buyer and therefore they could trade in a unified market even though there were eight sales tranches over the first I don't know like 12 months or something like that and that that market you know it was using initially using uh liquid
(06:17) security tokens uh with uh stalker a European company that does the securitization I mean the legal p

@ dfa02707:41ca50e3

Good morning (good night?)! The No Bullshit Bitcoin news feed is now available on Moody's Dashboard! A huge shoutout to sir Clark Moody for integrating our feed.

Headlines

• Spiral welcomes Ben Carman. The developer will work on the LDK server and a new SDK designed to simplify the onboarding process for new self-custodial Bitcoin users.

• The Bitcoin Dev Kit Foundation announced new corporate members for 2025, including AnchorWatch, CleanSpark, and Proton Foundation. The annual dues from these corporate members fund the small team of open-source developers responsible for maintaining the core BDK libraries and related free and open-source software (FOSS) projects.
• Strategy increases Bitcoin holdings to 538,200 BTC. In the latest purchase, the company has spent more than $555M to buy 6,556 coins through proceeds of two at-the-market stock offering programs.
• Spar supermarket experiments with Bitcoin payments in Zug, Switzerland. The store has introduced a new payment method powered by the Lightning Network. The implementation was facilitated by DFX Swiss, a service that supports seamless conversions between bitcoin and legacy currencies.

• The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) wants to contain 'crypto' risks. A report titled "Cryptocurrencies and Decentralised Finance: Functions and Financial Stability Implications" calls for expanding research into "how new forms of central bank money, capital controls, and taxation policies can counter the risks of widespread crypto adoption while still fostering technological innovation."
• "Global Implications of Scam Centres, Underground Banking, and Illicit Online Marketplaces in Southeast Asia." According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report, criminal organizations from East and Southeast Asia are swiftly extending their global reach. These groups are moving beyond traditional scams and trafficking, creating sophisticated online networks that include unlicensed cryptocurrency exchanges, encrypted communication platforms, and stablecoins, fueling a massive fraud economy on an industrial scale.
• Slovenia is considering a 25% capital gains tax on Bitcoin profits for individuals. The Ministry of Finance has proposed legislation to impose this tax on gains from cryptocurrency transactions, though exchanging one cryptocurrency for another would remain exempt. At present, individual 'crypto' traders in Slovenia are not taxed.
• Circle, BitGo, Coinbase, and Paxos plan to apply for U.S. bank charters or licenses. According to a report in The Wall Street Journal, major crypto companies are planning to apply for U.S. bank charters or licenses. These firms are pursuing limited licenses that would permit them to issue stablecoins, as the U.S. Congress deliberates on legislation mandating licensing for stablecoin issuers.

"Established banks, like Bank of America, are hoping to amend the current drafts of [stablecoin] legislation in such a way that nonbanks are more heavily restricted from issuing stablecoins," people familiar with the matter told The Block.

• Charles Schwab to launch spot Bitcoin trading by 2026. The financial investment firm, managing over $10 trillion in assets, has revealed plans to introduce spot Bitcoin trading for its clients within the next year.

Use the tools

• Bitcoin Safe v1.2.3 expands QR SignMessage compatibility for all QR-UR-compatible hardware signers (SpecterDIY, KeyStone, Passport, Jade; already supported COLDCARD Q). It also adds the ability to import wallets via QR, ensuring compatibility with Keystone's latest firmware (2.0.6), alongside other improvements.
• Minibits v0.2.2-beta, an ecash wallet for Android devices, packages many changes to align the project with the planned iOS app release. New features and improvements include the ability to lock ecash to a receiver's pubkey, faster confirmations of ecash minting and payments thanks to WebSockets, UI-related fixes, and more.
• Zeus v0.11.0-alpha1 introduces Cashu wallets tied to embedded LND wallets. Navigate to Settings > Ecash to enable it. Other wallet types can still sweep funds from Cashu tokens. Zeus Pay now supports Cashu address types in Zaplocker, Cashu, and NWC modes.
• LNDg v1.10.0, an advanced web interface designed for analyzing Lightning Network Daemon (LND) data and automating node management tasks, introduces performance improvements, adds a new metrics page for unprofitable and stuck channels, and displays warnings for batch openings. The Profit and Loss Chart has been updated to include on-chain costs. Advanced settings have been added for users who would like their channel database size to be read remotely (the default remains local). Additionally, the AutoFees tool now uses aggregated pubkey metrics for multiple channels with the same peer.
• Nunchuk Desktop v1.9.45 release brings the latest bug fixes and improvements.
• Blockstream Green iOS v4.1.8 has renamed L-BTC to LBTC, and improves translations of notifications, login time, and background payments.
• Blockstream Green Android v4.1.8 has added language preference in App Settings and enables an Android data backup option for disaster recovery. Additionally, it fixes issues with Jade entry point PIN timeout and Trezor passphrase input.
• Torq v2.2.2, an advanced Lightning node management software designed to handle large nodes with over 1000 channels, fixes bugs that caused channel balance to not be updated in some cases and channel "peer total local balance" not getting updated.
• Stack Wallet v2.1.12, a multicoin wallet by Cypher Stack, fixes an issue with Xelis introduced in the latest release for Windows.
• ESP-Miner-NerdQAxePlus v1.0.29.1, a forked version from the NerdAxe miner that was modified for use on the NerdQAxe+, is now available.
• Zark enables sending sats to an npub using Bark.

• Erk is a novel variation of the Ark protocol that completely removes the need for user interactivity in rounds, addressing one of Ark's key limitations: the requirement for users to come online before their VTXOs expire.
• Aegis v0.1.1 is now available. It is a Nostr event signer app for iOS devices.
• Nostash is a NIP-07 Nostr signing extension for Safari. It is a fork of Nostore and is maintained by Terry Yiu. Available on iOS TestFlight.
• Amber v3.2.8, a Nostr event signer for Android, delivers the latest fixes and improvements.
• Nostur v1.20.0, a Nostr client for iOS, adds

@ 88cc134b:5ae99079

small test

@ 97c70a44:ad98e322

When developing on nostr, normally it's enough to read the NIP related to a given feature you want to build to know what has to be done. But there are some aspects of nostr development that aren't so straightforward because they depend less on specific data formats than on how different concepts are combined.

An example of this is how for a while it was considered best practice to re-publish notes when replying to them. This practice emerged before the outbox model gained traction, and was a hacky way of attempting to ensure relays had the full context required for a given note. Over time though, pubkey hints emerged as a better way to ensure other clients could find required context.

Another one of these things is "relay-based groups", or as I prefer to call it "relays-as-groups" (RAG). Such a thing doesn't really exist - there's no spec for it (although some aspects of the concept are included in NIP 29), but at the same time there are two concrete implementations (Flotilla and Chachi) which leverage several different NIPs in order to create a cohesive system for groups on nostr.

This composability is one of the neat qualities of nostr. Not only would it be unhelpful to specify how different parts of the protocol should work together, it would be impossible because of the number of possible combinations possible just from applying a little bit of common sense to the NIPs repo. No one said it was ok to put t tags on a kind 0. But no one's stopping you! And the semantics are basically self-evident if you understand its component parts.

So, instead of writing a NIP that sets relay-based groups in stone, I'm writing this guide in order to document how I've combined different parts of the nostr protocol to create a compelling architecture for groups.

Relays

Relays already have a canonical identity, which is the relay's url. Events posted to a relay can be thought of as "posted to that group". This means that every relay is already a group. All nostr notes have already been posted to one or more groups.

One common objection to this structure is that identifying a group with a relay means that groups are dependent on the relay to continue hosting the group. In normal broadcast nostr (which forms organic permissionless groups based on user-centric social clustering), this is a very bad thing, because hosts are orthogonal to group identity. Communities are completely different. Communities actually need someone to enforce community boundaries, implement moderation, etc. Reliance on a host is a feature, not a bug (in contrast to NIP 29 groups, which tend to co-locate many groups on a single host, relays-as-groups tends to encourage one group, one host).

This doesn't mean that federation, mirrors, and migration can't be accomplished. In a sense, leaving this on the social layer is a good thing, because it adds friction to the dissolution/forking of a group. But the door is wide open to protocol additions to support those use cases for relay-based groups. One possible approach would be to follow this draft PR which specifies a "federation" event relays could publish on their own behalf.

Relay keys

This draft PR to NIP 11 specifies a self field which represents the relay's identity. Using this, relays can publish events on their own behalf. Currently, the pubkey field sort of does the same thing, but is overloaded as a contact field for the owner of the relay.

AUTH

Relays can control access using NIP 42 AUTH. There are any number of modes a relay can operate in:

1. No auth, fully public - anyone can read/write to the group.
2. Relays may enforce broad or granular access controls with AUTH.

Relays may deny EVENTs or REQs depending on user identity. Messages returned in AUTH, CLOSED, or OK messages should be human readable. It's crucial that clients show these error messages to users. Here's how Flotilla handles failed AUTH and denied event publishing:

LIMITS, PROBE, or some other reflection scheme could also be used in theory to help clients adapt their interface depending on user abilities and relay policy.

1. AUTH with implicit access controls.

In this mode, relays may exclude matching events from REQs if the user does not have permission to view them. This can be useful for multi-use relays that host hidden rooms. This mode should be used with caution, because it can result in confusion for the end user.

See Frith for a relay implementation that supports some of these auth policies.

Invite codes

If a user doesn't have access to a relay, they can request access using this draft NIP. This is true whether access has been explicitly or implicitly denied (although users will have to know that they should use an invite code to request access).

The above referenced NIP also contains a mechanism for users to request an invite code that they can share with other users.

The policy for these invite codes is entirely up to the relay. They may be single-use, multi-use, or require additional verification. Additional requirements can be communicated to the user in the OK message, for example directions to visit an external URL to register.

See Frith for a relay implementation that supports invite codes.

Content

Any kind of event can be published to a relay being treated as a group, unless rejected by the relay implementation. In particular, NIP 7D was added to support basic threads, and NIP C7 for chat messages.

Since which relay an event came from determines which group it was posted to, clients need to have a mechanism for keeping track of which relay they received an event from, and should not broadcast events to other relays (unless intending to cross-post the content).

Rooms

Rooms follow NIP 29. I wish NIP 29 wasn't called "relay based groups", which is very confusing when talking about "relays as groups". It's much better to think of them as sub-groups, or as Flotilla calls them, "rooms".

EDIT: Flotilla has migrated to exclusively use "managed rooms" — i.e., fully NIP 29 compliant rooms. Relays without NIP 29 support can still support chat, but all messages will be presented as sent to a single room. I've removed references to unmanaged rooms in what follows.

~~Rooms have two modes - managed and unmanaged. Managed~~ rooms follow all the rules laid out in NIP 29 about metadata published by the relay and user membership. In either case, rooms are represented by a random room id, and are posted to by including the id in an event's h tag. ~~This allows rooms to switch between managed and unmanaged modes without losing any content.~~

Managed room names come from kind 39000 room meta events, ~~but unmanaged rooms don't have these. Instead, room names should come from members' NIP 51 kind 10009 membership lists. Tags on these lists should look like this: ["group", "groupid", "wss://group.example.com", "Cat lovers"]. If no name can be found for the room (i.e., there aren't any members), the room should be ignored by clients.~~

Rooms present a difficulty for publishing to the relay as a whole, since content with an h tag can't be excluded from requests. ~~Currently, relay-wide posts are h-tagged with _ which works for "group" clients, but not more generally. I'm not sure how to solve this other than to ask relays to support negative filters.~~ I have ideas on how to solve this in future iterations of relay-based groups, for example using virtual relays or just a better rooms spec.

Cross-posting

The simplest way to cross-post content from one group (or room) to another, is to quote the original note in whatever event kind is appropriate. For example, a blog post might be quoted in a kind 9 to be cross-posted to chat, or in a kind 11 to be cross-posted to a thread. kind 16 reposts can be used the same way if the reader's client renders reposts.

Posting the original event to multiple relays-as-groups is trivial, since all you have to do is send the event to the relay. Posting to multiple rooms simultaneously by appending multiple h tags is however not recommended, since group relays/clients are incentivised to protect themselves from spam by rejecting events with multiple h tags (similar to how events with multiple t tags are sometimes rejected).

Privacy

Currently, it's recommended to include a NIP 70 - tag on content posted to relays-as-groups to discourage replication of relay-specific content across the network.

Another slightly stronger approach would be for group relays to strip signatures in order to make events invalid (or at least deniable). For this approach to work, users would have to be able to signal that they trust relays to be honest. We could also use ZkSNARKS to validate signatures in bulk.

In any case, group posts should not be considered "private" in the same way E2EE groups might be. Relays-as-groups should be considered a good fit for low-stakes groups with many members (since trust deteriorates quickly as more people get involved).

Membership

There is currently no canonical member list published by relays (except for NIP 29 managed rooms). Instead, users keep track of their own relay and room memberships using kind 10009 lists. Relay-level memberships are represented by an r tag containing the relay url, and room-level memberships are represented using a group tag.

Users can choose to advertise their membership in a RAG by using unencrypted tags, or they may keep their membership private by using encrypted tags. Advertised memberships are useful for helping people find groups based on their social graph:

User memberships should not be trusted, since they can be published unilaterally by anyone, regardless of actual access, so it's better to think of them as "bookmarked groups" or "favorites". Possible improvements in this area would be the ability to provide proof of access:

• Relays could publish member lists (although this would sacrifice member privacy)
• Relays could support a new command that allows querying a particular member's access status
• Relays could provide a proof to the member that they could then choose to publish or not

Moderation

There are two parts to moderation: reporting and taking action based on these reports.

Reporting is already covered by NIP 56. Clients should be careful about encouraging users to post reports for illegal content under their own identity, since that can itself be illegal. Relays also should not serve reports to users, since that can be used to find rather than address objectionable content.

Reports are only one mechanism for flagging objectionable content. Relay operators and administrators can use whatever heuristics they like to identify and address objectionable content. This might be via automated policies that auto-ban based on reports from high-reputation people, a client that implements NIP 86 relay management API, or by some other admin interface.

There's currently no way for moderators of a given relay to be advertised, or for a moderator's client to know that the user is a moderator (so that they can enable UI elements for in-app moderation). This could be addressed via NIP 11, LIMITS, or some other mechanism in the future.

General best practices

In general, it's very important when developing a client to assume that the relay has no special support for any of the above features, instead treating all of this stuff as progressive enhancement.

For example, if a user enters an invite code, go ahead and send it to the relay using a kind 28934 event. If it's rejected, you know that it didn't work. But if it's accepted, you don't know that it worked - you only know that the relay allowed the user to publish that event. This is helpful, becaues it may imply that the user does indeed have access to the relay. But additional probing may be needed, and reliance on error messages down the road when something else fails unexpectedly is indispensable.

This paradigm may drive some engineers nuts, because it's basically equivalent to coding your clients to reverse-engineer relay support for every feature you want to use. But this is true of nostr as a whole - anyone can put whatever weird stuff in an event and sign it. Clients have to be extremely compliant with Postell's law - doing their absolute best to accept whatever weird data or behavior shows up and handle failure in any situation. Sure, it's annoying, but it's the cost of permissionless development. What it gets us is a completely open-ended protocol, in which anything can be built, and in which every solution is tested by the market.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Know Your Customer is a regulation that requires companies of all sizes to verify the identity, suitability, and risks involved with maintaining a business relationship with a customer. Such procedures fit within the broader scope of anti-money laundering (AML) and counterterrorism financing (CTF) regulations.

Banks, exchanges, online business, mail providers, domain registrars... Everyone wants to know who you are before you can even opt for their service. Your personal information is flowing around the internet in the hands of "god-knows-who" and secured by "trust-me-bro military-grade encryption". Once your account is linked to your personal (and verified) identity, tracking you is just as easy as keeping logs on all these platforms.

Rights for Illusions

KYC processes aim to combat terrorist financing, money laundering, and other illicit activities. On the surface, KYC seems like a commendable initiative. I mean, who wouldn't want to halt terrorists and criminals in their tracks?

The logic behind KYC is: "If we mandate every financial service provider to identify their users, it becomes easier to pinpoint and apprehend the malicious actors."

However, terrorists and criminals are not precisely lining up to be identified. They're crafty. They may adopt false identities or find alternative strategies to continue their operations. Far from being outwitted, many times they're several steps ahead of regulations. Realistically, KYC might deter a small fraction – let's say about 1% ^1 – of these malefactors. Yet, the cost? All of us are saddled with the inconvenient process of identification just to use a service.

Under the rhetoric of "ensuring our safety", governments and institutions enact regulations that seem more out of a dystopian novel, gradually taking away our right to privacy.

To illustrate, consider a city where the mayor has rolled out facial recognition cameras in every nook and cranny. A band of criminals, intent on robbing a local store, rolls in with a stolen car, their faces obscured by masks and their bodies cloaked in all-black clothes. Once they've committed the crime and exited the city's boundaries, they switch vehicles and clothes out of the cameras' watchful eyes. The high-tech surveillance? It didn’t manage to identify or trace them. Yet, for every law-abiding citizen who merely wants to drive through the city or do some shopping, their movements and identities are constantly logged. The irony? This invasive tracking impacts all of us, just to catch the 1% ^1 of less-than-careful criminals.

KYC? Not you.

KYC creates barriers to participation in normal economic activity, to supposedly stop criminals. ^2

KYC puts barriers between many users and businesses. One of these comes from the fact that the process often requires multiple forms of identification, proof of address, and sometimes even financial records. For individuals in areas with poor record-keeping, non-recognized legal documents, or those who are unbanked, homeless or transient, obtaining these documents can be challenging, if not impossible.

For people who are not skilled with technology or just don't have access to it, there's also a barrier since KYC procedures are mostly online, leaving them inadvertently excluded.

Another barrier goes for the casual or one-time user, where they might not see the value in undergoing a rigorous KYC process, and these requirements can deter them from using the service altogether.

It also wipes some businesses out of the equation, since for smaller businesses, the costs associated with complying with KYC norms—from the actual process of gathering and submitting documents to potential delays in operations—can be prohibitive in economical and/or technical terms.

You're not welcome

Imagine a swanky new club in town with a strict "members only" sign. You hear the music, you see the lights, and you want in. You step up, ready to join, but suddenly there's a long list of criteria you must meet. After some time, you are finally checking all the boxes. But then the club rejects your membership with no clear reason why. You just weren't accepted. Frustrating, right?

This club scenario isn't too different from the fact that KYC is being used by many businesses as a convenient gatekeeping tool. A perfect excuse based on a "legal" procedure they are obliged to.

Even some exchanges may randomly use this to freeze and block funds from users, claiming these were "flagged" by a cryptic system that inspects the transactions. You are left hostage to their arbitrary decision to let you successfully pass the KYC procedure. If you choose to sidestep their invasive process, they might just hold onto your funds indefinitely.

Your identity has been stolen

KYC data has been found to be for sale on many dark net markets^3. Exchanges may have leaks or hacks, and such leaks contain very sensitive data. We're talking about the full monty: passport or ID scans, proof of address, and even those awkward selfies where you're holding up your ID next to your face. All this data is being left to the mercy of the (mostly) "trust-me-bro" security systems of such companies. Quite scary, isn't it?

As cheap as $10 for 100 documents, with discounts applying for those who buy in bulk, the personal identities of innocent users who passed KYC procedures are for sale. ^3

In short, if you have ever passed the KYC/AML process of a crypto exchange, your privacy is at risk of being compromised, or it might even have already been compromised.

(they) Know Your Coins

You may already know that Bitcoin and most cryptocurrencies have a transparent public blockchain, meaning that all data is shown unencrypted for everyone to see and recorded forever. If you link an address you own to your identity through KYC, for example, by sending an amount from a KYC exchange to it, your Bitcoin is no longer pseudonymous and can then be traced.

If, for instance, you send Bitcoin from such an identified address to another KYC'ed address (say, from a friend), everyone having access to that address-identity link information (exchanges, governments, hackers, etc.) will be able to associate that transaction and know who you are transacting with.

Conclusions

To sum up, KYC does not protect individuals; rather, it's a threat to our privacy, freedom, security and integrity. Sensible information flowing through the internet is thrown into chaos by dubious security measures. It puts borders between many potential customers and businesses, and it helps governments and companies track innocent users. That's the chaos KYC has stirred.

The criminals are using stolen identities from companies that gathered them thanks to these very same regulations that were supposed to combat them. Criminals always know how to circumvent such regulations. In the end, normal people are the most affected by these policies.

The threat that KYC poses to individuals in terms of privacy, security and freedom is not to be neglected. And if we don’t start challenging these systems and questioning their efficacy, we are just one step closer to the dystopian future that is now foreseeable.

Edited 20/03/2024 * Add reference to the 1% statement on Rights for Illusions section to an article where Chainalysis found that only 0.34% of the transaction volume with cryptocurrencies in 2023 was attributable to criminal activity ^1

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Key Takeaways

Michael Goldstein, aka Bitstein, presents a sweeping philosophical and economic case for going “all in” on Bitcoin, arguing that unlike fiat, which distorts capital formation and fuels short-term thinking, Bitcoin fosters low time preference, meaningful saving, and long-term societal flourishing. At the heart of his thesis is “hodling for good”—a triple-layered idea encompassing permanence, purpose, and the pursuit of higher values like truth, beauty, and legacy. Drawing on thinkers like Aristotle, Hoppe, and Josef Pieper, Goldstein redefines leisure as contemplation, a vital practice in aligning capital with one’s deepest ideals. He urges Bitcoiners to think beyond mere wealth accumulation and consider how their sats can fund enduring institutions, art, and architecture that reflect a moral vision of the future.

Best Quotes

“Let BlackRock buy the houses, and you keep the sats.”

“We're not hodling just for the sake of hodling. There is a purpose to it.”

“Fiat money shortens your time horizon… you can never rest.”

“Savings precedes capital accumulation. You can’t build unless you’ve saved.”

“You're increasing the marginal value of everyone else’s Bitcoin.”

“True leisure is contemplation—the pursuit of the highest good.”

“What is Bitcoin for if not to make the conditions for magnificent acts of creation possible?”

“Bitcoin itself will last forever. Your stack might not. What will outlast your coins?”

“Only a whale can be magnificent.”

“The market will sell you all the crack you want. It’s up to you to demand beauty.”

Conclusion

This episode is a call to reimagine Bitcoin as more than a financial revolution—it’s a blueprint for civilizational renewal. Michael Goldstein reframes hodling as an act of moral stewardship, urging Bitcoiners to lower their time preference, build lasting institutions, and pursue truth, beauty, and legacy—not to escape the world, but to rebuild it on sound foundations.

Timestamps

00:00 - Intro
00:50 - Michael’s BBB presentation Hodl for Good
07:27 - Austrian principles on capital
15:40 - Fiat distorts the economic process
23:34 - Bitkey
24:29 - Hodl for Good triple entendre
29:52 - Bitcoin benefits everyone
39:05 - Unchained
40:14 - Leisure theory of value
52:15 - Heightening life
1:15:48 - Breaking from the chase makes room for magnificence
1:32:32 - Nakamoto Institute’s mission

Transcript

(00:00) Fiat money is by its nature a disturbance. If money is being continually produced, especially at an uncertain rate, these uh policies are really just redistribution of wealth. Most are looking for number to go up post hyper bitcoinization. The rate of growth of bitcoin would be more reflective of the growth of the economy as a whole.
(00:23) Ultimately, capital requires knowledge because it requires knowing there is something that you can add to the structures of production to lengthen it in some way that will take time but allow you to have more in the future than you would today. Let Black Rockck buy the houses and you keep the sats, not the other way around.
(00:41) You wait until later for Larry Frink to try to sell you a [Music] mansion. And we're live just like that. Just like that. 3:30 on a Friday, Memorial Day weekend. It's a good good good way to end the week and start the holiday weekend. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Thank you for having me here. Thank you for coming. I wore this hat specifically because I think it's I think it's very apppropo uh to the conversation we're going to have which is I hope an extension of the presentation you gave at Bitblock Boom Huddle for good. You were working on
(01:24) that for many weeks leading up to uh the conference and explaining how you were structuring it. I think it's a very important topic to discuss now as the Bitcoin price is hitting new all-time highs and people are trying to understand what am I doing with Bitcoin? Like you have you have the different sort of factions within Bitcoin.
(01:47) Uh get on a Bitcoin standard, get on zero, spend as much Bitcoin as possible. You have the sailors of the world are saying buy Bitcoin, never sell, die with your Bitcoin. And I think you do a really good job in that presentation. And I just think your understanding overall of Bitcoin is incredible to put everything into context. It's not either or.
(02:07) It really depends on what you want to accomplish. Yeah, it's definitely there there is no actual one-sizefits-all um for I mean nearly anything in this world. So um yeah, I mean first of all I mean there was it was the first conference talk I had given in maybe five years. I think the one prior to that uh was um bit block boom 2019 which was my meme talk which uh has uh become infamous and notorious.
(02:43) So uh there was also a lot of like high expectations uh you know rockstar dev uh has has treated that you know uh that that talk with a lot of reference. a lot of people have enjoyed it and he was expecting this one to be, you know, the greatest one ever, which is a little bit of a little bit of a uh a burden to live up to those kinds of standards.
(03:08) Um, but you know, because I don't give a lot of talks. Um, you know, I I I like to uh try to bring ideas that might even be ideas that are common. So, something like hodling, we all talk about it constantly. uh but try to bring it from a little bit of a different angle and try to give um a little bit of uh new light to it.
(03:31) I alsove I've I've always enjoyed kind of coming at things from a third angle. Um whenever there's, you know, there's there's all these little debates that we have in in Bitcoin and sometimes it's nice to try to uh step out of it and look at it a little more uh kind of objectively and find ways of understanding it that incorporate the truths of of all of them.
(03:58) uh you know cuz I think we should always be kind of as much as possible after ultimate truth. Um so with this one um yeah I was kind of finding that that sort of golden mean. So uh um yeah and I actually I think about that a lot is uh you know Aristotle has his his concept of the golden mean. So it's like any any virtue is sort of between two vices um because you can you can always you can always take something too far.
(04:27) So you're you're always trying to find that right balance. Um so someone who is uh courageous you know uh one of the vices uh on one side is being basically reckless. I I can't remember what word he would use. Uh but effectively being reckless and just wanting to put yourself in danger for no other reason than just you know the thrill of it.
(04:50) Um and then on the other side you would just have cowardice which is like you're unwilling to put yourself um at any risk at any time. Um, and courage is right there in the middle where it's understanding when is the right time uh to put your put yourself, you know, in in the face of danger um and take it on. And so um in some sense this this was kind of me uh in in some ways like I'm obviously a partisan of hodling.
(05:20) Um, I've for, you know, a long time now talked about the, um, why huddling is good, why people do it, why we should expect it. Um, but still trying to find that that sort of golden mean of like yes, huddle, but also what are we hodling for? And it's not we're we're not hodddling just merely for the sake of hodddling.
(05:45) There there is a a purpose to it. And we should think about that. And that would also help us think more about um what are the benefits of of spending, when should we spend, why should we spend, what should we spend on um to actually give light to that sort of side of the debate. Um so that was that was what I was kind of trying to trying to get into.
(06:09) Um, as well as also just uh at the same time despite all the talk of hodling, there's always this perennial uh there's always this perennial dislike of hodlers because we're treated as uh as if um we're just free riding the network or we're just greedy or you know any of these things. And I wanted to show how uh huddling does serve a real economic purpose.
(06:36) Um, and it does benefit the individual, but it also does uh it it has actual real social um benefits as well beyond merely the individual. Um, so I wanted to give that sort of defense of hodling as well to look at it from um a a broader position than just merely I'm trying to get rich. Um uh because even the person who uh that is all they want to do um just like you know your your pure number grow up go up moonboy even that behavior has positive ramifications on on the economy.
(07:14) And while we might look at them and have uh judgments about their particular choices for them as an individual, we shouldn't discount that uh their actions are having positive positive effects for the rest of the economy. Yeah. So, let's dive into that just not even in the context of Bitcoin because I think you did a great job of this in the presentation.
(07:36) just you've done a good job of this consistently throughout the years that I've known you. Just from like a first principles Austrian economics perspective, what is the idea around capital accumulation, low time preference and deployment of that capital like what what like getting getting into like the nitty-gritty and then applying it to Bitcoin? Yeah, it's it's a big question and um in many ways I mean I I even I barely scratched the surface.
(08:05) uh I I can't claim to have read uh all the volumes of Bombber works, you know, capital and interest and and stuff like that. Um but I think there's some some sort of basic concepts that we can look at that we can uh draw a lot out. Um the first uh I guess let's write that. So repeat so like capital time preference. Yeah. Well, I guess getting more broad like why sav

@ ecda4328:1278f072

⚡ TL;DR: Bitcoin Core is removing the 80-byte OP_RETURN relay limit — a policy, not consensus, change. It aligns with how miners already behave, but reduces node configurability.

Relay policy is policy — and what nodes don’t forward rarely gets mined. Spam resistance should come from fees and filters, not hardcoded caps.

Bitcoin runs on rules, not rulers. Let the market and nodes decide — not just Core.

Intro (for non-techies)

Bitcoin Core plans to remove a size limit on data stored in special transactions called OP_RETURN, but this is a policy change, not a consensus change.

What is OP_RETURN?

• OP_RETURN is a Bitcoin script opcode introduced in 2014 (Bitcoin Core 0.9.0) to allow small amounts of arbitrary data to be embedded in transactions.
• Crucially, it creates provably unspendable outputs, preventing UTXO set pollution.
• A default policy limit of 80 bytes was added to discourage non-payment data usage while still allowing basic use cases (e.g., hashes, commitments).

---

Historical Context: Why OP_RETURN Was Introduced (Bitcoin Core 0.9, March 2014)

When OP_RETURN was introduced in Bitcoin Core 0.9, it was not meant to encourage data storage on-chain. Instead, it was a harm-reduction feature:

“This change is not an endorsement of storing data in the blockchain. The OP_RETURN change creates a provably-prunable output, to avoid data storage schemes — some of which were already deployed — that were storing arbitrary data such as images as forever-unspendable TX outputs, bloating Bitcoin’s UTXO database.”

— Bitcoin Core 0.9 Release Notes (March 2014)

Before OP_RETURN, users were already embedding data in fake outputs, which polluted the UTXO set (the set of unspent coins all full nodes track in memory).

OP_RETURN allowed data to be embedded in a provably unspendable output, which:

• Makes the output prunable, improving node performance

• Avoids permanently bloating the UTXO set

• Encouraged safer practices while still discouraging large-scale non-financial data storage

The 80-byte cap was a policy deterrent, not a consensus limit — large OP_RETURNs were discouraged, not invalid.

🔹 What does that mean?

• The fundamental rules of Bitcoin — like the 4 MB block size limit — are not changing.
• This change only affects how the Bitcoin Core software relays certain types of data transactions, not what it considers valid in a block.

🔹 What is changing?

• Bitcoin Core will stop enforcing an 80-byte size limit on OP_RETURN data, allowing larger metadata transactions to be shared between nodes.
• Miners already include such transactions using custom policy settings.

---

🧘‍♂️ Why Bitcoiners Don’t Need to Panic

• ✅ No risk of a chain split: This doesn’t touch Bitcoin’s consensus rules — everyone still agrees on what makes a valid block.
• ✅ Block size stays the same (\~4 MB): This ensures that blockchain growth remains limited and sustainable.
• ✅ Alternative options exist: If you prefer the old limits, you can run Bitcoin Knots, which still enforces them.

Bottom line:

This is a software configuration change, not a change to Bitcoin’s fundamental rules. If you're using Bitcoin to store value or make payments, nothing about that has changed.
Bitcoin still enforces a ~100k virtual byte (kvB) standardness limit for most transactions (equivalent to 400,000 weight units), which helps mitigate spam and DoS attacks. For witness-heavy transactions, this can approach ~400kB in serialized size.

---

Common Uses of OP_RETURN

• Timestamping documents
• Cross-chain anchoring (e.g., merge-mined sidechains)
• Asset issuance (e.g., Omni/Tether)
• Notarization and digital certificates
• Commitment schemes for external protocols (e.g., Citrea)

Note: Ordinal inscriptions and Stamps use witness data or fake outputs, not OP_RETURN.

---

The Change (PR #32359)

• Bitcoin Core developers proposed removing the 80-byte OP_RETURN size cap.
• The change also deprecates the -datacarrier and -datacarriersize options, with removal planned in future versions. This reflects an effort to consolidate node behavior and improve interoperability, though it reduces user-configurable relay control.
• Larger OP_RETURN transactions would now be relayed and mined by default.

---

Why Remove the Limit? (Arguments For)

1. The cap is ineffective: Easily bypassed via:

2. Multi-output/multisig scripts

3. Witness data
4. Private miner APIs (e.g., MARA Slipstream)
5. Perverse incentives: Drives users to harmful alternatives that pollute the UTXO set.
6. Cleaner data: Encourages proper use of OP_RETURN rather than misusing spendable outputs. OP_RETURN outputs are prunable and do not enter the UTXO set — this is the cleanest way to embed data without long-term storage burdens.
7. Aligns with mining reality: Miners already include larger OP_RETURN transactions if their policies allow it.
8. Fee market is sufficient: Block size (4MB) + fee pressure limits abuse naturally.
9. Improves relay consistency: Nodes and miners share policy, improving block propagation and mempool estimation. While standardness rules don't prevent non-standard transactions from being mined, they raise the cost, delay inclusion, and reduce miner incentives — effectively discouraging misuse.
10. Reduces miner centralization: Some argue removing the limit spreads fee opportunities more evenly across miners. Others caution it may disadvantage miners who choose not to include such transactions — potentially reducing diversity. (i.e. purist miners (e.g., Ocean) may become less competitive if spam volume and revenue increases.)
11. Improves block relay performance: Removing artificial limits leads to fewer compact block reconstruction failures, reducing latency and making the network more resilient.
12. Enables better metaprotocol support: Clean OP_RETURN usage helps future protocols (e.g. Citrea, tokens, cross-chain anchoring) embed structured data safely without abusing spendable outputs.

---

Why Oppose the Change? (Arguments Against)

1. Encourages non-monetary use: Seen as shifting Bitcoin toward data storage.
2. Spam and bloat: Fear of more data-heavy protocols (e.g., inscriptions, stamps, NFTs) and “junk” data.
3. Undermines Bitcoin’s monetary purpose: Viewed as deviating from “sound money” principles.

   Some argue that Bitcoin should remain minimal, focusing solely on censorship-resistant money — not general-purpose data storage.

4. Governance concerns:

5. Allegations of irregular PR handling

6. Claims of GitHub bans and manipulation

7. Some have noted that the change was poorly communicated — the initial feedback round may have been missed by the wider community, causing tension once the PR was submitted more formally.

8. Community dissent: Change was pushed despite vocal opposition from notable Bitcoiners and developers.

Note: “Inscriptions” technically refer to a specific Tapscript pattern used in Ordinals. Other methods like Stamps use different — and often more harmful — techniques.

Why this matters: Stamps are more harmful than inscriptions or OP_RETURN because they trick the network into storing data as if it were real, spendable bitcoin — permanently bloating the UTXO set, increasing node costs, and degrading performance

1. Weakens mempool-level spam resistance: Critics argue that filters play a vital role in making spam expensive and harder to propagate. Without such deterrents, spammers can bypass node filtering entirely via direct submission services (e.g., MARA Slipstream), further empowering large mining pools.

While miners are free to include any valid transaction in blocks, network-wide filters still raise the cost of abuse and protect the mempool from being flooded — as noted by Matt Hill (Start9): “Filters can’t stop every attack, but they deter most and raise the cost of success. We should be adding filters, not removing them. All filters should be configurable. Power to the nodes.”

---

The Role of Configuration Options

• Previously, miners could set:

• -datacarrier=1 to allow OP_RETURN

• -datacarriersize=X to raise the limit
• Many private miners already raised these limits and mine such transactions.
• Deprecating user-level control (e.g., -datacarrier, -datacarriersize) has sparked concerns about diminishing node sovereignty — even if such options had little practical impact in today's mining landscape.

---

Policy vs. Consensus: Why the 80-Byte Limit Causes Relay Inconsistency

• The OP_RETURN size limit is a policy rule—not a consensus rule.
• Miners/nodes can already mine/accept large OP_RETURN txs, and all nodes must still accept blocks containing them if they are valid under consensus rules (block size < 4MB).
• This causes inconsistency between what gets relayed and what gets mined.

Today, many nodes won’t relay OP_RETURN transactions over 80 bytes, while miners using custom settings may still mine them. This creates an inconsistency: transactions not visible to most of the network can still end up in blocks. Removing the limit aligns what nodes relay with what miners accept, making mempools more consistent, block propagation faster, and fee estimates more reliable.

Some argue that removing the OP_RETURN cap weakens Bitcoin's built-in spam defenses. As Luke Dashjr noted, spam filters work collectively and are distinct from censorship — a block can always include any valid tx, but mempool filters help keep spam out before it gets that far.

Only ~30 non-standard OP_RETURN transactions have been mined out of 7 million in 2024, showing that standardness rules were a strong deterrent in practice.

---

Bitcoin Knots: A Protest Client

Bitcoin Knots (maintained by Luke Dashjr) retains the old 80-byte policy by default — in fact, it sets an even stricter default of 40 bytes for -datacarriersize. After the PR surfaced, some users switched to Knots as a protest.

According to Matthew R. Kratter, Bitcoin Knots briefly surpassed Core 29.0 in node count during early 2025 — but this spike appears to have been driven more by timing mismatches between release cycles and a coordinated protest campaign, rather than a durable shift in user adoption. In fact, most Bitcoin nodes today still run older versions of Core. As of May 2025, Core 28.1.0 alone accounts for over 21% of nodes, while Core 29.0.0 sits below 6%, and Knots 20250305 trails at just over 6% — suggesting that the majority of the network remains on pre-29 Core versions rather than switching to Knots en masse.

---

Implications

• Bitcoin Governance: Highlights tension over who steers Bitcoin—developers, miners, users?
• Network Fragmentation: Policy divergence leads to inconsistent mempool contents and complicates block propagation across nodes.
• Market-driven moderation: Supporters argue fee markets, not hard-coded caps, should regulate block usage.
• User Sovereignty: Running alternative clients (like Knots) is a check against centralization of development control.

---

Final Thoughts

This debate isn’t just about a technical tweak — it cuts to the heart of Bitcoin’s design: what it is for, who controls it, and how we preserve its neutrality: What is Bitcoin for? Who decides how it evolves? And how do we protect user sovereignty?

Removing the OP_RETURN limit appears to be a technically sound cleanup that brings Core’s policy in line with how miners already operate. It improves relay consistency and encourages clean, prunable data over harmful workarounds. But it also reduces node configurability by deprecating -datacarriersize, and introduces new tradeoffs around block space usage, fee pressure, and miner incentives.

What nodes don’t relay rarely gets mined — and that’s why relay policy is policy.

While blocks are still capped at 4 MiB and consensus remains unchanged, this change underscores a deeper truth: Bitcoin's integrity depends not just on code correctness, but on who gets to shape that code and how.

If miners continue favoring pay-to-prioritize services (e.g., MARA Slipstream) over standard mempool flows, the removal of the cap may not reduce centralization as hoped. Instead, it may highlight the incentive distortions created by mining pool dominance — a more urgent challenge than OP_RETURN usage itself.

As Matthew Kratter noted:

“It's not that spam filters caused mining pool centralization — it's the reverse. Centralized pools make spam profitable.”

Ultimately, Bitcoiners must wrestle with the root problem: How do we decentralize transaction selection in a world where relay policy, miner behavior, and mempool visibility are increasingly shaped by a handful of large actors?

The answer isn’t to freeze innovation or block all non-monetary use. It’s to protect choice.

👉 Run your own full node. Customize your policy. Choose your client. This is where Bitcoin's sovereignty lies — and where its future will be decided.

---

Refs

• PR: Remove arbitrary limits on OP_Return (datacarrier) outputs #32359
• mailing list: Relax OP_RETURN standardness restrictions
• youtube: Bitcoin Core Removes The Mask - by Matthew R. Kratter
• gist: Retiring the 80-Byte OP_RETURN Limit
• Bitcoin Knots
• PR: Deprecate datacarrier options without removing them #32406
• Q&A Compilation on OP_RETURN Policy Change (Stacker News) — curated answers to common concerns and misconceptions from the community debate
• youtube: Bitcoin Spam and Mining Pool Centralization - by Matthew R. Kratter

---

🙏 Acknowledgements

Special thanks to @hodlinator for insightful and technically grounded feedback on:

• The distinction between policy vs. consensus rules
• Correcting OP_RETURN use case misconceptions (e.g., RSK, Lightning, inscriptions)
• Emphasizing the ongoing role of transaction size limits for DoS mitigation
• Clarifying miner centralization risks and block propagation realities
• Improving phrasing around metaprotocols and node impact

Thanks also to ShiShi21m for surfacing the historical context from Bitcoin Core 0.9 — highlighting that OP_RETURN was originally introduced as a harm-reduction measure, not an endorsement of on-chain data storage.

Thanks to @murchandamus for technical corrections on Bitcoin Knots defaults and transaction size limits.

Additional thanks to all those who participated in the discussion — including critics — whose questions and objections helped clarify and refine key points.A detailed breakdown of the recent debate around Bitcoin Core’s proposed policy change to OP_RETURN — and why it’s less dramatic than some fear.

---

TL;DR

Removing the 80-byte OP_RETURN limit is a mempool policy cleanup, not a consensus rule change. It reduces UTXO bloat, improves relay consistency, and doesn’t affect Bitcoin’s monetary properties or block size limits.

---

What Is OP_RETURN?

OP_RETURN is a Bitcoin script opcode introduced in 2014 (Bitcoin Core 0.9.0) to allow small amounts of arbitrary data to be embedded in transactions. Crucially, it creates provably unspendable outputs, preventing UTXO set pollution.

A default policy limit of 80 bytes was added to discourage non-payment data usage while still allowing basic use cases (e.g., hashes, commitments).

---

Why Was OP_RETURN Added? (Bitcoin Core 0.9, March 2014)

When OP_RETURN was introduced, it wasn’t to promote on-chain data — it was a harm-reduction tool:

“This change is not an endorsement of storing data in the blockchain... [It] creates a provably-prunable output, to avoid data storage schemes... storing arbitrary data... bloating Bitcoin’s UTXO database.” — Bitcoin Core 0.9 Release Notes

Before that, users embedded data in fake outputs, bloating the UTXO set and degrading node performance.

OP_RETURN made those outputs prunable and cleaner, though it imposed an 80-byte policy cap — not a consensus rule.

---

What’s Actually Changing?

Bitcoin Core PR #32359 proposes:

• Removing the 80-byte policy limit on OP_RETURN data
• Removing the -datacarrier and -datacarriersize configuration options
• Default behavior will now relay (and mine) larger OP_RETURNs

⚠️ This is not a consensus change. Blocks stay limited to \~4MB. No rules about block validity are altered.

---

Why It’s Not a Big Deal

• ✅ Consensus stays the same: No risk of chain splits
• ✅ Block size stays capped (\~4MB)
• ✅ You can still run Bitcoin Knots if you prefer stricter policies
• ✅ Transaction size limit (\~100KB) remains for DoS protection

Bottom line: This is a configuration tweak to improve consistency between nodes and miners.

---

Common Uses of OP_RETURN

• Timestamping
• Cross-chain anchoring (e.g., merge-mined sidechains)
• Asset issuance (e.g., Omni/Tether)
• Notarization and commitments
• Metadata for protocols like Citrea

📝 In contrast, Ordinal inscriptions use witness data; Stamps use fake outputs — not OP_RETURN.

---

Arguments For Removing the Limit

1. The limit is ineffective — easily bypassed via witness/multisig/fake outputs
2. Cleaner data paths — prevents UTXO bloat from “Stamp”-style tricks
3. Reflects mining reality — miners already include these transactions
4. Improves relay/mempool consistency
5. Avoids centralization risks — removes miner advantages from custom policies
6. Enables metaprotocols — safely embed structured metadata without abusing Bitcoin’s core design

---

Arguments Against Removing the Limit

1. Risk of encouraging non-monetary use
2. Fears of "spam" or NFT-like inscriptions
3. Concerns over governance process
4. Perceived erosion of Bitcoin’s monetary purity

🧠 Note: The 80-byte cap was policy, not consensus. Removing it doesn’t allow anything that wasn’t already valid on-chain.

---

Policy vs. Consensus

• Policy rules affect relay and mempool behavior
• Consensus rules affect what blocks are considered valid

Large OP_RETURNs are already valid. The inconsistency is that many nodes don’t relay them, while miners do include them. This change aligns relay with mining, improving propagation and fee estimation.

---

Bitcoin Knots: A Protest Client

Bitcoin Knots (maintained by Luke Dashjr) retains the old 80-byte policy. After the PR surfaced, some users switched to Knots as a protest.

According to Matthew R. Kratter, Bitcoin Knots briefly surpassed Core 29.0 in node count during early 2025 — but this spike appears to have been driven more by timing mismatches between release cycles and a coordinated protest campaign, rather than a durable shift in user adoption. In fact, most Bitcoin nodes today still run older versions of Core. As of May 2025, Core 28.1.0 alone accounts for over 21% of nodes, while Core 29.0.0 sits below 6%, and Knots 20250305 trails at just over 6% — suggesting that the majority of the network remains on pre-29 Core versions rather than switching to Knots en masse.

---

Broader Implications

• 🛠️ Highlights tensions between devs, miners, and users over governance
• 🧭 Shows how non-consensus rules can impact perceived neutrality
• 🧪 Sparks renewed focus on tooling (e.g., ASMap, better banlists, relay filtering)
• 🔐 Reaffirms user sovereignty through client diversity

---

Final Thoughts

Removing the OP_RETURN limit aligns Bitcoin Core’s policy with reality — what’s already getting mined — while cleaning up harmful workarounds.

It won’t break Bitcoin.

But it does surface deeper tensions about Bitcoin’s purpose, evolution, and who ultimately decides what gets built and accepted.

---

References

• PR: Remove arbitrary limits on OP_RETURN #32359
• PR: Deprecate datacarrier options #32406
• Mailing list: Relax OP_RETURN standardness restrictions
• Gist with full community discussion
• Bitcoin Knots
• Kratter video: Bitcoin Core Removes the Mask

---

🙏 Acknowledgements

Thanks to @hodlinator, ShiShi21m, and many others in the community for their thoughtful insights, corrections, and spirited discussion.

---

Based on the original GitHub Gist: Bitcoin OP_RETURN Controversy: Complete Summary

@ 97c70a44:ad98e322

Vibe coding is taking the nostr developer community by storm. While it's all very exciting and interesting, I think it's important to pump the brakes a little - not in order to stop the vehicle, but to try to keep us from flying off the road as we approach this curve.

In this note Pablo is subtweeting something I said to him recently (although I'm sure he's heard it from other quarters as well):

nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzp75cf0tahv5z7plpdeaws7ex52nmnwgtwfr2g3m37r844evqrr6jqy2hwumn8ghj7un9d3shjtnyv9kh2uewd9hj7qghwaehxw309aex2mrp0yh8qunfd4skctnwv46z7qg6waehxw309ac8junpd45kgtnxd9shg6npvchxxmmd9uqzq0z48d4ttzzkupswnkyt5a2xfkhxl3hyavnxjujwn5k2k529aearwtecp4

There is a naive, curmudgeonly case for simply "not doing AI". I think the intuition is a good one, but the subject is obviously more complicated - not doing it, either on an individual or a collective level, is just not an option. I recently read Tools for Conviviality by Ivan Illich, which I think can help us here. For Illich, the best kind of tool is one which serves "politically interrelated individuals rather than managers".

This is obviously a core value for bitcoiners. And I think the talks given at the Oslo Freedom Forum this year present a compelling case for adoption of LLMs for the purposes of 1. using them for good, and 2. developing them further so that they don't get captured by corporations and governments. Illich calls both the telephone and print "almost ideally convivial". I would add the internet, cryptography, and LLMs to this list, because each one allows individuals to work cooperatively within communities to embody their values in their work.

But this is only half the story. Illich also points out how "the manipulative nature of institutions... have put these ideally convivial tools at the service of more [managerial dominance]."

Preventing the subversion and capture of our tools is not just a matter of who uses what, and for which ends. It also requires an awareness of the environment that the use of the tool (whether for virtuous or vicious ends) creates, which in turn forms the abilities, values, and desires of those who inhabit the environment.

The natural tendency of LLMs is to foster ignorance, dependence, and detachment from reality. This is not the fault of the tool itself, but that of humans' tendency to trade liberty for convenience. Nevertheless, the inherent values of a given tool naturally gives rise to an environment through use: the tool changes the world that the tool user lives in. This in turn indoctrinates the user into the internal logic of the tool, shaping their thinking, blinding them to the tool's influence, and neutering their ability to work in ways not endorsed by the structure of the tool-defined environment.

The result of this is that people are formed by their tools, becoming their slaves. We often talk about LLM misalignment, but the same is true of humans. Unreflective use of a tool creates people who are misaligned with their own interests. This is what I mean when I say that AI use is anti-human. I mean it in the same way that all unreflective tool use is anti-human. See Wendell Berry for an evaluation of industrial agriculture along the same lines.

What I'm not claiming is that a minority of high agency individuals can't use the technology for virtuous ends. In fact, I think that is an essential part of the solution. Tool use can be good. But tools that bring their users into dependence on complex industry and catechize their users into a particular system should be approached with extra caution. The plow was a convivial tool, and so were early tractors. Self-driving John Deere monstrosities are a straightforward extension of the earlier form of the technology, but are self-evidently an instrument of debt slavery, chemical dependency, industrial centralization, and degradation of the land. This over-extension of a given tool can occur regardless of the intentions of the user. As Illich says:

There is a form of malfunction in which growth does not yet tend toward the destruction of life, yet renders a tool antagonistic to its specific aims. Tools, in other words, have an optimal, a tolerable, and a negative range.

The initial form of a tool is almost always beneficial, because tools are made by humans for human ends. But as the scale of the tool grows, its logic gets more widely and forcibly applied. The solution to the anti-human tendencies of any technology is an understanding of scale. To prevent the overrun of the internal logic of a given tool and its creation of an environment hostile to human flourishing, we need to impose limits on scale.

Tools that require time periods or spaces or energies much beyond the order of corresponding natural scales are dysfunctional.

My problem with LLMs is:

• Not their imitation of human idioms, but their subversion of them and the resulting adoption of robotic idioms by humans
• Not the access they grant to information, but their ability to obscure accurate or relevant information
• Not their elimination of menial work, but its increase (Bullshit Jobs)
• Not their ability to take away jobs, but their ability to take away the meaning found in good work
• Not their ability to confer power to the user, but their ability to confer power to their owner which can be used to exploit the user
• Not their ability to solve problems mechanistically, but the extension of their mechanistic value system to human life
• Not their explicit promise of productivity, but the environment they implicitly create in which productivity depends on their use
• Not the conversations they are able to participate in, but the relationships they displace

All of these dysfunctions come from the over-application of the technology in evaluating and executing the fundamentally human task of living. AI work is the same kind of thing as an AI girlfriend, because work is not only for the creation of value (although that's an essential part of it), but also for the exercise of human agency in the world. In other words, tools must be tools, not masters. This is a problem of scale - when tool use is extended beyond its appropriate domain, it becomes what Illich calls a "radical monopoly" (the domination of a single paradigm over all of human life).

So the important question when dealing with any emergent technology becomes: how can we set limits such that the use of the technology is naturally confined to its appropriate scale?

Here are some considerations:

• Teach people how to use the technology well (e.g. cite sources when doing research, use context files instead of fighting the prompt, know when to ask questions rather than generate code)
• Create and use open source and self-hosted models and tools (MCP, stacks, tenex). Refuse to pay for closed or third-party hosted models and tools.
• Recognize the dependencies of the tool itself, for example GPU availability, and diversify the industrial sources to reduce fragility and dependence.
• Create models with built-in limits. The big companies have attempted this (resulting in Japanese Vikings), but the best-case effect is a top-down imposition of corporate values onto individuals. But the idea isn't inherently bad - a coding model that refuses to generate code in response to vague prompts, or which asks clarifying questions is an example. Or a home assistant that recognized childrens' voices and refuses to interact.
• Divert the productivity gains to human enrichment. Without mundane work to do, novice lawyers, coders, and accountants don't have an opportunity to hone their skills. But their learning could be subsidized by the bots in order to bring them up to a level that continues to be useful.
• Don't become a slave to the bots. Know when not to use it. Talk to real people. Write real code, poetry, novels, scripts. Do your own research. Learn by experience. Make your own stuff. Take a break from reviewing code to write some. Be independent, impossible to control. Don't underestimate the value to your soul of good work.
• Resist both monopoly and "radical monopoly". Both naturally collapse over time, but by cultivating an appreciation of the goodness of hand-crafted goods, non-synthetic entertainment, embodied relationship, and a balance between mobility and place, we can relegate new, threatening technologies to their correct role in society.

I think in all of this is implicit the idea of technological determinism, that productivity is power, and if you don't adapt you die. I reject this as an artifact of darwinism and materialism. The world is far more complex and full of grace than we think.

The idea that productivity creates wealth is, as we all know, bunk. GDP continues to go up, but ungrounded metrics don't reflect anything about the reality of human flourishing. We have to return to a qualitative understanding of life as whole, and contextualize quantitative tools and metrics within that framework.

Finally, don't believe the hype. Even if AI delivers everything it promises, conservatism in changing our ways of life will decelerate the rate of change society is subjected to and allow time for reflection and proper use of the tool. Curmudgeons are as valuable as technologists. There will be no jobspocalypse if there is sufficient political will to value human good over mere productivity. It's ok to pump the breaks.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

“The future is there... staring back at us. Trying to make sense of the fiction we will have become.” — William Gibson.

This month is the 4th anniversary of kycnot.me. Thank you for being here.

Fifteen years ago, Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer electronic cash system: a decentralized currency free from government and institutional control. Nakamoto's whitepaper showed a vision for a financial system based on trustless transactions, secured by cryptography. Some time forward and KYC (Know Your Customer), AML (Anti-Money Laundering), and CTF (Counter-Terrorism Financing) regulations started to come into play.

What a paradox: to engage with a system designed for decentralization, privacy, and independence, we are forced to give away our personal details. Using Bitcoin in the economy requires revealing your identity, not just to the party you interact with, but also to third parties who must track and report the interaction. You are forced to give sensitive data to entities you don't, can't, and shouldn't trust. Information can never be kept 100% safe; there's always a risk. Information is power, who knows about you has control over you.

Information asymmetry creates imbalances of power. When entities have detailed knowledge about individuals, they can manipulate, influence, or exploit this information to their advantage. The accumulation of personal data by corporations and governments enables extensive surveillances.

Such practices, moreover, exclude individuals from traditional economic systems if their documentation doesn't meet arbitrary standards, reinforcing a dystopian divide. Small businesses are similarly burdened by the costs of implementing these regulations, hindering free market competition^1:

How will they keep this information safe? Why do they need my identity? Why do they force businesses to enforce such regulations? It's always for your safety, to protect you from the "bad". Your life is perpetually in danger: terrorists, money launderers, villains... so the government steps in to save us.

‟Hush now, baby, baby, don't you cry Mamma's gonna make all of your nightmares come true Mamma's gonna put all of her fears into you Mamma's gonna keep you right here, under her wing She won't let you fly, but she might let you sing Mamma's gonna keep baby cosy and warm” — Mother, Pink Floyd

We must resist any attack on our privacy and freedom. To do this, we must collaborate.

If you have a service, refuse to ask for KYC; find a way. Accept cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Monero. Commit to circular economies. Remove the need to go through the FIAT system. People need fiat money to use most services, but we can change that.

If you're a user, donate to and prefer using services that accept such currencies. Encourage your friends to accept cryptocurrencies as well. Boycott FIAT system to the greatest extent you possibly can.

This may sound utopian, but it can be achieved. This movement can't be stopped. Go kick the hornet's nest.

“We must defend our own privacy if we expect to have any. We must come together and create systems which allow anonymous transactions to take place. People have been defending their own privacy for centuries with whispers, darkness, envelopes, closed doors, secret handshakes, and couriers. The technologies of the past did not allow for strong privacy, but electronic technologies do.” — Eric Hughes, A Cypherpunk's Manifesto

The anniversary

Four years ago, I began exploring ways to use crypto without KYC. I bookmarked a few favorite services and thought sharing them to the world might be useful. That was the first version of kycnot.me — a simple list of about 15 services. Since then, I've added services, rewritten it three times, and improved it to what it is now.

kycnot.me has remained 100% independent and 100% open source^2 all these years. I've received offers to buy the site, all of which I have declined and will continue to decline. It has been DDoS attacked many times, but we made it through. I have also rewritten the whole site almost once per year (three times in four years).

The code and scoring algorithm are open source (contributions are welcome) and I can't arbitrarly change a service's score without adding or removing attributes, making any arbitrary alterations obvious if they were fake. You can even see the score summary for any service's score.

I'm a one-person team, dedicating my free time to this project. I hope to keep doing so for many more years. Again, thank you for being part of this.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

The new website is finally live! I put in a lot of hard work over the past months on it. I'm proud to say that it's out now and it looks pretty cool, at least to me!

Why rewrite it all?

The old kycnot.me site was built using Python with Flask about two years ago. Since then, I've gained a lot more experience with Golang and coding in general. Trying to update that old codebase, which had a lot of design flaws, would have been a bad idea. It would have been like building on an unstable foundation.

That's why I made the decision to rewrite the entire application. Initially, I chose to use SvelteKit with JavaScript. I did manage to create a stable site that looked similar to the new one, but it required Jav aScript to work. As I kept coding, I started feeling like I was repeating "the Python mistake". I was writing the app in a language I wasn't very familiar with (just like when I was learning Python at that mom ent), and I wasn't happy with the code. It felt like spaghetti code all the time.

So, I made a complete U-turn and started over, this time using Golang. While I'm not as proficient in Golang as I am in Python now, I find it to be a very enjoyable language to code with. Most aof my recent pr ojects have been written in Golang, and I'm getting the hang of it. I tried to make the best decisions I could and structure the code as well as possible. Of course, there's still room for improvement, which I'll address in future updates.

Now I have a more maintainable website that can scale much better. It uses a real database instead of a JSON file like the old site, and I can add many more features. Since I chose to go with Golang, I mad e the "tradeoff" of not using JavaScript at all, so all the rendering load falls on the server. But I believe it's a tradeoff that's worth it.

What's new

• UI/UX - I've designed a new logo and color palette for kycnot.me. I think it looks pretty cool and cypherpunk. I am not a graphic designer, but I think I did a decent work and I put a lot of thinking on it to make it pleasant!
• Point system - The new point system provides more detailed information about the listings, and can be expanded to cover additional features across all services. Anyone can request a new point!
• ToS Scrapper: I've implemented a powerful automated terms-of-service scrapper that collects all the ToS pages from the listings. It saves you from the hassle of reading the ToS by listing the lines that are suspiciously related to KYC/AML practices. This is still in development and it will improve for sure, but it works pretty fine right now!
• Search bar - The new search bar allows you to easily filter services. It performs a full-text search on the Title, Description, Category, and Tags of all the services. Looking for VPN services? Just search for "vpn"!
• Transparency - To be more transparent, all discussions about services now take place publicly on GitLab. I won't be answering any e-mails (an auto-reply will prompt to write to the corresponding Gitlab issue). This ensures that all service-related matters are publicly accessible and recorded. Additionally, there's a real-time audits page that displays database changes.
• Listing Requests - I have upgraded the request system. The new form allows you to directly request services or points without any extra steps. In the future, I plan to enable requests for specific changes to parts of the website.
• Lightweight and fast - The new site is lighter and faster than its predecessor!
• Tor and I2P - At last! kycnot.me is now officially on Tor and I2P!

How?

This rewrite has been a labor of love, in the end, I've been working on this for more than 3 months now. I don't have a team, so I work by myself on my free time, but I find great joy in helping people on their private journey with cryptocurrencies. Making it easier for individuals to use cryptocurrencies without KYC is a goal I am proud of!

If you appreciate my work, you can support me through the methods listed here. Alternatively, feel free to send me an email with a kind message!

Technical details

All the code is written in Golang, the website makes use of the chi router for the routing part. I also make use of BigCache for caching database requests. There is 0 JavaScript, so all the rendering load falls on the server, this means it needed to be efficient enough to not drawn with a few users since the old site was reporting about 2M requests per month on average (note that this are not unique users).

The database is running with mariadb, using gorm as the ORM. This is more than enough for this project. I started working with an sqlite database, but I ended up migrating to mariadb since it works better with JSON.

The scraper is using chromedp combined with a series of keywords, regex and other logic. It runs every 24h and scraps all the services. You can find the scraper code here.

The frontend is written using Golang Templates for the HTML, and TailwindCSS plus DaisyUI for the CSS classes framework. I also use some plain CSS, but it's minimal.

The requests forms is the only part of the project that requires JavaScript to be enabled. It is needed for parsing some from fields that are a bit complex and for the "captcha", which is a simple Proof of Work that runs on your browser, destinated to avoid spam. For this, I use mCaptcha.

@ 044da344:073a8a0e

Im September starten wir an der Freien Akademie für Medien & Journalismus eine Veranstaltungsreihe im Vorderen Bayerischen Wald und laden alle ein, live dabei zu sein, wenn Menschen interviewt werden, die etwas zu sagen und spannende Geschichten zu erzählen haben. Nach etwa einer Stunde werden die Kameras ausgeschaltet, sodass genug Raum bleibt für Fragen, für das Kennenlernen, für den Austausch mit Gleichgesinnten.

Die ersten Gäste ab dem 8. September: Jürgen Fliege, Joana Cotar, Gerd Reuther und Gabriele Gysi. Es gibt eine zweite Gesprächsreihe, die am 13. Oktober mit Jörg Bernig startet. Die Aufzeichnungen beginnen jeweils um 18 Uhr in einer Gaststätte im Raum Sankt Englmar. Wer eine weitere Anreise hat: Die Gegend ist wunderschön, lädt zum Entspannen ein (Wandern, hervorragende Gastronomie, Unterkünfte für jeden Geldbeutel) und verfügt über alles, was das Urlauberherz begehrt. Organistorisches und Anmeldung

8. September 2025: Jürgen Fliege – Glaube, Kirche, Hoffnung

Eine Talkshow im Ersten, präsentiert von einem Pastor, der alles mitbringt, was man braucht, um Menschen zu gewinnen: Einen besseren Werbeträger hätte sich die evangelische Kirche nicht wünschen können. Jürgen Fliege war von 1994 bis 2005 Stammgast in den Wohnzimmern und ist trotzdem oder gerade deshalb schon damals immer wieder in Konflikt geraten mit Amtsträgern aller Art. Ab 2020 hat er sich in Sachen Corona öffentlich klar positioniert und dabei auch auf die Bibel verwiesen.

9. September 2025: Joana Cotar – Acht Jahre Bundestag. Wie weiter mit der Demokratie?

Ganz stimmt das mit den acht Jahren nicht: Die zweite Legislaturperiode ist vor der Zeit zu Ende gegangen. Joana Cotar wurde zweimal über die AfD-Landesliste in Hessen in den Bundestag gewählt, war dabei 2021 auch als Spitzenkandidatin im Gespräch und zwei Jahre im Bundesvorstand. Ende 2022 hat sie Partei und Fraktion verlassen, im Parlament aber weitergemacht und immer wieder den Finger in die Wunde gelegt, wenn es um das Parteiensystem ging oder um den Spielraum der Volksvertreter.

10. September 2025: Gerd Reuther – Tatort Vergangenheit

Gerd Reuther hat sich als Medizinaufklärer ohne Tabus einen Namen gemacht – ein Radiologe, der an drei Kliniken Chefarzt war, dann aber mit 55 aufgehört hat. Sein Buch „Der betrogene Patient“ war 2017 ein Bestseller. Danach hat er die Geschichte der Medizin gegen den Strich gebürstet („Heilung Nebensache“) und in „Hauptsache Panik“ die europäische Seuchengeschichte demontiert. Jetzt nimmt er sich unsere gesamte Geschichte vor und stellt von den Römern bis in die Neuzeit unser „Wissen“ über die Vergangenheit in Frage.

11. September 2025: Gabriele Gysi – Gibt es noch eine deutsche Frage?

Niemand kann das besser beantworten als diese Künstlerin, Spross einer Politikerfamilie und Zeitzeugin für alle drei deutschen Nachkriegsstaaten – für die DDR sowieso, nach ihrer Ausreise 1984 aber auch für die alte Bundesrepublik und dann natürlich für die neue, wo sie unter anderem Chefdramaturgin der Berliner Volksbühne war. Gabriele Gysi sagt: Solange wir keine gesamtdeutsche Geschichte haben, bleibt die große Frage offen.

Michael Meyen: Videos

Freie Akademie für Medien & Journalismus

Unterstützen

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Marty's Bent

Sup, freaks? Your Uncle Marty did a little vibe coding a couple months ago and that vibe coding project has turned into an actual product that is live in the Google Chrome web store and will soon to be live in the Firefox add-on store as well. It's called Opportunity Cost and it is an extension that enables you to price the internet in Bitcoin.

[

Opportunity Cost – See Prices in Bitcoin Instantly

Convert USD prices to Bitcoin (satoshis) as you browse. Dual display, privacy-first, and open source.

Opportunity CostTFTC

](https://www.opportunitycost.app/?ref=tftc.io)

Check it out!

This whole process has been extremely rewarding to me for many reasons. The first of which is that I've had many ideas in the past to launch a product focused on bitcoin education that simply never left my brain because I never felt comfortable paying a developer to go out and build a product that I wasn't sure would ultimately get product market fit.

Due to the advancements of AI, particularly ChatGPT and Replit, I was able to spend a few hours on a Saturday vibe coding a prototype for Opportunity Cost. It worked. I side loaded it into Chrome and Firefox, tested it out for a few days and decided, "Hey, I think this is something that's worthwhile and should be built."

Backtracking just a little bit, the initial idea for this app was to create an AR application that would enable you to take pictures of goods in the real world and have their prices automatically converted to bitcoin so that you could weigh the opportunity cost of whether or not you actually wanted to buy that good or decide to save in bitcoin instead. With the help of Justin Moon from the Human Rights Foundation and Anthony Ronning from OpenSecret and Maple AI, I was pointed in the right direction of vibe coding tools I could use to build a simple MVP. I took their advice, built the MVP, and demoed it at the Bitcoin Park Austin weekly AI meetup in mid-April.

The next week, I was talking with a friend, Luke Thomas, about the idea and during our conversation he made a simple quip, "You should make a Chrome extension. I really want a Chrome extension that does this." And that's what sent me down the vibe coding rabbit hole that Saturday which led to the prototype.

After I was comfortable with and confident in the prototype, I found a young hungry developer by the name of Moses on Nostr, I reached out to him, told him my idea, showed him the prototype and asked if he thought he could finish the application for me. He luckily agreed to do so and within a couple of weeks we had a fully functioning app that was officially launched today. We're about 12 hours into the launch and I must say that I'm pleasantly surprised with the reception from the broader Bitcoin community. It seems like something that people are happy exists and I feel extremely happy that people see some value in this particular application.

Now that you have the backstory, let's get into why I think something like Opportunity Cost should exist. As someone who's been writing a newsletter and producing podcasts about bitcoin for eight years in an attempt to educate individuals from around the world about what bitcoin is, why it's important, and how they can leverage it, I've become convinced that a lot of the work that needs to be done still exists at the top of the funnel. You can scream at people. You can grab them by the shoulders. You can shake them. You can remind them at Thanksgiving that if they had listened to your advice during any Thanksgiving in the previous years they would be better off financially. But at the end of the day most people don't listen. They need to see things. Seeing things for yourself is a much more effective teaching mechanism than be lectured to by someone else.

My hope with Opportunity Cost is that it catches the eye of some bitcoin skeptics or individuals who may be on the cusp of falling down the bitcoin rabbit hole and they see the extension as a way to dip their toes into bitcoin to get a better understanding of the world by pricing the goods and services they purchase on a day-to-day month-to-month and year-to-year basis in bitcoin without having to download a wallet or set up an exchange account. The tippy top of the bitcoin marketing funnel.

That is not all though. I think Opportunity Cost can serve individuals at both ends of the funnel. That's why it's pretty exciting to me. It's as valuable to the person who is bitcoin curious and looking to get a better understanding as it is to the hardcore bitcoiner living on a bitcoin standard who is trying to get access to better tools that enable him to get a better grasp of their spending in bitcoin terms.

Lastly, after playing around with it for a few days after I built the prototype, I realized that it has incredible memetic potential. Being able to take a screenshot of goods that people are buying on a day-to-day basis, pricing them in bitcoin and then sharing them on social media is very powerful. Everything from houses to junk items on Amazon to the salaries of pro athletes to your everyday necessities. Seeing the value of those things in bitcoin really makes you think.

One day while I was testing the app, I tried to see how quickly I could find goods on the internet that cumulatively eclipsed the 21 million supply cap limit of bitcoin. To my surprise, even though I've been in bitcoin for 12 years now, it did not take me that long. The opportunity cost of everything I buy on a day-to-day basis becomes very clear when using the extension. What's even clearer is the fact that Bitcoin is completely mispriced at current levels. There is so much winning ahead of us.

Also, it's probably important to note that the extension is completely open source. You can check out our GitHub page here. Submit pull requests. Suggest changes to the app.

We've also tried to make Opportunity Cost as privacy preserving as possible. Everything within the extension happens in your browser. The only external data that we're providing is the bitcoin to fiat price conversion at any given point in time. We're not data harvesting the web pages you're browsing or the items you're looking at. We're not collecting data and sending it to third party marketers. We want to align ourselves with the open and permissionless nature of bitcoin while also preserving our users' privacy. We're not trying to monetize this in that way. Though, I will say that I'm thinking of ways to monetize Opportunity Cost if it does gain significant traction, but I promise it will be in a way that respects your privacy and is as unobtrusive as possible. We'll see how it goes.

Thank you for coming to my TED talk. Please download and use the extension. Let us know what you think.

Headlines of the Day

Saylor Says Bitcoin Is Perfect Money to Jordan Peterson - via X

Trump Won't Sell Tesla Despite Musk-Bessent Heated Exchange - via X

Bitcoin Gains Traction in Kenya's Largest Slum Kibera - via X

Get our new STACK SATS hat - via tftcmerch.io

---

Bitcoin’s Next Parabolic Move: Could Liquidity Lead the Way?

Is bitcoin’s next parabolic move starting? Global liquidity and business cycle indicators suggest it may be.

Read the latest report from Unchained and TechDev, analyzing how global M2 liquidity and the copper/gold ratio—two historically reliable macro indicators—are aligning once again to signal that a new bitcoin bull market may soon begin.

Download the report here

---

Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed $150.00M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.

---

Final thought...

East Coast aesthetics over everything.

---

Download our free browser extension, Opportunity Cost: https://www.opportunitycost.app/ start thinking in SATS today.

Get this newsletter sent to your inbox daily: https://www.tftc.io/bitcoin-brief/

Subscribe to our YouTube channels and follow us on Nostr and X:

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .mobile-padding { padding: 10px 0 !important; } .social-container { width: 100% !important; max-width: 260px !important; } .social-icon { padding: 0 !important; } .social-icon img { height: 32px !important; width: 32px !important; } .icon-cell { padding: 0 4px !important; } } .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } .moz-text-html .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } /* Helps with rendering in various email clients */ body { margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100% !important; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100% !important; } img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; } /* Prevents Gmail from changing the text color in email threads */ .im { color: inherit !important;

@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

The former seems to have found solid product market fit. Expect significant volume, adoption, and usage going forward.

The latter's future remains to be seen. Dependence on Tor, which has had massive reliability issues, and lack of strong privacy guarantees put it at risk.

— ODELL (@ODELL) October 27, 2022

The Basics

• Lightning is a protocol that enables cheap and fast native bitcoin transactions.
• At the core of the protocol is the ability for bitcoin users to create a payment channel with another user.
• These payment channels enable users to make many bitcoin transactions between each other with only two on-chain bitcoin transactions: the channel open transaction and the channel close transaction.
• Essentially lightning is a protocol for interoperable batched bitcoin transactions.
• It is expected that on chain bitcoin transaction fees will increase with adoption and the ability to easily batch transactions will save users significant money.
• As these lightning transactions are processed, liquidity flows from one side of a channel to the other side, on chain transactions are signed by both parties but not broadcasted to update this balance.
• Lightning is designed to be trust minimized, either party in a payment channel can close the channel at any time and their bitcoin will be settled on chain without trusting the other party.

There is no 'Lightning Network'

• Many people refer to the aggregate of all lightning channels as 'The Lightning Network' but this is a false premise.
• There are many lightning channels between many different users and funds can flow across interconnected channels as long as there is a route through peers.
• If a lightning transaction requires multiple hops it will flow through multiple interconnected channels, adjusting the balance of all channels along the route, and paying lightning transaction fees that are set by each node on the route.

Example: You have a channel with Bob. Bob has a channel with Charlie. You can pay Charlie through your channel with Bob and Bob's channel with User C.

• As a result, it is not guaranteed that every lightning user can pay every other lightning user, they must have a route of interconnected channels between sender and receiver.

Lightning in Practice

• Lightning has already found product market fit and usage as an interconnected payment protocol between large professional custodians.
• They are able to easily manage channels and liquidity between each other without trust using this interoperable protocol.
• Lightning payments between large custodians are fast and easy. End users do not have to run their own node or manage their channels and liquidity. These payments rarely fail due to professional management of custodial nodes.
• The tradeoff is one inherent to custodians and other trusted third parties. Custodial wallets can steal funds and compromise user privacy.

Sovereign Lightning

• Trusted third parties are security holes.
• Users must run their own node and manage their own channels in order to use lightning without trusting a third party. This remains the single largest friction point for sovereign lightning usage: the mental burden of actively running a lightning node and associated liquidity management.
• Bitcoin development prioritizes node accessibility so cost to self host your own node is low but if a node is run at home or office, Tor or a VPN is recommended to mask your IP address: otherwise it is visible to the entire network and represents a privacy risk.
• This privacy risk is heightened due to the potential for certain governments to go after sovereign lightning users and compel them to shutdown their nodes. If their IP Address is exposed they are easier to target.
• Fortunately the tools to run and manage nodes continue to get easier but it is important to understand that this will always be a friction point when compared to custodial services.

The Potential Fracture of Lightning

• Any lightning user can choose which users are allowed to open channels with them.
• One potential is that professional custodians only peer with other professional custodians.
• We already see nodes like those run by CashApp only have channels open with other regulated counterparties. This could be due to performance goals, liability reduction, or regulatory pressure.

• Fortunately some of their peers are connected to non-regulated parties so payments to and from sovereign lightning users are still successfully processed by CashApp but this may not always be the case going forward.

Summary

• Many people refer to the aggregate of all lightning channels as 'The Lightning Network' but this is a false premise. There is no singular 'Lightning Network' but rather many payment channels between distinct peers, some connected with each other and some not.
• Lightning as an interoperable payment protocol between professional custodians seems to have found solid product market fit. Expect significant volume, adoption, and usage going forward.
• Lightning as a robust sovereign payment protocol has yet to be battle tested. Heavy reliance on Tor, which has had massive reliability issues, the friction of active liquidity management, significant on chain fee burden for small amounts, interactivity constraints on mobile, and lack of strong privacy guarantees put it at risk.

---

If you have never used lightning before, use this guide to get started on your phone.

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ b1ddb4d7:471244e7

Paris, France – June 6, 2025 – Flash, the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses, just announced a new partnership with the Bitcoin Only Brewery, marking the first-ever beverage company to leverage Flash for seamless Bitcoin payments. 

Bitcoin Buys Beer Thanks to Flash!

As Co-Founder of Flash, it's not every day we get to toast to a truly refreshing milestone.

Okay, jokes aside.

We're super buzzed to see our friends at @Drink_B0B
Bitcoin Only Brewery using Flash to power their online sales!

The first… pic.twitter.com/G7TWhy50pX

— Pierre Corbin (@CierrePorbin) June 3, 2025

Flash enables Bitcoin Only Brewery to offer its “BOB” beer with, no-KYC (Know Your Customer) delivery across Europe, priced at 19,500 sats (~$18) for the 4-pack – shipping included.

The cans feature colorful Bitcoin artwork while the contents promise a hazy pale ale: “Each 33cl can contains a smooth, creamy mouthfeel, hazy appearance and refreshing Pale Ale at 5% ABV,” reads the product description.

Pierre Corbin, Co-Founder of Flash, commented: “Currently, bitcoin is used more as a store of value but usage for payments is picking up. Thanks to new innovation on Lightning, bitcoin is ready to go mainstream for e-commerce sales.”

Flash, launched its 2.0 version in March 2025 with the goal to provide the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses worldwide. The platform is non-custodial and can enable both digital and physical shops to accept Bitcoin by connecting their own wallets to Flash.

By leveraging the scalability of the Lightning Network, Flash ensures instant, low-cost transactions, addressing on-chain Bitcoin bottlenecks like high fees and long wait times.

Bitcoin payment usage is growing thanks to Lightning

In May, fast-food chain Steak ‘N Shake went viral for integrating bitcoin at their restaurants around the world. In the same month, the bitcoin2025 conference in Las Vegas set a new world record with 4,000 Lightning payments in one day.

According to a report by River Intelligence, public Lightning payment volume surged by 266% from August 2023 to August 2024. This growth is also reflected in the overall accessibility of lighting infrastructure for consumers. According to Lightning Service Provider Breez, over 650 Million users now have access to the Lightning Network through apps like CashApp, Kraken or Strike.

Bitcoin Only Brewery’s adoption of Flash reflects the growing trend of businesses integrating Bitcoin payments to cater to a global, privacy-conscious customer base. By offering no-KYC delivery across Europe, the brewery aligns with the ethos of decentralization and financial sovereignty, appealing to the increasing number of consumers and businesses embracing Bitcoin as a legitimate payment method.

“Flash is committed to driving innovation in the Bitcoin ecosystem,” Corbin added. “We’re building a future where businesses of all sizes can seamlessly integrate Bitcoin payments, unlocking new opportunities in the global market. It’s never been easier to start selling in bitcoin and we invite retailers globally to join us in this revolution.”

For businesses interested in adopting Bitcoin payments, Flash offers a straightforward onboarding process, low fees, and robust support for both digital and physical goods. To learn more, visit paywithflash.com.

About Flash

Flash is the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses to accept payments. Supporting both digital and physical enterprises, Flash leverages the Lightning Network to enable fast, low-cost Bitcoin transactions. Launched in its 2.0 version in March 2025, Flash is at the forefront of driving Bitcoin adoption in e-commerce.

About Bitcoin Only Brewery

Bitcoin Only Brewery (@Drink_B0B) is a pioneering beverage company dedicated to the Bitcoin ethos, offering high-quality beers payable exclusively in Bitcoin. With a commitment to personal privacy, the brewery delivers across Europe with no-KYC requirements.

Media Contact:

Pierre Corbin
Co-Founder, Flash
Email: press@paywithflash.com
Website: paywithflash.comPhotos paywithflash.com/about/press

How Flash Enables Interoperable, Self-Custodial Bitcoin Commerce

@ a19caaa8:88985eaf

NostrをXのように使い始めて3か月が経った。最初は「ぷ　プロトコル？　ブロックチェーン？サーバー？　そもそも、ギットハブって？？」って謎だらけで、それでも利用できてしまうから「使えちゃって大丈夫かな」とすら思っていたけど、いちユーザーながら少しずつわかることが増えてきたから、この3か月間で覚えたこととかできるようになったことを、備忘録も兼ねてまとめてみる。といっても過去ツイ（便宜上）を集めてきただけだけど。初心を忘れたくない！！

---

• PCで始めて、スマホは後だったんだろうな nostr:note1q8t0spfhg9dc4h590jedd00a5pag5j44tv0vzu55004q8qjw7fkscecvkz

• iPhoneからNostore(拡張機能(NIP-??))を使ってSafariでlumilumiにログイン nostr:note1egt7y4a8wulu6kex40z0zqtgls0r9ups0q4npyrlmgd3f2swrcysrskp42 nostr:note15gjqzpnevft2h6ywlz2hzacsk6emlna5lwechcpwkx5n6fq8gs9qprfh6v ↑Damusをdisるな
  nostr:note1cn4aspxthcysjgwhyd3wwr6slsz57anwn2ep3th05lpa0yag6xrqm8x3lh やかましい　※用語解説：Nostrクライアントなどの名前です

• Nostore: 拡張機能(の、説明のscrapbox)
• nostter: https://nostter.app/about
• damus(for iOS): https://damus.io/
• lumilumi: https://lumilumi.app/about
• Rabbit(拡張機能必須): https://rabbit.syusui.net/

---

• 出会い nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzqv33pxtldvmmdntqhv269r56zjadmhalpp660h3yc6gj8gxpuexvqyxhwumn8ghj77tpvf6jumt9qyghwumn8ghj7u3wddhk56tjvyhxjmcpp4mhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mqqyz9k4uamtpsy9rtfh4dpxez0n8vr7tufttz5x5v9j5vd3t76kapjwxk245u nostr:note10e6flvadpyfshtnplfnc83dunzjrgl4fl0uzrw70xt3ulf0nv2yqm4qjfa nostr:note1wwchrc7vz8fcp2jrknms5ascup9eux9fkd89jxhqy6d46mkr06ssmgrjhk ↓続き

• 3sats (zap)(NIP-?? kind:??) nostr:nevent1qqsw9sfvmaqy6ngvl98drg93e7sy08kfu2y4tuyj8m2mleftvcx5mqc8uyq3m nostr:note1zzs7qfemq7qaekxv0qjea24t6k4kvlla0m9lusep2ce38tef8gjqfgv7zu nostr:nevent1qqsz8m0c5drajst00x92uc8pjwxa40nd5hmzxu4vn3yhuzjkaqmk4fqa4lvkl nostr:note106n902n66lsfxck4fsu9dqkwmelnp06qqx96nzyqvp89c9v28apqzjcflw (急な意思表示)

  たゃ仕事中に熟考

• nostr:note1fj5mmtsk0nh0e23hez2dm4unweklrypm6s6n9ajwaug574dg7pqq8phvav nostr:note1wk0ugra9pyv0y0rmpql6sjgsavu634x53f4v4jztqluq02awxwhql8d8mf nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzq2aj4wlutzft00dg77x4x6pdjy7vnfzxk30pry5lpy6a3l0uks9aqyxhwumn8ghj77tpvf6jumt9qqsyt4yh934z6fd324z5hljwlx74nndfwetu04lnu8wcj0pkhkqlppqwpsmue ⚡3satsくれました

• ステータス　NIP-??kind:30315 nostr:note1p836vncvcxfvkqmpggxzf53q6kywxn443w2hytydr7pdvrca835s83nd2u nostr:nevent1qqsdu2mf3d5am8hpjj432yf0qmpfxuwy50pv9rx6q7pryz0axnj44dg0d7auc nostr:nevent1qqsyaypjm0a99g7626r28ct97jhjvt4kk4vyv63fphdz8guhsdtevsg4yvvhr nostr:nevent1qqswea28tdayxe67axzxmwjfc4jq664phrep82zhveg8f5c0nfd06mgwt0taw
  nostr:nevent1qqsqkt8pgpchqphgvv8hd6lxfv4ylx3xtu76x2psj7asm6z846amy3c3w2s2z nostr:note1657tlek0uulr5xa3jqc2sj2l0lm24q79m0984xhm9tnzyy9nsrksynxl6y みんなやさしすぎる　おｋじゃないねん　みんなありがとうございます
• バッジ　kind:?? nostr:nevent1qqst45zcjha92jy0raun59lm05haw24rpjpw6njae93qfyasgxppmjchuq2c0 nostr:nevent1qqstvtx67c74xztstc9hze62h25saycr2ktrkwknevkhy8glzf0g78sqge3fu こいつbotなんヤバい
  nostr:nevent1qqsv6k54yysjdrfpxxtlxhfuh56mhslx63xwfncfvvg8a8vug4az4vstjyey6 nostr:nevent1qqspgur97rvwtry6t9nc6gjm9p8taw2563u3lgqn4p32e2gmqe30xxqwz9d90 nostr:note15shchwfllja7k9nd428a7ts7xf0ggefwllk7rv6qq3guuztjvcfs80pe03
• カスタム絵文字(いっぱいある)(kind10030(使うやつ),kind30030(仕切り板みたいな)) nostr:note16qkqfhezksjxrkk5z4vca8qs42fr8z9awvny39fytl73gty64nrs738g7c nostr:note1xrrer5ayqg3meskga2uc9m2x0lg2dglr3dkaf3qukpjtftysn96qdq7uda nostr:note156fyw2e4w8f0cmu6xmkj7k7f39yh8zw4pq2q90l9llmtefmtu0ds6743zm nostr:note1zz288585z68a0xlm9pc6y4s48ghfdl8hg6zkfmslaj2k9v0nscpsae8m95 nostr:note17tcfuxu8h3ss3rzjpx3zwwnucqdpramnh0yd5j4vj3ee65dleyxqfhcwk7 nostr:note1tu8d06kyw9a4s7xrsu723xmu24f2y34shd6qzn9wpa2jz5ddcu5sa5nvpq
• ネームタグ？　kind:?? nostr:note1ck3h58hjm6z00xcxu6fmm2raujrzy8t5ajc7p76pwafl6e0ffdvqh3k07t
• ピン留め　kind:?? nostr:note18dfzlgaf4ugkxs5209556p53gl67d8hfkutvtm7qnprjlfnavf0sr98k2h nostr:note1mnz5xlu0wnrh2rhjucjmzv2p9ta6xm5e0hhg2p8kyhe2dkgul3qs09h98h
• リスト？　NIP-?? kind:30000 nostr:note1ug7lcgjpkac57a9wd27rjqwymv5cwczmuc4ezg5wweuzrxgwhddqzp3mwz nostr:note126ahjdpmy6alv7mfm5x0yupyty03w3knlwf03cyypguguqjwrxqqyk7ysp
• 長文投稿　kind30023(これ)NIP-?? nostr:note1qzt4xpwv63tac460ha2am9xfdys4l0p34g8q93tqyp8dckgf6lkqkrua73 nostr:note1cx6w82s6p735n765y5rurzu038qkly03t7pcf4u8r6z6yucgf8qspsnkt4
• Suno(上記音楽生成AI)が出力した曲の耳コピ nostr:note12pry99d4z8w3cnpzy46xlg2kpudzj09jpv4vjxt62l54gt4v8dqsvlwyxl
• Damusへのリンク共有？ nostr:note1y2uzgxz89lnnzqgj0ndj43qan34wv4cvx56srgzghezt07jc6g6qukddry nostr:note1hcnndcrmwjulzt07t4aelraptr7zyhjuf8ut3vg293j06fwn7fgqae0w0y
• 警告？　NIP-?? nostr:note1w6djak9hknd84ryz389jctrmx39eqm2xvwv97k4sk2m2c0akvmysuny8p4
• emoji kitchen (先述のnostterからすぐできます！他もできるかも) nostr:note1k5s6x4hglqwzqghajpl8r7g7t9q8t6uzv2cx92q26tkjcj8hm6rq8elxfu nostr:note1ue575wzjvun0zy4wg2lfv6unrcxnzd688980eur9mulak3msxqgsf2rw72 nostr:note1246rg8v3gvwpwhu5tgzdf2e8cwn77q65gkjt7yhyyqchcchpsduq6mrex7
• kind7のkind5 nostr:note1fwtplut4pshq55790rrf328gxqglrx2m77wkxhsfrpajrnxjnvkqwvlf7w 無事外せたというか、全部lumilumiでできることがわかったんだけど、その記録が見当たらなかった
• ハッシュタグ　NIP-?? kind:?? nostr:note13lfdgatre3v5hnxcst0hkcgm8guzlavu6vyxez6n4s09jl7setlsfq3fcf nostr:note1dllf6795ttv0sft4rlclf7zerfpher23z3ga26kyn9yfafffncls3z5n42

---

kind30023用クライアントまとめ

（拡張機能を使わずに使用した所感）
* makimono：署名方法→秘密鍵×/nsec.app〇　表示→編集画面で表示確認可、njumpとlumilumiのnaddrリンクあり　NIP-21→対応　kind5（削除）→流せない　kind30024→多分、流せない

• habla：署名方法→なし（秘密鍵ログインできない。nsec.appもなんか入れない（読み込みから進まない）。）read only　表示→シンプルだけど文字がデカい　nip-21→対応

• yakihonnne：署名方法→秘密鍵〇/nsec.app→試してない　kind30023の編集ができない（読み込みから進まない）。NIP-21試してない。

• flycat：署名方法→秘密鍵〇/nsec.app試してない　kind1も流せる　NIP-21→非対応　kind30024→Draftがあるけど、kind30024を流しているわけでは無さそう。キャッシュクリアして再ログインすると残ってない。　kind5→流せない。

• tagayasu：署名方法：秘密鍵×/ncec.app×/拡張機能のみ？（画像↓参照）　でも、なんか、全部できる。kind5も流せる。kind30024も。

※NIP-21はこうやって引用元のツイートを表示するルール（※ルールっていうとニュアンス違うくて！ちゃぴに聞こう↓） さすがちゃぴ。

まとめ

| クライアント | 署名方法 | NIP-21 | 備考 | |--------------|-----------|--------|------| | makimono | 秘密鍵× / nsec.app〇 | 対応 | 編集画面で表示確認可。njump・lumilumiのnaddrリンクあり。kind5（削除）は送信不可。kind30024（下書き）も多分送信不可。 | | flycat | 秘密鍵〇 / nsec.app未確認 | 非対応 | kind1も送信可。kind5は送信不可。Draft機能はあるけどkind30024ではなさそう（キャッシュ消すと消える）。 | | habla | 秘密鍵× / nsec.app× | 対応 | nsec.appのBunkerURLの読み込みが進まない。使うとしたら表示確認。シンプルだけど文字が大きい。 | | yakihonnne | 秘密鍵〇 / nsec.app未確認 | 不明 | kind30023の編集が読み込みで止まる。NIP-21対応は未確認。 | | tagayasu | 秘密鍵× / nsec.app×（拡張機能のみ？） | 不明 | 拡張ログインさえあれば全部できる。kind5・kind30024も送信可能。 |

• 未確認を埋めたいひとはコピペしてご自身でkind30023をお流しくださいませね🙏

---

今のたゃが言えるのはこんなとこかなー！！！ 穴（NIPとかkindとか未試行とか）、いつかは埋めたいけど、いつか、かな…。
別にこれが仕事に繋がるとかじゃないけど、たゃ生（人生のたゃバージョン）がより良い（好い）ものになったことは確か！
一旦ここまで！
終

@ 32e18276:5c68e245

6 years ago I created some tools for working with peter todd's opentimestamps proof format. You can do some fun things like create plaintext and mini ots proofs. This short post is just a demo of what these tools do and how to use them.

What is OTS?

OpenTimestamps is a protocol for stamping information into bitcoin in a minimal way. It uses OP_RETURN outputs so that it has minimal impact on chain, and potentially millions of documents are stamped all at once with a merkle tree construction.

Examples

Here's the proof of the ots.c source file getting stamped into the ots calendar merkle tree. We're simply printing the ots proof file here with otsprint:

``` $ ./otsprint ots.c.ots

version 1 file_hash sha256 f76f0795ff37a24e566cd77d1996b64fab9c871a5928ab9389dfc3a128ec8296 append 2e9943d3833768bdb9a591f1d2735804 sha256 | --> append 2d82e7414811ecbf | sha256 | append a69d4f93e3e0f6c9b8321ce2cdd90decd34d260ea3f8b55e83d157ad398b7843 | sha256 | append ac0b5896401478eb6d88a408ec08b33fd303b574fb09b503f1ac1255b432d304 | sha256 | append 8aa9fd0245664c23d31d344243b4e8b0 | sha256 | prepend 414db5a1cd3a3e6668bf2dca9007e7c0fc5aa6dc71a2eab3afb51425c3acc472 | sha256 | append 5355b15d88d4dece45cddb7913f2c83d41e641e8c1d939dac4323671a4f8e197 | sha256 | append a2babd907ca513ab561ce3860e64a26b7df5de117f1f230bc8f1a248836f0c25 | sha256 | prepend 683f072f | append 2a4cdf9e9e04f2fd | attestation calendar https://alice.btc.calendar.opentimestamps.org | --> append 7c8764fcaba5ed5d | sha256 | prepend f7e1ada392247d3f3116a97d73fcf4c0994b5c22fff824736db46cd577b97151 | sha256 | append 3c43ac41e0281f1dbcd7e713eb1ffaec48c5e05af404bca2166cdc51966a921c | sha256 | append 07b18bd7f4a5dc72326416aa3c8628ca80c8d95d7b1a82202b90bc824974da13 | sha256 | append b4d641ab029e7d900e92261c2342c9c9 | sha256 | append 4968b89b02b534f33dc26882862d25cca8f0fa76be5b9d3a3b5e2d77690e022b | sha256 | append 48c54e30b3a9ec0e6339b88ed9d04b9b1065838596a4ec778cbfc0dfc0f8c781 | sha256 | prepend 683f072f | append 8b2b4beda36c18dc | attestation calendar https://bob.btc.calendar.opentimestamps.org | --> append baa878b42ef3e0d45b324cc3a39a247a | sha256 | prepend 4fb1bc663cd641ad18e5c73fb618de1ae3d28fb5c3c224b7f9888fd52feb09ec | sha256 | append 731329278830c9725497d70e9f5a02e4b2d9c73ff73560beb3a896a2f180fdbf | sha256 | append 689024a9d57ad5daad669f001316dd0fc690ac4520410f97a349b05a3f5d69cb | sha256 | append 69d42dcb650bb2a690f850c3f6e14e46c2b0831361bac9ec454818264b9102fd | sha256 | prepend 683f072f | append bab471ba32acd9c3 | attestation calendar https://btc.calendar.catallaxy.com append c3ccce274e2f9edfa354ec105cb1a749 sha256 append 6297b54e3ce4ba71ecb06bd5632fd8cbd50fe6427b6bfc53a0e462348cc48bab sha256 append c28f03545a2948bd0d8102c887241aff5d4f6cf1e0b16dfd8787bf45ca2ab93d sha256 prepend 683f072f append 7f3259e285891c8e attestation calendar https://finney.calendar.eternitywall.com ```

The tool can create a minimal version of the proofs:

``` $ ./otsmini ots.c.ots | ./otsmini -d | ./otsprint

version 1 file_hash sha256 f76f0795ff37a24e566cd77d1996b64fab9c871a5928ab9389dfc3a128ec8296 append 2e9943d3833768bdb9a591f1d2735804 sha256 append c3ccce274e2f9edfa354ec105cb1a749 sha256 append 6297b54e3ce4ba71ecb06bd5632fd8cbd50fe6427b6bfc53a0e462348cc48bab sha256 append c28f03545a2948bd0d8102c887241aff5d4f6cf1e0b16dfd8787bf45ca2ab93d sha256 prepend 683f072f append 7f3259e285891c8e attestation calendar https://finney.calendar.eternitywall.com ```

which can be shared on social media as a string:

5s1L3tTWoTfUDhB1MPLXE1rnajwUdUnt8pfjZfY1UWVWpWu5YhW3PGCWWoXwWBRJ16B8182kQgxnKyiJtGQgRoFNbDfBss19seDnco5sF9WrBt8jQW7BVVmTB5mmAPa8ryb5929w4xEm1aE7S3SGMFr9rUgkNNzhMg4VK6vZmNqDGYvvZxBtwDMs2PRJk7y6wL6aJmq6yoaWPvuxaik4qMp76ApXEufP6RnWdapqGGsKy7TNE6ZzWWz2VXbaEXGwgjrxqF8bMstZMdGo2VzpVuE

you can even do things like gpg-style plaintext proofs:

``` $ ./otsclear -e CONTRIBUTING.ots -----BEGIN OPENTIMESTAMPS MESSAGE-----

Email patches to William Casarin jb55@jb55.com

-----BEGIN OPENTIMESTAMPS PROOF-----

AE9wZW5UaW1lc3RhbXBzAABQcm9vZgC/ieLohOiSlAEILXj4GSagG6fRNnR+CHj9e/+Mdkp0w1us gV/5dmlX2NrwEDlcBMmQ723mI9sY9ALUlXoI//AQRXlCd716J60FudR+C78fkAjwIDnONJrj1udi NDxQQ8UJiS4ZWfprUxbvaIoBs4G+4u6kCPEEaD8Ft/AIeS/skaOtQRoAg9/jDS75DI4pKGh0dHBz Oi8vZmlubmV5LmNhbGVuZGFyLmV0ZXJuaXR5d2FsbC5jb23/8AhMLZVzYZMYqwjwEPKWanBNPZVm kqsAYV3LBbkI8CCfIVveDh/S8ykOH1NC6BKTerHoPojvj1OmjB2LYvdUbgjxBGg/BbbwCGoo3fi1 A7rjAIPf4w0u+QyOLi1odHRwczovL2FsaWNlLmJ0Yy5jYWxlbmRhci5vcGVudGltZXN0YW1wcy5v cmf/8Aik+VP+n3FhCwjwELfTdHAfYQNa49I3CYycFbkI8QRoPwW28AgCLn93967lIQCD3+MNLvkM jiwraHR0cHM6Ly9ib2IuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZ/AQ3bEwg7mjQyKR PykGgiJewAjwID5Q68dY4m+XogwTJx72ecQEe5lheCO1RnlcJSTFokyRCPEEaD8Ft/AIw1WWPe++ 8N4Ag9/jDS75DI4jImh0dHBzOi8vYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLmNhdGFsbGF4eS5jb20= -----END OPENTIMESTAMPS PROOF-----

$ ./otsclear -v <<<proof_string... # verify the proof string ```

I've never really shared these tools before, I just remembered about it today. Enjoy!

Try it out: https://github.com/jb55/ots-tools

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Key Takeaways

Leon Wankum, a real estate expert turned Bitcoiner, presents a powerful argument that Bitcoin is emerging as the new “hurdle rate,” outpacing real estate as the preferred store of value in a shifting financial landscape. As the 18-year property cycle nears its end amid high interest rates and imbalanced markets, Bitcoin’s scarcity, performance, and optionality are prompting capital allocators to rethink traditional strategies. Institutions are beginning to reallocate cash flows and refinance properties into Bitcoin treasuries, while new yield-bearing Bitcoin instruments like Strike, Strife, and Stride offer compelling alternatives to bonds and property. Wankum envisions a gradual transition to a Bitcoin standard, facilitated by dual collateralization and designed to avoid economic disruption as Bitcoin steadily replaces legacy financial infrastructure.

Best Quotes

"Bitcoin is starting to become the new hurdle rate that all other financial products have to abide to."

“No asset—not even prime real estate—can compete with Bitcoin’s long-term performance and absolute scarcity.”

"You can refinance a property and allocate to Bitcoin without selling—this is how many are making the transition."

"Strategy (MicroStrategy) has enough Bitcoin to cover preferred stock dividends for over 200 years."

"20% of our property cash flow into Bitcoin outperformed the 80% left in fiat."

“Bitcoin is digital real estate—but better. Scarce, global, and doesn’t need maintenance or tax sheltering gimmicks.”

“If it’s just 1% of the real estate market, that’s $3 trillion. And that’s enough.”

"A smooth transition, not collapse, is the optimal path forward."

Conclusion

This episode explores how Bitcoin is overtaking real estate as the global store of value, with Leon Wankum offering a rational, experience-based framework for understanding this shift. While institutional inertia slows adoption, capital flows are beginning to reflect Bitcoin’s growing dominance, as new financial instruments and treasury strategies emerge. Leon advocates for a thoughtful, evolutionary transition to a Bitcoin standard—one that prioritizes stability, practical integration, and long-term value creation across the global economy.

Timestamps

0:00 - Intro
0:50 - Real Estate
12:36 - Bitcoin for real estate investors
17:44 - Bitkey
18:39 - MSTR products and opportunity cost
30:43 - Unchained
31:13 - Cash flow alternatives
37:40 - Strategy risks
44:41 - Smooth or chaotic transition
50:58 - Is this cycle different?
56:42 - Tradfi degeneracy
1:02:00 - Leon’s Book - Digital Real Estate

Transcript

(00:00) Other than real estate, there were little investments that performed better. Few were aware of the existence of Bitcoin. As people become more aware, they will likely also sell off their properties. Bitcoin as a near-perfect form of money is starting to become the new hurdle rate that all other financial products have to abide to.
(00:19) Instead of buying a regular bond issued by a nation state, you can actually buy a fixed income product issued by Strategy. This is a product that could potentially tap into the real estate market. If it's just 1%, that's 3 trillion. And that's enough. They are starting to weigh the opportunity cost of not putting money into Bitcoin.
(00:36) But very few are able to comprehend the necessity of quickly investing large part of the capital into Bitcoin. Every 18 years will have a correction on housing. We're bringing in a housing expert to talk about the real estate market and Bitcoin corporate adoption. in the crazy frenzy that's going on right now in public markets.
(01:04) Leon, welcome back to the show. Thanks for having me back. It was great seeing you even though it was briefly in Vegas last week. I caught you literally as I was running to the airport off the stage. Yeah. And uh look, I'm pull that back up because I think this is a good jumping off point. We'll start with like a personal story.
(01:24) I'm currently in the middle of a move right now, but decided to rent a house because I was looking at the prices for housing in the places I'm looking to buy and they were they were too high. Not only were they too high, we put a bid in on one house and it wound up going a million dollars over asking.
(01:44) And I think over here in the United States, this is a big topic of discussion right now, which is the real estate market feels a little toppy. Prices are still very high, very sticky. Rates are still very high. Uh, and that's one thing I'm trying to discern as somebody who would like to buy a house in the next few years, a forever house for my family, what is going on.
(02:08) And as we can see here, Red Red Fin reported earlier this week that 34% there are 34% more sellers in the market than buyers. At no other point in records dating back to 2013 have sellers outnumbered buyers this much. There are a total of $698 billion worth of homes for sale in the US, up 20.
(02:29) 3% from a year ago in the highest dollar amount ever. So, it seems like there's a ton of people who have rode the real estate market and they're being a bit stingy on pricing and we're waiting for a correction. Is that your take on this? Yeah, we definitely need to wait for price equilibrium to build because since 2008 really since we had low interest rates um prices were skyrocketing and now with a different interest rate environment.
(02:57) Um what I personally also feel is that people are not willing to sell their houses for a price that they believe is not what they could get because they still have the prices in mind that they were able to receive 2 three years ago and the buyers are not willing to pay prices that people want because interest rates are higher meaning the cost of capital and the cost of borrowing went up.
(03:21) So I think this is a healthy um and a healthy um development. We need a price equilibrium. We need um demand and supply prices to match. It's going to take a long time. I think it's also it also depends on interest rates. If Powell is going to um lower interest rates, which I don't think he will, even though that's something that the president would like him to do, but I don't think he will because it would cause inflation to go up again, especially in in goods and services and groceries.
(03:51) And um judging by that, I think interest rates will stay above 3% at least for the foreseeable future. Meaning I believe that real estate prices will come down a little bit till we meet that equilibrium. But something that's important to to remember which makes it a little bit odd that because as a Bitcoiner when you look at housing, I think you constantly think now it's going to crash, now it's going to crash.
(04:15) But the reason it's not really going to crash is as soon as new money is being introduced into your economy or as soon as interest rates are lowered that money is being funneled into real estate and also the existing system that is depending on real estate as collateral has an interest in propping prices up.
(04:34) So this can go on for another 10 or 20 years I think. I mean there could be there's definitely a correction that we can see right now and I personally wouldn't get into uh real estate development at this point if you'll ask me from the perspective what's the better investment of course that is Bitcoin but I just want to make a point that this can go can go on for longer than we think because housing is limited not as limited as Bitcoin but there's something called the 18-year property cycle and it says that every 18 years, we'll
(05:08) have a correction in housing. And the reason for that is if the money supply is expanded and that money goes into land, it's not going out of land because land is limited. It's similar to Bitcoin. But what happens is that after around 14 15 years, prices start to come down and then they find a new price equilibrium which is higher than when the cycle started.
(05:33) And we are at the end of this 18-year property cycle. and I had suggest that prices will fall until 2026 and then in 2026 if interest rates are lowered I think prices can find price equilibrium and then possibly move up in nominal value of course if you start now accounting for real estate and bitcoin it's a whole different story I know talked from the lens of a fiat um based system yeah that note on pal and the fed is interesting that it It's very obvious Trump's wanted him to lower rates since before he even got elected.
(06:09) But I was reading an article yesterday that made a lot of sense to me, which is he's not going to lower rates for multiple reasons. One of which you mentioned, which is it would it would reignite inflation, which nobody wants to see right now. And then number two, profit margins are going up because the productivity uh increases due to AI.
(06:32) I mean, and we're still at the early stages of that, um, where you have many of the big big tech, the MAG 7 beginning to lay off people because they're creating all these efficiencies via AI. So, we're able to increase productivity and profit margins and so there's no reason to to lower rates from that perspective, which agreed.
(06:58) Yeah, absolutely true. Yeah, which is uh you know it'll be it's crazy the confluence of events that are happening right now whether it's real estate market looking a little toppy at least temporarily the interest rate environment the progression of AI and the adoption uh by many large companies and small companies alike and then you have Bitcoin sitting over here sitting over $2 trillion establishing itself as a $2 trillion asset and it still seems a bit fringe where um where we are certainly as Bitcoiners, individuals

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Over the past few months, I've dedicated my time to a complete rewrite of the kycnot.me website. The technology stack remains unchanged; Golang paired with TailwindCSS. However, I've made some design choices in this iteration that I believe significantly enhance the site. Particularly to backend code.

UI Improvements

You'll notice a refreshed UI that retains the original concept but has some notable enhancements. The service list view is now more visually engaging, it displays additional information in a more aesthetically pleasing manner. Both filtering and searching functionalities have been optimized for speed and user experience.

Service pages have been also redesigned to highlight key information at the top, with the KYC Level box always accessible. The display of service attributes is now more visually intuitive.

The request form, especially the Captcha, has undergone substantial improvements. The new self-made Captcha is robust, addressing the reliability issues encountered with the previous version.

Terms of Service Summarizer

A significant upgrade is the Terms of Service summarizer/reviewer, now powered by AI (GPT-4-turbo). It efficiently condenses each service's ToS, extracting and presenting critical points, including any warnings. Summaries are updated monthly, processing over 40 ToS pages via the OpenAI API using a self-crafted and thoroughly tested prompt.

Nostr Comments

I've integrated a comment section for each service using Nostr. For guidance on using this feature, visit the dedicated how-to page.

Database

The backend database has transitioned to pocketbase, an open-source Golang backend that has been a pleasure to work with. I maintain an updated fork of the Golang SDK for pocketbase at pluja/pocketbase.

Scoring

The scoring algorithm has also been refined to be more fair. Despite I had considered its removal due to the complexity it adds (it is very difficult to design a fair scoring system), some users highlighted its value, so I kept it. The updated algorithm is available open source.

Listings

Each listing has been re-evaluated, and the ones that were no longer operational were removed. New additions are included, and the backlog of pending services will be addressed progressively, since I still have access to the old database.

API

The API now offers more comprehensive data. For more details, check here.

About Page

The About page has been restructured for brevity and clarity.

Other Changes

Extensive changes have been implemented in the server-side logic, since the whole code base was re-written from the ground up. I may discuss these in a future post, but for now, I consider the current version to be just a bit beyond beta, and additional updates are planned in the coming weeks.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Bitcoin enthusiasts frequently and correctly remark how much value it adds to Bitcoin not to have a face, a leader, or a central authority behind it. This particularity means there isn't a single person to exert control over, or a single human point of failure who could become corrupt or harmful to the project.

Because of this, it is said that no other coin can be equally valuable as Bitcoin in terms of decentralization and trustworthiness. Bitcoin is unique not just for being first, but also because of how the events behind its inception developed. This implies that, from Bitcoin onwards, any coin created would have been created by someone, consequently having an authority behind it. For this and some other reasons, some people refer to Bitcoin as "The Immaculate Conception".

While other coins may have their own unique features and advantages, they may not be able to replicate Bitcoin's community-driven nature. However, one other cryptocurrency shares a similar story of mystery behind its creation: Monero.

History of Monero

Bytecoin and CryptoNote

In March 2014, a Bitcointalk thread titled "Bytecoin. Secure, private, untraceable since 2012" was initiated by a user under the nickname "DStrange"^1^. DStrange presented Bytecoin (BCN) as a unique cryptocurrency, in operation since July 2012. Unlike Bitcoin, it employed a new algorithm known as CryptoNote.

DStrange apparently stumbled upon the Bytecoin website by chance while mining a dying bitcoin fork, and decided to create a thread on Bitcointalk^1^. This sparked curiosity among some users, who wondered how could Bytecoin remain unnoticed since its alleged launch in 2012 until then^2^.

Some time after, a user brought up the "CryptoNote v2.0" whitepaper for the first time, underlining its innovative features^4^. Authored by the pseudonymous Nicolas van Saberhagen in October 2013, the CryptoNote v2 whitepaper^5^ highlighted the traceability and privacy problems in Bitcoin. Saberhagen argued that these flaws could not be quickly fixed, suggesting it would be more efficient to start a new project rather than trying to patch the original^5^, an statement simmilar to the one from Satoshi Nakamoto^6^.

Checking with Saberhagen's digital signature, the release date of the whitepaper seemed correct, which would mean that Cryptonote (v1) was created in 2012^7^, although there's an important detail: "Signing time is from the clock on the signer's computer" ^9^.

Moreover, the whitepaper v1 contains a footnote link to a Bitcointalk post dated May 5, 2013^10^, making it impossible for the whitepaper to have been signed and released on December 12, 2012.

As the narrative developed, users discovered that a significant 80% portion of Bytecoin had been pre-mined^11^ and blockchain dates seemed to be faked to make it look like it had been operating since 2012, leading to controversy surrounding the project.

The origins of CryptoNote and Bytecoin remain mysterious, leaving suspicions of a possible scam attempt, although the whitepaper had a good amount of work and thought on it.

The fork

In April 2014, the Bitcointalk user thankful_for_today, who had also participated in the Bytecoin thread^12^, announced plans to launch a Bytecoin fork named Bitmonero^13^.

The primary motivation behind this fork was "Because there is a number of technical and marketing issues I wanted to do differently. And also because I like ideas and technology and I want it to succeed"^14^. This time Bitmonero did things different from Bytecoin: there was no premine or instamine, and no portion of the block reward went to development.

However, thankful_for_today proposed controversial changes that the community disagreed with. Johnny Mnemonic relates the events surrounding Bitmonero and thankful_for_today in a Bitcointalk comment^15^:

When thankful_for_today launched BitMonero [...] he ignored everything that was discussed and just did what he wanted. The block reward was considerably steeper than what everyone was expecting. He also moved forward with 1-minute block times despite everyone's concerns about the increase of orphan blocks. He also didn't address the tail emission concern that should've (in my opinion) been in the code at launch time. Basically, he messed everything up. Then, he disappeared.

After disappearing for a while, thankful_for_today returned to find that the community had taken over the project. Johnny Mnemonic continues:

I, and others, started working on new forks that were closer to what everyone else was hoping for. [...] it was decided that the BitMonero project should just be taken over. There were like 9 or 10 interested parties at the time if my memory is correct. We voted on IRC to drop the "bit" from BitMonero and move forward with the project. Thankful_for_today suddenly resurfaced, and wasn't happy to learn the community had assumed control of the coin. He attempted to maintain his own fork (still calling it "BitMonero") for a while, but that quickly fell into obscurity.

The unfolding of these events show us the roots of Monero. Much like Satoshi Nakamoto, the creators behind CryptoNote/Bytecoin and thankful_for_today remain a mystery^17^, having disappeared without a trace. This enigma only adds to Monero's value.

Since community took over development, believing in the project's potential and its ability to be guided in a better direction, Monero was given one of Bitcoin's most important qualities: a leaderless nature. With no single face or entity directing its path, Monero is safe from potential corruption or harm from a "central authority".

The community continued developing Monero until today. Since then, Monero has undergone a lot of technological improvements, migrations and achievements such as RingCT and RandomX. It also has developed its own Community Crowdfundinc System, conferences such as MoneroKon and Monerotopia are taking place every year, and has a very active community around it.

Monero continues to develop with goals of privacy and security first, ease of use and efficiency second. ^16^

This stands as a testament to the power of a dedicated community operating without a central figure of authority. This decentralized approach aligns with the original ethos of cryptocurrency, making Monero a prime example of community-driven innovation. For this, I thank all the people involved in Monero, that lead it to where it is today.

If you find any information that seems incorrect, unclear or any missing important events, please contact me and I will make the necessary changes.

Sources of interest

• https://forum.getmonero.org/20/general-discussion/211/history-of-monero
• https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/852/what-is-the-origin-of-monero-and-its-relationship-to-bytecoin
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monero
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=583449.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=563821.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=233561
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=512747.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=740112.0
• https://monero.stackexchange.com/a/1024
• https://inspec2t-project.eu/cryptocurrency-with-a-focus-on-anonymity-these-facts-are-known-about-monero/
• https://medium.com/coin-story/coin-perspective-13-riccardo-spagni-69ef82907bd1
• https://www.getmonero.org/resources/about/
• https://www.wired.com/2017/01/monero-drug-dealers-cryptocurrency-choice-fire/
• https://www.monero.how/why-monero-vs-bitcoin
• https://old.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/u8e5yr/satoshi_nakamoto_talked_about_privacy_features/

@ 32e18276:5c68e245

Damus OpenSats Grant Q1 2025 Progress Report

This period of the Damus OpenSats grant has been productive, and encompasses the work our beta release of Notedeck. Since we sent our last report on January, this encompasses all the work after then.

Damus Notedeck

We released the Beta version of Notedeck, which has many new features:

Dave

We've added a new AI-powered nostr assistant, similar to Grok on X. We call him Dave.

Dave is integrated with tooling that allows it to query the local relay for posts and profiles:

Search

The beta release includes a fulltext search interface powered by nostrdb:

Zaps

You can now zap with NWC!

And More!

• GIFs!
• Add full screen images, add zoom & pan
• Introduce last note per pubkey feed (experimental)
• Allow multiple media uploads per selection
• Major Android improvements (still wip)
• Added notedeck app sidebar
• User Tagging
• Note truncation
• Local network note broadcast, broadcast notes to other notedeck notes while you're offline
• Mute list support (reading)
• Relay list support
• Ctrl-enter to send notes
• Added relay indexing (relay columns soon)
• Click hashtags to open hashtag timeline

Damus iOS

Work continued on the iOS side. While I was not directly involved in the work since the last report, I have been directing and managing its development.

What's new:

Coinos Wallet + Interface

We've partnered with coinos to enable a one-click, non-KYC lightning wallet!

We now have an NWC wallet interface, and we've re-enabled zaps as per the new appstore guidelines!

Now you can see all incoming and outgoing NWC transactions and start zapping right away.

Enhanced hellthread muting

Damus can now automatically mute hellthreads, instead of having to do that manually.

Drafts

We now locally persist note drafts so that they aren't lost on app restart!

Profile editing enhancements

We now have a profile picture editing tool so that profile pictures are optimized and optionally cropped

Conversations tab

We now have a conversations tab on user profiles, allowing you to see all of your past conversations with that person!

Enhanced push notifications

We've updated our push notifications to include profile pictures, and they are also now grouped by the thread that they came from.

And lots more!

Too many to list here, check out the full changelog

Nostrdb

nostrdb, the engine that powers notecrumbs, damus iOS, and notedeck, continued to improve:

Custom filters

We've added the ability to include custom filtering logic during any nostrdb query. Dave uses this to filter replies from kind1 results to keep the results small and to avoid doing post-processing.

Relay index + queries

There is a new relay index! Now when ingesting notes, you can include extra metadata such as where the note came from. You can use this index to quickly list all of the relays for a particular note, or for relay timelines.

NIP50 profile searches

To assist dave in searching for profiles, we added a new query plan for {kind:0, search:} queries to scan the profile search index.

How money was used

• relay.damus.io server costs
• Living expenses

Next quarter

We're making a strong push to get our Android version released, so that is the main focus for me.

@ b1ddb4d7:471244e7

The latest AI chips, 8K displays, and neural processing units make your device feel like a pocket supercomputer. So surely, with all this advancement, you can finally mine bitcoin on your phone profitably, right?

The 2025 Hardware Reality: Can You Mine Bitcoin on Your Phone

Despite remarkable advances in smartphone technology, the fundamental physics of bitcoin mining haven’t changed. In 2025, flagship devices with their cutting-edge 2nm processors can achieve approximately 25-40 megahashes per second when you mine bitcoin on your phone—a notable improvement from previous generations, but still laughably inadequate.

Meanwhile, 2025’s top-tier ASIC miners have evolved dramatically. The latest Bitmain Antminer S23 series and Canaan AvalonMiner A15 Pro deliver 200-300 terahashes per second while consuming 4,000-5,500 watts. That’s a performance gap of roughly 1:8,000,000 between when you mine bitcoin on your phone and professional mining equipment.

To put this in perspective that hits home: if you mine bitcoin on your phone and it earned you one penny, professional miners would earn $80,000 in the same time period with the same effort. It’s not just an efficiency problem—it’s a complete category mismatch.

According to Pocket Option’s 2025 analysis, when you mine bitcoin on your phone in 2025, you generate approximately $0.003-0.006 in daily revenue while consuming $0.45-0.85 in electricity through constant charging cycles. Factor in the accelerated device wear (estimated at $0.75-1.20 daily depreciation), and you’re looking at losses of $1.20-2.00 per day just for the privilege of running mining software.

Mining Economic Factor

Precise Value (April 2025)

Direct Impact on Profitability

Smartphone sustained hash rate

20-35 MH/s

0.00000024% contribution to global hashrate

Daily power consumption

3.2-4.8 kWh (4-6 full charges)

$0.38-0.57 at average US electricity rates

Expected daily BTC earnings

0.0000000086 BTC ($0.0035 at $41,200 BTC)

Revenue covers only 0.9% of electricity costs

CPU/GPU wear cost

$0.68-0.92 daily accelerated depreciation

Reduces smartphone lifespan by 60-70%

Annual profit projection

-$386 to -$412 per year

Guaranteed negative return on investment

Source: PocketOption

Bitcoin’s 2025 Network: Harder Than Ever

Bitcoin’s network difficulty in 2025 has reached unprecedented levels. After the April 2024 halving event that reduced block rewards from 6.25 to 3.125 BTC, mining became significantly more competitive. The global hash rate now exceeds 800 exahashes per second—that’s 800 followed by 18 zeros worth of computational power securing the network.

Here’s what this means in practical terms: Bitcoin’s mining difficulty adjusts every 2,016 blocks (roughly every two weeks) to maintain the 10-minute block time. As more efficient miners join the network, difficulty increases proportionally. In 2025, mining difficulty has increased compared to 2024, making small-scale mining even less viable.

The math is unforgiving:

• Global Bitcoin hash rate: 828.96 EH/s
• Your smartphone’s contribution: ~0.000000003%
• Probability of solo mining a block: Virtually zero
• Expected time to mine one Bitcoin: Several million years

Even joining mining pools doesn’t solve the economic problem. Pool fees typically range from 1-3%, and your minuscule contribution would earn proportionally tiny rewards—far below the electricity and device depreciation costs.

The 2025 Scam Evolution: More Sophisticated, More Dangerous

Fraudsters now leverage AI-generated content, fake influencer endorsements, and impressive-looking apps that simulate realistic mining activity to entice you to mine bitcoin on your phone.

New 2025 scam tactics include:

AI-Powered Fake Testimonials: Deepfake videos of supposed successful mobile miners showing fabricated earnings statements and encouraging downloads of malicious apps.

Gamified Mining Interfaces: Apps that look and feel like legitimate games but secretly harvest personal data while simulating mining progress that can never be withdrawn.

Social Media Manipulation: Coordinated campaigns across TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube featuring fake “financial influencers” promoting mobile mining apps to younger audiences.

Subscription Trap Mining: Apps offering “free trials” that automatically charge $19.99-49.99 monthly for “premium mining speeds” while delivering no actual mining capability.

Recent cybersecurity research shows that over 180 fake mining apps were discovered across major app stores in 2025, with some accumulating more than 500,000 downloads before being removed.

Red flags that scream “scam” in 2025:

• Apps claiming “revolutionary mobile mining breakthrough”
• Promises of earning “$10-50 daily” from phone mining
• Requirements to recruit friends or watch ads to unlock withdrawals
• Apps that don’t require connecting to actual mining pools
• Testimonials that seem too polished or use stock photo models
• Apps requesting permissions unrelated to mining (contacts, camera, microphone)

The 2025 Professional Mining Landscape

To understand why, consider what professional bitcoin mining looks like in 2025. Industrial mining operations now resemble high-tech data centers with:

Cutting-edge hardware:

• Bitmain Antminer S23 Pro: 280 TH/s at 4,800W
• MicroBT WhatsMiner M56S++: 250 TH/s at 4,500W
• Canaan AvalonMiner A1566: 185 TH/s at 3,420W

Infrastructure requirements:

• Megawatt-scale power contracts with industrial electricity rates
• Liquid cooling systems maintaining 24/7 optimal temperatures
• Redundant internet connections ensuring zero downtime
• Professional facility management with 24/7 monitoring

For a small operation, you might need at least $10,000 to $20,000 to buy a few ASIC miners, set up cooling systems, and cover electricity costs. These operations employ teams of engineers, maintain relationships with power companies, and operate with margins measured in single-digit percentages.

2025’s Legitimate Mobile Bitcoin Strategies

While it remains impossible to mine bitcoin on your phone profitably, 2025 offers exciting legitimate ways to engage with bitcoin through your smartphone:

Lightning Network Participation: Apps like Phoenix, Breez, and Zeus allow you to run Lightning nodes on mobile devices, earning small routing fees while supporting bitcoin’s payment layer.

Bitcoin DCA Automation: Services enable automated dollar-cost averaging with amounts as small as $1 daily. Historical data shows $10 weekly bitcoin purchases consistently outperform any mobile mining attempt by 1,500-2,000%.

Educational Mining Simulators: Legitimate apps like “Bitcoin Mining Simulator” teach mining concepts without false earning promises. These educational tools help users understand hash rates, difficulty adjustments, and mining economics.

Stacking Sats Rewards: Apps offering bitcoin rewards for shopping, learning, or completing tasks.

Lightning Gaming: Bitcoin-native mobile games where players can earn sats through skilled gameplay, with some players earning $10 monthly.onfirm that even the most optimized mobile mining setups in 2025 lose money consistently and predictably.

The Bottom Line

When you mine bitcoin on your phone fundamental economics remain unchanged: it’s impossible to profit. The laws of physics, network competition, and energy efficiency create insurmountable barriers that no app can overcome.

However, 2025 offers unprecedented opportunities to engage with bitcoin meaningfully through your smartphone. Focus on education, legitimate earning opportunities, and strategic investment rather than chasing the impossible dream of phone-based mining.

The bitcoin community’s greatest strength lies in its commitment to truth over hype. When someone promises profits to mine bitcoin on your phone in 2025, they’re either uninformed or deliberately misleading you. Trust the mathematics, learn from the community, and build your bitcoin knowledge and holdings through proven methods.

The real opportunity in 2025 isn’t to mine bitcoin on your phone—it’s understanding bitcoin deeply enough to participate confidently in the most important monetary revolution of our lifetime. Your smartphone is the perfect tool for that education; it’s just not a mining rig.

@ e0a24c5c:fa44b1e7

Am 13. Juni 2025 hat der offene Krieg Israels gegen den Iran begonnen, ein Krieg, der, wie schon der Krieg in Gaza, dazu führen dürfte, dass unsere Politik die Unterstützung Israels verstärkt zur deutschen Staatsräson erklären und Israel (mittels neuer "Sondervermögen"?) jetzt nochmals verstärkt mit Waffen beliefern wird.

Die Unterstützung Israels zur deutschen Staatsräson zu erklären, ist eine – historisch zwar verständliche – heute aber radikal auch Israel zerstörende und extrem verfassungswidrige und rassistische Position. Weil sie finster die Nicht-Unterstützung der Palästinenser, bzw. die stillschweigende Gewährung der Vernichtung der Bevölkerung in Gaza im Schlagschatten führt.

Die Würde des Menschen ist unantastbar! Und der Schutz von Würde und Leben des Menschen ist die einzig legitime deutsche Staatsräson – unabhängig davon, ob dieser Mensch Jude, Palästinenser, Ukrainer, Russe, Chinese oder sonst wer ist.

In Deutschland wird durch die einseitige Positionierung auf die "Unterstützung Israels" ein Bürgerkrieg herauf beschworen. Antisemitismus und Terrorgefahr in Deutschland werden extrem verstärk. Und in Israel wird schon durch den maßlosen Rachefeldzug in Gaza und jetzt durch den entfachten Krieg mit dem Iran, aufs tiefste jede Möglichkeit für eine friedliche Koexistenz im palästinensisch-arabischen Raum zerstört.

Einen Freund zu unterstützen heißt nicht, ihm die Mittel zu menschenverachtenden Rachefeldzügen und zur moralischen und physischen Selbstzerstörung zu liefern, sondern ihn – im Sinne des Grundgesetzes Artikel 1, Absatz 2 – selbst in Krisensituationen auf den Weg von Achtung und Schutz der unveräußerlichen Menschenrechte zu verpflichten.

Außenpolitik im Sinne des Grundgesetzes kann nur Politik zum Schutz der Menschenwürde und nicht Politik für oder gegen Staaten, für oder gegen Religionsgemeinschaften, für oder gegen Völker und Volksgruppen, für oder gegen Rassen und so weiter sein.

Dass sich die Deutsche Politik in keinerlei Weise mehr an das Grundgesetz gebunden fühlt,

- weder bezüglich Israels

- noch auch bezüglich Russlands (wo es ebenfalls nicht um den Schutz von Menschenrechten, sondern - auf Kosten der Ukraine (!) - um einen Regime-Change in Russland und um Rüstungsgeschäfte geht),

- erst recht auch hier nicht mehr im Inland (wo die Freiheitsrechte nicht mehr als unmittelbar geltendes Recht und als unantastbare Grundlage der gesamten Politik gelten, sondern nur noch - in alter Feudalmanier - gnadenvoll von oben an "systemtreue" Bürger als Belohnung für parteigenehmes Verhalten ausgeliehen werden) …

kurz: dass die deutsche Politik sämtliche positiven Errungenschaften Deutschlands nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg aushöhlt und zerstört, sowohl die moralisch-politischen als auch die wirtschaftlichen, geistigen, kulturellen und sozialen, ist deutliches Zeichen ihres Zusammenbruchs und nimmt ihr jegliche Legitimation.

Wir DÜRFEN da als Volk nicht einfach zusehen!

Da wir als Volk geknebelt und aus den politischen Entscheidungen völlig herausgehalten sind, bleibt uns nur der Weg, die Politik im Sinne eines "Great Reset von unten" selber in die Hand zu nehmen.

Der Weg dazu wird auf www.unsere-verfassung.de gewiesen

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

The new website is finally live! I put in a lot of hard work over the past months on it. I'm proud to say that it's out now and it looks pretty cool, at least to me!

Why rewrite it all?

The old kycnot.me site was built using Python with Flask about two years ago. Since then, I've gained a lot more experience with Golang and coding in general. Trying to update that old codebase, which had a lot of design flaws, would have been a bad idea. It would have been like building on an unstable foundation.

That's why I made the decision to rewrite the entire application. Initially, I chose to use SvelteKit with JavaScript. I did manage to create a stable site that looked similar to the new one, but it required Jav aScript to work. As I kept coding, I started feeling like I was repeating "the Python mistake". I was writing the app in a language I wasn't very familiar with (just like when I was learning Python at that mom ent), and I wasn't happy with the code. It felt like spaghetti code all the time.

So, I made a complete U-turn and started over, this time using Golang. While I'm not as proficient in Golang as I am in Python now, I find it to be a very enjoyable language to code with. Most aof my recent pr ojects have been written in Golang, and I'm getting the hang of it. I tried to make the best decisions I could and structure the code as well as possible. Of course, there's still room for improvement, which I'll address in future updates.

Now I have a more maintainable website that can scale much better. It uses a real database instead of a JSON file like the old site, and I can add many more features. Since I chose to go with Golang, I mad e the "tradeoff" of not using JavaScript at all, so all the rendering load falls on the server. But I believe it's a tradeoff that's worth it.

What's new

• UI/UX - I've designed a new logo and color palette for kycnot.me. I think it looks pretty cool and cypherpunk. I am not a graphic designer, but I think I did a decent work and I put a lot of thinking on it to make it pleasant!
• Point system - The new point system provides more detailed information about the listings, and can be expanded to cover additional features across all services. Anyone can request a new point!
• ToS Scrapper: I've implemented a powerful automated terms-of-service scrapper that collects all the ToS pages from the listings. It saves you from the hassle of reading the ToS by listing the lines that are suspiciously related to KYC/AML practices. This is still in development and it will improve for sure, but it works pretty fine right now!
• Search bar - The new search bar allows you to easily filter services. It performs a full-text search on the Title, Description, Category, and Tags of all the services. Looking for VPN services? Just search for "vpn"!
• Transparency - To be more transparent, all discussions about services now take place publicly on GitLab. I won't be answering any e-mails (an auto-reply will prompt to write to the corresponding Gitlab issue). This ensures that all service-related matters are publicly accessible and recorded. Additionally, there's a real-time audits page that displays database changes.
• Listing Requests - I have upgraded the request system. The new form allows you to directly request services or points without any extra steps. In the future, I plan to enable requests for specific changes to parts of the website.
• Lightweight and fast - The new site is lighter and faster than its predecessor!
• Tor and I2P - At last! kycnot.me is now officially on Tor and I2P!

How?

This rewrite has been a labor of love, in the end, I've been working on this for more than 3 months now. I don't have a team, so I work by myself on my free time, but I find great joy in helping people on their private journey with cryptocurrencies. Making it easier for individuals to use cryptocurrencies without KYC is a goal I am proud of!

If you appreciate my work, you can support me through the methods listed here. Alternatively, feel free to send me an email with a kind message!

Technical details

All the code is written in Golang, the website makes use of the chi router for the routing part. I also make use of BigCache for caching database requests. There is 0 JavaScript, so all the rendering load falls on the server, this means it needed to be efficient enough to not drawn with a few users since the old site was reporting about 2M requests per month on average (note that this are not unique users).

The database is running with mariadb, using gorm as the ORM. This is more than enough for this project. I started working with an sqlite database, but I ended up migrating to mariadb since it works better with JSON.

The scraper is using chromedp combined with a series of keywords, regex and other logic. It runs every 24h and scraps all the services. You can find the scraper code here.

The frontend is written using Golang Templates for the HTML, and TailwindCSS plus DaisyUI for the CSS classes framework. I also use some plain CSS, but it's minimal.

The requests forms is the only part of the project that requires JavaScript to be enabled. It is needed for parsing some from fields that are a bit complex and for the "captcha", which is a simple Proof of Work that runs on your browser, destinated to avoid spam. For this, I use mCaptcha.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Know Your Customer is a regulation that requires companies of all sizes to verify the identity, suitability, and risks involved with maintaining a business relationship with a customer. Such procedures fit within the broader scope of anti-money laundering (AML) and counterterrorism financing (CTF) regulations.

Banks, exchanges, online business, mail providers, domain registrars... Everyone wants to know who you are before you can even opt for their service. Your personal information is flowing around the internet in the hands of "god-knows-who" and secured by "trust-me-bro military-grade encryption". Once your account is linked to your personal (and verified) identity, tracking you is just as easy as keeping logs on all these platforms.

Rights for Illusions

KYC processes aim to combat terrorist financing, money laundering, and other illicit activities. On the surface, KYC seems like a commendable initiative. I mean, who wouldn't want to halt terrorists and criminals in their tracks?

The logic behind KYC is: "If we mandate every financial service provider to identify their users, it becomes easier to pinpoint and apprehend the malicious actors."

However, terrorists and criminals are not precisely lining up to be identified. They're crafty. They may adopt false identities or find alternative strategies to continue their operations. Far from being outwitted, many times they're several steps ahead of regulations. Realistically, KYC might deter a small fraction – let's say about 1% ^1 – of these malefactors. Yet, the cost? All of us are saddled with the inconvenient process of identification just to use a service.

Under the rhetoric of "ensuring our safety", governments and institutions enact regulations that seem more out of a dystopian novel, gradually taking away our right to privacy.

To illustrate, consider a city where the mayor has rolled out facial recognition cameras in every nook and cranny. A band of criminals, intent on robbing a local store, rolls in with a stolen car, their faces obscured by masks and their bodies cloaked in all-black clothes. Once they've committed the crime and exited the city's boundaries, they switch vehicles and clothes out of the cameras' watchful eyes. The high-tech surveillance? It didn’t manage to identify or trace them. Yet, for every law-abiding citizen who merely wants to drive through the city or do some shopping, their movements and identities are constantly logged. The irony? This invasive tracking impacts all of us, just to catch the 1% ^1 of less-than-careful criminals.

KYC? Not you.

KYC creates barriers to participation in normal economic activity, to supposedly stop criminals. ^2

KYC puts barriers between many users and businesses. One of these comes from the fact that the process often requires multiple forms of identification, proof of address, and sometimes even financial records. For individuals in areas with poor record-keeping, non-recognized legal documents, or those who are unbanked, homeless or transient, obtaining these documents can be challenging, if not impossible.

For people who are not skilled with technology or just don't have access to it, there's also a barrier since KYC procedures are mostly online, leaving them inadvertently excluded.

Another barrier goes for the casual or one-time user, where they might not see the value in undergoing a rigorous KYC process, and these requirements can deter them from using the service altogether.

It also wipes some businesses out of the equation, since for smaller businesses, the costs associated with complying with KYC norms—from the actual process of gathering and submitting documents to potential delays in operations—can be prohibitive in economical and/or technical terms.

You're not welcome

Imagine a swanky new club in town with a strict "members only" sign. You hear the music, you see the lights, and you want in. You step up, ready to join, but suddenly there's a long list of criteria you must meet. After some time, you are finally checking all the boxes. But then the club rejects your membership with no clear reason why. You just weren't accepted. Frustrating, right?

This club scenario isn't too different from the fact that KYC is being used by many businesses as a convenient gatekeeping tool. A perfect excuse based on a "legal" procedure they are obliged to.

Even some exchanges may randomly use this to freeze and block funds from users, claiming these were "flagged" by a cryptic system that inspects the transactions. You are left hostage to their arbitrary decision to let you successfully pass the KYC procedure. If you choose to sidestep their invasive process, they might just hold onto your funds indefinitely.

Your identity has been stolen

KYC data has been found to be for sale on many dark net markets^3. Exchanges may have leaks or hacks, and such leaks contain very sensitive data. We're talking about the full monty: passport or ID scans, proof of address, and even those awkward selfies where you're holding up your ID next to your face. All this data is being left to the mercy of the (mostly) "trust-me-bro" security systems of such companies. Quite scary, isn't it?

As cheap as $10 for 100 documents, with discounts applying for those who buy in bulk, the personal identities of innocent users who passed KYC procedures are for sale. ^3

In short, if you have ever passed the KYC/AML process of a crypto exchange, your privacy is at risk of being compromised, or it might even have already been compromised.

(they) Know Your Coins

You may already know that Bitcoin and most cryptocurrencies have a transparent public blockchain, meaning that all data is shown unencrypted for everyone to see and recorded forever. If you link an address you own to your identity through KYC, for example, by sending an amount from a KYC exchange to it, your Bitcoin is no longer pseudonymous and can then be traced.

If, for instance, you send Bitcoin from such an identified address to another KYC'ed address (say, from a friend), everyone having access to that address-identity link information (exchanges, governments, hackers, etc.) will be able to associate that transaction and know who you are transacting with.

Conclusions

To sum up, KYC does not protect individuals; rather, it's a threat to our privacy, freedom, security and integrity. Sensible information flowing through the internet is thrown into chaos by dubious security measures. It puts borders between many potential customers and businesses, and it helps governments and companies track innocent users. That's the chaos KYC has stirred.

The criminals are using stolen identities from companies that gathered them thanks to these very same regulations that were supposed to combat them. Criminals always know how to circumvent such regulations. In the end, normal people are the most affected by these policies.

The threat that KYC poses to individuals in terms of privacy, security and freedom is not to be neglected. And if we don’t start challenging these systems and questioning their efficacy, we are just one step closer to the dystopian future that is now foreseeable.

Edited 20/03/2024 * Add reference to the 1% statement on Rights for Illusions section to an article where Chainalysis found that only 0.34% of the transaction volume with cryptocurrencies in 2023 was attributable to criminal activity ^1

@ 8671a6e5:f88194d1

## ParentCoin; limitless

There's this almost altcoin-like pitch of parenthood these days. I might’ve fallen for the shiny marketing of parenthood — cute baby pics, promises of legacy, the whole “you’ll change the world” vibe. I even heard a would-be mom tell me once (true story) "You know having children, you don't have to be afraid of it, as a dad it doesn't cost as much as you think". \ These people actually believe that. Just like they've fallen for every fiat-scam out there: housing, cars, holidays in France, Nike shoes, 50% taxation, religion and main stream media subscriptions.\ \ It’s 2025, and I’m revisiting this like I’d revisit an old Lightning Network post. \ \ Having kids is like chasing an altcoin airdrop with a slick but buzzword laden whitepaper and a charismatic founder who’s probably exit-scamming as soon as he gets enough of your money in their bank account (yeah you see what I did there). If you're lucky that founder might twerk from time to time to get your attention. But don't hope for too much. Now change that diaper and work an extra job to pay for all of it while inflation murders you.\ \ While you do all that, the most damaging thing about the Having Children Shitcoin (HCS) is the time it takes. It literally can't be shorted like some token on an exchange. It laughs, plays around with your tech gadgets, has to be potty trained (like some altcoin founders) and needs attention, education and a lot of proof of work.\ But the damage is the time. \ The time it takes to do all that, is actually replacing value with time. \ Bitcoin might be a product of proof of work, HCS is not a product but the actual proof of work without the value proposition.\ On top of that, the founder usually lives rent-free in your head your whole life, or even worse: you literally live together with her/him.\ Imagine Satoshi Nakamoto living at your house right now. Like... hi Satoshi.. love your bitcoin man.\ "Yeah, thanks moth**f****r, when are going to buy more skittle and some toilet paper? We ran out 10 minutes ago when I shit all over your dirty toilet, ..."\ "Eh, But Satoshi, why don't you go to the shop to..."\ "Shut up you f'ing a--hole, you made me! You made me what I am today! You liked me when I invented thàh bitcoin right? Now get me some toilet paper and here's a list of items I want from the supermarket! Lazy dumb idiot."\ "You'll clean up the kitchen right?"\ "Yeah yeah, rolls eyes, after my Netflix series man... now get out"\ \ This might sound far-fetched but founders of shitcoins steal your money, while children steal your time ànd money while you have to endure the founders as well.

Time is slowly damaging you while you live your life further and further away from the hard-money proposition. Hell, you even will need to sell some hard money to get by. Because it's a rotten world and children make you short sighted about the future (it limits you to maximum 3 years ahead in my experience with people around me).

Long-term is your enemy Short-term is your prison

You’re hyped for the long-term gains—multi-generational dynasties, just like the elites—but the fine print? It’s a mess. I’m here to unpack the hope, the scepticism, and the grim reality of raising kids in a world that feels like it’s speedrunning towards the absolute bottom. Let me make that clearer:

Our power (as bitcoiners) doesn't grow with these new generations, because we're being out-Idiocracy'd at a rate we can’t reproduce our way out of. Bitcoiners don’t scale. Even if you produce two children that both become die-hard bitcoin maximalists (with a nasal voice and a fondness for TD-sequential analysis.

The Mirage of Birth Having a kid is like snagging a hyped-up crypto airdrop. You’re told it’s “free” value — new life, pure joy, a legacy token dropped into your wallet. Everyone’s tweeting about it, posting ultrasound pics like they just scored 10,000 USDC worth of free shitcoin tokens.

But then the transaction fees hit, getting another place to live more accommodating, getting a school, adopt a dad body demeaner while torpedoing your social life and having no fun other than baking cakes and getting less pussy than a laser pointer with dead batteries. Adjust for inflation), sleepless nights, a vortex of money being vaporized and a lifetime of HODLing a position you can’t dump nor short. You’re basically the holder of last resort for a diatribe of chaos. You’re the entry, the trade, and exit liquidity. The real kicker? Society’s cheering you on while you’re stuck debugging your life and seeing your time drained. You’re frozen in time, while you should be scaling ideas. \ \ Or getting more out of life than being the channelling of funds to a future fiat oppressed kid. Meanwhile, parents (if they stay together that is... with relations with kids having their own version of the bitcoin “halving”, be it every 7 years or so. The parents follow the higher noble goal and get some love and nice moments in return. \ \ They’re stacking diapers instead of sats, living above a dry cleaner next to a subway station that rattles your soul. You can’t short kids, no matter how much you see the “childfree” crowd thriving. The childfree crowd is also not always that neutral, as many of them want this same life, because the marketing, as with many shitcoins is excellent. It makes life more fun, more fulfilling, more whole, while promising you cheap, fast and always immutable transactions. You’re getting duped. \ You buy more stuff, more hobbies no one cares about, and smile at other parents at these gatherings like you’re at the whale room at a bitcoin conference in a bear market. Keep smiling, bitches. That’s you’re life now. The numbers don’t lie. Society sells parenthood as a Bitcoin-level HODL, but the safety net is thinner than a layer-2 solution created by an Albanian exchange.

Raising kids is like betting your airdropped tokens will moon into a blue-chip asset that takes care of you when you’re old. You’re hoping they’ll HODL your hand, not rug-pull you into a nursing home when their “value” spikes. It’s a gamble: will they be decent humans or turn into TikTok zombies? Back in the day, kids were economic assets, working the farm or whatever. Now? You’re praying they don’t ghost you after college or at least recognize all the proof of work you did for them. And yes, you can have a big impact on them, that’s something to be proud of if it works out. But in the end, you are you, a person, with dreams, hopes and needs. \ And your children are too,... they’ll always win. \ \ Teaching them to ride a bike is fun, but it’s like a shitcoin pumping on a founder’s tweet: fleeting, followed by a crash whenever you see the effects of your years of de-progress and social isolation. Socializing with other parents is like making friends with a fellow prisoner of war in some jungle camp, ... you’ll have to be nice because it’s all you have left of society’s pleasantries. So you make small talk or a little joke about a toy someone’s kid has brought to the playground. The real world would see these people piss all over your grave if they could. They’re the figurehead on a ship of fools. And you play along because you’re a total bitch that got stuck in the routine of the famous HCS. Finding trust is hard, certainly in a city’s virtual prison camp where you play Russian roulette for other people’s amusement. It’s like running a Lightning node — fun in theory, but you’re babysitting a system that crashes when you need it most. The highs are real, but “kinda fun” doesn’t cut it when you’re debugging life. \ \ The 35k to 200k € it will cost you throughout your life, is not measurable as gains or losses. Look at the lovely baby pictures, look at their school results, the painting they made especially for you saying “I love you, for the best dad/mom in the whole world”. It hits straight to your brain’s nucleus accumbens. It’s all the balanced injection of the right shot of chemical balanced reward center (ventral tegmental area) food. \ And people with kids wanted that because that’s what the system and urges are. Kids are a leveraged position with no stop-loss, unlike an airdrop you can dump when the hype fades. You’re all-in, praying society doesn’t crash before your “asset” matures. In the meanwhile, you get the occasional surprise through your mesolimbic pathway. \ \ "Happy you" proof of stakes' the unhappy you later. You could be in the Maldives diving into clear water while talking to another “founder”. Funny how that works. \ Meanwhile, the childfree are staking their tokens and chilling. \ Parents aren’t building dynasties; we’re just trying not to get rug-pulled by daycare costs and rotten school-systems that learn our kids to be obedient consumers and non-thinking parrots. It’s a financial social anti-grind with no cure, and the charts, unlike fiat-corporate nonsense, don’t lie.

The elites stack power like blue-chip stocks, minting wealth across centuries. Us? Our kids might be fighting over the leftovers while they battle their way through university diversity and mediocracy. Future generations are supposed to carry the torch, but consumerism and cultural decay make it feel like we’re being out-Idiocracy’d. \ We need to think long-term, teach kids to code, stack sats, and question the system. But above all else, we need them to learn that being more evil is more just. Being complacent in this farce of a system means always, and I mean always, that the multi-generational monsters will prevail. \ \ They’re more stubborn, faster, better educated and they take the shortcuts you can’t have. We have hard money, they have “hard world”.

Conclusion

Eighteen years into this parenting thing (or eight minutes—who’s counting?), it’s clear: kids are a shitcoin airdrop with no exit strategy for you. \ The highs are sweet, the costs are brutal, and the long-term. A gamble on humanity in a world trending toward a broad brush of average things made normal.

Maybe it’s not about winning the bitcoin standard, but betting on something bigger than yourself within yourself, even if that market’s rigged with traps and detractors everywhere. Stack sats, stack diapers, and pray your kids don’t rug-pull your heart. \ Because, let’s face it, we’re not the Rothschilds — we’re just HODLing and hoping. \ While we should be fighting with the hardest money. \ While your baby cries for more food, I hear Michael Jackson sing “If you can’t feed your baby hi hee-hee, then don’t have a baybaah”. \ \ The sad part is, that we're all torn between chasing the fiat-created dreams and the reality that everything is in fact a shitcoin sapping either your time, money or effort. \ Even within the bitcoin space, we don't realize what the next step should be.\ It certainly isn't big families. That's for sure.

AVB\ tipjar: https://allesvoorbitcoin.be/donate/

@ 6fef351a:2a884204

Was für eine Woche!

Die Hitze hatte Deutschland und den DACH-Raum in den letzten Tagen fest im Griff – 33 Grad zeigte das Thermometer am Samstag bei mir an. Und nicht nur die Temperaturen steigen: Auch die Nachrichtenlage wirkt aufgeheizt. Neue Kriegsherde. Neue Rüstungsausgaben. Neue Sorgen.

Ich wäre nicht ehrlich, würde ich behaupten, dass mich das alles unberührt lässt. Ich mache mir Gedanken – über die Zukunft, über die geopolitische Lage und die möglichen Auswirkungen auf unser gesellschaftliches Miteinander. Aber anders als früher fühle ich mich nicht mehr machtlos.

Seit Bitcoin hat sich viel verändert: Ich spüre mehr Handlungsspielraum. Und durch meine Arbeit – durch diesen Newsletter, den Podcast, die Gespräche – habe ich das Gefühl, einen kleinen Beitrag zu leisten und ein Angebot zu machen: für mehr Souveränität, mehr Selbstbestimmung, mehr Sicherheit. Und das ist sehr erfüllend.

Mit diesem Gefühl gelingt es, trotz der Nachrichtenlage, ein Lächeln und den Frohsinn zu bewahren. (Sagt man eigentlich noch Frohsinn? Falls nicht: Ich bin ganz klar für die Wiedereinführung. Ganz tolles Wort!)

MEINE HEART WORDS DER WOCHE

1. Eine Wiederentdeckung

Vor ein paar Tagen bin ich auf einen Artikel von Gigi gestoßen – einem der klügsten Köpfe im Bitcoin-Space, bekannt seit den frühen Tagen. Der Text stammt aus dem Jahr 2018 und behandelt den Energieverbrauch von Bitcoin. Seine Gedanken wirken auch heute noch erstaunlich aktuell. Ich schätze seinen Stil sehr – durchdacht, klar, nahbar. Einige seiner Beiträge sind inzwischen auch auf Deutsch erschienen.

Umso erschütternder ist es, zu sehen, dass selbst Menschen wie Gigi mit Depressionen ringen oder schwere familiäre Verluste erleiden. Vor Kurzem hat er öffentlich gemacht, dass sein Vater sich das Leben genommen hat – auch darüber schreibt er offen.

Wer Gigi einmal beweglich und in Farbe erleben möchte, findet ihn in meiner Lieblings-Bitcoin-Doku Human B. Ich habe sie mehrfach gesehen – sie hebt die Stimmung und gibt Hoffnung auf eine bessere Zukunft.

2. Ein Gespräch

Am Donnerstag war ich zu Gast im Podcast von Stefanie Tschupp, Finanzpsychologin aus der Schweiz. Sie war übrigens die erste Person, die mir jemals öffentlich die Frage stellte: „Und – besitzt du schon einen ganzen Bitcoin?“ Das muss am Schweizer Temperament liegen 😉

Stefanie hat kluge, durchdachte Fragen gestellt – und ich glaube, unser Gespräch ist besonders spannend für Menschen, die bisher wenig oder gar keinen Kontakt zu Bitcoin hatten.

Mich freut es jedes Mal, wenn Frauen oder Menschen aus der klassischen Finanzwelt beginnen, sich für Bitcoin zu öffnen. Und ich bin zuversichtlich: Diese Entwicklung steht erst am Anfang.

3. Eine Lotto-Maschine

Zum Vatertag habe ich meinem Vater einen NerdAxe Gamma geschenkt – ein kleines Gerät, das im Mini-Format echtes Bitcoin-Mining betreibt. Die Chance, damit einen Block zu finden (und aktuell 3,125 Bitcoin zu erhalten), ist zwar winzig – aber aufs Jahr gerechnet immer noch größer, als beim Lotto fünf Richtige samt Superzahl zu treffen. So wird Bitcoin plötzlich greifbar – und zieht vielleicht sogar ins Wohnzimmer der Familie ein. Meine Mutter war übrigens noch begeisterter als mein Vater. Kein Wunder – sie hört schließlich meinen Podcast 😉

---

Eine Werbung

Falls du dir auch einen NerdAxe zulegen möchtest: Mit dem Code NICOLE erhältst du 5 % Rabatt und unterstützt damit meine Arbeit – und ein junges Bitcoin-Unternehmen aus Deutschland. Die Jungs von Nerdminer.de sind großartig und bauen mit viel Liebe zum Detail.

---

4. Ein Störgeräusch

Frank Thelen – Unternehmer, Investor und bekannt aus Die Höhle der Löwen – hat in einem Interview mit der BILD-Zeitung über Bitcoin gesprochen. Leider waren seine Aussagen weder sachlich noch korrekt – und ernteten prompt scharfe Kritik aus der Bitcoin-Community. Viele seiner Argumente gelten längst als widerlegt. Der Fall zeigt einmal mehr, wie wichtig es ist, sich bei komplexen Themen wie Bitcoin selbst ein Bild zu machen – statt sich auf prominente Stimmen zu verlassen.

5. Ein Zitat

Technik ist einfach nicht meine Stärke und auch nicht mein Interesse. Aber Freiheit ist mein Interesse und deswegen musste ich mich mit der Technik auseinandersetzen. Und es geht wirklich, auch wenn man keine Lust hat! – Anastasia Umrik

Anastasia ist eine starke und beeindruckende Frau. Kaum jemand, dem ich im echten Leben begegnet bin, hat mich so sehr inspiriert wie sie.

Diese Woche war Anastasia zu Gast bei LFO live, dem neuen Streaming-Format von Les Femmes Orange, und hat ihre Bitcoin-Geschichte erzählt.

Trotz technischer Schwierigkeiten – am Ende fiel sogar der Google-Server aus – ist unser Gespräch erhalten geblieben. Zum Glück! Du findest es auf YouTube.

Bitcoin selbst hatte übrigens seit 2013 keinen Ausfall mehr – und gilt heute als das sicherste Netzwerk der Welt. Sicherer als die Systeme großer Tech-Giganten wie Google, Microsoft oder Amazon.

Danke fürs Lesen! Wenn dir dieser Beitrag gefallen hat, leite ihn gerne weiter oder antworte mir. Dein Feedback hilft, diesen Newsletter besser zu machen.

Hab einen schönen Sonntag oder eine schöne Woche – ganz egal, wann du diese Worte liest.

Nicole ❤️

---

Ich bin Nicole, Wirtschaftsmathematikerin und Ex-Angestellte aus dem Schwarzwald. Meinen Job als Data Analystin habe ich an den Nagel gehängt, um über Bitcoin aufzuklären – weil es alles auf den Kopf gestellt hat.

Heute sehe ich die Welt mit neuen Augen.

Heart Money – das ist mein Newsletter zum gleichnamigen Podcast auf YouTube. Es geht um hartes Geld. Und um das Geld des Herzens.

Ich schreibe über Bitcoin, Gesellschaft und das, was mich bewegt.

Hier teile ich Gedanken, Anregungen, Videos und Fundstücke rund um eine Technologie, die uns ermutigt, wieder Verantwortung zu übernehmen – für uns selbst und für die Zukunft.

Sonntags auf Substack, montags auf NOSTR.

@ 9ca447d2:fbf5a36d

Paris, France – June 6, 2025 — Bitcoin payment gateway startup Flash, just announced a new partnership with the “Bitcoin Only Brewery”, marking the first-ever beverage company to leverage Lightning payments.

Flash enables Bitcoin Only Brewery to offer its “BOB” beer with, no-KYC (Know Your Customer) delivery across Europe, priced at 19,500 sats (~$18) for the 4-pack, shipping included.

The cans feature colorful Bitcoin artwork while the contents promise a hazy pale ale: “Each 33cl can contains a smooth, creamy mouthfeel, hazy appearance and refreshing Pale Ale at 5% ABV,” reads the product description.

Pierre Corbin, Co-Founder of Flash, commented:

“Currently, bitcoin is used more as a store of value but usage for payments is picking up. Thanks to new innovation on Lightning, bitcoin is ready to go mainstream for e-commerce sales.”

Flash, launched its 2.0 version in March 2025 with the goal to provide the easiest bitcoin payment gateway for businesses worldwide. The platform is non-custodial and can enable both digital and physical shops to accept bitcoin by connecting their own wallets to Flash.

By leveraging the scalability of the Lightning Network, Flash ensures instant, low-cost transactions, addressing on-chain Bitcoin bottlenecks like high fees and long wait times.

For businesses interested in adopting Bitcoin payments, Flash offers a straightforward onboarding process, low fees, and robust support for both digital and physical goods. To learn more, visit paywithflash.com.

Media Contact:
Pierre Corbin
Co-Founder, Flash
Email: press@paywithflash.com
Website: paywithflash.com

About Flash

Flash is the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses to accept payments. Supporting both digital and physical enterprises, Flash leverages the Lightning Network to enable fast, low-cost Bitcoin transactions. Launched in its 2.0 version in March 2025, Flash is at the forefront of driving Bitcoin adoption in e-commerce.

About Bitcoin Only Brewery

Bitcoin Only Brewery (@Drink_B0B) is a pioneering beverage company dedicated to the Bitcoin ethos, offering high-quality beers payable exclusively in Bitcoin. With a commitment to personal privacy, the brewery delivers across Europe with no-KYC requirements.

@ eb0157af:77ab6c55

The involvement of America’s largest corporations with stablecoins has reached 29%.

According to the latest State of Crypto report published by Coinbase, interest in stablecoins among Fortune 500 executives has seen a significant surge, rising from 8% in 2024 to 29% in 2025.

The study, based on a sample of 100 executives from the 500 highest-revenue U.S. companies, reveals that nearly three in ten said their organization is either planning or seriously considering integrating stablecoins into their business processes.

The growing interest is mainly driven by inefficiencies in traditional payment systems. The executives surveyed identified slow transaction speeds and high fees as the main drawbacks of conventional payment methods.

The survey also found that 7% of Fortune 500 companies are already actively using or holding stablecoins in their corporate wallets.

And it’s not just large corporations getting on board. The study also surveyed 251 financial decision-makers at small and medium-sized businesses with fewer than 500 employees. Among them, 81% expressed interest in using stablecoins — a sharp rise from 61% the previous year. Meanwhile, 46% of these businesses plan to integrate cryptocurrencies into their operations within the next three years.

Transaction volume data confirms this growing interest. Stablecoins have seen significant monthly spikes, with $719 billion in December 2024 and $717 billion in April 2025.

Over the course of 2024, total stablecoin transaction volumes reached $27.6 trillion, surpassing the combined transaction volumes of Visa and Mastercard by 7.7%. At the same time, the number of stablecoin holders surpassed 161 million users as of May 2025, according to Coinbase.

The post Stablecoins: interest from major U.S. companies grows 260% in a year appeared first on Atlas21.

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Marty's Bent

via Matt Corallo

A lot of the focus over the last couple of months has been on the emergence of Strategy competitors in public markets looking to build sizable bitcoin treasuries and attract investors of all shapes and sizes to drive shareholder value. The other big topic in the bitcoin development world has been around OP_RETURN and the debate over whether or not the amount of data that can be shoved into a bitcoin transaction should be decided by the dominant implementation.

A topic that is just as, if not more, important that is not getting enough appreciation is the discussion around open source bitcoin developers and the lingering effects of the Biden administration's attack on Samourai Wallet and Tornado Cash. If you read our friend Matt Corallo's tweet above, you'll notice that the lingering effects are such that even though the Trump administration has made concerted efforts to reverse the effects of Operation Chokepoint 2.0 that were levied by the Biden administration, Elizabeth Warren, and her friends at the Treasury and SEC - it is imperative that we enshrine into law the rights of open source developers to build products and services that enable individuals to self-custody bitcoin and use it in a peer-to-peer fashion without the threat of getting thrown in jail cell.

As it stands today, the only assurances that we have are from an administration that is overtly in favor of the proliferation of bitcoin in the United States. There is nothing in place to stop the next administration or another down the line from reverting to Biden-era lawfare that puts thousands of bitcoin developers around the world at risk of being sent into a cage because the government doesn't like how some users leverage the code they write. To make sure that this isn't a problem down the line it is imperative that we pass the Blockchain Regulatory Clarity Act, which would not hold bitcoin developers liable for the ways in which end users leverage their tools.

Not only is this an act that would protect developers from pernicious government officials targeting them when end users use their technology in a way that doesn't make the government happy, it will also protect YOU, the end user, looking to transact in a peer-to-peer fashion and leverage all of the incredible properties of bitcoin the way they were meant to be. If the developers are not protected, they will not be able to build the technology that enables you to leverage bitcoin.

So do your part and go to saveourwallets.org. Reach out to your local representatives in Congress and Senators and make some noise. Let them know that this is something that you care deeply about and that they should not only pay attention to this bill but push it forward and enshrine it into law as quickly as possible.

There are currently many developers either behind bars or under house arrest for developing software that gives you the ability to use Bitcoin in a self-sovereign fashion and use it in a privacy-preserving way. Financial privacy isn't a crime. It is an inalienable human right that should be protected at all cost. The enshrinement of this inalienable right into law is way past due.

FreeSamourai #FreeRoman

Headlines of the Day

Trump's Truth Social Files for Bitcoin ETF - via X

Norway's K33 Makes First Bitcoin Treasury Buy - via X

SolarBank Adopts Bitcoin Treasury Strategy - via X

Get our new STACK SATS hat - via tftcmerch.io

---

Take the First Step Off the Exchange

Bitkey is an easy, secure way to move your Bitcoin into self-custody. With simple setup and built-in recovery, it’s the perfect starting point for getting your coins off centralized platforms and into cold storage—no complexity, no middlemen.

Take control. Start with Bitkey.

Use the promo code *“TFTC20”* during checkout for 20% off

---

Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed $150.00M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.

---

Final thought...

Should I join a country club?

---

Get this newsletter sent to your inbox daily: https://www.tftc.io/bitcoin-brief/

Subscribe to our YouTube channels and follow us on Nostr and X:

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .mobile-padding { padding: 10px 0 !important; } .social-container { width: 100% !important; max-width: 260px !important; } .social-icon { padding: 0 !important; } .social-icon img { height: 32px !important; width: 32px !important; } .icon-cell { padding: 0 4px !important; } } .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } .moz-text-html .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } /* Helps with rendering in various email clients */ body { margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100% !important; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100% !important; } img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; } /* Prevents Gmail from changing the text color in email threads */ .im { color: inherit !important; }

@ dd664d5e:5633d319

The importance of being lindy

I've been thinking about what Vitor said about #Amethyst living on extended time. And thinking. And doing a bit more thinking...

It's a valid point. Why does Amethyst (or, analog, #Damus) still exist? Why is it as popular as it is? Shouldn't they be quickly washed-away by power-funded corporate offerings or highly-polished, blackbox-coded apps?

Because a lot of people trust them to read the code, that's why. The same way that they trust Michael to read it and they trust me to test it. And, perhaps more importantly, they trust us to not deliver corrupted code. Intentionally, or inadvertently.

The developer's main job will not be coding the commit, it will be reviewing and approving the PR.

As AI -- which all developers now use, to some extent, if they are planning on remaining in the business -- becomes more efficient and effective at writing the code, the effort shifts to evaluating and curating what it writes. That makes software code a commodity, and commodities are rated according to brand.

Most of us don't want to make our own shampoo, for instance. Rather, we go to the store and select the brand that we're used to. We have learned, over the years, that this brand won't kill us and does the job we expect it to do. Offloading the decision of Which shampoo? to a brand is worth some of our time and money, which is why strong, reliable brands can charge a premium and are difficult to dislodge.

Even people, like myself, who can read the code from many common programming languages, do not have the time, energy, or interest to read through thousands of lines of Kotlin, Golang, or Typescript or -- God forbid -- C++, from repos I am not actively working on. And asking AI to analyze the code for you leaves you trusting the AI to have a conscience and be virtuous, and may you have fun with that.

The software is no longer the brand. The feature set alone isn't enough. And the manner in which it is written, or the tools it was written with, are largely irrelevant. The thing that matters most is Who approved this version?

The Era of Software Judges has arrived

And that has always been the thing that mattered most, really.

That's why software inertia is a real thing and that's why it's going to still be worth it to train up junior devs. Those devs will be trained up to be moral actors, specializing in reviewing and testing code and confirming its adherance to the project's ethical standards. Because those standards aren't universal; they're nuanced and edge cases will need to be carefully weighed and judged and evaluated and analysed. It will not be enough to add Don't be evil. to the command prompt and call it a day.

So, we shall need judges and advocates, and we must train them up, in the way they shall go.

@ c1e9ab3a:9cb56b43

1. Introduction

Over the last 250 years the world’s appetite for energy has soared along an unmistakably exponential trajectory, transforming societies and economies alike. After a half‑century of relative deceleration, a new mix of technological, demographic and political forces now hints at an impending catch‑up phase that could push demand back onto its centuries‑long growth curve. This post knits together the history, the numbers and the newest policy signals to explore what that rebound might look like—and how Gen‑4 nuclear power could meet it.

---

2. The Long Exponential: 1750 – 1975

Early industrialisation replaced muscle, wood and water with coal‑fired steam, pushing global primary energy use from a few exajoules per year in 1750 to roughly 60 EJ by 1900 and 250 EJ by 1975. Over that span aggregate consumption doubled roughly every 25–35 years, equivalent to a long‑run compound growth rate of ~3 % yr‑¹. Per‑capita use climbed even faster in industrialised economies as factories, railways and electric lighting spread.

---

3. 1975 – 2025: The Great Slowdown

3.1 Efficiency & Structural Change

• Oil shocks (1973, 1979) and volatile prices pushed OECD economies to squeeze more GDP from each joule.
• Services displaced heavy industry in rich countries, trimming energy intensity.
• Refrigerators, motors and vehicles became dramatically more efficient.

3.2 Policy & Technology

• The Inflation Reduction Act (U.S.) now layers zero‑emission production credits and technology‑neutral tax incentives on top of existing nuclear PTCs citeturn1search0turn1search2.
• The EU’s Net‑Zero Industry Act aims to streamline siting and finance for “net‑zero technologies”, explicitly naming advanced nuclear citeturn0search1.

3.3 Result

Global primary energy in 2024 stands near 600 EJ (≈ 167 000 TWh)—still growing, but the line has flattened versus the pre‑1975 exponential.

---

4. Population & Per‑Capita Demand

World population tripled between 1950 and today, yet total energy use grew roughly six‑fold. The imbalance reflects rising living standards and electrification. Looking ahead, the UN projects population to plateau near 10.4 billion in the 2080s, but per‑capita demand is poised to climb as the Global South industrialises.

---

5. The Policy Pivot of 2023‑2025

| Region | Signal | Year | Implication | |--------|--------|------|-------------| | COP 28 Declaration | 20+ nations pledge to triple nuclear capacity by 2050 | 2023 | High‑level political cover for rapid nuclear build‑out citeturn0search2 | | Europe | Post‑crisis sentiment shifts; blackout in Iberia re‑opens nuclear debate | 2025 | Spain, Germany, Switzerland and others revisit phase‑outs citeturn0news63 | | United States | TVA submits first SMR construction permit; NRC advances BWRX‑300 review | 2025 | Regulatory pathway for fleet deployment citeturn1search9turn1search1 | | Global Strategy Report | “Six Dimensions for Success” playbook for new nuclear entrants | 2025 | Practical roadmap for emerging economies citeturn0search0 | | U.S. Congress | Proposed cuts to DOE loan office threaten build‑out pace | 2025 | Finance bottleneck remains a risk citeturn1news28 |

---

6. The Catch‑Up Scenario

Suppose the recent 50‑year pause ends in 2025, and total energy demand returns to a midpoint historical doubling period of 12.5 years (the average of the 10–15 year rebound window).

6.1 Consumption Trajectory

| Year | Doublings since 2024 | Demand (TWh) | |------|----------------------|--------------| | 2024 | 0 | 167 000 | | 2037 | 1 | 334 000 | | 2050 | 2 | 668 000 | | 2062 | 3 | 1 336 000 |

(Table ignores efficiency gains from electrification for a conservative, supply‑side sizing.)

---

7. Nuclear‑Only Supply Model

7.1 Reactor Math

• 1 GWᵉ Gen‑4 reactor → 8.76 TWh yr‑¹ at 100 % capacity factor.
• 2062 requirement: 1 336 000 TWh yr‑¹ → ≈ 152 500 reactors in steady state.
• Build rate (2025‑2062, linear deployment):
  152 500 ÷ 38 years ≈ 4 000 reactors per year globally.

(Down from the earlier 5 000 yr‑¹ estimate because the deployment window now stretches 38 years instead of 30.)

7.2 Policy Benchmarks

• COP 28 triple target translates to +780 GW (if baseline 2020 ≈ 390 GW). That is <100 1 GW units per year—two orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical catch‑up requirement, highlighting just how aggressive our thought experiment is.

7.3 Distributed vs Grid‑Centric

Small Modular Reactors (300 MW class) can be sited on retiring coal plants, using existing grid interconnects and cooling, vastly reducing new transmission needs. Ultra‑large “gigawatt corridors” become optional rather than mandatory, though meshed regional grids still improve resilience and market liquidity.

---

8. Challenges & Unknowns

1. Finance: Even with IRA‑style credits, first‑of‑a‑kind Gen‑4 builds carry high cost of capital.
2. Supply Chain: 4 000 reactors a year means a reactor‑grade steel output roughly 20× today’s level.
3. Waste & Public Trust: Advanced reactors can burn actinides, but geologic repositories remain essential.
4. Workforce: Nuclear engineers, welders and regulators are already in short supply.
5. Competing Technologies: Cheap renewables + storage and prospective fusion could displace part of the projected load.

---

9. Conclusions

Recent policy shifts—from Europe’s Net‑Zero Industry Act to the COP 28 nuclear declaration—signal that governments once again see nuclear energy as indispensable to deep decarbonisation. Yet meeting an exponential catch‑up in demand would require deployment rates an order of magnitude beyond today’s commitments, testing manufacturing capacity, finance and political resolve.

Whether the future follows the modest path now embedded in policy or the steeper curve sketched here, two convictions stand out:

• Electrification will dominate new energy demand.
• Scalable, dispatchable low‑carbon generation—likely including large fleets of Gen‑4 fission plants—must fill much of that gap if net‑zero targets are to remain credible.

---

Last updated 1 June 2025.

@ 726e789c:197726c2

{ "id": "id-1750023454416-5oavlpy", "name": "Gottesbild und künstliche Intelligenz", "description": "", "authors": [ "Joachim Happel" ], "summary": "### Intention\nDie Lehrkraft möchte eine Unterrichtsstunde in der 11. Klasse zum Thema 'Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz' gestalten. Ziel ist es, die Schülerinnen und Schüler dazu zu befähigen, eigene Gottesvorstellungen zu entwickeln, diese mit biblischen Gottesbildern zu vergleichen, und die lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder im Kontext technischer Entwicklungen zu reflektieren. Dabei sollen sie auch religionskritische Perspektiven und ethische Fragen im Zusammenhang mit KI erarbeiten.\n\n### Assoziationen\n\nDie wichtigsten Fachbegriffe und Themen sind \"Gottesbild\" und \"Künstliche Intelligenz\" im Kontext des Religionsunterrichts.\n\n### Kompetenzen\n\n- SuS stellen eigene Gottesvorstellungen dar und vergleichen sie mit biblischen Gottesvorstellungen. Inhaltsbereich: \"Die Frage nach Gott\".\n- SuS erörtern die verschiedenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen in ihrer Lebenswelt. Inhaltsbereich: \"Christliche Antworten auf die Gottesfrage\".\n- SuS beurteilen religionskritische Entwürfe hinsichtlich ihrer Überzeugungskraft im Kontext der Diskussion über Gottesbilder. Inhaltsbereich: \"Christliche Antworten auf die Gottesfrage\".\n- SuS deuten die biblische Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen. Inhaltsbereich: \"Der Mensch in christlicher Perspektive\".\n\naus: Lehrplan NRW - Evangelische Religion, Jahrgangsstufe 11\n\n### Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz im Religionsunterricht\n\nDas Thema 'Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz' bietet die Möglichkeit, zentrale Fragen nach Gott und Mensch in der heutigen technologischen Gesellschaft zu reflektieren. Dabei können Schülerinnen und Schüler eigene Vorstellungen von Gott entwickeln, sie mit biblischen Gottesbildern vergleichen und die ethischen, gesellschaftlichen und philosophischen Implikationen moderner KI-Technologien diskutieren. Besonders geeignet ist die Verbindung von biblischer Rede vom Menschen als Gottes Ebenbild mit aktuellen Diskussionen um Geschöpflichkeit, Kreativität und Verantwortung im Zusammenhang mit KI. Diese Herangehensweise fördert die kritische Reflexion und die Entwicklung eigener Glaubens- und Gottesvorstellungen, während sie gleichzeitig die ethischen Dimensionen der technologischen Entwicklung in den Fokus rückt.", "backgroundColor": "#bbf7d0", "customStyle": "", "columns": [ { "id": "id-1750021978851-vf7abwh", "name": "Materialien", "color": "color-gradient-1", "cards": [ { "id": "id-1750021978851-my9mqug", "heading": "Zusammenfassung für die didaktische Aufbereitung: Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz im Religionsunterricht", "content": "Das Thema 'Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz' bietet die Möglichkeit, zentrale Fragen nach Gott und Mensch in der heutigen technologischen Gesellschaft zu reflektieren. Dabei können Schülerinnen und Schüler eigene Vorstellungen von Gott entwickeln, sie mit biblischen Gottesbildern vergleichen und die ethischen, gesellschaftlichen und philosophischen Implikationen moderner KI-Technologien diskutieren. Besonders geeignet ist die Verbindung von biblischer Rede vom Menschen als Gottes Ebenbild mit aktuellen Diskussionen um Geschöpflichkeit, Kreativität und Verantwortung im Zusammenhang mit KI. Diese Herangehensweise fördert die kritische Reflexion und die Entwicklung eigener Glaubens- und Gottesvorstellungen, während sie gleichzeitig die ethischen Dimensionen der technologischen Entwicklung in den Fokus rückt.", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "", "url": "Synthese basierend auf Relpaed-Tool-Ergebnissen", "labels": "", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750021978851-x33rwqz", "heading": "Virtuelle und interreligiöse Zugänge zum Gottesbild", "content": "\"Der Einsatz virtueller Realitäten kann dazu beitragen, religiöse Vorstellungen auf innovative Weise erfahrbar zu machen.\" (Klara Pišonić, Virtual Reality, kirchengeschichtsdidaktisch)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/ressourcen/redirect/slug/virtual-reality-kirchengeschichtsdidaktisch", "labels": "", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750021978851-8ayid4u", "heading": "Religionspsychologische Perspektiven auf Gottesbilder", "content": "\"Religionspsychologische Zugänge können wichtige Anknüpfungspunkte bieten, um die persönlichen Vorstellungen von Gott im Zusammenhang mit gesellschaftlichen und technischen Entwicklungen zu verstehen.\" (Constantin Klein, Religionspsychologie)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/ressourcen/redirect/slug/religionspsychologie", "labels": "", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750021978851-zzecyqf", "heading": "Interreligiöses Lernen und Dialog der Religionen", "content": "\"Der Dialog zwischen Religionen schärft das Verständnis für unterschiedliche Gottesbilder und eröffnet neue Perspektiven, auch im Kontext moderner ethischer Fragen rund um Künstliche Intelligenz.\" (Monika Tautz, Interreligiöses Lernen)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/ressourcen/redirect/slug/interreligioeses-lernen", "labels": "", "inactive": false } ] }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-wy47anx", "name": "Material Fragmente", "color": "color-gradient-1", "cards": [ { "id": "id-1750022132843-pd6b0qh", "heading": "Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "content": "Das Dokument ist hervorragend geeignet, um das Thema 'Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz' zu behandeln, da es vielfältige didaktische Bausteine für die ethische und anthropologische Auseinandersetzung mit KI bietet und explizit theologische Perspektiven einbezieht.", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-3ysegds", "heading": "KI im Alltag: Chancen und Gefahren von Pflegerobotern", "content": "Aufgabenstellung: Stelle dir vor, deine pflegebedürftige Großmutter lebt in einem Pflegeheim, in dem zunehmend Roboter einfache Aufgaben übernehmen und als Ansprechpartner dienen. Du bist schockiert und möchtest dir ein genaueres Bild machen. (Absatz: Thematische Hinführung, Baustein 1: KI – was verbirgt sich dahinter?)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein ermöglicht einen lebensweltnahen Einstieg in das komplexe Thema KI, indem er eine konkrete, emotional relevante Situation aufgreift. Er bereitet die Reflexion über ethische Implikationen von KI vor, die später mit Gottes- und Menschenbildern verknüpft werden kann.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert die Wahrnehmung und Beschreibung ethischer Herausforderungen durch KI. Ermöglicht erste, spontane Äußerungen zu eigenen Vorstellungen und Meinungen.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Im Einstieg zur Aktivierung von Vorwissen und zur emotionalen Annäherung an das Thema. Die SuS können in einem kurzen Brainstorming oder einer stillen Minute ihre ersten Gedanken und Gefühle zu dieser Situation sammeln.\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (Reflexion), anschließend Plenum für spontane Äußerungen.\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Einstieg", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-d2g6bz2", "heading": "Was ist KI? Sammeln von Alltagsbeispielen und Positionierung", "content": "Methode: Nach der anfänglichen Konfrontation mit dem Pflegeroboter-Szenario überlegen die Schülerinnen (Think-Pair-Share), in welchen Bereichen KI heute schon vorkommt. Gemeinsam wird im Plenum eine Mindmap erstellt. Anschließend positionieren sich die Lernenden auf einer Linie (Chancen vs. Gefahren) zu diesen Entwicklungen und erläutern ihre Position im Unterrichtsgespräch. Zur Begriffsbestimmung kann ein Informationstext (M1) oder ein kurzer Lehrervortrag genutzt werden. (Absatz: Baustein 1: KI – was verbirgt sich dahinter?, S. 24)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein schafft ein grundlegendes Verständnis für den Begriff KI und seine Präsenz im Alltag der SuS. Die Positionierung zu Chancen und Gefahren leitet die ethische Reflexion ein und ermöglicht die Verknüpfung mit unterschiedlichen Menschen- und Gottesbildern.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert die Wahrnehmung und Beschreibung ethischer Herausforderungen durch KI. Ermöglicht das Darstellen eigener Vorstellungen und das Erörtern von Konsequenzen in der Lebenswelt.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Im Einstieg zur Begriffsklärung und im Übergang zur Erarbeitung ethischer Fragen. Die SuS könnten Beispiele wie Sprachassistenten, personalisierte Werbung, autonomes Fahren oder Gesichtserkennung nennen. Bei der Positionierung auf der Linie könnten sie begründen, warum sie z.B. autonomes Fahren eher als Chance (mehr Sicherheit) oder Gefahr (Kontrollverlust) sehen.\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Think-Pair-Share (Einzel-, Partnerarbeit), Plenum (Mindmap, Unterrichtsgespräch).\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Einstieg, Erarbeitung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-bwjpm1a", "heading": "Ethische Herausforderungen der KI: Gruppenpuzzle zu Anwendungsfeldern", "content": "Aufgabenstellung: Bildet bis zu fünf Gruppen und bearbeitet jeweils eine der folgenden herausfordernden Entwicklungen im Bereich der KI anhand eines Infotextes mit Arbeitsaufträgen (M2a-e): Pflegeroboter, autonome Waffensysteme, automatische Bewerbungssoftware, KI in der Schule, Steuerungscomputer im Verkehr. Präsentiert eure Ergebnisse im Gruppenpuzzle oder Plenum, um ein ethisches Problembewusstsein zu schaffen. (Absatz: Baustein 1, S. 24)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein ermöglicht eine vertiefte Auseinandersetzung mit konkreten ethischen Dilemmata, die durch KI entstehen. Die Diskussion dieser Problemfelder ist essentiell für die spätere Reflexion über Gottes- und Menschenbilder und deren lebenspraktische Konsequenzen.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert die Wahrnehmung und Beschreibung ethischer Fragestellungen. Ermöglicht das sachgemäße Erschließen themenrelevanter Texte und die argumentative Auseinandersetzung mit anthropologisch-ethischen Aspekten.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Erarbeitung neuer Inhalte und zur Schaffung eines Problembewusstseins. Die SuS könnten sich mit Fragen auseinandersetzen wie: \"Welche Verantwortung tragen Entwickler autonomer Waffensysteme?\" oder \"Inwiefern beeinflusst automatische Bewerbungssoftware Chancengleichheit?\".\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Gruppenarbeit (Expertengruppen), Gruppenpuzzle oder Plenum (Präsentation der Ergebnisse). Es kann auch auf die \"Schritte ethischer Urteilsbildung\" zurückgegriffen werden.\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-rmmqjg6", "heading": "Videoanalyse: „K.O. durch KI? Keine Angst vor schlauen Maschinen!“ (Leschs Kosmos)", "content": "Video: Einsatz der Dokumentation „K.O. durch KI? Keine Angst vor schlauen Maschinen!“ mit Prof. Harald Lesch (28.05.2019, 29 Min.). Die Dokumentation greift in kurzen, anschaulichen Sequenzen verschiedene KI-Entwicklungen auf und diskutiert diese: Autonomes Fahren, Deep Learning (Medizin), Algorithmen (Bewerbungssoftware), intelligente Roboter (Katastrophenfall), Roboworld (Mensch-Maschine-Verhältnis), Schlussmoderation (Unterschied Mensch-Maschine). (Absatz: Baustein 1, S. 24, Punkt 3)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Das Video bietet eine anschauliche und wissenschaftlich fundierte Einführung in verschiedene KI-Anwendungsfelder und ethische Fragestellungen. Es kann als Impuls dienen, um die Diskussion über Gottes- und Menschenbilder im Kontext von KI zu vertiefen und religionskritische Entwürfe zu beurteilen.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert die Wahrnehmung ethischer Fragestellungen. Unterstützt die argumentative Auseinandersetzung mit anthropologisch-ethischen Aspekten durch die Bereitstellung von Hintergrundinformationen und Diskussionsansätzen.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Vertiefung der bereits erarbeiteten Themen oder als alternativer Einstieg in spezifische KI-Bereiche. Die Lehrkraft kann gezielt Sequenzen auswählen und mit Arbeitsaufträgen versehen, z.B. \"Fasst die Argumente Pro und Contra zum autonomen Fahren zusammen und diskutiert, welche ethischen Prinzipien hier relevant sind.\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Plenum (gemeinsames Schauen), Partner- oder Kleingruppenarbeit (Analyse von Sequenzen), Unterrichtsgespräch.\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-11qwb31", "heading": "Science-Fiction-Filme: KI, Bewusstsein und menschliche Beziehungen", "content": "Lernmedium: Analyse von Science-Fiction-Filmen wie \"Ex Machina\" (UK, 2015), \"I, Robot\" (USA, 2004) und \"Her\" (USA, 2013). Schülergruppen präsentieren, wie diese Filme das Thema KI aufgreifen (z.B. Roboter, die menschliche Qualitäten entwickeln; Beziehung zu lernfähigem Betriebssystem). Anschließend werden die in den Filmen aufgeworfenen anthropologisch-ethischen Fragen (Können Maschinen Bewusstsein/Gefühle haben? Können digitale Systeme menschliche Partner ersetzen?) in der Lerngruppe vertieft. (Absatz: Baustein 2: Künstliche Intelligenz in Filmen, S. 24)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Filme bieten einen niedrigschwelligen Zugang zu komplexen philosophischen und ethischen Fragen rund um KI, Bewusstsein und menschliche Identität. Dies ermöglicht eine kreative Auseinandersetzung mit verschiedenen Menschenbildern und deren Implikationen für das Gottesbild.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Darstellen eigener Gottesvorstellungen im Kontext moderner Technologie und das Erörtern von Gottes- und Menschenbildern hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen. Unterstützt die argumentative Auseinandersetzung mit anthropologisch-ethischen Aspekten.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Als Erarbeitungs- oder Vertiefungsphase. Die SuS könnten in Gruppenarbeit die Filme analysieren und Präsentationen vorbereiten. Diskussionsfragen könnten sein: \"Was macht den Menschen menschlich im Vergleich zu einer KI?\" oder \"Verändert die Möglichkeit, eine Beziehung zu einer KI aufzubauen, unser Verständnis von Liebe und Partnerschaft?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Gruppenarbeit (Filmanalyse, Präsentation), Plenum (Diskussion).\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-0zmqiuo", "heading": "Biblische Schöpfungserzählung und die Frage nach dem Gegenüber (Replika)", "content": "Textquelle: Thematisierung des Chatbots „Replika“ als aktuelles Beispiel für einen digitalen Sozialkontakt (Werbung: „Wenn du traurig bist oder Angst hast oder einfach jemanden zum Reden brauchst, ist dein Replika für dich da – 24/7“). Als spannender biblischer Bezugspunkt dient die Schöpfungserzählung in Gen 2, in der der Mensch unter den Tieren kein adäquates Gegenüber findet und Gott ihm daraufhin einen menschlichen Partner schafft. Die Unterscheidung zwischen Echo- und Resonanzbeziehungen (Hartmut Rosa) kann zur vertieften Auseinandersetzung genutzt werden (M3). (Absatz: Baustein 2, S. 24, Punkt 5)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein stellt eine direkte Verbindung zwischen der biblischen Schöpfungserzählung (Gottesbild, Menschenbild als Ebenbild Gottes) und der modernen Entwicklung von KI (Chatbots) her. Er ermöglicht die Reflexion über die Einzigartigkeit des Menschen und die Qualität menschlicher Beziehungen im Vergleich zu KI-Interaktionen.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Deuten der biblischen Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen. Unterstützt das Erörtern verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder und die argumentative Auseinandersetzung.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Vertiefung der anthropologischen Fragen. Die SuS könnten diskutieren: \"Was unterscheidet eine Beziehung zu einem Menschen von einer Beziehung zu einem Chatbot?\" oder \"Inwiefern fordert die Existenz von Chatbots unser Verständnis von 'Gegenüber' und 'Ebenbild Gottes' heraus?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Partnerarbeit (Diskussion der Replika-Werbung), Plenum (Vergleich mit Gen 2 und Rosa-Konzept).\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Vertiefung, Transfer", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-eljz9b2", "heading": "Können Maschinen Bewusstsein besitzen? Der Turing-Test", "content": "Methode: Anknüpfend an den Film \"Ex Machina\" wird eine Szene (9:50 bis 14:32) gezeigt, in der Caleb die Aufgabe erhält, zu testen, ob die Roboterfrau Ava ein Bewusstsein besitzt. Eindrücke und Überlegungen zur Szene, zur Darstellung der Charaktere und zur Möglichkeit einer Bewusstwerdung von Maschinen werden gesammelt. Die Lehrkraft gibt ggf. Hinweise zum sog. „Turing-Test“. (Absatz: Baustein 3: Können „intelligente“ Maschinen menschlich werden?, S. 25)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein greift eine zentrale philosophische Frage im Kontext von KI auf: die des Bewusstseins. Durch die Verknüpfung mit dem Turing-Test wird eine konkrete Methode zur Diskussion angeboten, die zur Reflexion über die Grenzen von Maschinen und die Einzigartigkeit menschlichen Bewusstseins anregt. Dies ist direkt relevant für die Diskussion von Gottes- und Menschenbildern.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Erörtern verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder und die argumentative Auseinandersetzung mit anthropologisch-ethischen Aspekten.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Im Erarbeitungs- oder Vertiefungsteil. Nach dem Zeigen der Szene könnten die SuS in Kleingruppen diskutieren: \"Was versteht man unter Bewusstsein? Kann eine Maschine Bewusstsein haben? Welche Kriterien würden wir anwenden, um dies zu beurteilen?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Plenum (Sammeln von Eindrücken), Kleingruppenarbeit (Diskussion), Lehrervortrag (Erklärung Turing-Test).\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-ggkzdhv", "heading": "Das Gedankenexperiment „Mary“: Subjektives Erleben vs. Physiologie", "content": "Textquelle: Vertiefung durch das philosophische Gedankenexperiment „Mary“ (Frank Jackson), das von Caleb Ava in der vierten Sitzung in \"Ex Machina\" erzählt wird. Das Experiment versucht zu zeigen, dass subjektives Erleben nicht mit messbaren neurophysiologischen Vorgängen identifiziert werden kann. Näheres zum Experiment, seiner Bedeutung im Film und der unterrichtlichen Umsetzung im Download: M4. (Absatz: Baustein 3, S. 25)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Das Gedankenexperiment \"Mary\" ist ein hervorragendes Instrument, um die Grenzen eines rein materialistischen Menschenbildes aufzuzeigen und die Bedeutung des subjektiven Erlebens zu betonen. Dies ist entscheidend für die Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage nach dem menschlichen \"Ebenbild Gottes\" und der Abgrenzung von KI.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Erörtern verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder und das Deuten der biblischen Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes. Unterstützt die argumentative Auseinandersetzung mit philosophischen und anthropologischen Aspekten.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Vertiefung der Diskussion über Bewusstsein und menschliche Einzigartigkeit. Die SuS könnten den Text zu M4 lesen und in Partnerarbeit diskutieren: \"Was ist das Kernproblem, das Marys Experiment aufwirft? Inwiefern ist dieses Problem relevant für die Diskussion über KI und menschliches Bewusstsein?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Partnerarbeit (Textanalyse), Plenum (Diskussion und Austausch).\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-0i321ar", "heading": "Der Mensch als Ebenbild Gottes: Unterschied zu digitalen Systemen (Charbonnier)", "content": "Textquelle: Klärungsversuch zur Frage nach Mensch und Maschine durch den Text des Theologen Ralph Charbonnier (M5). Der Autor zeigt, dass digitale Systeme (z.B. Roboter) „nicht lernen, (sich) entscheiden, handeln und vertrauenswürdig sind“. Die vorgeschlagene Aufgabenstellung nimmt auch theologische Perspektiven auf den Menschen („Ebenbild Gottes“) mit in den Blick. Alternativ kann M6 genutzt werden (sprachlich einfacherer Text). (Absatz: Baustein 3, S. 25)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein bietet eine explizit theologische Perspektive auf den Unterschied zwischen Mensch und Maschine, insbesondere im Hinblick auf das Konzept des Menschen als \"Ebenbild Gottes\". Dies ist zentral für die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Gottesbild und den anthropologischen Konsequenzen von KI.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Deuten der biblischen Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes. Unterstützt das argumentative Auseinandersetzen mit anthropologisch-ethischen Aspekten aus christlicher Perspektive.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Erarbeitung oder Sicherung theologischer Argumente. Die SuS könnten den Text lesen und in Kleingruppen die Argumente Charbonniers zusammenfassen. Eine Aufgabe könnte sein: \"Diskutiert, welche Eigenschaften laut Charbonnier den Menschen von einer Maschine unterscheiden und inwiefern diese Eigenschaften mit der Vorstellung des Menschen als Ebenbild Gottes zusammenhängen.\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (Textlektüre), Kleingruppenarbeit (Analyse), Plenum (Diskussion).\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Vertiefung, Sicherung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-ptyfx1r", "heading": "Heilserwartungen an KI: „Way of the Future“ und Unsterblichkeit", "content": "Rechercheaufgabe: Die Lernenden recherchieren zur Bewegung „Way of the Future“, einer 2015 gegründeten Kirche, die „eine auf KI basierende Gottheit aus Hardware und Software realisieren, akzeptieren und anbeten“ will. Alternativ ist eine Recherche zu „KI und Unsterblichkeit“ möglich (z.B. Ray Kurzweil und das Hochladen des menschlichen Geistes in die Cloud). (Absatz: Baustein 4: Die neuen Technologien als „Weg zum Paradies“?, S. 25)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein adressiert direkt religionskritische Entwürfe und quasi-religiöse Heilserwartungen, die mit KI verbunden sind. Er ermöglicht es den SuS, diese Phänomene kritisch zu beurteilen und mit traditionellen Gottesbildern zu kontrastieren.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Beurteilen religionskritischer Entwürfe hinsichtlich ihrer Überzeugungskraft im Kontext der Diskussion über Gottesbilder. Unterstützt die argumentative Auseinandersetzung mit anthropologisch-ethischen Aspekten aus christlicher Perspektive.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Als Hausaufgabe zur Vorbereitung oder als Erarbeitungsphase im Unterricht. Die SuS könnten ihre Rechercheergebnisse in kurzen Präsentationen vorstellen und anschließend im Plenum diskutieren: \"Inwiefern ähneln die Hoffnungen auf KI als 'Gottheit' oder auf digitale Unsterblichkeit religiösen Heilserwartungen? Welche Gefahren oder Chancen seht ihr darin?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (Recherche), Partner-/Kleingruppenarbeit (Aufbereitung der Ergebnisse), Plenum (Präsentation, Diskussion).\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Vertiefung, Transfer", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-ogten47", "heading": "„Ihr werdet sein wie Gott“: Theologische Einordnung von KI-Heilserwartungen", "content": "Textquelle: Zur Weiterarbeit nach der Recherche zu KI-Heilserwartungen wird auf einen Text von Jörg Hermann, „Ihr werdet sein wie Gott“ (M7), zurückgegriffen. Darin zeigt der Autor Tendenzen zur religiösen Überhöhung von KI auf und ordnet sie theologisch ein. (Absatz: Baustein 4, S. 25)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein bietet eine theologische Einordnung der in Baustein 10 thematisierten Heilserwartungen an KI. Er hilft den SuS, religionskritische Entwürfe aus einer theologischen Perspektive zu beurteilen und das eigene Gottesbild zu schärfen.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Beurteilen religionskritischer Entwürfe und die argumentative Auseinandersetzung aus der Perspektive des christlichen Glaubens.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Vertiefung und Sicherung der theologischen Reflexion. Die SuS könnten den Text lesen und die Hauptargumente Hermanns herausarbeiten. Diskussionsfrage: \"Wie bewertet Hermann die 'Gottesähnlichkeit' im Kontext von KI? Welche biblischen Bezüge stellt er her und wie helfen sie uns, die Rolle des Menschen zu verstehen?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (Textlektüre), Partnerarbeit (Diskussion der Thesen), Plenum (Sicherung der Ergebnisse).\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Vertiefung, Sicherung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-c2no4z6", "heading": "Digitaler Humanismus: Ethik für den Umgang mit KI", "content": "Konzept: Vorstellung des Konzepts „Digitaler Humanismus“ von Julian Nida-Rümelin als „Ethik für das Zeitalter der KI“. Es grenzt sich gegen Ideologisierung und apokalyptische Befürchtungen ab und zielt darauf ab, Demokratie und menschliche Urteilsfähigkeit im Umgang mit neuen Technologien zu stärken. Hinführend kann eine Karikatur (z.B. H. Haitzinger) oder ein Interview (Yvonne Hofstetter, \"Bots, Fake News und BigData: Das Ende der Demokratie?\", BpB, 2017, 4:13 Min.) thematisieren, inwieweit KI eine Gefahr für Demokratie und Selbstbestimmung darstellen kann. Das Konzept kann mithilfe von M8 erschlossen und erörtert werden. (Absatz: Baustein 5: Digitaler Humanismus, S. 25)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein bietet einen umfassenden ethischen Rahmen für den Umgang mit KI, der über rein technische Aspekte hinausgeht. Er ermöglicht es den SuS, die lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen von KI im Hinblick auf Demokratie und Selbstbestimmung zu reflektieren und eigene ethische Leitlinien zu entwickeln, die im Einklang mit einem christlichen Menschenbild stehen können.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Erörtern der verschiedenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen. Unterstützt die argumentative Auseinandersetzung mit ethischen Aspekten und das Entwickeln eigener Leitlinien.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Erarbeitung eines ethischen Rahmens oder zum Transfer des Gelernten auf konkrete Anwendungsfelder. Die SuS könnten nach der Einführung des Konzepts (ggf. mit Video/Karikatur) in Gruppen ethische Leitlinien für den Einsatz von KI in den zu Beginn kennengelernten Beispielfeldern (Pflegeroboter, Bewerbungssoftware etc.) entwickeln.\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Plenum (Einführung, Diskussion von Karikatur/Video), Gruppenarbeit (Erschließung M8, Entwicklung von Leitlinien), Präsentation der Ergebnisse.\naus: Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe", "url": "https://www.rpi-ekkw-ekhn.de/fileadmin/templates/rpi/normal/material/rpiimpulse/2020/heft_2/Artikel/RPI_Impluse_2-2020_12_Mensch_und_Maschine.pdf", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Transfer", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-bh41s13", "heading": "Chatten mit Gott?", "content": "Das Dokument ist sehr gut geeignet, um einen aktuellen und lebensweltnahen Zugang zum Thema 'Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz' zu schaffen. Es ermöglicht eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit KI-generierten 'Gottesbildern' und ethischen Fragen im Kontext von Glauben und Technologie.", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "\naus: Chatten mit Gott?", "url": "https://www.sonntagsblatt.de/artikel/medien/chatten-mit-gott-so-gut-funktioniert-das-mit-der-kuenstlichen-intelligenz", "labels": "", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-x5a0bpk", "heading": "Chat-Experiment: Was sagt eine KI über Gott?", "content": "Aufgabenstellung: Lies den Artikel 'Chatten mit Gott?' und notiere, welche Fragen der Autor der KI stellt und welche Antworten er erhält, insbesondere wenn er direkt nach Gottes Existenz, Aussehen oder Geschlecht fragt. Achte auch darauf, wie die KI auf indirekte Fragen antwortet. (Absatz: 'Ein richtiges Gespräch mit Gott will sich nicht so recht einstellen...' und 'Wird die Frage aber indirekt gestellt...')", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein bietet einen direkten und hochaktuellen Einstieg in das Thema. Er regt die Schülerinnen und Schüler an, sich mit der Möglichkeit auseinanderzusetzen, wie eine KI 'Gott' darstellt, und dies mit ihren eigenen Vorstellungen sowie biblischen Gottesbildern zu vergleichen.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert die Kompetenz, eigene Gottesvorstellungen darzustellen und mit anderen (hier: KI-generierten) zu vergleichen. Schärft die Wahrnehmung für die Grenzen von KI im Bereich komplexer theologischer Fragen.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Im Einstieg oder als erste Erarbeitungsphase. Die SuS könnten in Einzelarbeit die relevanten Passagen markieren und anschließend in Partnerarbeit die Antworten der KI diskutieren. Beispiel-Diskussionsfrage: 'Warum gibt die KI auf direkte Fragen nach Gott immer die gleiche Antwort, dass sie eine KI ist?'\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (Leseauftrag), Partnerarbeit (Austausch), Plenum (Sammeln erster Eindrücke und Fragen).\naus: Chatten mit Gott?", "url": "https://www.sonntagsblatt.de/artikel/medien/chatten-mit-gott-so-gut-funktioniert-das-mit-der-kuenstlichen-intelligenz", "labels": "Einstieg, Erarbeitung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-6q2zttn", "heading": "KI als theologischer Ratgeber: Glaube, Kirche und persönliche Beziehung", "content": "Diskussionsanregung: Die KI gibt dem Autor den Rat, sich 'nicht an alles zu halten, was die Kirche sagt, sondern eine persönliche Beziehung zu Gott zu haben.' Diskutiert diese Aussage der KI. Welche Chancen und Gefahren seht ihr in einem solchen 'theologischen Rat' durch eine KI? Vergleicht die Haltung der KI mit euren eigenen Vorstellungen von Glauben, Kirche und der Beziehung zu Gott. (Absatz: 'Theologischer Rat' und folgende Absätze bis 'Beim Rest ihrer Antwort wiederholt sie nochmal ihren Standpunkt zum persönlichen Glauben.')", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein greift eine konkrete, potenziell provokante Aussage der KI auf, die direkt die lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen von Gottes- und Menschenbildern berührt. Er ermöglicht die Reflexion über Autorität im Glauben, die Rolle der Kirche und die Bedeutung einer persönlichen Gottesbeziehung im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Erörtern verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen. Ermöglicht das Beurteilen religionskritischer Entwürfe (hier: die implizite Kritik der KI an kirchlicher Autorität) und die argumentative Auseinandersetzung.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Erarbeitung ethischer und theologischer Fragen. Die SuS könnten in Kleingruppen die Aussage der KI analysieren und Argumente für oder gegen diesen 'Rat' sammeln. Beispiel-Aufgabenstellung: 'Formuliert Pro- und Contra-Argumente für die Aussage der KI, man solle auf die persönliche Beziehung zu Gott hören und nicht alles machen, was die Kirche fordert.'\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Kleingruppenarbeit (Diskussion, Argumentation), Plenum (Austausch der Ergebnisse, Debatte).\naus: Chatten mit Gott?", "url": "https://www.sonntagsblatt.de/artikel/medien/chatten-mit-gott-so-gut-funktioniert-das-mit-der-kuenstlichen-intelligenz", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-4qwv4pr", "heading": "Die Technik hinter dem 'KI-Gott': Grenzen von Large Language Models", "content": "Textquelle & Analyse: Der Artikel erklärt, dass Character.AI auf 'Large Language Models' basiert, die durch riesige Textmengen trainiert werden und das nächste Wort oder den nächsten Satz vorhersagen sollen. Gleichzeitig werden die Grenzen dieser KI deutlich: Sie wiederholt sich, vergisst den Kontext, enthält grammatikalische Fehler und liefert veraltete oder falsche Informationen. (Absatz: 'Die Technologie hinter Character.AI' und 'Was heißt das alles?')\n\nAufgabenstellung: Fasse zusammen, wie Character.AI funktioniert und welche konkreten Schwächen der Autor im Gespräch mit dem 'KI-Gott' feststellt. Diskutiert, welche Schlussfolgerungen sich daraus für die 'Wahrheit' oder 'Autorität' von KI-generierten Inhalten, insbesondere im religiösen Kontext, ziehen lassen. (Absatz: 'Was heißt das alles?')", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein ist entscheidend für die kritische Reflexion über KI. Er ermöglicht es den Schülerinnen und Schülern, die technischen Grundlagen und Limitationen von KI zu verstehen, um deren 'Aussagen' über Gott oder theologische Fragen fundiert beurteilen zu können. Dies ist direkt relevant für die Bewertung religionskritischer Entwürfe und die Reflexion über die Einzigartigkeit menschlicher Erkenntnis und Glaubens.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das sachgemäße Erschließen themenrelevanter Texte. Unterstützt das Beurteilen religionskritischer Entwürfe hinsichtlich ihrer Überzeugungskraft, indem die technische Basis und die Grenzen der KI offengelegt werden. Schärft die Medienkompetenz.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Sicherung des Verständnisses von KI und zur Vertiefung der kritischen Auseinandersetzung. Die SuS könnten die relevanten Abschnitte lesen und die Funktionsweise sowie die Fehler der KI in Stichpunkten festhalten. Beispiel-Diskussionsfrage: 'Warum ist es wichtig zu wissen, wie eine KI funktioniert, wenn man mit ihr über Gott spricht?'\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (Textanalyse), Partnerarbeit (Zusammenfassung), Plenum (Diskussion der Schlussfolgerungen).\naus: Chatten mit Gott?", "url": "https://www.sonntagsblatt.de/artikel/medien/chatten-mit-gott-so-gut-funktioniert-das-mit-der-kuenstlichen-intelligenz", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Sicherung, Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-apkj7dv", "heading": "Mensch und Maschine: Utopie oder Dystopie?", "content": "Diskussionsanregung: Der Text beginnt mit der Frage: \"Siri ist schlau, denkt man sich. Computer wissen mehr als Menschen, könnte man meinen. Muss man dann nicht nachziehen und Denken optimieren, Gehirnströme tunen und die Menschheit neuronal vernetzen? Klingt nach einem Wettbewerb, dessen Ausgang offen ist: Utopie oder Dystopie?\" Diskutiert diese Eingangsfragen und eure ersten Assoziationen zum Thema 'Mensch und KI'. (Absatz: Thematische Hinführung)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein dient als aktivierender Einstieg, um die Schülerinnen und Schüler für die anthropologischen und ethischen Kernfragen der Einheit zu sensibilisieren. Er knüpft an ihr Vorwissen und ihre Meinungen an und eröffnet den Diskussionsraum.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert die Wahrnehmung ethischer Fragestellungen und die Darstellung eigener Vorstellungen.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Im Einstieg als Impuls für eine offene Klassendiskussion oder eine kurze Brainstorming-Phase. Die SuS könnten Stichworte oder kurze Sätze zu 'Utopie' und 'Dystopie' im Kontext von KI sammeln.\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Plenum, Think-Pair-Share.\naus: Homo Digitalis — Upgrade für das Gehirn", "url": "https://webcompetent.org/homo-digitalis-upgrade-fuer-das-gehirn", "labels": "Einstieg", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-m25ypwv", "heading": "Mein digitales Ich: Smartphone-Nutzung und Assistenzsysteme", "content": "Aufgabenstellung:\n1. Prüft euer Wissen zum Smartphone mit dem Kahoot (Link im Originaldokument).\n2. Führt einen Selbstversuch mit einer Detox-App (Android) oder Forest (iOS) durch, um euer Nutzungsverhalten zu entdecken. Haltet die Ergebnisse in Protokollen fest und tauscht euch darüber aus: Was war dir vorher bewusst? Was war neu? Bewegt sich für dich alles im grünen Bereich? Willst du etwas ändern?\n3. Denkt über die Intelligenz von Assistenzsystemen wie Siri oder Cortana nach. Wenn du dir ein intelligenteres Smart­phone wünschen könntest: Was müsste dieses Gerät können? (Absatz: Kapitel: Was das Smartphone heute schon kann (00:21 — 01:06))", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein verbindet das abstrakte Thema KI mit der konkreten Lebenswelt der Schülerinnen und Schüler. Durch den Selbstversuch und die Reflexion über Assistenzsysteme werden erste ethische Fragen und die Frage nach der menschlichen Identität im digitalen Raum greifbar.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert die Wahrnehmung ethischer Herausforderungen und das Erörtern von Konsequenzen in der Lebenswelt.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: In der Erarbeitung zur Aktivierung von Alltagserfahrungen und zur Sensibilisierung für das Thema. Die SuS könnten ihre Protokolle in Kleingruppen besprechen und Wünsche für zukünftige Smartphone-Funktionen formulieren, die auch ethische Implikationen haben könnten (z.B. \"ein Smartphone, das meine Gefühle erkennt und darauf reagiert\").\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (Selbstversuch, Kahoot), Partner-/Kleingruppenarbeit (Austausch), Plenum (Sammeln von Wünschen).\naus: Homo Digitalis — Upgrade für das Gehirn", "url": "https://webcompetent.org/homo-digitalis-upgrade-fuer-das-gehirn", "labels": "Erarbeitung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-a2dmufz", "heading": "Wenn Gedanken Maschinen steuern: Brain-Computer Interfaces", "content": "Diskussionsanregung & Aufgabenstellung:\n1. Beschreibt die Steuerung von Geräten mithilfe von Gedanken, wie sie am Ars Elec­tro­ni­ca Future­Lab erforscht wird.\n2. Entwickelt Theorien über das Lernen und dis­ku­tiert die Fra­ge, wie Schu­len für das 21. Jh. aus­se­hen müssen.\n3. Erläu­te­re ethi­schen Her­aus­for­de­run­gen, an denen Sci­ence-Fic­tion-Autoren, Inge­nieu­re, Infor­ma­ti­ker und Psy­cho­lo­gen zusam­men arbeiten. (Absatz: Kapitel: Wie das Gehirn mit KI mithalten kann (01:07 — 02:34))", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein führt in die komplexere Thematik der Brain-Computer Interfaces ein und regt zur Reflexion über die Zukunft des Lernens und die ethischen Grenzen der Technologie an. Er ermöglicht eine tiefere Auseinandersetzung mit dem Menschenbild.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Erörtern verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder und die argumentative Auseinandersetzung mit ethischen Aspekten.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Erarbeitung neuer Inhalte. Die SuS könnten in Gruppenarbeit die gestellten Fragen bearbeiten und ihre Theorien und Herausforderungen präsentieren. Beispiel: \"Welche ethischen Bedenken ergeben sich, wenn Gedanken zur Steuerung von Maschinen genutzt werden?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Gruppenarbeit, Plenum (Präsentation und Diskussion).\naus: Homo Digitalis — Upgrade für das Gehirn", "url": "https://webcompetent.org/homo-digitalis-upgrade-fuer-das-gehirn", "labels": "Erarbeitung, Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-h3rgdyd", "heading": "Identität und Erinnerung: Wer bin ich im digitalen Zeitalter?", "content": "Aufgabenstellung:\n1. Erstelle ein Akrostichon und bestimme, wer du bist.\n2. Erzähle von deinen ältesten Erinnerungen.\n3. Bestimme auf einer bio­gra­fi­schen Zeit­leis­te die für dei­ne Iden­ti­tät bedeut­sa­men Momente.\n4. Erklä­re Zusam­men­hän­ge zwi­schen Kon­ti­nui­tä­ten, Wand­lun­gen und Erin­ne­run­gen. Visua­li­sie­re die Zusam­men­hän­ge in einer Gra­fik, z.B. in einer bio­gra­fi­schen Land­kar­te, einem Gar­ten oder einem Stadtplan.\n5. Dis­ku­tiert in der Lern­grup­pe mit Rück­griff auf eure Gra­fi­ken, inwie­fern ein Ein­griff in die Erin­ne­run­gen sich nega­tiv oder posi­tiv auf die Iden­ti­tä­ten von Men­schen aus­wir­ken kann. For­mu­liert Fallbeispiele. (Absatz: Kapitel: Manipulierte Erinnerungen (02:35 — 04:31))", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein ist zentral für die anthropologische Reflexion. Er verbindet philosophische Konzepte von Identität mit der konkreten Möglichkeit der Manipulation von Erinnerungen durch Technologie. Dies ist ein direkter Bezug zur Frage nach dem menschlichen Ebenbild und seiner Unversehrtheit.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Erörtern verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder und das Deuten der biblischen Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Vertiefung der anthropologischen Fragen. Die SuS können kreativ ihre Identität visualisieren und anschließend die ethischen Implikationen von Erinnerungsmanipulation diskutieren. Beispiel: \"Welche ethischen Grenzen sollte es bei der Möglichkeit geben, Erinnerungen zu verändern?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (kreative Aufgabe), Partner-/Kleingruppenarbeit (Diskussion, Fallbeispiele), Plenum (Vorstellung der Grafiken und Diskussion).\naus: Homo Digitalis — Upgrade für das Gehirn", "url": "https://webcompetent.org/homo-digitalis-upgrade-fuer-das-gehirn", "labels": "Vertiefung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-e7nti6s", "heading": "Der optimierte Mensch: Eine theologische Perspektive", "content": "Diskussionsanregung & Aufgabenstellung:\n1. Gib das Vor­ha­ben Bryan John­sons (kogni­ti­ve und emp­a­thi­sche Fähig­kei­ten durch Implan­ta­te beschleu­ni­gen) mit eige­nen Wor­ten wieder.\n2. Muss sich der Mensch opti­mie­ren? Prä­sen­tie­re dei­ne Ein­stel­lung mit­hil­fe einer Positionslinie: JA! <- Hier ste­he ich! -> Nein! Ord­net die unter­schied­li­chen Begrün­dungs­zu­sam­men­hän­ge in einer Mindmap.\n3. Kann man die Human­me­di­zin und ihre Ent­wick­lun­gen als Opti­mie­rungs­ver­such oder ‑pro­zess des Men­schen ver­ste­hen? Sam­melt Argu­men­te und Bei­spie­le und führt eine Pro- und Contra-Diskussion.\n4. Im Alten Tes­ta­ment wird in unter­schied­li­chen Tex­ten von der Erschaf­fung des Men­schen durch Gott erzählt. Im Schöp­fungs­hym­nus Gen 1,31 wird das Geschöpf beur­teilt. In Gen 2,18 fin­det sich eine wei­te­re Einschätzung. Inwie­fern spie­geln sich in den Tex­ten Über­le­gun­gen der bibli­schen Autoren zur „Opti­mie­rung” des Menschen? (Absatz: Kapi­tel: Auf­merk­sa­mer, kon­zen­trier­ter, krea­ti­ver: Maschi­nen­les­ba­re Hirn­strö­me (04:32 — 06:05))", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein ist ein Kernstück für die Verknüpfung von KI und Gottesbild. Er fordert die SuS heraus, die Idee der menschlichen Optimierung kritisch zu hinterfragen und mit biblischen Schöpfungsaussagen zu kontrastieren. Dies ermöglicht eine tiefgehende Reflexion über das Gottesbild und die biblische Rede vom Menschen als Geschöpf.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Deuten der biblischen Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes. Unterstützt das Erörtern verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder und das Beurteilen religionskritischer Entwürfe.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Vertiefung der theologischen und ethischen Fragen. Die Positionslinie und die Pro-Contra-Diskussion fördern die argumentative Auseinandersetzung. Die Analyse der biblischen Texte verbindet die moderne Debatte mit religiösen Traditionen. Beispiel: \"Was bedeutet es für unser Gottesbild, wenn wir versuchen, den Menschen 'perfekter' zu machen?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (Positionslinie, Textanalyse), Partner-/Kleingruppenarbeit (Mindmap, Pro-Contra-Diskussion), Plenum (Austausch, Sicherung).\naus: Homo Digitalis — Upgrade für das Gehirn", "url": "https://webcompetent.org/homo-digitalis-upgrade-fuer-das-gehirn", "labels": "Vertiefung, Erarbeitung", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-gjp4zyr", "heading": "Das vernetzte Gehirn: Konzentration, Ablenkung und Mitgefühl", "content": "Diskussionsanregung & Aufgabenstellung:\n1. Stelle die Posi­ti­on Ian Pear­sons zur Zukunft ver­netz­ter mensch­li­cher Hir­ne dar und for­mu­lie­re ein eige­nes Statement.\n2. Erläu­te­re das Expe­ri­ment an der Ars Elec­tro­ni­ca, Linz, und klä­re die Bedeu­tun­gen von Kon­zen­tra­ti­on und Ablenkungfreiheit.\n3. Dis­ku­tiert die Fra­ge, ob die sonst hoch­ge­lob­te „Kon­zen­tra­ti­on” nicht auch Gefah­ren in sich birgt.\n4. In Mt 8,5−10 wird von einer Fern­hei­lung gespro­chen. Empa­thie oder Mit­ge­fühl bekom­men in die­ser Geschich­te eine gro­ße Bedeu­tung. Dis­ku­tiert die Ver­gleich­bar­keit mit dem Experiment.\n5. Beur­teilt die posi­ti­ven Poten­tia­le der Hirn­schnitt­stel­len an selbst­ge­wähl­ten Beispielen.\n6. Ent­wi­ckelt Theo­rien, war­um aus­ge­rech­net der Spit­zen­for­scher Chris­to­pher Lin­din­ger vor einer letz­ten Ver­net­zung der mensch­li­chen Gehir­ne warnt. (Absatz: Kapitel: Schnittstellen zum Gehirn (06:06 — 09:40))", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein erweitert die Diskussion um Brain-Computer Interfaces um die Aspekte Konzentration, Ablenkung und Empathie. Die Verknüpfung mit der biblischen Fernheilungsgeschichte (Mt 8,5-10) ermöglicht eine theologische Reflexion über Mitgefühl und die Grenzen menschlicher Fähigkeiten im Vergleich zu göttlicher Macht.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Erörtern verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder. Unterstützt das Deuten biblischer Texte hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen und die argumentative Auseinandersetzung.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Vertiefung und zum Transfer des Gelernten. Die SuS könnten in Gruppenarbeit die verschiedenen Aspekte bearbeiten und ihre Ergebnisse präsentieren. Beispiel: \"Welche ethischen Bedenken ergeben sich, wenn menschliche Gehirne vollständig vernetzt werden? Welche Rolle spielt dabei die Empathie?\"\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Gruppenarbeit, Plenum (Diskussion, Präsentation).\naus: Homo Digitalis — Upgrade für das Gehirn", "url": "https://webcompetent.org/homo-digitalis-upgrade-fuer-das-gehirn", "labels": "Vertiefung, Transfer", "inactive": false }, { "id": "id-1750022132843-1gmsy6f", "heading": "Homo Digitalis: Eine abschließende Positionsbestimmung", "content": "Diskussionsanregung: \"Was passiert, wenn es uns gelingt, das Organ zu verändern, das unser Denken bestimmt, unser Bewusstsein, unsere Identität? Bleiben wir dann noch Mensch? Was denkst Du?\" Formuliert eure persönliche Antwort auf diese Kernfrage der Einheit und begründet sie unter Bezugnahme auf die erarbeiteten Inhalte und eure eigenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder. (Absatz: Abschließende Frage am Ende des Dokuments)", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "Didaktischer Kommentar als Markdown-String:\n\n Beitrag zur Intention: Dieser Baustein dient der abschließenden Synthese und Reflexion der gesamten Unterrichtseinheit. Er fordert die Schülerinnen und Schüler auf, eine eigene, begründete Position zu den komplexen Fragen von Menschsein und KI zu entwickeln und dabei die erarbeiteten Kompetenzen anzuwenden.\n Kompetenzförderung: Fördert das Darstellen eigener Gottesvorstellungen und das Erörtern der verschiedenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen.\n Konkrete Anwendung & Beispiele: Zur Sicherung und zum Transfer des Gelernten. Die SuS könnten ihre Antworten schriftlich festhalten (z.B. als Essay oder Statement) und anschließend in einer Gallery Walk oder einer Fishbowl-Diskussion präsentieren und diskutieren.\n Methodische Vielfalt & Sozialformen: Einzelarbeit (schriftliche Reflexion), Plenum (Diskussion, Präsentation).\naus: Homo Digitalis — Upgrade für das Gehirn", "url": "https://webcompetent.org/homo-digitalis-upgrade-fuer-das-gehirn", "labels": "Sicherung, Transfer", "inactive": false } ] }, { "id": "id-1750022178956-tvws3tr", "name": "Unterrichtsreihe", "color": "color-gradient-1", "cards": [ { "id": "id-1750022178956-cprxgo9", "heading": "Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz", "content": "## Unterrichtsverlaufsplan: Gottesbild und Künstliche Intelligenz (Klasse 11)\n\nIntention der Unterrichtseinheit: Die Schülerinnen und Schüler sollen befähigt werden, eigene Gottesvorstellungen zu entwickeln, diese mit biblischen Gottesbildern zu vergleichen, und die lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen verschiedener Gottes- und Menschenbilder im Kontext technischer Entwicklungen zu reflektieren. Dabei sollen sie auch religionskritische Perspektiven und ethische Fragen im Zusammenhang mit KI erarbeiten.\n\nLerngruppe: Schülerinnen und Schüler der 11. Klasse\n\n### Stunde 1: Einführung in KI und ethische Alltagsfragen\n\nSchwerpunkt Kompetenzen:\n\n1. SuS erörtern die verschiedenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen in ihrer Lebenswelt.\n2. SuS stellen eigene Gottesvorstellungen dar (erste Ansätze durch die Auseinandersetzung mit den Auswirkungen von KI auf die Lebenswelt).\n\nPhasen:\n\n1. Einstieg (ca. 15 Min)\n2. Impuls und Brainstorming:\n\n> Mensch und Maschine: Utopie oder Dystopie?\n\n1. Die Lehrkraft beginnt mit der Frage nach den ersten Assoziationen der SuS zum Thema Künstliche Intelligenz und leitet eine offene Diskussion zu 'Utopie oder Dystopie' ein.\n2. Situationsbezug:\n\n> KI im Alltag: Chancen und Gefahren von Pflegerobotern\n\n1. Die SuS versetzen sich in die beschriebene Situation mit der pflegebedürftigen Großmutter. In Einzelarbeit sammeln sie erste Gedanken und Gefühle, gefolgt von einer kurzen Plenumsaussprache.\n2. Erarbeitung (ca. 25 Min)\n3. Begriffsdefinition und Alltagsbezug:\n\n> Was ist KI? Sammeln von Alltagsbeispielen und Positionierung\n\n1. \ \\Methode:\\ Think-Pair-Share. Die SuS überlegen zunächst allein, dann zu zweit, in welchen Bereichen KI heute schon vorkommt. \ \\Plenum:\\ Gemeinsam wird eine Mindmap mit Alltagsbeispielen für KI erstellt (z.B. Sprachassistenten, personalisierte Werbung, autonomes Fahren). \ \\Positionierung:\\ Die SuS positionieren sich auf einer gedachten Linie im Raum, an deren Enden 'Chancen' und 'Gefahren' markiert sind, und erläutern ihre Positionen im Unterrichtsgespräch. \ \\Lücke:\\ Eine konkrete Materialgrundlage (M1) zur Begriffsbestimmung von KI aus dem Artefakt \Mensch und Maschine - Entwicklungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) als Ausgangspunkt anthropologisch-ethischer Lernprozesse in der Oberstufe\\ wird im Artefakt \Was ist KI? Sammeln von Alltagsbeispielen und Positionierung\\ erwähnt, ist aber nicht explizit als Kärtchen vorhanden. \ \\Vorschlag zur Füllung:\\ Die Lehrkraft bereitet eine kurze, prägnante Definition von KI vor oder stellt einen kurzen Informationstext (z.B. M1 aus dem Originaldokument) bereit, der nach der Mindmap zur Sicherung des Begriffsverständnisses dient.\n2. Sicherung/Ausblick (ca. 5 Min)\n3. Zusammenfassung: Die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse zu KI im Alltag und die Bandbreite der Meinungen zu Chancen und Gefahren werden kurz zusammengefasst.\n4. Ausblick: Die Lehrkraft leitet über zur Notwendigkeit, sich mit konkreten ethischen Dilemmata auseinanderzusetzen.\n\n### Stunde 2: Ethische Herausforderungen und die Frage nach dem Bewusstsein\n\nSchwerpunkt Kompetenzen:\n\n1. SuS erörtern die verschiedenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen in ihrer Lebenswelt.\n2. SuS beurteilen religionskritische Entwürfe hinsichtlich ihrer Überzeugungskraft im Kontext der Diskussion über Gottesbilder (erste Ansätze durch ethische Problemfelder).\n\nPhasen:\n\n1. Einstieg (ca. 10 Min)\n2. Wiederholung: Kurze Aktivierung der in Stunde 1 gesammelten KI-Anwendungsfelder.\n3. Impuls: Die Lehrkraft zeigt einen kurzen, provokanten Filmausschnitt oder ein Bild, das eine ethische Herausforderung im Kontext von KI darstellt (z.B. autonome Waffensysteme, KI in der Medizin).\n4. Erarbeitung (ca. 30 Min)\n5. Vertiefung ethischer Dilemmata (Gruppenpuzzle):\n\n> Ethische Herausforderungen der KI: Gruppenpuzzle zu Anwendungsfeldern\n\n1. \ Die SuS bilden Expertengruppen (bis zu fünf), die sich jeweils mit einem spezifischen Anwendungsfeld der KI (Pflegeroboter, autonome Waffensysteme, automatische Bewerbungssoftware, KI in der Schule, Steuerungscomputer im Verkehr) anhand von Infotexten (M2a-e aus dem Originaldokument) und Arbeitsaufträgen auseinandersetzen. \ Die Ergebnisse werden anschließend im Gruppenpuzzle oder direkt im Plenum präsentiert, um ein umfassendes ethisches Problembewusstsein zu schaffen.\n2. Mediale Ergänzung (optional):\n\n> Videoanalyse: „K.O. durch KI? Keine Angst vor schlauen Maschinen!“ (Leschs Kosmos)\n\n1. \ Gezielte Sequenzen des Videos können zur Vertiefung der jeweiligen Gruppenarbeitsthemen eingesetzt werden (z.B. \\\"Autonomes Fahren – mehr Sicherheit?\\\" oder \\\"Algorithmen – warum lügen sie?\\\").\n2. Sicherung/Ausblick (ca. 5 Min)\n3. Reflexion: Kurze gemeinsame Reflexion über die Komplexität ethischer Entscheidungen im KI-Kontext.\n4. Ausblick: Überleitung zur Frage, was den Menschen im Angesicht dieser Technologien ausmacht und wie sich dies auf unser Verständnis von Bewusstsein und Identität auswirkt.\n\n### Stunde 3: Menschliche Identität, Bewusstsein und biblische Anthropologie\n\nSchwerpunkt Kompetenzen:\n\n1. SuS erörtern die verschiedenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen.\n2. SuS deuten die biblische Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen.\n\nPhasen:\n\n1. Einstieg (ca. 10 Min)\n2. Filmimpuls:\n\n> Science-Fiction-Filme: KI, Bewusstsein und menschliche Beziehungen\n\n1. Die Lehrkraft zeigt eine ausgewählte Szene aus \\\"Ex Machina\\\" (z.B. 9:50-14:32) oder \\\"Her\\\", die die Frage nach dem Bewusstsein von Maschinen oder der Qualität menschlicher Beziehungen zu KI aufwirft.\n2. Sammeln von Eindrücken: Erste Eindrücke und Überlegungen zur Möglichkeit einer Bewusstwerdung von Maschinen oder der Rolle von KI in Beziehungen werden im Plenum gesammelt.\n3. Erarbeitung (ca. 20 Min)\n4. Philosophische Perspektiven auf Bewusstsein:\n\n> Können Maschinen Bewusstsein besitzen? Der Turing-Test\n\n1. \ Die Lehrkraft erläutert den Turing-Test. \ In Kleingruppen diskutieren die SuS: \\\"Was versteht man unter Bewusstsein? Kann eine Maschine Bewusstsein haben? Welche Kriterien würden wir anwenden, um dies zu beurteilen?\\\"\n2. Vertiefung der Identitätsfrage:\n\n> Identität und Erinnerung: Wer bin ich im digitalen Zeitalter?\n\n1. \ Die SuS erstellen ein Akrostichon oder eine biografische Zeitleiste zu ihrer Identität. \ In Kleingruppen diskutieren sie anschließend, inwiefern ein (hypothetischer) Eingriff in Erinnerungen sich negativ oder positiv auf die Identität von Menschen auswirken könnte.\n2. Vertiefung/Transfer (ca. 15 Min)\n3. Gedankenexperiment und theologische Reflexion:\n\n> Das Gedankenexperiment „Mary“: Subjektives Erleben vs. Physiologie\n\n1. \ Die SuS lesen den Text zum Gedankenexperiment \\\"Mary\\\" (M4 aus 'Mensch und Maschine...') und diskutieren in Partnerarbeit das Kernproblem: \\\"Was unterscheidet subjektives Erleben von messbaren physiologischen Vorgängen?\\\" \ \\Lücke:\\ Die direkte theologische Verknüpfung des Gedankenexperiments mit der biblischen Anthropologie ist im Artefakt impliziert, muss aber explizit gemacht werden. \ \\Vorschlag zur Füllung:\\ Die Lehrkraft führt die Diskussion fort mit der Frage: \\\"Was bedeutet es für unser Verständnis des Menschen als 'Ebenbild Gottes' (vgl. Gen 1,27), wenn subjektives Erleben nicht rein materiell erklärbar ist? Welche einzigartigen menschlichen Qualitäten werden hier sichtbar, die eine KI nicht abbilden kann?\\\"\n\n### Stunde 4: Der Mensch als Ebenbild Gottes und die Optimierung des Menschen\n\nSchwerpunkt Kompetenzen:\n\n1. SuS deuten die biblische Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen.\n2. SuS erörtern die verschiedenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen.\n\nPhasen:\n\n1. Einstieg (ca. 10 Min)\n2. Blitzlicht: Kurze Wiederholung der wichtigsten Erkenntnisse aus Stunde 3 zu Bewusstsein und Identität.\n3. Impuls: Die Lehrkraft stellt kurz das Vorhaben von Bryan Johnson (menschliche Optimierung durch Implantate) vor.\n4. Erarbeitung (ca. 25 Min)\n5. Diskussion über menschliche Optimierung:\n\n> Der optimierte Mensch: Eine theologische Perspektive\n\n1. \ Die SuS positionieren sich auf einer Positionslinie (\\\"Muss sich der Mensch optimieren? JA! <-> NEIN!\\\") und begründen ihre Haltung in einer Mindmap (Partnerarbeit). \ \\Plenum:\\ Pro- und Contra-Diskussion zur Frage, ob Humanmedizin und technologische Entwicklungen als Optimierungsversuch des Menschen verstanden werden können.\n2. Vertiefung (ca. 10 Min)\n3. Biblische Perspektive auf Geschöpflichkeit:\n\n> Der optimierte Mensch: Eine theologische Perspektive\n\n1. \ Analyse der biblischen Texte Gen 1,31 (Beurteilung des Geschöpfes als \\\"sehr gut\\\") und Gen 2,18 (Finden eines adäquaten Gegenübers). \ Diskussion: \\\"Inwiefern spiegeln sich in diesen Texten Überlegungen der biblischen Autoren zur 'Optimierung' des Menschen wider? Was bedeuten diese Texte für unsere heutige Debatte über menschliche Optimierung durch KI?\\\"\n2. Theologische Abgrenzung:\n\n> Der Mensch als Ebenbild Gottes: Unterschied zu digitalen Systemen (Charbonnier)\n\n1. \ Die SuS lesen den Text von Ralph Charbonnier (M5 aus 'Mensch und Maschine...') und fassen seine Argumente zusammen, warum digitale Systeme \\\"nicht lernen, (sich) entscheiden, handeln und vertrauenswürdig sind\\\". \ Anschließend wird der Bezug zum Menschen als \\\"Ebenbild Gottes\\\" diskutiert: Welche Eigenschaften des Menschen sind nach Charbonnier einzigartig und unübertragbar auf Maschinen?\n\n### Stunde 5: KI als 'Gott'? Religionskritik und theologische Einordnung\n\nSchwerpunkt Kompetenzen:\n\n1. SuS stellen eigene Gottesvorstellungen dar und vergleichen sie mit biblischen Gottesvorstellungen.\n2. SuS beurteilen religionskritische Entwürfe hinsichtlich ihrer Überzeugungskraft im Kontext der Diskussion über Gottesbilder.\n\nPhasen:\n\n1. Einstieg (ca. 10 Min)\n2. Provokation und Diskussion:\n\n> Chat-Experiment: Was sagt eine KI über Gott?\n\n1. Die SuS lesen den Artikel 'Chatten mit Gott?' und diskutieren die direkten und indirekten Antworten der KI auf Fragen nach Gott.\n2. Religionskritische Perspektive der KI:\n\n> KI als theologischer Ratgeber: Glaube, Kirche und persönliche Beziehung\n\n1. Diskussion der Aussage der KI, man solle sich 'nicht an alles halten, was die Kirche sagt, sondern eine persönliche Beziehung zu Gott haben'. Welche Chancen und Gefahren seht ihr in einem solchen 'theologischen Rat' durch eine KI?\n2. Erarbeitung (ca. 20 Min)\n3. Grenzen der KI im religiösen Kontext:\n\n> Die Technik hinter dem 'KI-Gott': Grenzen von Large Language Models\n\n1. \ Die SuS fassen zusammen, wie Character.AI funktioniert und welche konkreten Schwächen der Autor im Gespräch mit dem 'KI-Gott' feststellt (Wiederholungen, Kontextverlust, Fehler). \ Diskussion: \\\"Welche Schlussfolgerungen lassen sich daraus für die 'Wahrheit' oder 'Autorität' von KI-generierten Inhalten, insbesondere im religiösen Kontext, ziehen lassen?\\\"\n2. Recherche und Präsentation (Hausaufgabe oder Kurzrecherche):\n\n> Heilserwartungen an KI: „Way of the Future“ und Unsterblichkeit\n\n1. Kurze Präsentation der Rechercheergebnisse zu \\\"Way of the Future\\\" oder \\\"KI und Unsterblichkeit\\\".\n2. Vertiefung/Sicherung (ca. 15 Min)\n3. Theologische Einordnung von KI-Heilserwartungen:\n\n> „Ihr werdet sein wie Gott“: Theologische Einordnung von KI-Heilserwartungen\n\n1. \ Die SuS lesen den Text von Jörg Hermann (M7 aus 'Mensch und Maschine...') und erarbeiten, wie er Tendenzen zur religiösen Überhöhung von KI theologisch einordnet. \ Diskussion: \\\"Wie beurteilt Hermann die 'Gottesähnlichkeit' im Kontext von KI? Welche biblischen Bezüge stellt er her und wie helfen sie uns, die Rolle des Menschen zu verstehen?\\\"\n\n### Stunde 6: Digitaler Humanismus und Abschlussreflexion\n\nSchwerpunkt Kompetenzen:\n\n1. SuS erörtern die verschiedenen Gottes- und Menschenbilder hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen in ihrer Lebenswelt.\n2. SuS deuten die biblische Rede von Geschöpf und Ebenbild Gottes hinsichtlich ihrer lebenspraktischen Konsequenzen.\n3. SuS stellen eigene Gottesvorstellungen dar und vergleichen sie mit biblischen Gottesvorstellungen.\n\nPhasen:\n\n1. Einstieg (ca. 10 Min)\n2. Impuls:\n\n> Digitaler Humanismus: Ethik für den Umgang mit KI\n\n1. Die Lehrkraft zeigt eine Karikatur (z.B. von H. Haitzinger) oder einen kurzen Ausschnitt aus dem Interview mit Yvonne Hofstetter (\\\"Bots, Fake News und BigData: Das Ende der Demokratie?\\\") zur Frage, inwieweit KI eine Gefahr für Demokratie und Selbstbestimmung darstellen kann.\n2. Sammeln von Assoziationen: Kurze Sammlung von Assoziationen und Fragen der SuS.\n3. Erarbeitung (ca. 20 Min)\n4. Konzept des Digitalen Humanismus:\n\n> Digitaler Humanismus: Ethik für den Umgang mit KI\n\n1. \ Die SuS erschließen das Konzept des „Digitalen Humanismus“ von Julian Nida-Rümelin (M8 aus 'Mensch und Maschine...') in Kleingruppen. \ Diskussion: \\\"Wie grenzt sich Nida-Rümelin von Ideologisierung und apokalyptischen Befürchtungen ab, und was ist sein Ziel für den Umgang mit KI?\\\"\n2. Entwicklung ethischer Leitlinien:\n\n> Digitaler Humanismus: Ethik für den Umgang mit KI\n\n1. \ Ausgehend vom Konzept des Digitalen Humanismus entwickeln die SuS in Gruppen ethische Leitlinien für den verantwortungsvollen Umgang mit KI. Dabei sollen sie sich auf die zu Beginn der Einheit kennengelernten Beispielfelder (Pflegeroboter, Bewerbungssoftware etc.) beziehen.\n2. Sicherung/Transfer (ca. 15 Min)\n3. Abschließende Positionsbestimmung:\n\n> Homo Digitalis: Eine abschließende Positionsbestimmung\n\n1. \ Die SuS formulieren ihre persönliche, begründete Antwort auf die Kernfrage der Einheit: \\\"Was passiert, wenn es uns gelingt, das Organ zu verändern, das unser Denken bestimmt, unser Bewusstsein, unsere Identität? Bleiben wir dann noch Mensch? Was denkst Du?\\\" \ \\Optional:\\ Präsentation der entwickelten Leitlinien und der persönlichen Statements im Plenum, gefolgt von einer abschließenden Diskussion.\n2. Lücke: Möglichkeiten für systematisches Feedback und Selbstbewertung fehlen noch.\n3. Vorschlag zur Füllung: Am Ende der Stunde oder der Einheit können die SuS eine 'Exit-Card' ausfüllen, auf der sie 1-2 zentrale Erkenntnisse der gesamten Einheit und 1 offene Frage notieren. Dies dient der Selbstreflexion und gibt der Lehrkraft Feedback zum Lernerfolg.", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "", "url": "", "labels": "", "inactive": false } ] }, { "id": "id-1750082204880-fpucylt", "name": "New Column", "color": "color-gradient-1", "cards": [ { "id": "id-1750082207747-a6bqez9", "heading": "Das Konzept eines digitalen Humanismus kann...", "content": "Das Konzept eines digitalen Humanismus kann mithilfe\nvon M8 erschlossen und erörtert werden. Die Schülerin-\nnen entwickeln (präzisieren) ausgehend davon ethische\nLeitlinien für den Umgang mit KI und greifen dazu noch\neinmal die zu Beginn kennengelernten Beispielfelder auf.", "color": "color-gradient-1", "thumbnail": "", "comments": "", "url": "", "labels": "", "inactive": false } ] } ], "aiConfig": { "provider": "", "apiKey": "", "model": "", "baseUrl": "" }, "backgroundTransparency": 80, "backgroundHex": "#bbf7d0", "headerRGBA": "rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8)", "exportDate": "2025-06-16T14:01:34.711Z", "nostrEvent": true }

@ 2cde0e02:180a96b9

pen & ink; monochromized

https://stacker.news/items/1007644

@ b1ddb4d7:471244e7

Paris, France – June 6, 2025 – Flash, the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses, just announced a new partnership with the Bitcoin Only Brewery, marking the first-ever beverage company to leverage Flash for seamless Bitcoin payments. 

Bitcoin Buys Beer Thanks to Flash!

As Co-Founder of Flash, it's not every day we get to toast to a truly refreshing milestone.

Okay, jokes aside.

We're super buzzed to see our friends at @Drink_B0B
Bitcoin Only Brewery using Flash to power their online sales!

The first… pic.twitter.com/G7TWhy50pX

— Pierre Corbin (@CierrePorbin) June 3, 2025

Flash enables Bitcoin Only Brewery to offer its “BOB” beer with, no-KYC (Know Your Customer) delivery across Europe, priced at 19,500 sats (~$18) for the 4-pack – shipping included.

The cans feature colorful Bitcoin artwork while the contents promise a hazy pale ale: “Each 33cl can contains a smooth, creamy mouthfeel, hazy appearance and refreshing Pale Ale at 5% ABV,” reads the product description.

Pierre Corbin, Co-Founder of Flash, commented: “Currently, bitcoin is used more as a store of value but usage for payments is picking up. Thanks to new innovation on Lightning, bitcoin is ready to go mainstream for e-commerce sales.”

Flash, launched its 2.0 version in March 2025 with the goal to provide the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses worldwide. The platform is non-custodial and can enable both digital and physical shops to accept Bitcoin by connecting their own wallets to Flash.

By leveraging the scalability of the Lightning Network, Flash ensures instant, low-cost transactions, addressing on-chain Bitcoin bottlenecks like high fees and long wait times.

Bitcoin payment usage is growing thanks to Lightning

In May, fast-food chain Steak ‘N Shake went viral for integrating bitcoin at their restaurants around the world. In the same month, the bitcoin2025 conference in Las Vegas set a new world record with 4,000 Lightning payments in one day.

According to a report by River Intelligence, public Lightning payment volume surged by 266% from August 2023 to August 2024. This growth is also reflected in the overall accessibility of lighting infrastructure for consumers. According to Lightning Service Provider Breez, over 650 Million users now have access to the Lightning Network through apps like CashApp, Kraken or Strike.

Bitcoin Only Brewery’s adoption of Flash reflects the growing trend of businesses integrating Bitcoin payments to cater to a global, privacy-conscious customer base. By offering no-KYC delivery across Europe, the brewery aligns with the ethos of decentralization and financial sovereignty, appealing to the increasing number of consumers and businesses embracing Bitcoin as a legitimate payment method.

“Flash is committed to driving innovation in the Bitcoin ecosystem,” Corbin added. “We’re building a future where businesses of all sizes can seamlessly integrate Bitcoin payments, unlocking new opportunities in the global market. It’s never been easier to start selling in bitcoin and we invite retailers globally to join us in this revolution.”

For businesses interested in adopting Bitcoin payments, Flash offers a straightforward onboarding process, low fees, and robust support for both digital and physical goods. To learn more, visit paywithflash.com.

About Flash

Flash is the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses to accept payments. Supporting both digital and physical enterprises, Flash leverages the Lightning Network to enable fast, low-cost Bitcoin transactions. Launched in its 2.0 version in March 2025, Flash is at the forefront of driving Bitcoin adoption in e-commerce.

About Bitcoin Only Brewery

Bitcoin Only Brewery (@Drink_B0B) is a pioneering beverage company dedicated to the Bitcoin ethos, offering high-quality beers payable exclusively in Bitcoin. With a commitment to personal privacy, the brewery delivers across Europe with no-KYC requirements.

Media Contact:

Pierre Corbin
Co-Founder, Flash
Email: press@paywithflash.com
Website: paywithflash.comPhotos paywithflash.com/about/press

How Flash Enables Interoperable, Self-Custodial Bitcoin Commerce

@ dfa02707:41ca50e3

Contribute to keep No Bullshit Bitcoin news going.

• The latest firmware updates for COLDCARD devices introduce two major features: COLDCARD Co-sign (CCC) and Key Teleport between two COLDCARD Q devices using QR codes and/or NFC with a website.

What's new

• COLDCARD Co-Sign: When CCC is enabled, a second seed called the Spending Policy Key (Key C) is added to the device. This seed works with the device's Main Seed and one or more additional XPUBs (Backup Keys) to form 2-of-N multisig wallets.
  • The spending policy functions like a hardware security module (HSM), enforcing rules such as magnitude and velocity limits, address whitelisting, and 2FA authentication to protect funds while maintaining flexibility and control, and is enforced each time the Spending Policy Key is used for signing.
  • When spending conditions are met, the COLDCARD signs the partially signed bitcoin transaction (PSBT) with the Main Seed and Spending Policy Key for fund access. Once configured, the Spending Policy Key is required to view or change the policy, and violations are denied without explanation.

"You can override the spending policy at any time by signing with either a Backup Key and the Main Seed or two Backup Keys, depending on the number of keys (N) in the multisig."

• A step-by-step guide for setting up CCC is available here.

• Key Teleport for Q devices allows users to securely transfer sensitive data such as seed phrases (words, xprv), secure notes and passwords, and PSBTs for multisig. It uses QR codes or NFC, along with a helper website, to ensure reliable transmission, keeping your sensitive data protected throughout the process.

  • For more technical details, see the protocol spec.

"After you sign a multisig PSBT, you have option to “Key Teleport” the PSBT file to any one of the other signers in the wallet. We already have a shared pubkey with them, so the process is simple and does not require any action on their part in advance. Plus, starting in this firmware release, COLDCARD can finalize multisig transactions, so the last signer can publish the signed transaction via PushTX (NFC tap) to get it on the blockchain directly."

• Multisig transactions are finalized when sufficiently signed. It streamlines the use of PushTX with multisig wallets.
• Signing artifacts re-export to various media. Users are now provided with the capability to export signing products, like transactions or PSBTs, to alternative media rather than the original source. For example, if a PSBT is received through a QR code, it can be signed and saved onto an SD card if needed.
• Multisig export files are signed now. Public keys are encoded as P2PKH address for all multisg signature exports. Learn more about it here.
• NFC export usability upgrade: NFC keeps exporting until CANCEL/X is pressed.
• Added Bitcoin Safe option to Export Wallet.
• 10% performance improvement in USB upload speed for large files.
• Q: Always choose the biggest possible display size for QR.

Fixes

• Do not allow change Main PIN to same value already used as Trick PIN, even if Trick PIN is hidden.
• Fix stuck progress bar under Receiving... after a USB communications failure.
• Showing derivation path in Address Explorer for root key (m) showed double slash (//).
• Can restore developer backup with custom password other than 12 words format.
• Virtual Disk auto mode ignores already signed PSBTs (with “-signed” in file name).
• Virtual Disk auto mode stuck on “Reading…” screen sometimes.
• Finalization of foreign inputs from partial signatures. Thanks Christian Uebber!
• Temporary seed from COLDCARD backup failed to load stored multisig wallets.
• Destroy Seed also removes all Trick PINs from SE2.
• Lock Down Seed requires pressing confirm key (4) to execute.
• Q only: Only BBQr is allowed to export Coldcard, Core, and pretty descriptor.

Blog Post / Archive
GitHub Repo
CCC Guide
Key Teleport site

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Over the past few months, I've dedicated my time to a complete rewrite of the kycnot.me website. The technology stack remains unchanged; Golang paired with TailwindCSS. However, I've made some design choices in this iteration that I believe significantly enhance the site. Particularly to backend code.

UI Improvements

You'll notice a refreshed UI that retains the original concept but has some notable enhancements. The service list view is now more visually engaging, it displays additional information in a more aesthetically pleasing manner. Both filtering and searching functionalities have been optimized for speed and user experience.

Service pages have been also redesigned to highlight key information at the top, with the KYC Level box always accessible. The display of service attributes is now more visually intuitive.

The request form, especially the Captcha, has undergone substantial improvements. The new self-made Captcha is robust, addressing the reliability issues encountered with the previous version.

Terms of Service Summarizer

A significant upgrade is the Terms of Service summarizer/reviewer, now powered by AI (GPT-4-turbo). It efficiently condenses each service's ToS, extracting and presenting critical points, including any warnings. Summaries are updated monthly, processing over 40 ToS pages via the OpenAI API using a self-crafted and thoroughly tested prompt.

Nostr Comments

I've integrated a comment section for each service using Nostr. For guidance on using this feature, visit the dedicated how-to page.

Database

The backend database has transitioned to pocketbase, an open-source Golang backend that has been a pleasure to work with. I maintain an updated fork of the Golang SDK for pocketbase at pluja/pocketbase.

Scoring

The scoring algorithm has also been refined to be more fair. Despite I had considered its removal due to the complexity it adds (it is very difficult to design a fair scoring system), some users highlighted its value, so I kept it. The updated algorithm is available open source.

Listings

Each listing has been re-evaluated, and the ones that were no longer operational were removed. New additions are included, and the backlog of pending services will be addressed progressively, since I still have access to the old database.

API

The API now offers more comprehensive data. For more details, check here.

About Page

The About page has been restructured for brevity and clarity.

Other Changes

Extensive changes have been implemented in the server-side logic, since the whole code base was re-written from the ground up. I may discuss these in a future post, but for now, I consider the current version to be just a bit beyond beta, and additional updates are planned in the coming weeks.

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

The real estate market is showing cracks while Bitcoin continues its march toward becoming the global monetary standard. This week's conversation with Leon Wankum reveals how traditional assets are losing ground to the hardest money on earth. This was a high signal rip that deserves all the spotlight in today's newsletter.

Real Estate Prices Will Fall Through 2026 Before Finding New Equilibrium

Leon predicts we're entering a corrective phase in the 18-year property cycle that will see real estate prices decline until 2026. He bases this on the current mismatch between sellers who still expect peak 2021-2022 prices and buyers facing higher interest rates. "We need a price equilibrium. We need demand and supply prices to match. It's going to take a long time," Leon explained. He doesn't expect the Fed to lower rates significantly, keeping them above 3% for the foreseeable future, which will continue putting downward pressure on property values.

The key insight is that we're at year 15 of the typical 18-year property cycle, where prices naturally correct before finding a new floor. Leon suggests that by 2026, if interest rates are lowered, prices will stabilize at levels higher than the cycle's starting point but lower than current peaks. For those looking to buy, patience through this correction period could pay off.

Bitcoin Will Experience a 60% Drawdown This Cycle Despite Institutional Adoption

Despite massive institutional adoption through MicroStrategy and other corporate treasuries, Leon maintains that Bitcoin will still see a significant correction this cycle. "I do expect we'll have a 60% drawdown at the end of this bull cycle as well, just to wash out some leverage," he stated, pushing back against super cycle narratives. He points to the changing nature of volatility, noting that we're already seeing mini bull and bear markets in Bitcoin-adjacent assets like mining stocks, which peaked and corrected independently of Bitcoin's price action.

While acknowledging that players like Michael Saylor won't sell their holdings and that this could dampen volatility compared to previous cycles, Leon believes human nature and leverage will still create the conditions for a major correction. The silver lining is that these corrections build resilience in the Bitcoin ecosystem by washing out bad actors and overleveraged positions, ultimately strengthening the network for the next phase of growth.

1% of Real Estate and Bond Markets Will Flow to Bitcoin-Based Fixed Income Products

Leon sees MicroStrategy's new fixed income products (Strike, Strive, and Stride) as a gateway for traditional investors to gain Bitcoin exposure. These products offer 8-10% yields, significantly outperforming traditional bonds, while providing the cash flow that real estate investors seek. "If it's just 1% [of real estate investors], that's 3 trillion, that's enough," Leon calculated, noting that even a small percentage of the 2,856,707,549 BTC real estate market moving to Bitcoin-backed products would exceed Bitcoin's current market cap.

He shared examples of real estate professionals in Europe beginning to build Bitcoin treasuries, though cautiously. The key insight is that these fixed income products solve a major friction point for traditional investors who want cash flow but are beginning to recognize Bitcoin's superior appreciation. As more investors realize they can get both yield and potential upside through Bitcoin-backed securities, Leon expects this trickle to become a flood, fundamentally reshaping how capital allocators think about portfolio construction.

---

Blockspace conducts cutting-edge proprietary research for investors.

Bitcoin Could See 4,066,047 BTC Institutional Wave by 2026, Breaking Traditional Market Cycles

UTXO Management forecasts unprecedented institutional demand totaling 4,066,047 BTC by end-2026—equivalent to 20% of Bitcoin's circulating supply. This "wall of money" could fundamentally alter Bitcoin's four-year cycle pattern. Bitcoin ETFs shattered records with 344,709 BTC in year-one inflows, surpassing all commodity ETF launches. Following gold's trajectory, annual flows could reach 618,953 BTC by 2026 and exceed 952,236 BTC in 2027.

Five key drivers will fuel demand:

• Wealth platforms: 0.5% allocation across 571,341,510 BTC managed assets = 1,142,683 BTC
• Corporate treasuries: 1.18M BTC projected under new FASB accounting rules
• Nation-states: U.S. Strategic Reserve could trigger 5% gold-to-BTC rotation
• State governments: 5 of 13 pending U.S. state Bitcoin bills expected to pass
• ETF expansion: Wirehouse access accelerating adoption

Public companies already hold 803,143 BTC, with Japan's Metaplanet, GameStop, and Hong Kong's Moon adopting the "Bitcoin Standard" strategy. Meanwhile, Bitcoin yield products (BTCfi) are emerging—liquid staking surged to 55k BTC locked in one year. Unlike retail cycles, these institutional buyers are "structurally locked in," pursuing BTC-denominated yields rather than trading. With regulation accelerating globally, most allocators may be forced to chase exposure at significantly higher prices.

Link to Full Article

Subscribe to them here (seriously, you should): https://newsletter.blockspacemedia.com/

---

Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed $150M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.

---

Get this newsletter sent to your inbox daily: https://www.tftc.io/bitcoin-brief/

STACK SATS hat: https://tftcmerch.io/

Subscribe to our YouTube channels and follow us on Nostr and X:

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .mobile-padding { padding: 10px 0 !important; } .social-container { width: 100% !important; max-width: 260px !important; } .social-icon { padding: 0 !important; } .social-icon img { height: 32px !important; width: 32px !important; } .icon-cell { padding: 0 4px !important; } } .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } .moz-text-html .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } /* Helps with rendering in various email clients */ body { margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100% !important; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100% !important; } img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; } /* Prevents Gmail from changing the text color in email threads */ .im { color: inherit !important; }

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Bitcoin enthusiasts frequently and correctly remark how much value it adds to Bitcoin not to have a face, a leader, or a central authority behind it. This particularity means there isn't a single person to exert control over, or a single human point of failure who could become corrupt or harmful to the project.

Because of this, it is said that no other coin can be equally valuable as Bitcoin in terms of decentralization and trustworthiness. Bitcoin is unique not just for being first, but also because of how the events behind its inception developed. This implies that, from Bitcoin onwards, any coin created would have been created by someone, consequently having an authority behind it. For this and some other reasons, some people refer to Bitcoin as "The Immaculate Conception".

While other coins may have their own unique features and advantages, they may not be able to replicate Bitcoin's community-driven nature. However, one other cryptocurrency shares a similar story of mystery behind its creation: Monero.

History of Monero

Bytecoin and CryptoNote

In March 2014, a Bitcointalk thread titled "Bytecoin. Secure, private, untraceable since 2012" was initiated by a user under the nickname "DStrange"^1^. DStrange presented Bytecoin (BCN) as a unique cryptocurrency, in operation since July 2012. Unlike Bitcoin, it employed a new algorithm known as CryptoNote.

DStrange apparently stumbled upon the Bytecoin website by chance while mining a dying bitcoin fork, and decided to create a thread on Bitcointalk^1^. This sparked curiosity among some users, who wondered how could Bytecoin remain unnoticed since its alleged launch in 2012 until then^2^.

Some time after, a user brought up the "CryptoNote v2.0" whitepaper for the first time, underlining its innovative features^4^. Authored by the pseudonymous Nicolas van Saberhagen in October 2013, the CryptoNote v2 whitepaper^5^ highlighted the traceability and privacy problems in Bitcoin. Saberhagen argued that these flaws could not be quickly fixed, suggesting it would be more efficient to start a new project rather than trying to patch the original^5^, an statement simmilar to the one from Satoshi Nakamoto^6^.

Checking with Saberhagen's digital signature, the release date of the whitepaper seemed correct, which would mean that Cryptonote (v1) was created in 2012^7^, although there's an important detail: "Signing time is from the clock on the signer's computer" ^9^.

Moreover, the whitepaper v1 contains a footnote link to a Bitcointalk post dated May 5, 2013^10^, making it impossible for the whitepaper to have been signed and released on December 12, 2012.

As the narrative developed, users discovered that a significant 80% portion of Bytecoin had been pre-mined^11^ and blockchain dates seemed to be faked to make it look like it had been operating since 2012, leading to controversy surrounding the project.

The origins of CryptoNote and Bytecoin remain mysterious, leaving suspicions of a possible scam attempt, although the whitepaper had a good amount of work and thought on it.

The fork

In April 2014, the Bitcointalk user thankful_for_today, who had also participated in the Bytecoin thread^12^, announced plans to launch a Bytecoin fork named Bitmonero^13^.

The primary motivation behind this fork was "Because there is a number of technical and marketing issues I wanted to do differently. And also because I like ideas and technology and I want it to succeed"^14^. This time Bitmonero did things different from Bytecoin: there was no premine or instamine, and no portion of the block reward went to development.

However, thankful_for_today proposed controversial changes that the community disagreed with. Johnny Mnemonic relates the events surrounding Bitmonero and thankful_for_today in a Bitcointalk comment^15^:

When thankful_for_today launched BitMonero [...] he ignored everything that was discussed and just did what he wanted. The block reward was considerably steeper than what everyone was expecting. He also moved forward with 1-minute block times despite everyone's concerns about the increase of orphan blocks. He also didn't address the tail emission concern that should've (in my opinion) been in the code at launch time. Basically, he messed everything up. Then, he disappeared.

After disappearing for a while, thankful_for_today returned to find that the community had taken over the project. Johnny Mnemonic continues:

I, and others, started working on new forks that were closer to what everyone else was hoping for. [...] it was decided that the BitMonero project should just be taken over. There were like 9 or 10 interested parties at the time if my memory is correct. We voted on IRC to drop the "bit" from BitMonero and move forward with the project. Thankful_for_today suddenly resurfaced, and wasn't happy to learn the community had assumed control of the coin. He attempted to maintain his own fork (still calling it "BitMonero") for a while, but that quickly fell into obscurity.

The unfolding of these events show us the roots of Monero. Much like Satoshi Nakamoto, the creators behind CryptoNote/Bytecoin and thankful_for_today remain a mystery^17^, having disappeared without a trace. This enigma only adds to Monero's value.

Since community took over development, believing in the project's potential and its ability to be guided in a better direction, Monero was given one of Bitcoin's most important qualities: a leaderless nature. With no single face or entity directing its path, Monero is safe from potential corruption or harm from a "central authority".

The community continued developing Monero until today. Since then, Monero has undergone a lot of technological improvements, migrations and achievements such as RingCT and RandomX. It also has developed its own Community Crowdfundinc System, conferences such as MoneroKon and Monerotopia are taking place every year, and has a very active community around it.

Monero continues to develop with goals of privacy and security first, ease of use and efficiency second. ^16^

This stands as a testament to the power of a dedicated community operating without a central figure of authority. This decentralized approach aligns with the original ethos of cryptocurrency, making Monero a prime example of community-driven innovation. For this, I thank all the people involved in Monero, that lead it to where it is today.

If you find any information that seems incorrect, unclear or any missing important events, please contact me and I will make the necessary changes.

Sources of interest

• https://forum.getmonero.org/20/general-discussion/211/history-of-monero
• https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/852/what-is-the-origin-of-monero-and-its-relationship-to-bytecoin
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monero
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=583449.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=563821.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=233561
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=512747.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=740112.0
• https://monero.stackexchange.com/a/1024
• https://inspec2t-project.eu/cryptocurrency-with-a-focus-on-anonymity-these-facts-are-known-about-monero/
• https://medium.com/coin-story/coin-perspective-13-riccardo-spagni-69ef82907bd1
• https://www.getmonero.org/resources/about/
• https://www.wired.com/2017/01/monero-drug-dealers-cryptocurrency-choice-fire/
• https://www.monero.how/why-monero-vs-bitcoin
• https://old.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/u8e5yr/satoshi_nakamoto_talked_about_privacy_features/

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Marty's Bent

via me

I think we'll look back at last weekend as one of the most pivotal points in human history. Ukraine's Operation Spider Web is one of the more shocking things I've seen in terms of military operations in my life. It validates something that many bitcoiners, many cypherpunks, and many prescient individuals have been talking about for decades now at this point, which is asymmetric drone warfare.

The Sovereign Individual is a book that many bitcoiners have talked about throughout the years due to how prescient it was in terms of the inevitable emergence of a digital currency outside the control of central banks and governments. The book was written in the mid-90s, so the fact that the two authors were able to predict that something like bitcoin would emerge less than 20 years after writing the book is pretty incredible. However, digital currencies leveraging cryptography were not the sole focus of the book. Another portion of the book was dedicated to the idea of asymmetric drone warfare and its effects on society overall.

It seems pretty clear today that this is another call from The Sovereign Individual that is coming true. Obviously, unless you've been living under a rock, you've noticed that Ukraine has been using drones in the battlefield to target strategic Russian assets and individual soldiers over the last year. The amount of battlefield videos I've seen of Russian soldiers running from autonomous drones that are hunting them down has been increasing significantly over the last six months. The footage is truly harrowing. It is a death that I wouldn't wish on anybody. With Operation Spider Web Ukraine has increased the stakes of this type of drone warfare by going deep into Russian territory and targeting strategic long-range bombers, some of which had the ability to deploy nuclear warheads. This is sure to incite a reaction from Russia. No one will be surprised if, by the end of the week, Russia has started a shock and awe campaign that goes deep into Ukrainian territory in retaliation for the kamikaze drone strikes on their long-range aircraft. I pray for peace and a quick resolution to this war, and every other war for that matter.

I didn't come here to pontificate and give my thoughts on this particular war, but I would like to focus on this new tactic of war and what it means for military budgets moving forward. The Sovereign Individual laid it out clearly when they wrote in the 1990s that at some point in the future autonomous drones would be leveraged in the battlefield and prove to be asymmetric because of the fact that they are extremely cheap to produce. When you compare the price it cost to produce one of these drones to the price of the equipment they are destroying, things get pretty crazy. With tens of thousands of dollars of drone equipment the Ukrainian army destroyed tens if not hundreds of millions of dollars worth of long-range missile aircraft. And it did so without putting any Ukrainian military personnel in harm's way. Directly, at least.

When you consider the return on investment of deploying these drones compared to sending in soldiers, tanks, and your own aircraft, it becomes pretty obvious that this is going to quickly become the most logical way to fight a war moving forward. The question that remains is how quickly do other governments recognize this and implement it into their own defense strategies? As an American looking at our military budget, which is quickly approaching $1 trillion in annual spend, I'm forced to question whether or not most of that money is simply being wasted, considering the fact that we live in a time where these asymmetric battlefield strategies now exist. Why build new fighter jets when a Somali pirate, or nefarious individual for that matter, could use a $200 drone to destroy it in a matter of seconds with no threat of direct physical harm?

I'm no military expert, but if I were at the helm of the Defense Department, I would seriously be forcing those below me to focus a ton of effort on this problem and create plans to make sure that we are sufficiently protected from these risks. The only way to protect from these risks is to build the capabilities yourself. When it comes to the risk reward from a defense tech investment perspective I think a majority of the effort should be focused on defensive drone technologies and capabilities.

With that being said, it does seem like the US military is privy to this asymmetric reality that we currently live in. Defense contracts with Andruil make this pretty clear. Andruil is certainly ahead of the curve when it comes to autonomous drone warfare and defense against it. As an American, even though I don't like war, or the military industrial complex, knowing that the military is working with companies like Andruil does give me some comfort. However, the other side of that coin is that it is very unnerving when you consider that the government creating these public-private partnerships could lead to some Orwellian outcomes here at home. It may make some of you feel uncomfortable, but I believe the ideal scenario is that any individual has access to these types of defensive drone technologies in the future. The end goal being to create a nuclear game theoretical outcome where violence is reduced because one always has to assume that anyone they intend to attack has access to sufficient and formidable defensive technologies.

It's truly scary times we're living in as we transition further into the Digital Age. Part of the reason that I've dedicated my whole life to bitcoin is because I truly do believe that if you fix the money, you can fix the world. That is not to say that kinetic wars or physical violence will not exist in the future. It certainly will. But I believe sound money and open access to these systems and tools creates conditions which are much more suitable for cooperation and less so for conflict.

Multi-Signature Bitcoin Custody Is Replacing Single-Point Solutions

Jesse Gilger made a compelling case for why multi-signature Bitcoin custody represents the future of secure storage. He explained how Gannett Trust's approach ensures "not all of the keys are going to be at any one entity," fundamentally reducing the honeypot risk that plagues centralized custodians. This distributed model means no single point of failure can compromise your Bitcoin, whether through hacking, internal fraud, or regulatory seizure.

"I was on the list. I got the email. 'You were affected.'" - Jesse Gilger

Jesse's firsthand experience with the Coinbase data breach drives home why centralized custody is fundamentally flawed. While Coinbase holds keys for 10 of 12 Bitcoin ETFs, smart money is moving toward multi-institutional setups where Gannett holds a key, Unchained holds a key, and a third party holds a key. This alignment with Bitcoin's decentralized ethos isn't just philosophically pure—it's pragmatically superior for protecting generational wealth.

Check out the full podcast here for more on MSTY risks, Bitcoin retirement strategies and nation-state adoption dynamics.

Headlines of the Day

MicroStrategy Copycats See Speculative Premiums Fade - via X

Square Tests Bitcoin Payments, Lightning Yields Beat DeFi - via X

Get our new STACK SATS hat - via tftcmerch.io

Bitfinex Moves $731M Bitcoin to Jack Mallers' Fund - via X

---

Take the First Step Off the Exchange

Bitkey is an easy, secure way to move your Bitcoin into self-custody. With simple setup and built-in recovery, it’s the perfect starting point for getting your coins off centralized platforms and into cold storage—no complexity, no middlemen.

Take control. Start with Bitkey.

Use the promo code *“TFTC20”* during checkout for 20% off

---

Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed $150.00M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.

---

Final thought...

Trying to imagine the future my children are going to live in gets harder by the day.

---

Get this newsletter sent to your inbox daily: https://www.tftc.io/bitcoin-brief/

Subscribe to our YouTube channels and follow us on Nostr and X:

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .mobile-padding { padding: 10px 0 !important; } .social-container { width: 100% !important; max-width: 260px !important; } .social-icon { padding: 0 !important; } .social-icon img { height: 32px !important; width: 32px !important; } .icon-cell { padding: 0 4px !important; } } .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } .moz-text-html .mj-column-per-33-333333333333336 { width: 25% !important; max-width: 25%; } /* Helps with rendering in various email clients

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

I'm launching a new service review section on this blog in collaboration with OrangeFren. These reviews are sponsored, yet the sponsorship does not influence the outcome of the evaluations. Reviews are done in advance, then, the service provider has the discretion to approve publication without modifications.

Sponsored reviews are independent from the kycnot.me list, being only part of the blog. The reviews have no impact on the scores of the listings or their continued presence on the list. Should any issues arise, I will not hesitate to remove any listing.

---

The review

WizardSwap is an instant exchange centred around privacy coins. It was launched in 2020 making it old enough to have weathered the 2021 bull run and the subsequent bearish year.

| Pros | Cons | |------|------| | Tor-friendly | Limited liquidity | | Guarantee of no KYC | Overly simplistic design | | Earn by providing liquidity | |

Rating: ★★★★★ Service Website: wizardswap.io

Liquidity

Right off the bat, we'll start off by pointing out that WizardSwap relies on its own liquidity reserves, meaning they aren't just a reseller of Binance or another exchange. They're also committed to a no-KYC policy, when asking them, they even promised they would rather refund a user their original coins, than force them to undergo any sort of verification.

On the one hand, full control over all their infrastructure gives users the most privacy and conviction about the KYC policies remaining in place.

On the other hand, this means the liquidity available for swapping isn't huge. At the time of testing we could only purchase at most about 0.73 BTC with XMR.

It's clear the team behind WizardSwap is aware of this shortfall and so they've come up with a solution unique among instant exchanges. They let you, the user, deposit any of the currencies they support into your account and earn a profit on the trades made using your liquidity.

Trading

Fees on WizardSwap are middle-of-the-pack. The normal fee is 2.2%. That's more than some exchanges that reserve the right to suddenly demand you undergo verification, yet less than half the fees on some other privacy-first exchanges. However as we mentioned in the section above you can earn almost all of that fee (2%) if you provide liquidity to WizardSwap.

It's good that with the current Bitcoin fee market their fees are constant regardless of how much, or how little, you send. This is in stark contrast with some of the alternative swap providers that will charge you a massive premium when attempting to swap small amounts of BTC away.

Test trades

Test trades are always performed without previous notice to the service provider.

During our testing we performed a few test trades and found that every single time WizardSwap immediately detected the incoming transaction and the amount we received was exactly what was quoted before depositing. The fees were inline with what WizardSwap advertises.

• Monero payment proof
• Bitcoin received
• Wizardswap TX link - it's possible that this link may cease to be valid at some point in the future.

ToS and KYC

WizardSwap does not have a Terms of Service or a Privacy Policy page, at least none that can be found by users. Instead, they offer a FAQ section where they addresses some basic questions.

The site does not mention any KYC or AML practices. It also does not specify how refunds are handled in case of failure. However, based on the FAQ section "What if I send funds after the offer expires?" it can be inferred that contacting support is necessary and network fees will be deducted from any refund.

UI & Tor

WizardSwap can be visited both via your usual browser and Tor Browser. Should you decide on the latter you'll find that the website works even with the most strict settings available in the Tor Browser (meaning no JavaScript).

However, when disabling Javascript you'll miss the live support chat, as well as automatic refreshing of the trade page. The lack of the first means that you will have no way to contact support from the trade page if anything goes wrong during your swap, although you can do so by mail.

One important thing to have in mind is that if you were to accidentally close the browser during the swap, and you did not save the swap ID or your browser history is disabled, you'll have no easy way to return to the trade. For this reason we suggest when you begin a trade to copy the url or ID to someplace safe, before sending any coins to WizardSwap.

The UI you'll be greeted by is simple, minimalist, and easy to navigate. It works well not just across browsers, but also across devices. You won't have any issues using this exchange on your phone.

Getting in touch

The team behind WizardSwap appears to be most active on X (formerly Twitter): https://twitter.com/WizardSwap_io

If you have any comments or suggestions about the exchange make sure to reach out to them. In the past they've been very receptive to user feedback, for instance a few months back WizardSwap was planning on removing DeepOnion, but the community behind that project got together ^1 and after reaching out WizardSwap reversed their decision ^2.

You can also contact them via email at: support @ wizardswap . io

Disclaimer

None of the above should be understood as investment or financial advice. The views are our own only and constitute a faithful representation of our experience in using and investigating this exchange. This review is not a guarantee of any kind on the services rendered by the exchange. Do your own research before using any service.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

“The future is there... staring back at us. Trying to make sense of the fiction we will have become.” — William Gibson.

This month is the 4th anniversary of kycnot.me. Thank you for being here.

Fifteen years ago, Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer electronic cash system: a decentralized currency free from government and institutional control. Nakamoto's whitepaper showed a vision for a financial system based on trustless transactions, secured by cryptography. Some time forward and KYC (Know Your Customer), AML (Anti-Money Laundering), and CTF (Counter-Terrorism Financing) regulations started to come into play.

What a paradox: to engage with a system designed for decentralization, privacy, and independence, we are forced to give away our personal details. Using Bitcoin in the economy requires revealing your identity, not just to the party you interact with, but also to third parties who must track and report the interaction. You are forced to give sensitive data to entities you don't, can't, and shouldn't trust. Information can never be kept 100% safe; there's always a risk. Information is power, who knows about you has control over you.

Information asymmetry creates imbalances of power. When entities have detailed knowledge about individuals, they can manipulate, influence, or exploit this information to their advantage. The accumulation of personal data by corporations and governments enables extensive surveillances.

Such practices, moreover, exclude individuals from traditional economic systems if their documentation doesn't meet arbitrary standards, reinforcing a dystopian divide. Small businesses are similarly burdened by the costs of implementing these regulations, hindering free market competition^1:

How will they keep this information safe? Why do they need my identity? Why do they force businesses to enforce such regulations? It's always for your safety, to protect you from the "bad". Your life is perpetually in danger: terrorists, money launderers, villains... so the government steps in to save us.

‟Hush now, baby, baby, don't you cry Mamma's gonna make all of your nightmares come true Mamma's gonna put all of her fears into you Mamma's gonna keep you right here, under her wing She won't let you fly, but she might let you sing Mamma's gonna keep baby cosy and warm” — Mother, Pink Floyd

We must resist any attack on our privacy and freedom. To do this, we must collaborate.

If you have a service, refuse to ask for KYC; find a way. Accept cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Monero. Commit to circular economies. Remove the need to go through the FIAT system. People need fiat money to use most services, but we can change that.

If you're a user, donate to and prefer using services that accept such currencies. Encourage your friends to accept cryptocurrencies as well. Boycott FIAT system to the greatest extent you possibly can.

This may sound utopian, but it can be achieved. This movement can't be stopped. Go kick the hornet's nest.

“We must defend our own privacy if we expect to have any. We must come together and create systems which allow anonymous transactions to take place. People have been defending their own privacy for centuries with whispers, darkness, envelopes, closed doors, secret handshakes, and couriers. The technologies of the past did not allow for strong privacy, but electronic technologies do.” — Eric Hughes, A Cypherpunk's Manifesto

The anniversary

Four years ago, I began exploring ways to use crypto without KYC. I bookmarked a few favorite services and thought sharing them to the world might be useful. That was the first version of kycnot.me — a simple list of about 15 services. Since then, I've added services, rewritten it three times, and improved it to what it is now.

kycnot.me has remained 100% independent and 100% open source^2 all these years. I've received offers to buy the site, all of which I have declined and will continue to decline. It has been DDoS attacked many times, but we made it through. I have also rewritten the whole site almost once per year (three times in four years).

The code and scoring algorithm are open source (contributions are welcome) and I can't arbitrarly change a service's score without adding or removing attributes, making any arbitrary alterations obvious if they were fake. You can even see the score summary for any service's score.

I'm a one-person team, dedicating my free time to this project. I hope to keep doing so for many more years. Again, thank you for being part of this.

@ dfa02707:41ca50e3

Contribute to keep No Bullshit Bitcoin news going.

• Version 1.3 of Bitcoin Safe introduces a redesigned interactive chart, quick receive feature, updated icons, a mempool preview window, support for Child Pays For Parent (CPFP) and testnet4, preconfigured testnet demo wallets, as well as various bug fixes and improvements.

• Upcoming updates for Bitcoin Safe include Compact Block Filters.

"Compact Block Filters increase the network privacy dramatically, since you're not asking an electrum server to give you your transactions. They are a little slower than electrum servers. For a savings wallet like Bitcoin Safe this should be OK," writes the project's developer Andreas Griffin.

• Learn more about the current and upcoming features of Bitcoin Safe wallet here.

What's new in v1.3

• Redesign of Chart, Quick Receive, Icons, and Mempool Preview (by @design-rrr).
• Interactive chart. Clicking on it now jumps to transaction, and selected transactions are now highlighted.

• Speed up transactions with Child Pays For Parent (CPFP).
• BDK 1.2 (upgraded from 0.32).
• Testnet4 support.
• Preconfigured Testnet demo wallets.
• Cluster unconfirmed transactions so that parents/children are next to each other.
• Customizable columns for all tables (optional view: Txid, Address index, and more)
• Bug fixes and other improvements.

Announcement / Archive
Blog Post / Archive
GitHub Repo
Website

@ 7f6db517:a4931eda

For years American bitcoin miners have argued for more efficient and free energy markets. It benefits everyone if our energy infrastructure is as efficient and robust as possible. Unfortunately, broken incentives have led to increased regulation throughout the sector, incentivizing less efficient energy sources such as solar and wind at the detriment of more efficient alternatives.

The result has been less reliable energy infrastructure for all Americans and increased energy costs across the board. This naturally has a direct impact on bitcoin miners: increased energy costs make them less competitive globally.

Bitcoin mining represents a global energy market that does not require permission to participate. Anyone can plug a mining computer into power and internet to get paid the current dynamic market price for their work in bitcoin. Using cellphone or satellite internet, these mines can be located anywhere in the world, sourcing the cheapest power available.

Absent of regulation, bitcoin mining naturally incentivizes the build out of highly efficient and robust energy infrastructure. Unfortunately that world does not exist and burdensome regulations remain the biggest threat for US based mining businesses. Jurisdictional arbitrage gives miners the option of moving to a friendlier country but that naturally comes with its own costs.

Enter AI. With the rapid development and release of AI tools comes the requirement of running massive datacenters for their models. Major tech companies are scrambling to secure machines, rack space, and cheap energy to run full suites of AI enabled tools and services. The most valuable and powerful tech companies in America have stumbled into an accidental alliance with bitcoin miners: THE NEED FOR CHEAP AND RELIABLE ENERGY.

Our government is corrupt. Money talks. These companies will push for energy freedom and it will greatly benefit us all.

---

Microsoft Cloud hiring to "implement global small modular reactor and microreactor" strategy to power data centers: https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/microsoft-cloud-hiring-to-implement-global-small-modular-reactor-and-microreactor-strategy-to-power-data-centers/

---

If you found this post helpful support my work with bitcoin.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Know Your Customer is a regulation that requires companies of all sizes to verify the identity, suitability, and risks involved with maintaining a business relationship with a customer. Such procedures fit within the broader scope of anti-money laundering (AML) and counterterrorism financing (CTF) regulations.

Banks, exchanges, online business, mail providers, domain registrars... Everyone wants to know who you are before you can even opt for their service. Your personal information is flowing around the internet in the hands of "god-knows-who" and secured by "trust-me-bro military-grade encryption". Once your account is linked to your personal (and verified) identity, tracking you is just as easy as keeping logs on all these platforms.

Rights for Illusions

KYC processes aim to combat terrorist financing, money laundering, and other illicit activities. On the surface, KYC seems like a commendable initiative. I mean, who wouldn't want to halt terrorists and criminals in their tracks?

The logic behind KYC is: "If we mandate every financial service provider to identify their users, it becomes easier to pinpoint and apprehend the malicious actors."

However, terrorists and criminals are not precisely lining up to be identified. They're crafty. They may adopt false identities or find alternative strategies to continue their operations. Far from being outwitted, many times they're several steps ahead of regulations. Realistically, KYC might deter a small fraction – let's say about 1% ^1 – of these malefactors. Yet, the cost? All of us are saddled with the inconvenient process of identification just to use a service.

Under the rhetoric of "ensuring our safety", governments and institutions enact regulations that seem more out of a dystopian novel, gradually taking away our right to privacy.

To illustrate, consider a city where the mayor has rolled out facial recognition cameras in every nook and cranny. A band of criminals, intent on robbing a local store, rolls in with a stolen car, their faces obscured by masks and their bodies cloaked in all-black clothes. Once they've committed the crime and exited the city's boundaries, they switch vehicles and clothes out of the cameras' watchful eyes. The high-tech surveillance? It didn’t manage to identify or trace them. Yet, for every law-abiding citizen who merely wants to drive through the city or do some shopping, their movements and identities are constantly logged. The irony? This invasive tracking impacts all of us, just to catch the 1% ^1 of less-than-careful criminals.

KYC? Not you.

KYC creates barriers to participation in normal economic activity, to supposedly stop criminals. ^2

KYC puts barriers between many users and businesses. One of these comes from the fact that the process often requires multiple forms of identification, proof of address, and sometimes even financial records. For individuals in areas with poor record-keeping, non-recognized legal documents, or those who are unbanked, homeless or transient, obtaining these documents can be challenging, if not impossible.

For people who are not skilled with technology or just don't have access to it, there's also a barrier since KYC procedures are mostly online, leaving them inadvertently excluded.

Another barrier goes for the casual or one-time user, where they might not see the value in undergoing a rigorous KYC process, and these requirements can deter them from using the service altogether.

It also wipes some businesses out of the equation, since for smaller businesses, the costs associated with complying with KYC norms—from the actual process of gathering and submitting documents to potential delays in operations—can be prohibitive in economical and/or technical terms.

You're not welcome

Imagine a swanky new club in town with a strict "members only" sign. You hear the music, you see the lights, and you want in. You step up, ready to join, but suddenly there's a long list of criteria you must meet. After some time, you are finally checking all the boxes. But then the club rejects your membership with no clear reason why. You just weren't accepted. Frustrating, right?

This club scenario isn't too different from the fact that KYC is being used by many businesses as a convenient gatekeeping tool. A perfect excuse based on a "legal" procedure they are obliged to.

Even some exchanges may randomly use this to freeze and block funds from users, claiming these were "flagged" by a cryptic system that inspects the transactions. You are left hostage to their arbitrary decision to let you successfully pass the KYC procedure. If you choose to sidestep their invasive process, they might just hold onto your funds indefinitely.

Your identity has been stolen

KYC data has been found to be for sale on many dark net markets^3. Exchanges may have leaks or hacks, and such leaks contain very sensitive data. We're talking about the full monty: passport or ID scans, proof of address, and even those awkward selfies where you're holding up your ID next to your face. All this data is being left to the mercy of the (mostly) "trust-me-bro" security systems of such companies. Quite scary, isn't it?

As cheap as $10 for 100 documents, with discounts applying for those who buy in bulk, the personal identities of innocent users who passed KYC procedures are for sale. ^3

In short, if you have ever passed the KYC/AML process of a crypto exchange, your privacy is at risk of being compromised, or it might even have already been compromised.

(they) Know Your Coins

You may already know that Bitcoin and most cryptocurrencies have a transparent public blockchain, meaning that all data is shown unencrypted for everyone to see and recorded forever. If you link an address you own to your identity through KYC, for example, by sending an amount from a KYC exchange to it, your Bitcoin is no longer pseudonymous and can then be traced.

If, for instance, you send Bitcoin from such an identified address to another KYC'ed address (say, from a friend), everyone having access to that address-identity link information (exchanges, governments, hackers, etc.) will be able to associate that transaction and know who you are transacting with.

Conclusions

To sum up, KYC does not protect individuals; rather, it's a threat to our privacy, freedom, security and integrity. Sensible information flowing through the internet is thrown into chaos by dubious security measures. It puts borders between many potential customers and businesses, and it helps governments and companies track innocent users. That's the chaos KYC has stirred.

The criminals are using stolen identities from companies that gathered them thanks to these very same regulations that were supposed to combat them. Criminals always know how to circumvent such regulations. In the end, normal people are the most affected by these policies.

The threat that KYC poses to individuals in terms of privacy, security and freedom is not to be neglected. And if we don’t start challenging these systems and questioning their efficacy, we are just one step closer to the dystopian future that is now foreseeable.

Edited 20/03/2024 * Add reference to the 1% statement on Rights for Illusions section to an article where Chainalysis found that only 0.34% of the transaction volume with cryptocurrencies in 2023 was attributable to criminal activity ^1

@ 9ca447d2:fbf5a36d

Ten years in Bitcoin can feel like an eternity. Just ask Sergej Kotliar, Founder and CEO of Bitrefill, who recently celebrated a decade of turning Bitcoin into something you can actually use in your everyday life.

“We started Bitrefill back in 2014,” Sergej reflects, thinking back to the early excitement around Bitcoin.

“The promise of internet money as a workaround to how cumbersome money was online motivated me. Imagine sending money as easily as sending an email. That’s still the vision driving us today.”

Bitrefill has evolved from a straightforward gift card provider into a full-fledged e-commerce powerhouse, allowing Bitcoiners to buy gift cards, eSIMs, mobile top-ups, and even prepaid debit cards.

From Netflix binges and Uber rides to topping up your phone in the middle of nowhere, Bitrefill supports more than 10,000 brands and over 900 phone carriers in more than 170 countries.

check out all the products and services at www.bitrefill.com

One challenge Sergej has navigated successfully is steering clear of hype-driven pitfalls. “We’ve always been a little bit better at building actual usage than at building hype,” he explains.

Instead of chasing every altcoin trend or speculative frenzy, Bitrefill has focused on the real-world, day-to-day use of bitcoin.

“The biggest challenge has always been finding the actual users of Bitcoin, not investors, but the ones who really want to use bitcoin in their everyday lives,” he emphasizes.

Bitrefill, he says proudly, has become the starting point for many users looking to spend bitcoin seamlessly.

“I think that people that use bitcoin transactionally and are looking to buy something with their coins. Very often, their customer journey starts with Bitrefill.”

Sergej isn’t shy about critiquing popular Bitcoin memes either. One particularly notable example is the “two S-curves” chart suggesting bitcoin first serves as a store of value, then as a medium of exchange.

“It’s maybe my least favorite chart,” Sergej laughs.

Bitcoin adoption curves — Source

While the chart lacks empirical data, notably missing any values on the y-axis, it does visualize a conceptual framework that many in the Bitcoin community find compelling.

The illustration suggests a natural progression where Bitcoin’s adoption follows two sequential S-curves:

first establishing itself as a store of value (the yellow curve peaking around 2029), followed by widespread adoption as a medium of exchange (the green curve peaking around 2037).

Despite its speculative nature, some argue this visualization effectively communicates the potential evolutionary path that many Bitcoiners envision, even if it wasn’t created with rigorous technical analysis.

What makes the Bitcoin ecosystem truly remarkable though is that builders like Sergej and his team at Bitrefill aren’t waiting for theoretical adoption curves to play out. They’re actively accelerating them.

By creating practical solutions for everyday Bitcoin transactions now, Bitrefill is working towards pulling that “medium of exchange” S-curve forward.

They aim to demonstrate that Bitcoin’s utility doesn’t have to follow a delayed timeline where store of value comes first.

Indeed, Sergej sees a more nuanced reality: Bitcoin serves different purposes for different people, simultaneously.

“There’s different people that use bitcoin for different things, and some want to invest in it and some use it as a tool,” Sergej clarifies.

“You can’t say that one of them is better than the other… it just is. Different people will use the same thing and they engage in the same market with different purposes.”

The Bitrefill philosophy is simple: practicality over hype. “Selling bitcoin to people is clearly a much bigger business than letting people shop with bitcoin,” Sergej acknowledges candidly.

Yet Bitrefill stands proudly as a market leader by volume for transactional bitcoin use. When YouTube travelers share their global adventures “living on bitcoin,” it’s Bitrefill powering most of those purchases. He notes with pride:

“If you watch these YouTubers ‘I spent a month traveling the world living on Bitcoin,’ there’s been quite a few of those… around 50 to 80 [percent], that a good chunk of their bitcoin usage ends up being with Bitrefill.”

And Bitrefill is not done innovating. Recently, they introduced the Bitrefill reloadable Visa card in Europe, designed for ease of use. Sergej explains:

“It’s a regulated product, you need to have an account and go through KYC and all of that, but once you have it, it’s a very simple straightforward no bulls*** method.

“you send in your bitcoin, Lightning works, and then you can just go and blip and pay, and then you don’t have to think about anything.”

Bitrefill offers reloadable Visa cards

To promote it, they’ve even been hiring people specifically to travel around Europe spending bitcoin and documenting the journey.

“We put up these ads and we hire someone and then we record them having the best day of their life spending money,” he says.

While acknowledging it’s partly a marketing stunt, he adds, “Paying some of our customers instead to spend the day having a blast and then record it and make content is a better choice than traditional advertising.”

Bitrefill on X

But Sergej has his eyes firmly on an even more futuristic horizon: a world where robots pay each other seamlessly.

“We’ve built an online monetary system that discriminates against bots because they’re usually associated with fraud,” Sergej notes.

“But soon, we’ll rely on AI to shop automatically for us. Having a fraud-free online payment method like Bitcoin could revolutionize how robotic agents transact.”

“In a world where everybody has a bunch of agents being robotic secretaries and so on, and given the fact that online commerce is currently designed specifically to keep out robots… I think there’s a big opportunity there,” he explains.

“Having an online payment method that is fraud-free should in theory be very useful for a world in which shopping happens automatically, for example, or how a robot will pay other robots.”

The intersection of how AI will leverage Bitcoin is a fascinating rabbit hole and discussion that is playing out in real time.

Sergej recommends Daniel Suarez’s novel “Daemon” for those intrigued by the potential (and risks) of AI-driven transactions.

“There’s tremendous opportunity here,” he teases, “and it’s definitely something we’re actively exploring at Bitrefill.”

Asked what he’d ask Satoshi Nakamoto if given the chance, Sergej pauses briefly. “I would ask him to tell me the story of how he left the space,” he finally answers.

Given Sergej’s decade-long journey with Bitrefill, his curiosity about Bitcoin’s creator’s departure feels particularly fitting.

Ten years is a long time in Bitcoin, but clearly, Sergej Kotliar and Bitrefill are just getting started.

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Marty's Bent

Sorry for the lack of writing over the last week. As many of you may already know, I was in Las Vegas, Nevada for the Bitcoin 2025 conference. It was my first time in Las Vegas. I had successfully avoided Sin City for the first 34 years of my life. But when duty calls, you have to make some personal concessions.

Despite what many say about this particular conference and the spectacle that it has become, I will say that having attended every single one of Bitcoin Magazine's conferences since 2019, I thoroughly enjoy these events, even if I don't agree with all the content. Being able to congregate with others in the industry who have been working extremely hard to push Bitcoin forward, all of whom I view as kindred spirits who have also dedicated their lives to making the world a better place. There's nothing better than getting together, seeing each other in person, shaking hands, giving hugs, catching up and reflecting on how much things have changed over the years while also focusing on the opportunities that lie ahead.

I think out of all the Bitcoin magazine conferences I've been to, this was certainly my favorite. If only because it has become abundantly clear that Bitcoin is here to stay. Many powerful, influential, and competent people have identified Bitcoin as an asset and monetary network that will play a large part in human society moving forward. And more importantly, Bitcoin is proving to work far better than anybody not paying attention expected. While at the same time, the fiat system is in woeful disrepair at the same time.

As a matter of reflection and surfacing signal for you freaks, here are the presentations and things that happened that I think were the most impactful.

Miles Suter's Block Presentation

This presentation was awesome for many reasons, one of which being that we often forget just how dedicated Block, as an organization with many companies - including Cash App, Square, the open source organization known as Spiral and more recently, BitKey and Proto - has been to bitcoin over the last eight years. They've worked methodically to make Bitcoin a first-class citizen in their business operations and slowly but surely have built an incredibly integrated experience across their brands. The two big announcements from Block during the conference were the enablement of Bitcoin payments in Square point-of-sale systems and the amount of revenue they're making on their Lightning node, c=, from routing payments.

Right now, the Bitcoin payments and point of sale systems is in beta with many merchants testing it out for the next six months, but it will be available for all 4 million square merchants in 2026. This is something that many bitcoiners have been waiting for for many years now, and it is incredible to see that they finally brought it across the line. Merchants will have the ability to accept bitcoin payments and either convert every payment into fiat automatically, convert a portion of the bitcoin payment into fiat to keep the rest in sats, or simply keep all of the bitcoin they receive via payments in sats. This is an incredible addition to what Square has already built, which is the ability of their merchants to sweep a portion of their revenues into bitcoin if they desire. Square is focused on building a vertically integrated suite of bitcoin products for merchants that includes the ability to buy bitcoin, receive bitcoin, and eventually leverage financial services using bitcoin as collateral so that they can reinvest in and expand their businesses.

via Ryan Gentry

What went a bit underappreciated in the crowd was the routing node revenue that c= is producing, ~9.7% annualized. This is a massive validation of something that many bitcoiners have been talking about for quite some time, which is the ability to produce "yield" on bitcoin in a way that reduces risk significantly. Locking up bitcoin in a 2-of-2 multisig within Lightning channels and operating a Lightning routing node has been long talked about as one of the ways to produce more bitcoin with your bitcoin in a way that minimizes the threat of loss.

It seems that c= has found a way to do this at scale and is doing it successfully. 10% yield on bitcoin locked in Lightning channels is nothing to joke about. And as you can see from the chart above in the grainy picture taken by Ryan Gentry of Lightning Labs, this routing node "yield" is producing more return on capital than many of the most popular staking and DeFi protocols.

This is a strong signal to the rest of the market that this can be done. It may take economies of scale and a high degree of technical competency today. But this is incredibly promising for the future of earning bitcoin by providing valuable goods and services to the market of Bitcoiners. In this case, facilitating relatively cheap and instantly settled payments over the Lightning Network.

Saifedean Ammous' Bitcoin and Tether Presentation

This was one of the best presentations at the conference. Saifedean Ammous is a friend, he has been an incredible influence on my personal bitcoin journey, and I feel comfortable in saying he's been a strong influence on the journey of hundreds of thousands, at least, if not millions of people as they've attempted to understand bitcoin.

This presentation is a bit spicy because it puts a pin in the balloon of hopium that stablecoins like Tether are mechanisms that could bail out the market for US Treasuries in the medium to long-term if they take enough market share. As one always should do, Saif ran the numbers and clearly illustrates that even in the most optimistic case, Tether's impact on the market for treasuries, their interest rates, and curbing the growth of the debt held by the US federal government will be minimal at best.

One of the most interesting things that Saif points out that I'm a bit embarrassed I didn't recognize before is that much of the demand for Tether that we're seeing these days is replacement demand for treasuries. Meaning that many people who are turning to Tether, particularly in countries that have experienced hyperinflationary events, are using Tether as a substitute for their currencies, which are operated by central banks likely buying U.S. treasuries to support their monetary systems. The net effect of Tether buying those treasuries is zero for this particular user archetype.

Saif goes on to explain that if anything, Tether is a weapon against the US Treasury system when you consider that they're storing a large portion of the stablecoin backing in Treasuries and then using the yields produced by those Treasuries to buy bitcoin. Slowly but surely over time bitcoin as a percentage of their overall backing of Tether has grown quite significantly starting at 0% and approaching 10% today. It isn't hard to imagine that at some point within the next decade, Bitcoin could be the dominant reserve asset backing tethers and, as a result, Tether could be pegged to bitcoin eventually.

It's a fascinating take on Tether that I've never heard before.

Nothing Stops this Train from Lyn Alden

Lyn's been saying it loudly for quite some time now; "Nothing stops this train." She's even been on our podcast to explain why she believes this many times over the last five years. However, I don't think there is one piece of content out there that consolidates her thesis of why nothing stops the train of fiscal irresponsibility and unfettered debt expansion and why that's good for bitcoin than the presentation she gave at the conference. Definitely give this one a watch when you get a chance if you haven't already.

Overall, it was a great week in Vegas and I think it's safe to say that bitcoin has gone mainstream. Whether or not people who have been in the bitcoin industry and community for a while are okay with does not really matter. It's happening and all we can do is ride the wave as more and more people come to recognize the value prop of bitcoin and the social clout they can gain from supporting it. Our job here at TFTC is to help you discern the signal from the noise, continue to champion the self-sovereign usage of bitcoin and keep you abreast of developments in the space as they manifest.

Buckle up. Things are only going to get weirder from here on out.

Bitcoin's Mathematical Destiny

Sean Bill and Adam Back make a compelling case for Bitcoin's inevitable march toward $1 million. Sean points out that Bitcoin represents just a tiny fraction—2 trillion out of 900 trillion—of total financial assets, calling it a "tiny orange dot" on their presentation to Texas pensions. He emphasizes that reaching parity with gold alone would deliver a 10x return from current levels. Adam highlights the mathematical impossibility of current prices, noting that ETF buyers are absorbing 500,000 BTC annually while only 165,000 new coins are mined.

"Who's selling at these prices? It doesn't quite add up to me." - Adam Back

The institutional wave is just beginning. Sean revealed that while 50% of hedge fund managers personally own Bitcoin, only 3% have allocated institutional funds. Combined with emerging demand from nation states and corporate treasuries meeting Bitcoin's fixed supply, the price trajectory seems clear. Both guests stressed the importance of staying invested—missing just the 12 best performing days each year would turn Bitcoin into a losing investment.

Check out the full podcast here for more on pensions allocating to Bitcoin, cypherpunk banking, and commodity trading insight

@ 1bc70a01:24f6a411

{"title":"SVG Bee Logo","description":"Bee ready with a nice bee logo for your beeloved app!","price":35000,"contentUrl":"https://d.nostr.build/HRcgBzWongPHkSYT.svg","imageUrl":"data:image/png;base64,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","lightningAddress":"fd5ce42fc3e44e17@coinos.io","zapSplits":[{"pubkey":"1bc70a0148b3f316da33fe3c89f23e3e71ac4ff998027ec712b905cd24f6a411","weight":95,"relay":"wss://relay.damus.io"},{"pubkey":"1bc70a0148b3f316da33fe3c89f23e3e71ac4ff998027ec712b905cd24f6a411","weight":5,"relay":"wss://nos.lol"}]}

@ 88cc134b:5ae99079

content

@ 9ca447d2:fbf5a36d

Paris, France – June 6, 2025 — Bitcoin payment gateway startup Flash, just announced a new partnership with the “Bitcoin Only Brewery”, marking the first-ever beverage company to leverage Lightning payments.

Flash enables Bitcoin Only Brewery to offer its “BOB” beer with, no-KYC (Know Your Customer) delivery across Europe, priced at 19,500 sats (~$18) for the 4-pack, shipping included.

The cans feature colorful Bitcoin artwork while the contents promise a hazy pale ale: “Each 33cl can contains a smooth, creamy mouthfeel, hazy appearance and refreshing Pale Ale at 5% ABV,” reads the product description.

Pierre Corbin, Co-Founder of Flash, commented:

“Currently, bitcoin is used more as a store of value but usage for payments is picking up. Thanks to new innovation on Lightning, bitcoin is ready to go mainstream for e-commerce sales.”

Flash, launched its 2.0 version in March 2025 with the goal to provide the easiest bitcoin payment gateway for businesses worldwide. The platform is non-custodial and can enable both digital and physical shops to accept bitcoin by connecting their own wallets to Flash.

By leveraging the scalability of the Lightning Network, Flash ensures instant, low-cost transactions, addressing on-chain Bitcoin bottlenecks like high fees and long wait times.

For businesses interested in adopting Bitcoin payments, Flash offers a straightforward onboarding process, low fees, and robust support for both digital and physical goods. To learn more, visit paywithflash.com.

Media Contact:
Pierre Corbin
Co-Founder, Flash
Email: press@paywithflash.com
Website: paywithflash.com

About Flash

Flash is the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses to accept payments. Supporting both digital and physical enterprises, Flash leverages the Lightning Network to enable fast, low-cost Bitcoin transactions. Launched in its 2.0 version in March 2025, Flash is at the forefront of driving Bitcoin adoption in e-commerce.

About Bitcoin Only Brewery

Bitcoin Only Brewery (@Drink_B0B) is a pioneering beverage company dedicated to the Bitcoin ethos, offering high-quality beers payable exclusively in Bitcoin. With a commitment to personal privacy, the brewery delivers across Europe with no-KYC requirements.

@ e97aaffa:2ebd765d

O mercado imobiliário português está a viver uma enorme bolha. É tão grave, está se tornando mais que uma crise de habitação, mas sim uma crise geracional. Os jovens portugueses não conseguem comprar casa, acabam por adiar indefinidamente a criação da família ou ter filhos, ou então a solução mais fácil é emigrar. Esta crise está a condenar a gerações mais novas e sem os mais novos, condenamos o futuro do país.

Problema

A origem do problema é o excesso de procura/demanda, Portugal ficou na moda, o turismo cresceu exponencialmente, quase diariamente são inaugurados novos hotéis nos centros das cidades e também houve um forte crescimento Alojamento Local(Airbnb). Tudo isto removeu muitas casas do mercado.

Além disso, Portugal tornou-se num destino para aposentados de outros países, sobretudo do norte da Europa e de nómadas digitais, que têm um poder de compra muito elevado, muito superior aos locais.

Para complicar ainda mais, nos últimos 5 anos houve uma imigração descontrolada, em plena crise de habitação, a população aumentou 20%. Com tanta gente nova, onde vai morar tanta gente?

Todos os portugueses, sobretudo nos grandes centros, conhecem casos de casas sobrelotadas, 10 ou 20 ou 30 pessoas a viver na mesma casa. É desumano, é uma escravatura moderna. Depois estas pessoas fazem concorrência desleal, porque eles podem pagar rendas de casas altas, o custo é dividido por 20 pessoas, enquanto os jovens casais portugueses não conseguem pagar.

Não existe um único problema, é uma soma de vários problemas, que gera uma enorme bolha.

Oferta

Tudo isto resultou num aumento da procura por habitação, mas como em tudo na economia, sempre que existe um aumento da procura, posteriormente o mercado ajusta-se, com o aumento da oferta, só que isso não está a acontecer.

A oferta de nova habitação é extremamente baixa, é insuficiente para o volume da procura. Até parece estranho, se o preço das casas estão muito elevadas, porque razão os promotores imobiliários não constroem mais?

Aqui está a razão da crise da habitação do mercado português, parece um problema sem solução.

A burocracia, a falta de terrenos, os impostos altos, falta de trabalhadores, tudo isto contribui para a crise na oferta, mas estes problemas sempre existiram em Portugal, não é uma coisa de hoje. Há 15 anos, mesmo com esses mesmo problemas, o mercado florescia, claramente dificultava mas não foram um entrave.

A meu ver, o problema está no financiamento.

Até à crise do subprime, os promotores imobiliários financiavam-se, quase em exclusividade na banca, com o juro muito baixo. Durante a crise, os casos mais problemáticos de crédito malparado foram de promotoras imobiliárias e de empresas de construção civil.

A crise do subprime e posteriormente a crise das dívidas soberanas, levou a UE a criar novas regras bancárias, onde criou muitas restrições ao acesso ao crédito por parte das empresas. Essas novas regras, que limitou o acesso ao crédito, provocaram uma alteração no modelo de financiamento das promotoras imobiliárias. Em vez de se financiarem na banca, os promotores vendiam primeiro as casas, antes de as construir. As promotoras recebiam parte do dinheiro e com esse dinheiro, financiavam a obra.

O modelo funcionou até ao pós pandemia, a impressão de dinheiros por parte dos governos foi monstruosa, criando uma forte inflação. Essa inflação provocou uma forte subida de preço nos materiais de construção e na mão de obra. Como as promotoras venderam as casas anteriormente, o valor que venderam as casas não foi suficiente para cobrir os novos custos da construção. Este problema provocado pela inflação, não afetou apenas o imobiliário, mas sim toda a economia, foram milhares de obras, por todo o país que não foram concluídas, as empresas faliram.

Este problema de financiamento, afecta sobretudo o mercado imobiliário da classe média, onde o custo é mais controlado, onde as empresas têm uma menor margem de lucro, o mínimo erro pode provocar uma falência. Por esse motivo, mas empresas de construção estão a preferir construir, o imobiliário de luxo, onde a margem de lucro é superior, minimiza a margem de erro. Mas o grande problema, é que falta habitação para a classe média.

A inflação é um grande problema, gera muita instabilidade nas empresas, torna-se imprevisível fazer um orçamento. Se a inflação é um forte contribuidor para o problema da habitação em Portugal e em breve teremos mais uma emissão massiva de novo dinheiro, por parte do BCE, parece um problema sem solução. As empresas terão que arranjar um novo método de financiamento, ou adaptar-se à inflação. Uma coisa é quase certa, na próxima década vamos ter alta inflação, porque é a única maneira para evitar o colapso dos governos, devido às enormes dívidas soberanas.

Procura/demanda

A resolução do problema do aumento da oferta é tão complexo, os governos vão optar pelo caminho mais fácil e populista, atacar a procura.

Nos próximos anos, os governos vão aprovar medidas mais autoritárias e antidemocráticas para minimizar o problema. Medidas como impedir os estrangeiros ou não residentes de adquirirem casas, impostos muito altos para 2° habitação, para forçar a venda ou o arrendamento, os Airbnb também serão um alvo.

Em suma, quem tiver uma casa como reserva de valor, para fugir à inflação, será declarada persona non grata.

Fix the money, Fix the world!

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Marty's Bent

via me

"The man in the coma" has been a long-running archetype of a bitcoiner on TFTC and Rabbit Hole Recap. Over the years, we've referenced the man in the coma in regards to bitcoin being a backward compatible distributed network that would enable an individual, in the case of our example - a man who fell into a coma, to be able to wake up many years, even decades, after falling into a deep sleep, go back to his bitcoin node and be able to participate in the network and validate his own transactions as if the network was operating the same it was the day he slipped into a coma. As a distributed network, this is one of bitcoin's greatest value props; consistency for the individual running it, no matter the version.

Having spent 12 years engrossed in bitcoin, thinking about it every day, building a media company focused on educating people about the network and the monetary revolution it enables, why it's important and how they can use it. Becoming a managing partner at Ten31, which is dedicated to investing in companies building out infrastructure that makes bitcoin more accessible and easier to use; "the man in the coma" has become a more prominent archetype in my mind.

"The man in the coma" archetype can be described in other ways. For instance, there was an individual by the name of John Doe, who joined myself and Matt Odell on TFTC about seven years ago who went to jail for four years. He was distributing certain goods on the Silk Road for many years and got nabbed by the police while throwing a house party. Unfortunately for Mr. Doe, the goods he were selling via the Silk Road were in the house hosting the party that got busted. Fortunately for Mr. Doe, the police who nabbed him were not privy to the way in which he was marketing and selling the goods. He went to jail for four years, walked out at the end of his sentence, found his bitcoin wallets, recovered them and was more than pleasantly surprised at the magnitude of his wealth.

The forced hodl that was incited by the state throwing him in a cage wound up paying off after four years. Now, I can certainly admit that time is the most scarce asset in the world. Being put in a cage for four years or falling into a coma for a number of years is not ideal. However, there are lessons to be gleaned from the successes that have been realized by "the man in the coma" and the man who was forced to hodl by being thrown in a cage. Unable to access his bitcoin during that period of time to make less than wise decisions.

The main lesson to be gleaned is that doing nothing is oftentimes significantly more optimal than doing something. Too many bitcoiners decide to make rash decisions influenced by the day-to-day happenings on social media or some one-off comment from someone in their personal life that they respect. These comments can be about the long-term viability of bitcoin itself, some prognostications about where the price is going in a short-term to medium-term time frame or simply the social aspects of being associated with bitcoin. All of these factors play into influencing certain individuals deciding to sell their bitcoin in the hopes of buying it back lower, realizing something material in their day-to-day life or jumping off a ship that they've been convinced is about to sink.

In my mind, the only thing listed above that makes a bit of sense to me is realizing something material in your day-to-day life. Selling some bitcoin to purchase something that makes your life better like enabling you to support your family at a critical time and in a way that would not be possible unless you sold bitcoin. That makes sense to me. However, the other two are completely nonsensical. Bitcoin's success is binary. It either succeeds or it doesn't. And if you accept that this is true, success means slowly but surely becoming the global reserve currency and monetary network used by billions of humans on the planet or it goes to zero.

If the former materializes, that means that billions of people are going to be competing for 21 million Bitcoin. There are, by some estimates, $900 trillion worth of assets that are being used to store wealth over the short, medium, and long term. Bitcoin has the potential to subsume a material percentage of that $900 trillion. In my mind, if bitcoin is as good as I believe it is, it should take at least half of that market, if not 80 to 90%. This in and of itself is a gamble. No one can be certain that this will come true. And with that in mind you have to make a probabilistic bet by surveying the world and discerning what the likelihood of bitcoin's ultimate success is.

If you think governments, central banks, and large corporations are going to continue down the path of unfettered expansion of the monetary base, debt, and misallocation of capital, bitcoin, a peer-to-peer distributed cash system that cannot be controlled by any individual. corporation, country, or central bank makes a lot of sense. The debasement, the debt expansion, and the misallocation of capital are driven by fallible humans working in incentive structures that are vulnerable to the fallible nature of the humans working within them.

Human fallibility brings with it the ability to talk oneself out of a position that one knows makes sense and is logical. This is the disadvantage that those who are not "the man in the coma" or "the man in a cage" operate from. Being forced to hodl bitcoin is already and will increasingly be seen as a relative advantage. Many who are in bitcoin today, paying attention to every headline, every pull request and every doubt flung their way will likely get to 2030 and agree that they made worse decisions than the man who was thrown in a cage or who slipped into a coma.

Of course, this isn't a fair introspective conclusion. The man in the coma and the man who was forced to hodl because he was put in a jail cell did not have a decision at the end of the day. Both were forced to hodl due to external or internal forces that, all else being equal, they would prefer not have had to endure. However, the outcome of these two situations will likely be better than the outcome of "the man in the arena" who thinks that by making decisions on the go as a slew of information comes his way on a day-to-day basis will materialize in a larger stack of satoshis.

The reality of the situation is such that no one truly knows where bitcoin is going to go on a day-to-day, month-to-month, or year-to-year basis. Especially at this point with large institutions, nation-states, corporations, and individual states getting into the fray. The only tried-and-true strategy within bitcoin over the long term is to stay humble, stack sats, and hodl like you are "the man in the coma" or the man who was thrown in a cage.

Bitcoin's Volatility Won't End With Institutional Adoption

Leon Wankum challenged the popular "supercycle" narrative during our conversation, arguing that Bitcoin's volatility isn't going away despite massive institutional adoption. While acknowledging that MicroStrategy now holds over 2% of all Bitcoin and won't sell, Leon maintains that leverage will still need to be washed out. He expects another 60% drawdown at the end of this bull cycle, viewing this as a feature rather than a bug of Bitcoin's design.

"Bitcoin naturally washes out leverage, it builds resilience and we don't go through these crazy boom and bust cycles, we go through bull and bear markets and I think that's a net positive." - Leon Wankum

Leon sees Bitcoin's volatility as fundamentally different from fiat's destructive boom-bust cycles. Where traditional markets require central bank intervention to prop up failing systems, Bitcoin's regular corrections create genuine resilience. Bad actors will always enter during euphoric phases, and the subsequent washouts ensure only strong hands remain. This natural selection process, he argues, is beautiful - it's what makes Bitcoin antifragile.

Check out the full podcast here for more on real estate opportunity costs, Bitcoin bonds, and treasury company risks.

---

Headlines of the Day

Romania Adds Crypto Terminals to Post Offices - via X

Musk Claims Trump in Epstein Files - via X

Uber CEO Calls Bitcoin Proven Store of Value - via X

Get our new STACK SATS hat - via tftcmerch.io

---

Take the First Step Off the Exchange

Bitkey is an easy, secure way to move your Bitcoin into self-custody. With simple setup and built-in recovery, it’s the perfect starting point for getting your coins off centralized platforms and into cold storage—no complexity, no middlemen.

Take control. Start with Bitkey.

Use the promo code *“TFTC20”* during checkout for 20% off

---

Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed $150.00M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.

---

Final thought...

The kids really do grow up f

@ b1ddb4d7:471244e7

Jason Lowery’s thesis, Softwar: A Novel Theory on Power Projection and the National Strategic Significance of Bitcoin, reframes bitcoin not merely as digital cash but as a transformative security technology with profound implications for investors and nation-states alike.

For centuries, craft brewers understood that true innovation balanced tradition with experimentation—a delicate dance between established techniques and bold new flavors.

Much like the craft beer revolution reshaped a global industry, bitcoin represents a fundamental recalibration of how humans organize value and project power in the digital age.

The Antler in the Digital Forest: Power Projection

Lowery, a U.S. Space Force officer and MIT scholar, anchors his Softwar theory in a biological metaphor: Bitcoin as humanity’s “digital antler.” In nature, antlers allow animals like deer to compete for resources through non-lethal contests—sparring matches where power is demonstrated without fatal consequences. This contrasts sharply with wolves, who must resort to violent, potentially deadly fights to establish hierarchy.

The Human Power Dilemma: Historically, humans projected power and settled resource disputes through physical force—wars, seizures, or coercive control of assets. Even modern financial systems rely on abstract power structures: court orders, bank freezes, or government sanctions enforced by legal threat rather than immediate physical reality.

Lowery argues this creates inherent fragility: abstract systems can collapse when met with superior physical force (e.g., invasions, revolutions). Nature only respects physical power.

Bitcoin’s Physical Power Engine: Bitcoin introduces a novel solution through its proof-of-work consensus mechanism. Miners compete to solve computationally intense cryptographic puzzles, expending real-world energy (megawatts) to validate transactions and secure the network.

This process converts electricity—a tangible, physical resource—into digital security and immutable property rights. Winning a “block” is like winning a sparring match: it consumes significant resources (energy/cost) but is non-destructive.

The miner gains the right to write the next page of the ledger and collect rewards, but no participant is physically harmed, and no external infrastructure is destroyed.

Table: Traditional vs. Bitcoin-Based Power Systems

Power System

Mechanism

Key Vulnerability

Resource Cost

Traditional (Fiat/Banking)

Legal abstraction, threat of state force

Centralized points of failure, corruption, political change

Low immediate cost, high systemic risk

Military/Economic Coercion

Physical force, sanctions

Escalation, collateral damage, moral hazard

Very high (lives, capital, instability)

Bitcoin (Proof-of-Work)

Competition via energy expenditure

High energy cost, concentration risk (mining)

High energy cost, low systemic risk

Softwar Theory National Strategic Imperative: Governments Are Taking Notice

Lowery’s Softwar Theory has moved beyond academia into the corridors of power, shaping U.S. national strategy:

1. The Strategic Bitcoin Reserve: Vice President JD Vance recently framed bitcoin as an instrument projecting American values—”innovation, entrepreneurship, freedom, and lack of censorship”. State legislation is now underway to implement this reserve, preventing easy reversal by future administrations.
2. Regulatory Transformation: The SEC is shifting from an “enforcement-first” stance under previous leadership. New initiatives include:
   • Repealing Staff Accounting Bulletin 121 (SAB 121), which discouraged banks from custodying digital currency by forcing unfavorable balance sheet treatment.
   • Creating the Cyber and Emerging Technologies Unit (CETU) to develop clearer crypto registration/disclosure rules.

The Investor’s Lens: Scarcity, Security, and Asymmetric Opportunity

For investors, understanding “Softwar” validates bitcoin’s unique value proposition beyond price speculation:

• Digital Scarcity as Strategic Depth: Bitcoin’s fixed supply of 21 million makes it the only digital asset with truly inelastic supply, a programmed scarcity immune to political whims or central bank printing.

  This “scarcity imperative” acts as a natural antidote to global fiat debasement. As central banks expanded money supplies aggressively (Global M2), bitcoin’s price has shown strong correlation, acting as a pressure valve for inflation concerns. The quadrennial “halving” (latest: April 2024) mechanically reduces new supply, creating built-in supply shocks as adoption grows. * The Antifragile Security Feedback Loop: Bitcoin’s security isn’t static; it’s antifragile. The network strengthens through demand: * More users → More transactions → Higher fees → More miner revenue → More hashpower (computational security) → Greater network resilience → More user confidence.
  This self-reinforcing cycle contrasts sharply with traditional systems, where security is a cost center (e.g., bank security budgets, military spending). Bitcoin turns security into a profitable, market-driven activity. * Institutionalization Without Centralization: While institutional ownership via ETFs (like BlackRock’s IBIT) and corporate treasuries (MicroStrategy, Metaplanet) has surged, supply remains highly decentralized.

  Individuals still hold the largest share of bitcoin, preventing a dangerous concentration of control. Spot Bitcoin ETFs alone are projected to see over $20 billion in net inflows in 2025, demonstrating robust institutional capital allocation.

The Bitcoin Community: Building the Digital Antler’s Resilience

Lowery’s “Softwar” theory underscores why bitcoin’s decentralized architecture is non-negotiable. Its strength lies in the alignment of incentives across three participant groups:

1. Miners: Provide computational power (hashrate), validating transactions and securing the network. Incentivized by block rewards (newly minted BTC) and transaction fees. Their physical energy expenditure is the “muscle” behind the digital antler.
2. Nodes: Independently verify and enforce the protocol rules, maintaining the blockchain’s integrity. Run by users, businesses, and enthusiasts globally. They ensure decentralized consensus, preventing unilateral protocol changes.
3. Users: Individuals, institutions, and corporations holding, transacting, or building on bitcoin. Their demand drives transaction fees and fuels the security feedback loop.

This structure creates “Mutually Assured Preservation”. Attacking bitcoin requires overwhelming its global, distributed physical infrastructure (miners/nodes), a feat far more complex and costly than seizing a central bank’s gold vault or freezing a bank’s assets. It transforms financial security from a centralized liability into a decentralized, physically-grounded asset.

Risks & Responsibilities

Investors and policymakers must acknowledge persistent challenges:

• Volatility: Bitcoin remains volatile, though this has decreased as markets mature. Dollar-cost averaging (DCA) is widely recommended to mitigate timing risk.
• Regulatory Uncertainty: While U.S. policy is increasingly favorable, global coordination is lacking. The EU’s MiCAR regulation exemplifies divergent approaches.
• Security & Custody: While Bitcoin’s protocol is robust, user errors (lost keys) or exchange hacks remain risks.
• Environmental Debate: Proof-of-Work energy use is scrutinized, though mining increasingly uses stranded energy/renewables. Innovations continue.

Jason Lowery’s “Softwar” theory elevates bitcoin from a financial instrument to a socio-technological innovation on par with the invention of the corporation, the rule of law, or even the antler in evolutionary biology. It provides a coherent framework for understanding why:

• Nations like the U.S. are looking to establish bitcoin reserves and embracing stablecoins—they recognize bitcoin’s role in projecting economic power non-violently in the digital age.
• Institutional Investors are allocating billions via ETFs—they see a scarce, secure, uncorrelated asset with antifragile properties.
• Individuals in hyperinflationary economies or under authoritarian regimes use bitcoin—it offers self-sovereign wealth storage immune to seizure or debasement.

For the investor, bitcoin represents more than potential price appreciation. It offers exposure to a fundamental reorganization of how power and value are secured and exchanged globally, grounded not in abstract promises, but in the unyielding laws of physics and mathematics.

Like the brewers who balanced tradition with innovation to create something enduring and valuable, bitcoin pioneers are building the infrastructure for a more resilient digital future—one computationally secured block at a time. The “Softwar” is here, and it is reshaping the landscape of p

@ b1ddb4d7:471244e7

Paris, France – June 6, 2025 – Flash, the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses, just announced a new partnership with the Bitcoin Only Brewery, marking the first-ever beverage company to leverage Flash for seamless Bitcoin payments. 

Bitcoin Buys Beer Thanks to Flash!

As Co-Founder of Flash, it's not every day we get to toast to a truly refreshing milestone.

Okay, jokes aside.

We're super buzzed to see our friends at @Drink_B0B
Bitcoin Only Brewery using Flash to power their online sales!

The first… pic.twitter.com/G7TWhy50pX

— Pierre Corbin (@CierrePorbin) June 3, 2025

Flash enables Bitcoin Only Brewery to offer its “BOB” beer with, no-KYC (Know Your Customer) delivery across Europe, priced at 19,500 sats (~$18) for the 4-pack – shipping included.

The cans feature colorful Bitcoin artwork while the contents promise a hazy pale ale: “Each 33cl can contains a smooth, creamy mouthfeel, hazy appearance and refreshing Pale Ale at 5% ABV,” reads the product description.

Pierre Corbin, Co-Founder of Flash, commented: “Currently, bitcoin is used more as a store of value but usage for payments is picking up. Thanks to new innovation on Lightning, bitcoin is ready to go mainstream for e-commerce sales.”

Flash, launched its 2.0 version in March 2025 with the goal to provide the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses worldwide. The platform is non-custodial and can enable both digital and physical shops to accept Bitcoin by connecting their own wallets to Flash.

By leveraging the scalability of the Lightning Network, Flash ensures instant, low-cost transactions, addressing on-chain Bitcoin bottlenecks like high fees and long wait times.

Bitcoin payment usage is growing thanks to Lightning

In May, fast-food chain Steak ‘N Shake went viral for integrating bitcoin at their restaurants around the world. In the same month, the bitcoin2025 conference in Las Vegas set a new world record with 4,000 Lightning payments in one day.

According to a report by River Intelligence, public Lightning payment volume surged by 266% from August 2023 to August 2024. This growth is also reflected in the overall accessibility of lighting infrastructure for consumers. According to Lightning Service Provider Breez, over 650 Million users now have access to the Lightning Network through apps like CashApp, Kraken or Strike.

Bitcoin Only Brewery’s adoption of Flash reflects the growing trend of businesses integrating Bitcoin payments to cater to a global, privacy-conscious customer base. By offering no-KYC delivery across Europe, the brewery aligns with the ethos of decentralization and financial sovereignty, appealing to the increasing number of consumers and businesses embracing Bitcoin as a legitimate payment method.

“Flash is committed to driving innovation in the Bitcoin ecosystem,” Corbin added. “We’re building a future where businesses of all sizes can seamlessly integrate Bitcoin payments, unlocking new opportunities in the global market. It’s never been easier to start selling in bitcoin and we invite retailers globally to join us in this revolution.”

For businesses interested in adopting Bitcoin payments, Flash offers a straightforward onboarding process, low fees, and robust support for both digital and physical goods. To learn more, visit paywithflash.com.

About Flash

Flash is the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses to accept payments. Supporting both digital and physical enterprises, Flash leverages the Lightning Network to enable fast, low-cost Bitcoin transactions. Launched in its 2.0 version in March 2025, Flash is at the forefront of driving Bitcoin adoption in e-commerce.

About Bitcoin Only Brewery

Bitcoin Only Brewery (@Drink_B0B) is a pioneering beverage company dedicated to the Bitcoin ethos, offering high-quality beers payable exclusively in Bitcoin. With a commitment to personal privacy, the brewery delivers across Europe with no-KYC requirements.

Media Contact:

Pierre Corbin
Co-Founder, Flash
Email: press@paywithflash.com
Website: paywithflash.comPhotos paywithflash.com/about/press

How Flash Enables Interoperable, Self-Custodial Bitcoin Commerce

@ a8d1560d:3fec7a08

THIS IS IMPORTANT!!!

After the wave of word-scrambling spam bots, a new and very problematic kind of spam has arrived in the Nostr. Whenever you post something now, you will get gay porn videos as an automated answer (No, being gay itself is not problematic!!!). To get rid of all the automated spam, remove the following relays from your inbox and outbox relay list: - nos.lol - relay.damus.io - nostr.oxtr.dev - relay.primal.net

As long as you have even one of these relays in your inbox and outbox lists, you and your followers will be spammed whenever posting something.

It is unknown if the bots only reply to kind 1 events or to all events.

@ b7274d28:c99628cb

In this second installment of The Android Elite Setup tutorial series, we will cover installing the nostr:npub10r8xl2njyepcw2zwv3a6dyufj4e4ajx86hz6v4ehu4gnpupxxp7stjt2p8 on your #Android device and browsing for apps you may be interested in trying out.

Since the #Zapstore is a direct competitor to the Google Play Store, you're not going to be able to find and install it from there like you may be used to with other apps. Instead, you will need to install it directly from the developer's GitHub page. This is not a complicated process, but it is outside the normal flow of searching on the Play Store, tapping install, and you're done.

Installation

From any web browser on your Android phone, navigate to the Zapstore GitHub Releases page and the most recent version will be listed at the top of the page. The .apk file for you to download and install will be listed in the "Assets."

Tap the .apk to download it, and you should get a notification when the download has completed, with a prompt to open the file.

You will likely be presented with a prompt warning you that your phone currently isn't allowed to install applications from "unknown sources." Anywhere other than the Play Store is considered an "unknown source" by default. However, you can manually allow installation from unknown sources in the settings, which the prompt gives you the option to do.

In the settings page that opens, toggle it to allow installation from this source, and you should be prompted to install the application. If you aren't, simply go to your web browser's downloads and tap on the .apk file again, or go into your file browser app and you should find the .apk in your Downloads folder.

If the application doesn't open automatically after install, you will find it in your app drawer.

Home Page

Right at the top of the home page in the Zapstore is the search bar. You can use it to find a specific app you know is available in the Zapstore.

There are quite a lot of open source apps available, and more being added all the time. Most are added by the Zapstore developer, nostr:npub1wf4pufsucer5va8g9p0rj5dnhvfeh6d8w0g6eayaep5dhps6rsgs43dgh9, but some are added by the app developers themselves, especially Nostr apps. All of the applications we will be installing through the Zapstore have been added by their developers and are cryptographically signed, so you know that what you download is what the developer actually released.

The next section is for app discovery. There are curated app collections to peruse for ideas about what you may want to install. As you can see, all of the other apps we will be installing are listed in nostr:npub1wf4pufsucer5va8g9p0rj5dnhvfeh6d8w0g6eayaep5dhps6rsgs43dgh9's "Nostr" collection.

In future releases of the Zapstore, users will be able to create their own app collections.

The last section of the home page is a chronological list of the latest releases. This includes both new apps added to the Zapstore and recently updated apps. The list of recent releases on its own can be a great resource for discovering apps you may not have heard of before.

Installed Apps

The next page of the app, accessed by the icon in the bottom-center of the screen that looks like a clock with an arrow circling it, shows all apps you have installed that are available in the Zapstore. It's also where you will find apps you have previously installed that are ready to be updated. This page is pretty sparse on my test profile, since I only have the Zapstore itself installed, so here is a look at it on my main profile:

The "Disabled Apps" at the top are usually applications that were installed via the Play Store or some other means, but are also available in the Zapstore. You may be surprised to see that some of the apps you already have installed on your device are also available on the Zapstore. However, to manage their updates though the Zapstore, you would need to uninstall the app and reinstall it from the Zapstore instead. I only recommend doing this for applications that are added to the Zapstore by their developers, or you may encounter a significant delay between a new update being released for the app and when that update is available on the Zapstore.

Tap on one of your apps in the list to see whether the app is added by the developer, or by the Zapstore. This takes you to the application's page, and you may see a warning at the top if the app was not installed through the Zapstore.

Scroll down the page a bit and you will see who signed the release that is available on the Zapstore.

In the case of Primal, even though the developer is on Nostr, they are not signing their own releases to the Zapstore yet. This means there will likely be a delay between Primal releasing an update and that update being available on the Zapstore.

Settings

The last page of the app is the settings page, found by tapping the cog at the bottom right.

Here you can send the Zapstore developer feedback directly (if you are logged in), connect a Lightning wallet using Nostr Wallet Connect, delete your local cache, and view some system information.

We will be adding a connection to our nostr:npub1h2qfjpnxau9k7ja9qkf50043xfpfy8j5v60xsqryef64y44puwnq28w8ch wallet in part 5 of this tutorial series.

For the time being, we are all set with the Zapstore and ready for the next stage of our journey.

Continue to Part 3: Amber Signer. Nostr link: nostr:naddr1qqxnzde5xuengdeexcmnvv3eqgstwf6d9r37nqalwgxmfd9p9gclt3l0yc3jp5zuyhkfqjy6extz3jcrqsqqqa28qy2hwumn8ghj7un9d3shjtnyv9kh2uewd9hj7qg6waehxw309aex2mrp0yhxyunfva58gcn0d36zumn9wss80nug

@ f31044c5:2d30a90d

I used to think Bitcoin was just digital money for tech people. But now, I see it as a symbol of possibility — the idea that value can shift, that power can change hands, and that the future doesn't have to be controlled by just a few.

Bitcoin reminds me that we’re living in a time where anyone, anywhere, can be part of something big — no bank permission needed.

Maybe it's not just about money. Maybe it's about freedom, choices, and the chance to dream beyond borders.

Bitcoin #Hope #Freedom #Motivation

@ 9ca447d2:fbf5a36d

CANNES, FRANCE – May 2025 — Bitcoin mining made its mark at the world’s most prestigious film gathering this year as Puerto Rican director and producer Alana Mediavilla introduced her feature documentary Dirty Coin: The Bitcoin Mining Documentary at the Marché du Film during the Cannes Film Festival.

The film puts bitcoin mining at the center of a rising global conversation about energy, technology, and economic freedom.

Dirty Coin is the first feature-length documentary to explore bitcoin mining through immersive, on-the-ground case studies.

From rural towns in the United States to hydro-powered sites in Latin America and the Congo, the film follows miners and communities navigating what may be one of the most misunderstood technologies of our time.

The result is a human-centered look at how bitcoin mining is transforming local economies and energy infrastructure in real ways.

To mark its Cannes debut, Mediavilla and her team hosted a packed industry event that brought together leaders from both film and finance.

Dirty Coin debut ceremony at the Marché du Film

Sponsors Celestial Management, Sangha Renewables, Nordblock, and Paystand.org supported the program, which featured panels on mining, energy use, and decentralized infrastructure.

Attendees had the rare opportunity to engage directly with pioneers in the space. A special session in French led by Seb Gouspillou spotlighted mining efforts in the Congo’s Virunga region.

Dirty Coin builds on Mediavilla’s award-winning short film Stranded, which won over 20 international prizes, including Best Short Documentary at Cannes in 2024.

That success helped lay the foundation for the feature and positioned Mediavilla as one of the boldest new voices in global documentary filmmaking.

Alana Mediavilla speaks at the Marché du Film — Cannes Film Festival

“If we’ve found an industry that can unlock stranded energy and turn it into real power for people—especially in regions with energy poverty—why wouldn’t we look into it?” says Mediavilla. “Our privilege blinds us.

“The same thing we criticize could be the very thing that lifts the developing world to our standard of living. Ignoring that potential is a failure of imagination.”

Much like the decentralized network it explores, Dirty Coin is spreading globally through grassroots momentum.

Local leaders are hosting independent screenings around the world, from Roatán and Berlin to São Paulo and Madrid. Upcoming events include Toronto and Zurich, with more cities joining each month.

Mediavilla, who previously worked in creative leadership roles in the U.S. — including as a producer at Google — returned to Puerto Rico to found Campo Libre, a studio focused on high-caliber, globally relevant storytelling from the Caribbean.

She was also accepted into the Cannes Producers Network, a selective program open only to producers with box office releases in the past four years.

Mediavilla qualified after independently releasing Dirty Coin in theaters across Puerto Rico. Her participation in the network gave her direct access to meetings, insights, and connections with the most active distributors and producers working today.

The film’s next public screening will take place at the Anthem Film Festival in Palm Springs on Saturday, June 14 at 2 PM. Additional screenings and market appearances are planned throughout the year at Bitcoin events and international film platforms.

Dirty Coin at the Cannes Film Festival

Watch the Trailer + Access Press Materials

📂 EPK
🎬 Screener
🌍 Host a Screening

Follow the Movement

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dirty_coin_official/
Twitter: https://x.com/DirtyCoinDoc
Website: www.dirtycointhemovie.com

@ 9ca447d2:fbf5a36d

Paris, France – June 6, 2025 — Bitcoin payment gateway startup Flash, just announced a new partnership with the “Bitcoin Only Brewery”, marking the first-ever beverage company to leverage Lightning payments.

Flash enables Bitcoin Only Brewery to offer its “BOB” beer with, no-KYC (Know Your Customer) delivery across Europe, priced at 19,500 sats (~$18) for the 4-pack, shipping included.

The cans feature colorful Bitcoin artwork while the contents promise a hazy pale ale: “Each 33cl can contains a smooth, creamy mouthfeel, hazy appearance and refreshing Pale Ale at 5% ABV,” reads the product description.

Pierre Corbin, Co-Founder of Flash, commented:

“Currently, bitcoin is used more as a store of value but usage for payments is picking up. Thanks to new innovation on Lightning, bitcoin is ready to go mainstream for e-commerce sales.”

Flash, launched its 2.0 version in March 2025 with the goal to provide the easiest bitcoin payment gateway for businesses worldwide. The platform is non-custodial and can enable both digital and physical shops to accept bitcoin by connecting their own wallets to Flash.

By leveraging the scalability of the Lightning Network, Flash ensures instant, low-cost transactions, addressing on-chain Bitcoin bottlenecks like high fees and long wait times.

For businesses interested in adopting Bitcoin payments, Flash offers a straightforward onboarding process, low fees, and robust support for both digital and physical goods. To learn more, visit paywithflash.com.

Media Contact:
Pierre Corbin
Co-Founder, Flash
Email: press@paywithflash.com
Website: paywithflash.com

About Flash

Flash is the easiest Bitcoin payment gateway for businesses to accept payments. Supporting both digital and physical enterprises, Flash leverages the Lightning Network to enable fast, low-cost Bitcoin transactions. Launched in its 2.0 version in March 2025, Flash is at the forefront of driving Bitcoin adoption in e-commerce.

About Bitcoin Only Brewery

Bitcoin Only Brewery (@Drink_B0B) is a pioneering beverage company dedicated to the Bitcoin ethos, offering high-quality beers payable exclusively in Bitcoin. With a commitment to personal privacy, the brewery delivers across Europe with no-KYC requirements.

@ df478568:2a951e67

How To Mine Your Own Vanity Nostr Key

note. This article works best on https://habla.news/u/marc@primal.net/how-to-mine-a-nostr-vanity-key-with-rana

Rana is a vanity npub generator.

I'll show you how to use it on Ubuntu.

If you're not Linux ninja and use Windows instead of Linux ninja weapons, you can still use Linux with Virtualbox, free ans open source virtualization software. Head over to

https://www.virtualbox.org/ to learn more. They also have an enterprise business if you need that sort of thing, you can learn more at https://shop.oracle.com/

Rana is a nostr vanity key mining program. The source code can be found here.

Rana Is On GitHub

https://github.com/grunch/rana

Since rana already has pretty good docs, I decided to make a video instead of write about this because It's easier to see rana in action than it is to write about Rana. I went off on some tangents, so I might edit this down later, but I hope it helps you mine your own nostr key.

nevent1qqsfk7a000m8zc3ptsuu4vytepqc9eedceclpt2ns9pzlech5cpaflceng5al

Show Notes

https://github.com/grunch/rana

https://virtualbox.org/

https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/getting-started/installation.html

cargo run --release -- --vanity-n-prefix=juxtap0se

☮️

nostr:npub1marc26z8nh3xkj5rcx7ufkatvx6ueqhp5vfw9v5teq26z254renshtf3g0

900,969

@ f0fd6902:a2fbaaab

https://stacker.news/items/1007600

@ 5627e59c:d484729e

Ik hou van de natuur en van verbinding maken\ Van diepgang en van mensen raken

Van creatief schrijven en programmeren\ Van speels bewegen en nieuwe dingen leren

Ik hou van leven en van dromen\ En van mensen zien\ Hun diepste wensen uit doen komen

@ 5627e59c:d484729e

Ik sta hier nu een poos\ Bevroren, machteloos

Ik wil graag iets veranderen\ Gewoon iets doen voor anderen

Maar het mag precies niet zijn\ En dat doet me veel pijn

Verlamd en vol van onbegrip\ Ik krijg er maar geen grip op

Op de wereld en de mensen\ Zij verpletteren mijn diepste wensen

Niemand die eens hoort\ Naar wat mij toch zo stoort

Ik kan nog eens proberen\ Om de wereld om te keren

Maar ik weet, het heeft geen zin\ Ik raak nooit binnen in

De ander\ Kom, verander

Misschien wordt het eens tijd\ Dat ik mezelf bevrijd

Van al die overmacht\ Die mij toch zo versmacht

Een stapje achteruit\ Adem in en adem uit

Ik doe mijn oogjes dicht\ En zie wie mij verplicht

Opzadelt met ambitie\ Van waar komt toch die missie

Al de pijn die ik niet aankan\ En van 't bestaan verban

Al 't bewijs voor mijn geloof\ Dat ik niet meer vliegen kan

@ b7274d28:c99628cb

Your identity is important to you, right? While impersonation can be seen in some senses as a form of flattery, we all would prefer to be the only person capable of representing ourselves online, unless we intentionally delegate that privilege to someone else and maintain the ability to revoke it.

Amber does all of that for you in the context of #Nostr. It minimizes the possibility of your private key being compromized by acting as the only app with access to it, while all other Nostr apps send requests to Amber when they need something signed. This even allows you to give someone temporary authority to post as you without giving them your private key, and you retain the authority to revoke their permissions at any time.

nostr:npub1w4uswmv6lu9yel005l3qgheysmr7tk9uvwluddznju3nuxalevvs2d0jr5 has provided Android users with an incredibly powerful tool in Amber, and he continues to improve its functionality and ease of use. Indeed, there is not currently a comparative app available for iOS users. For the time being, this superpower is exclusive to Android.

Installation

Open up the Zapstore app that you installed in the previous stage of this tutorial series.

Very likely, Amber will be listed in the app collection section of the home page. If it is not, just search for "Amber" in the search bar.

Opening the app's page in the Zapstore shows that the release is signed by the developer. You can also see who has added this app to one of their collections and who has supported this app with sats by zapping the release.

Tap "Install" and you will be prompted to confirm you are sure you want to install Amber.

Helpfully, you are informed that several other users follow this developer on Nostr. If you have been on Nostr a while, you will likely recognize these gentlemen as other Nostr developers, one of them being the original creator of the protocol.

You can choose to never have Zapstore ask for confirmation again with apps developed by nostr:npub1w4uswmv6lu9yel005l3qgheysmr7tk9uvwluddznju3nuxalevvs2d0jr5, and since we have another of his apps to install later in this tutorial series, I recommend you toggle this on. Then tap on "Trust greenart7c3 and install app."

Just like when you installed the Zapstore from their GitHub, you will be prompted to allow the Zapstore to install apps, since Android considers it an "unknown source."

Once you toggle this on and use the back button to get back to the Zapstore, Amber will begin downloading and then present a prompt to install the app. Once installed, you will see a prompt that installation was a success and you can now open the app.

From here, how you proceed will depend on whether you need to set up a new Nostr identity or use Amber with an existing private key you already have set up. The next section will cover setting up a new Nostr identity with Amber. Skip to the section titled "Existing Nostrich" if you already have an nsec that you would like to use with Amber.

New Nostrich

Upon opening the application, you will be presented with the option to use an existing private key or create a new Nostr account. Nostr doesn't really have "accounts" in the traditional sense of the term. Accounts are a relic of permissioned systems. What you have on Nostr are keys, but Amber uses the "account" term because it is a more familiar concept, though it is technically inaccurate.

Choose "Create a new Nostr account" and you will be presented with a screen telling you that your Nostr account is ready. Yes, it was really that easy. No email, no real name, no date of birth, and no annoying capcha. Just "Create a new account" and you're done.

The app presents you with your public key. This is like an address that can be used to find your posts on Nostr. It is 100% unique to you, and no one else can post a note that lists this npub as the author, because they won't have the corresponding private key. You don't need to remember your npub, though. You'll be able to readily copy it from any Nostr app you use whenever you need it.

You will also be prompted to add a nickname. This is just for use within Amber, since you can set up multiple profiles within the app. You can use anything you want here, as it is just so you can tell which profile is which when switching between them in Amber.

Once you've set your nickname, tap on "Continue."

The next screen will ask you what Amber's default signing policy should be.

The default is to approve basic actions, referring to things that are common for Nostr clients to request a signature for, like following another user, liking a post, making a new post, or replying. If you are more concerned about what Amber might be signing for on your behalf, you can tell it to require manual approval for each app.

Once you've made your decision, tap "Finish." You will also be able to change this selection in the app settings at any time.

With this setup out of the way, you are now presented with the main "Applications" page of the app.

At the top, you have a notification encouraging you to create a backup. Let's get that taken care of now by tapping on the notification and skipping down to the heading titled "Backing Up Your Identity" in this tutorial.

Existing Nostrich

Upon opening the application, you will be presented with the option to use your private key or create a new Nostr account. Choose the former.

The next screen will require you to paste your private key.

You will need to obtain this from whatever Nostr app you used to create your profile, or any other Nostr app that you pasted your nsec into in the past. Typically you can find it in the app settings and there will be a section mentioning your keys where you can copy your nsec. For instance, in Primal go to Settings > Keys > Copy private key, and on Amethyst open the side panel by tapping on your profile picture in the top-left, then Backup Keys > Copy my secret key.

After pasting your nsec into Amber, tap "Next."

Amber will give you a couple options for a default signing policy. The default is to approve basic actions, referring to things that are common for Nostr clients to request a signature for, like following another user, liking a post, making a new post, or replying. If you are more concerned about what Amber might be signing for on your behalf, you can tell it to require manual approval for each app.

Once you've made your decision, tap "Finish." You will also be able to change this selection in the app settings at any time.

With this setup out of the way, you are now presented with the main "Applications" page of the app. You have nothing here yet, since you haven't used Amber to log into any Nostr apps, but this will be where all of the apps you have connected with Amber will be listed, in the order of the most recently used at the top.

Before we go and use Amber to log into an app, though, let's make sure we've created a backup of our private key. You pasted your nsec into Amber, so you could just save that somewhere safe, but Amber gives you a few other options as well. To find them, you'll need to tap the cog icon at the bottom of the screen to access the settings, then select "Backup Keys."

Backing Up Your Identity

You'll notice that Amber has a few different options for backing up your private key that it can generate.

First, it can give you seed words, just like a Bitcoin seed. If you choose that option, you'll be presented with 12 words you can record somewhere safe. To recover your Nostr private key, you just have to type those words into a compatible application, such as Amber.

The next option is to just copy the secret/private key in its standard form as an "nsec." This is the least secure way to store it, but is also the most convenient, since it is simple to paste into another signer application. If you want to be able to log in on a desktop web app, the browser extension Nostr signers won't necessarily support entering your 12 word seed phrase, but they absolutely will support pasting in your nsec.

You can also display a QR code of your private key. This can be scanned by Amber signer on another device for easily transferring your private key to other devices you want to use it on. Say you have an Android tablet in addition to your phone, for instance. Just make sure you only use this function where you can be certain that no one will be able to get a photograph of that QR code. Once someone else has your nsec, there is no way to recover it. You have to start all over on Nostr. Not a big deal at this point in your journey if you just created a Nostr account, but if you have been using Nostr for a while and have built up a decent amount of reputation, it could be much more costly to start over again.

The next options are a bit more secure, because they require a password that will be used to encrypt your private key. This has some distinct advantages, and a couple disadvantages to be aware of. Using a password to encrypt your private key will give you what is called an ncryptsec, and if this is leaked somehow, whoever has it will not necessarily have access to post as you on Nostr, the way they would if your nsec had been leaked. At least, not so long as they don't also have your password. This means you can store your ncryptsec in multiple locations without much fear that it will be compromised, so long as the password you used to encrypt it was a strong and unique one, and it isn't stored in the same location. Some Nostr apps support an ncryptsec for login directly, meaning that you have the option to paste in your ncryptsec and then just log in with the password you used to encrypt it from there on out. However, now you will need to keep track of both your ncryptsec and your password, storing both of them safely and separately. Additionally, most Nostr clients and signer applications do not support using an ncryptsec, so you will need to convert it back to a standard nsec (or copy the nsec from Amber) to use those apps.

The QR option using an ncryptsec is actually quite useful, though, and I would go this route when trying to set up Amber on additional devices, since anyone possibly getting a picture of the QR code is still not going to be able to do anything with it, unless they also get the password you used to encrypt it.

All of the above options will require you to enter the PIN you set up for your device, or biometric authentication, just as an additional precaution before displaying your private key to you.

As for what "store it in a safe place" looks like, I highly recommend a self-hosted password manager, such as Vaultwarden+Bitwarden or KeePass. If you really want to get wild, you can store it on a hardware signing device, or on a steel seed plate.

Additional Settings

Amber has some additional settings you may want to take advantage of. First off, if you don't want just anyone who has access to your phone to be able to approve signing requests, you can go into the Security settings add a PIN or enable biometrics for signing requests. If you enable the PIN, it will be separate from the PIN you use to access your phone, so you can let someone else use your phone, like your child who is always begging to play a mobile game you have installed, without worrying that they might have access to your Nostr key to post on Amethyst.

Amber also has some relay settings. First are the "Active relays" which are used for signing requests sent to Amber remotely from Nostr web apps. This is what enables you to use Amber on your phone to log into Nostr applications on your desktop web browser, such as Jumble.social, Coracle.social, or Nostrudel.ninja, eliminating your need to use any other application to store your nsec whatsoever. You can leave this relay as the default, or you can add other relays you want to use for signing requests. Just be aware, not all relays will accept the notes that are used for Nostr signing requests, so make sure that the relay you want to use does so. In fact, Amber will make sure of this for you when you type in the relay address.

The next type of relays that you can configure in Amber are the "Default profile relays." These are used for reading your profile information. If you already had a Nostr identity that you imported to Amber, you probably noticed it loaded your profile picture and display name, setting the latter as your nickname in Amber. These relays are where Amber got that information from. The defaults are relay.nostr.band and purplepag.es. The reason for this is because they are aggregators that look for Nostr profiles that have been saved to other relays on the network and pull them in. Therefore, no matter what other relay you may save your profile to, Amber will likely be able to find it on one of those two relays as well. If you have a relay you know you will be saving your Nostr profiles to, you may want to add it to this list.

You can also set up Amber to be paired with Orbot for signing over Tor using relays that are only accessible via the Tor network. That is an advanced feature, though, and well beyond the scope of this tutorial.

Finally, you can update the default signing policy. Maybe after using Amber for a while, you've decided that the choice you made before was too strict or too lenient. You can change it to suit your needs.

Zapstore Login

Now that you are all set up with Amber, let's get you signed into your first Nostr app by going back to the Zapstore.

From the app's home screen, tap on the user icon in the upper left of the screen. This will open a side panel with not much on it except the option to "sign in." Go ahead and tap on it.

You will be presented with the option to either sign in with Amber, or to paste your npub. However, if you do the latter, you will only have read access, meaning you cannot zap any of the app releases. There are other features planned for the Zapstore that may also require you to be signed in with write access, so go ahead and choose to log in with Amber.

Your phone should automatically switch to Amber to approve the sign-in request.

You can choose to only approve basic actions for Zapstore, require it to manually approve every time, or you can tell it that you "fully trust this application." Only choose the latter option with apps you have used for a while and they have never asked you to sign for anything suspicious. For the time being, I suggest you use the "Approve basic actions" option and tap "Grant Permissions."

Your phone will switch back to the Zapstore and will show that you are now signed in. Congratulations! From here on out, logging into most Nostr applications will be as easy as tapping on "Log in with Amber" and approving the request.

If you set up a new profile, it will just show a truncated version of your npub rather than the nickname you set up earlier. That's fine. You'll have an opportunity to update your Nostr profile in the next tutorial in this series and ensure that it is spread far and wide in the network, so the Zapstore will easily find it.

That concludes the tutorial for Amber. While we have not covered using Amber to log into Nostr web apps, that is outside the scope of this series, and I will cover it in an upcoming tutorial regarding using Amber's remote signer options in detail.

Since you're already hanging out in the Zapstore, you may as well stick around, because we will be using it right out the gate in the next part of this series: Amethyst Installation and Setup. (Coming Soon)

@ c1e9ab3a:9cb56b43

Star Wars is often viewed as a myth of rebellion, freedom, and resistance to tyranny. The iconography—scrappy rebels, totalitarian stormtroopers, lone smugglers—suggests a deep anti-authoritarian ethos. Yet, beneath the surface, the narrative arc of Star Wars consistently affirms the necessity, even sanctity, of central authority. This blog entry introduces the question: Is Star Wars fundamentally a celebration of statism?

---

Rebellion as Restoration, Not Revolution

The Rebel Alliance’s mission is not to dismantle centralized power, but to restore the Galactic Republic—a bureaucratic, centrally governed institution. Characters like Mon Mothma and Bail Organa are high-ranking senators, not populist revolutionaries. The goal is to remove the corrupt Empire and reinstall a previous central authority, presumed to be just.

• Rebels are loyalists to a prior state structure.
• Power is not questioned, only who wields it.

---

Jedi as Centralized Moral Elites

The Jedi, often idealized as protectors of peace, are unelected, extra-legal enforcers of moral and military order. Their authority stems from esoteric metaphysical abilities rather than democratic legitimacy.

• They answer only to their internal Council.
• They are deployed by the Senate, but act independently of civil law.
• Their collapse is depicted as tragic not because they were unaccountable, but because they were betrayed.

This positions them as a theocratic elite, not spiritual anarchists.

---

Chaos and the Frontier: The Case of the Cantina

The Mos Eisley cantina, often viewed as a symbol of frontier freedom, reveals something darker. It is: - Lawless - Violent - Culturally fragmented

Conflict resolution occurs through murder, not mediation. Obi-Wan slices off a limb; Han shoots first—both without legal consequence. There is no evidence of property rights, dispute resolution, or voluntary order.

This is not libertarian pluralism—it’s moral entropy. The message: without centralized governance, barbarism reigns.

---

The Mythic Arc: Restoration of the Just State

Every trilogy in the saga returns to a single theme: the fall and redemption of legitimate authority.

1. Prequels: Republic collapses into tyranny.
2. Originals: Rebels fight to restore legitimate order.
3. Sequels: Weak governance leads to resurgence of authoritarianism; heroes must reestablish moral centralism.

The story is not anti-state—it’s anti-bad state. The solution is never decentralization; it’s the return of the right ruler or order.

---

Conclusion: The Hidden Statism of a Rebel Myth

Star Wars wears the costume of rebellion, but tells the story of centralized salvation. It: - Validates elite moral authority (Jedi) - Romanticizes restoration of fallen governments (Republic) - Portrays decentralized zones as corrupt and savage (outer rim worlds)

It is not an anarchist parable, nor a libertarian fable. It is a statist mythology, clothed in the spectacle of rebellion. Its core message is not that power should be abolished, but that power belongs to the virtuous few.

---

Question to Consider:
If the Star Wars universe consistently affirms the need for centralized moral and political authority, should we continue to see it as a myth of freedom? Or is it time to recognize it as a narrative of benevolent empire?

@ 5627e59c:d484729e

Een warme chocomelk\ Een knuffel en de moed te durven spreken\ Een leuk oprecht verhaal\ En een stap naar mijn verlangen

Deze dingen allemaal\ Maken me warm vanbinnen\ Ik hou van deze dingen\ Ze doen mijn hartje zingen

Ik wens iedereen zo'n warmte toe\ Ik wou dat ik het delen kon\ Maar het ziet er anders uit\ Voor jou dan hoe voor mij

Het enige wat ik echt kan zeggen\ Het enige dat ik zeker weet\ De kracht om warmte te creëren\ Ligt in je eigen handen

In je voeten, in je mond\ Het zit ook in je ogen\ En ook in je haar\ En zei ik al je mond\ En zelfs ook in je kont

Haha, ik ben maar wat aan 't lachen\ Dat is wat mij verlucht\ En ervoor zorgt dat wat ik zeg\ Van mij los kan komen\ En jou bereiken kan

Zo kan ik op beide oren slapen\ Dat ik deed dat wat ik kon\ Ik sprak dat wat belangrijk is\ Voor mij en liet het los

De wijde wereld in\ Voor al die horen wil en daar om geeft\ Om die warmte in hun hartje\ En daar misschien naar streeft

Ik wens je al 't succes toe in de wereld\ Want God weet, je bent het waard\ Het ligt nu in jouw handen\ Deze woorden, wat ik zeg\ Iets om over na te denken\ Tussen 't brood en het beleg

Leef gewoon je leven\ En zorg goed voor jezelf\ En als je 't graag wilt vinden\ Is het daar voor jou aan 't wachten\ Tot jij klaar bent met geloven\ In al dat anders klinkt

Ik kan je niets beloven\ Maar vertrouw op jouw instinct

@ dfa02707:41ca50e3

Contribute to keep No Bullshit Bitcoin news going.

• Wasabi Wallet v2.6.0 "Prometheus" is a major update for the project, focused on resilience and independence from centralized systems.
• Key features include support for BIP 158 block filters for direct node synchronization, a revamped full node integration for easier setup without third-party reliance, SLIP 39 share backups for flexible wallet recovery (sponsored by Trezor), and a Nostr-based update manager for censorship-resistant updates.
• Additional improvements include UI bug fixes, a new fallback for transaction broadcasting, updated code signing, stricter JSON serialization, and options to avoid third-party rate providers, alongside various under-the-hood enhancements.

This new version brings us closer to our ultimate goal: ensuring Wasabi is future-proof," said the developers, while also highlighting the following key areas of focus for the project:

• Ensuring users can always fully and securely use their client.
• Making contribution and forks easy through a codebase of the highest quality possible: understandable, maintainable, and improvable.

"As we achieve our survival goals, expect more cutting-edge improvements in Bitcoin privacy and self-custody. Thank you for the trust you place in us by using Wasabi," was stated in the release notes.

What's new

• Support for Standard BIP 158 Block Filters. Wasabi now syncs using BIP 158 filters without a backend/indexer, connecting directly to a user's node. This boosts sync speed, resilience, and allows full sovereignty without specific server dependency.
• Full Node Integration Rework. The old integration has been replaced with a simpler, more adaptable system. It’s not tied to a specific Bitcoin node fork, doesn’t need the node on the same machine as Wasabi, and requires no changes to the node’s setup.
  • "Simply enable the RPC server on your node and point Wasabi to it," said the developers. This ensures all Bitcoin network activities—like retrieving blocks, fee estimations, block filters, and transaction broadcasting—go through your own node, avoiding reliance on third parties.
• Create & Recover SLIP 39 Shares. Users now create and recover wallets with multiple share backups using SLIP 39 standard.

"Special thanks to Trezor (SatoshiLabs) for sponsoring this amazing feature."

• Nostr Update Manager. This version implements a pioneering system with the Nostr protocol for update information and downloads, replacing reliance on GitHub. This enhances the project's resilience, ensuring updates even if GitHub is unavailable, while still verifying updates with the project's secure certificate.
• Updated Avalonia to v11.2.7, fixes for UI bugs (including restoring Minimize on macOS Sequoia).
• Added a configurable third-party fallback for broadcasting transactions if other methods fail.
• Replaced Windows Code Signing Certificate with Azure Trusted Signing.
• Many bug fixes, improved codebase, and enhanced CI pipeline.
• Added the option to avoid using any third-party Exchange Rate and Fee Rate providers (Wasabi can work without them).
• Rebuilt all JSON Serialization mechanisms avoiding default .NET converters. Serialization is now stricter.

Full Changelog: v2.5.1...v2.6.0

Announcement / Archive
GitHub Repo

@ dfa02707:41ca50e3

Good morning (good night?)! The No Bullshit Bitcoin news feed is now available on Moody's Dashboard! A huge shoutout to sir Clark Moody for integrating our feed.

Headlines

• Spiral welcomes Ben Carman. The developer will work on the LDK server and a new SDK designed to simplify the onboarding process for new self-custodial Bitcoin users.

• The Bitcoin Dev Kit Foundation announced new corporate members for 2025, including AnchorWatch, CleanSpark, and Proton Foundation. The annual dues from these corporate members fund the small team of open-source developers responsible for maintaining the core BDK libraries and related free and open-source software (FOSS) projects.
• Strategy increases Bitcoin holdings to 538,200 BTC. In the latest purchase, the company has spent more than $555M to buy 6,556 coins through proceeds of two at-the-market stock offering programs.
• Spar supermarket experiments with Bitcoin payments in Zug, Switzerland. The store has introduced a new payment method powered by the Lightning Network. The implementation was facilitated by DFX Swiss, a service that supports seamless conversions between bitcoin and legacy currencies.

• The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) wants to contain 'crypto' risks. A report titled "Cryptocurrencies and Decentralised Finance: Functions and Financial Stability Implications" calls for expanding research into "how new forms of central bank money, capital controls, and taxation policies can counter the risks of widespread crypto adoption while still fostering technological innovation."
• "Global Implications of Scam Centres, Underground Banking, and Illicit Online Marketplaces in Southeast Asia." According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report, criminal organizations from East and Southeast Asia are swiftly extending their global reach. These groups are moving beyond traditional scams and trafficking, creating sophisticated online networks that include unlicensed cryptocurrency exchanges, encrypted communication platforms, and stablecoins, fueling a massive fraud economy on an industrial scale.
• Slovenia is considering a 25% capital gains tax on Bitcoin profits for individuals. The Ministry of Finance has proposed legislation to impose this tax on gains from cryptocurrency transactions, though exchanging one cryptocurrency for another would remain exempt. At present, individual 'crypto' traders in Slovenia are not taxed.
• Circle, BitGo, Coinbase, and Paxos plan to apply for U.S. bank charters or licenses. According to a report in The Wall Street Journal, major crypto companies are planning to apply for U.S. bank charters or licenses. These firms are pursuing limited licenses that would permit them to issue stablecoins, as the U.S. Congress deliberates on legislation mandating licensing for stablecoin issuers.

"Established banks, like Bank of America, are hoping to amend the current drafts of [stablecoin] legislation in such a way that nonbanks are more heavily restricted from issuing stablecoins," people familiar with the matter told The Block.

• Charles Schwab to launch spot Bitcoin trading by 2026. The financial investment firm, managing over $10 trillion in assets, has revealed plans to introduce spot Bitcoin trading for its clients within the next year.

Use the tools

• Bitcoin Safe v1.2.3 expands QR SignMessage compatibility for all QR-UR-compatible hardware signers (SpecterDIY, KeyStone, Passport, Jade; already supported COLDCARD Q). It also adds the ability to import wallets via QR, ensuring compatibility with Keystone's latest firmware (2.0.6), alongside other improvements.
• Minibits v0.2.2-beta, an ecash wallet for Android devices, packages many changes to align the project with the planned iOS app release. New features and improvements include the ability to lock ecash to a receiver's pubkey, faster confirmations of ecash minting and payments thanks to WebSockets, UI-related fixes, and more.
• Zeus v0.11.0-alpha1 introduces Cashu wallets tied to embedded LND wallets. Navigate to Settings > Ecash to enable it. Other wallet types can still sweep funds from Cashu tokens. Zeus Pay now supports Cashu address types in Zaplocker, Cashu, and NWC modes.
• LNDg v1.10.0, an advanced web interface designed for analyzing Lightning Network Daemon (LND) data and automating node management tasks, introduces performance improvements, adds a new metrics page for unprofitable and stuck channels, and displays warnings for batch openings. The Profit and Loss Chart has been updated to include on-chain costs. Advanced settings have been added for users who would like their channel database size to be read remotely (the default remains local). Additionally, the AutoFees tool now uses aggregated pubkey metrics for multiple channels with the same peer.
• Nunchuk Desktop v1.9.45 release brings the latest bug fixes and improvements.
• Blockstream Green iOS v4.1.8 has renamed L-BTC to LBTC, and improves translations of notifications, login time, and background payments.
• Blockstream Green Android v4.1.8 has added language preference in App Settings and enables an Android data backup option for disaster recovery. Additionally, it fixes issues with Jade entry point PIN timeout and Trezor passphrase input.
• Torq v2.2.2, an advanced Lightning node management software designed to handle large nodes with over 1000 channels, fixes bugs that caused channel balance to not be updated in some cases and channel "peer total local balance" not getting updated.
• Stack Wallet v2.1.12, a multicoin wallet by Cypher Stack, fixes an issue with Xelis introduced in the latest release for Windows.
• ESP-Miner-NerdQAxePlus v1.0.29.1, a forked version from the NerdAxe miner that was modified for use on the NerdQAxe+, is now available.
• Zark enables sending sats to an npub using Bark.

• Erk is a novel variation of the Ark protocol that completely removes the need for user interactivity in rounds, addressing one of Ark's key limitations: the requirement for users to come online before their VTXOs expire.
• Aegis v0.1.1 is now available. It is a Nostr event signer app for iOS devices.
• Nostash is a NIP-07 Nostr signing extension for Safari. It is a fork of Nostore and is maintained by Terry Yiu. Available on iOS TestFlight.
• Amber v3.2.8, a Nostr event signer for Android, delivers the latest fixes and improvements.
• Nostur v1.20.0, a Nostr client for iOS, adds

@ c1e9ab3a:9cb56b43

I. Introduction: Money as a Function of Efficiency and Preference

Money is not defined by law, but by power over productivity. In any open economy, the most economically efficient actors—those who control the most valuable goods, services, and knowledge—ultimately dictate the medium of exchange. Their preferences signal to the broader market what form of money is required to access the highest-value goods, from durable commodities to intangibles like intellectual property and skilled labor.

Whatever money these actors prefer becomes the de facto unit of account and store of value, regardless of its legal status. This emergent behavior is natural and reflects a hierarchy of monetary utility.

II. Classical Gresham’s Law: A Product of Market Distortion

Gresham’s Law, famously stated as:

"Bad money drives out good"

is only valid under coercive monetary conditions, specifically: - Legal tender laws that force the acceptance of inferior money at par with superior money. - Fixed exchange rates imposed by decree, not market valuation. - Governments or central banks backing elastic fiduciary media with promises of redemption. - Institutional structures that mandate debt and tax payments in the favored currency.

Under these conditions, superior money (hard money) is hoarded, while inferior money (soft, elastic, inflationary) circulates. This is not an expression of free market behavior—it is the result of suppressed price discovery and legal coercion.

Gresham’s Law, therefore, is not a natural law of money, but a law of distortion under forced parity and artificial elasticity.

III. The Collapse of Coercion: Inversion of Gresham’s Law

When coercive structures weaken or are bypassed—through technological exit, jurisdictional arbitrage, monetary breakdown, or political disintegration—Gresham’s Law inverts:

Good money drives out bad.

This occurs because: - Market actors regain the freedom to select money based on utility, scarcity, and credibility. - Legal parity collapses, exposing the true economic hierarchy of monetary forms. - Trustless systems (e.g., Bitcoin) or superior digital instruments (e.g., stablecoins) offer better settlement, security, and durability. - Elastic fiduciary media become undesirable as counterparty risk and inflation rise.

The inversion marks a return to monetary natural selection—not a breakdown of Gresham’s Law, but the collapse of its preconditions.

IV. Elasticity and Control

Elastic fiduciary media (like fiat currency) are not intrinsically evil. They are tools of state finance and debt management, enabling rapid expansion of credit and liquidity. However, when their issuance is unconstrained, and legal tender laws force their use, they become weapons of economic coercion.

Banks issue credit unconstrained by real savings, and governments enforce the use of inflated media through taxation and courts. This distorts capital allocation, devalues productive labor, and ultimately hollows out monetary confidence.

V. Monetary Reversion: The Return of Hard Money

When the coercion ends—whether gradually or suddenly—the monetary system reverts. The preferences of the productive and wealthy reassert themselves:

• Superior money is not just saved—it begins to circulate.
• Weaker currencies are rejected not just for savings, but for daily exchange.
• The hoarded form becomes the traded form, and Gresham’s Law inverts completely.

Bitcoin, gold, and even highly credible stable instruments begin to function as true money, not just stores of value. The natural monetary order returns, and the State becomes a late participant, not the originator of monetary reality.

VI. Conclusion

Gresham’s Law operates only under distortion. Its inversion is not an anomaly—it is a signal of the collapse of coercion. The monetary system then reorganizes around productive preference, technological efficiency, and economic sovereignty.

The most efficient market will always dictate the form of hard money. The State can delay this reckoning through legal force, but it cannot prevent it indefinitely. Once free choice returns, bad money dies, and good money lives again.

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

Bitcoin: How To Solve the Student Loan Crisis

Student loans continue to trouble millions of Americans, with a total of $1.77 trillion already owed. This crisis has been a major political issue for a while, especially after former President Biden promised to wipe out all of the student loan debt and ended up only fulfilling half of the promise. These billions of dollars are not just numbers on a spreadsheet; they represent people who repay their debt, every month, year in and year out. While the standard repayment plan spans 10 years, the reality is far more daunting: The average borrower takes 20-30 years to repay their loans. 

There are over two million new undergraduates every year, and, on average, they graduate with $29,400 in debt. Some, like medical students, surpass $250,000 in debt — a mortgage-sized pile. Almost $100 billion in new debt is created every year, piled upon the already unsustainable student debt pile. Similar to how we have (haven’t) dealt with public pensions, instead of dismantling a failed system we keep feeding the machine and crushing people’s lives and dreams underneath its weight. But perhaps there’s a way for future generations to avoid this dreadful fate — by borrowing new ideas from similar fields.

Real Estate: The Store of Value (SoV) Since Nixon

The real estate market is another system that heavily relies on debt to keep functioning, and like student loans, it’s not working too well. 

Real estate is a market where it’s completely normal to go 10x levered long on a single asset while putting all of your savings into it. Talk about idiosyncratic risk. The entire market has been in deep pain worldwide, not necessarily because of the debt, but due to how the fiat system has turned real estate into an investment-and-savings mechanism. In turn, the great investment of one generation becomes the unaffordable housing for the next. But a subset of the population has been divesting from the asset in favor of a better savings vehicle: bitcoin. 

Part of their thesis in divesting from real estate and moving to bitcoin is that they predict that bitcoin’s superior SoV function will drive real estate prices down, wreaking havoc on a fragile and overpriced asset class. This makes quite a bit of sense, especially to those individuals who invested in real estate in search of those SoV properties in the first place; they now have to contend with increasing risk all over the world, putting in peril what was once a “safe SoV” asset class. From wildfires all over the place to floods, expropriations, new taxes, and wars breaking out in places previously unimaginable, some investors are just fed up.

But housing is still necessary, and we still need to build a massive amount of new houses. In almost all major cities in the world, there’s a housing crisis driven in large part by shortages. This is due to lackluster housing buildouts following the 2008 great financial crisis, driven directly by housing debt. Thus, even if all of the real estate owners put all of their stock of housing into the market, we would still have to develop and construct new ones. But it’s hard to convince real estate developers to do so when you also tell them that, in bitcoin terms, the houses they are building will be worth less by the time they sell them.

Bitcoin Replaces Real Estate

That’s where a German Bitcoiner and real estate developer named Leon Wankum steps in and turns the problem into a solution. You may even say he used financial jiu-jitsu because his idea is to bundle new, debt-heavy real estate projects with a bitcoin fund. This way, a $10 million project — of which $9 million is debt-financed — would allocate a small percentage of the financing to bitcoin, in order to hedge the depreciation and devaluation of the main asset and thereby benefit from the appreciation of bitcoin. This way, real estate developers can leverage the debt-heavy nature of the real estate market to cover the demand for housing while also hedging themselves from any SoV risk that bitcoin may pose to that asset.

This seemed like a crazy idea. Bitcoin and real estate: a super conservative mainstream infrastructure investment combined with a hyper-volatile digital savings vehicle — an unlikely marriage. Yet, polar opposites attract, and an idea is only crazy until someone replicates it and makes it work. 

To everyone’s surprise, that’s exactly what happened last year, when Andrew Hohns of Newmarket Capital went on TV to announce they had started applying Wankum’s model to offer a loan to a real estate developer. They had provided financing for a real estate project with a few special conditions: 

• the developer had to use a small proportion to buy bitcoin, which was placed in escrow.
• the bitcoin is inextricably tied with the real estate asset.
• and the bitcoin has to be held for four years minimum.

The experiment was off to the races. If the past serves as a guide, this new investment structure will greatly reduce the burden of the loan.

Bitcoin and Student Debts, Rescuing the Next Generation

At this point, the parallels to student loans should be pretty clear. When 18-year-olds take out a mortgage-sized loan to bet on their education, their future human capital is effectively becoming the real estate (collateral) that backs the debt. Their capacity to make extra income from the knowledge and certificates they acquired by going into debt will help them pay it off (given that all goes well). Investment margins become very sensitive and risk increases immensely when huge amounts of leverage are added to any investment — be it trading stocks, real estate, or your future. Your room for maneuvering decreases, and you get trapped in the path you choose.

Thus, if you yourself become the real estate securing this mortgage-sized student debt, perhaps you could also secure that loan and reduce the burden on the main asset (you) by integrating bitcoin into the mix. This could have great benefits for all parties involved: decreasing the risk for the lender and giving increased peace of mind and opportunities for the borrower (you, the student).

One of the main advantages of adding bitcoin to your student debt structure is that there are now two assets rowing against the financial repayment current: yourself and bitcoin. By going to university, learning new skills and getting certificates, you open up the path to better-paid jobs and higher earning potentials, aka higher salaries. The more intriguing component is the bitcoin tied to your student debts. As a teenager itself, bitcoin has had an incredible CAGR over its lifespan. Even conservative numbers indicate that bitcoin will return about 60% annually for the foreseeable future. When compared with the 10-15% usually provided by the S&P 500, bitcoin looks like a Ferrari competing against horses. 

The other advantage is one that frustrates most students, and it has to do with acquiring bitcoin once they understand it. Unlike most adults, undergrads have barely had any time to build up savings, and are therefore unable to exchange much fiat for hard bitcoin. This can become incredibly frustrating, especially because you know that if you were a decade older, you could have aped into bitcoin and retired your entire bloodline. But now you are stuck being 16, saving up pennies, and sacrificing your younger years for trifling amounts of bitcoin that won’t make a difference in your lifetime. So close, yet so far away.

But what is debt if not a way to bring future purchasing power into the present? Debt is a time-traveling machine that allows people to buy assets by leveraging their future earnings, revenues, or salaries. And thankfully, the current system is created so that the moment you can legally go to jail or go to war, you can also indebt yourself up to your eyeballs with the promise of future wages as a doctor, engineer, lawyer, or another profession.

Funnily enough, bitcoin’s recommended minimum holding time is also the number of years for an average college degree — four years. This means that, as long as you create a similar structure as the one proposed by Newmarket Capital, where the bitcoin has a four-year holding period, you’ll be using financial jiu-jitsu. The four-year holding period, however, does not mean that the student needs to sell at that point. The question of how to manage your finances between repaying the student loans, selling the bitcoin, or acquiring more is a more complex and personal issue. Regardless of what any student does, with this hybrid method, student debts can help young Bitcoiners leap forward instead of taking a step back.

With this new method, students — and their families — now have another thing to celebrate when they walk onto the graduation stage. And if you drop out of school, for any set of reasons that life may hit you with, your student loan now comes with a fail-safe met