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@ a95c6243:d345522c
2024-10-26 12:21:50Es ist besser, ein Licht zu entzünden, als auf die Dunkelheit zu schimpfen. Konfuzius
Die Bemühungen um Aufarbeitung der sogenannten Corona-Pandemie, um Aufklärung der Hintergründe, Benennung von Verantwortlichkeiten und das Ziehen von Konsequenzen sind durchaus nicht eingeschlafen. Das Interesse daran ist unter den gegebenen Umständen vielleicht nicht sonderlich groß, aber es ist vorhanden.
Der sächsische Landtag hat gestern die Einsetzung eines Untersuchungsausschusses zur Corona-Politik beschlossen. In einer Sondersitzung erhielt ein entsprechender Antrag der AfD-Fraktion die ausreichende Zustimmung, auch von einigen Abgeordneten des BSW.
In den Niederlanden wird Bill Gates vor Gericht erscheinen müssen. Sieben durch die Covid-«Impfstoffe» geschädigte Personen hatten Klage eingereicht. Sie werfen unter anderem Gates, Pfizer-Chef Bourla und dem niederländischen Staat vor, sie hätten gewusst, dass diese Präparate weder sicher noch wirksam sind.
Mit den mRNA-«Impfstoffen» von Pfizer/BioNTech befasst sich auch ein neues Buch. Darin werden die Erkenntnisse von Ärzten und Wissenschaftlern aus der Analyse interner Dokumente über die klinischen Studien der Covid-Injektion präsentiert. Es handelt sich um jene in den USA freigeklagten Papiere, die die Arzneimittelbehörde (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 75 Jahre unter Verschluss halten wollte.
Ebenfalls Wissenschaftler und Ärzte, aber auch andere Experten organisieren als Verbundnetzwerk Corona-Solution kostenfreie Online-Konferenzen. Ihr Ziel ist es, «wissenschaftlich, demokratisch und friedlich» über Impfstoffe und Behandlungsprotokolle gegen SARS-CoV-2 aufzuklären und die Diskriminierung von Ungeimpften zu stoppen. Gestern fand eine weitere Konferenz statt. Ihr Thema: «Corona und modRNA: Von Toten, Lebenden und Physik lernen».
Aufgrund des Digital Services Acts (DSA) der Europäischen Union sei das Risiko groß, dass ihre Arbeit als «Fake-News» bezeichnet würde, so das Netzwerk. Staatlich unerwünschte wissenschaftliche Aufklärung müsse sich passende Kanäle zur Veröffentlichung suchen. Ihre Live-Streams seien deshalb zum Beispiel nicht auf YouTube zu finden.
Der vielfältige Einsatz für Aufklärung und Aufarbeitung wird sich nicht stummschalten lassen. Nicht einmal der Zensurmeister der EU, Deutschland, wird so etwas erreichen. Die frisch aktivierten «Trusted Flagger» dürften allerdings künftige Siege beim «Denunzianten-Wettbewerb» im Kontext des DSA zusätzlich absichern.
Wo sind die Grenzen der Meinungsfreiheit? Sicher gibt es sie. Aber die ideologische Gleichstellung von illegalen mit unerwünschten Äußerungen verfolgt offensichtlich eher das Ziel, ein derart elementares demokratisches Grundrecht möglichst weitgehend auszuhebeln. Vorwürfe wie «Hassrede», «Delegitimierung des Staates» oder «Volksverhetzung» werden heute inflationär verwendet, um Systemkritik zu unterbinden. Gegen solche Bestrebungen gilt es, sich zu wehren.
Dieser Beitrag ist zuerst auf Transition News erschienen.
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@ c631e267:c2b78d3e
2024-10-23 20:26:10Herzlichen Glückwunsch zum dritten Geburtstag, liebe Denk Bar! Wieso zum dritten? Das war doch 2022 und jetzt sind wir im Jahr 2024, oder? Ja, das ist schon richtig, aber bei Geburtstagen erinnere ich mich immer auch an meinen Vater, und der behauptete oft, der erste sei ja schließlich der Tag der Geburt selber und den müsse man natürlich mitzählen. Wo er recht hat, hat er nunmal recht. Konsequenterweise wird also heute dieser Blog an seinem dritten Geburtstag zwei Jahre alt.
Das ist ein Grund zum Feiern, wie ich finde. Einerseits ganz einfach, weil es dafür gar nicht genug Gründe geben kann. «Das Leben sind zwei Tage», lautet ein gängiger Ausdruck hier in Andalusien. In der Tat könnte es so sein, auch wenn wir uns im Alltag oft genug von der Routine vereinnahmen lassen.
Seit dem Start der Denk Bar vor zwei Jahren ist unglaublich viel passiert. Ebenso wie die zweieinhalb Jahre davor, und all jenes war letztlich auch der Auslöser dafür, dass ich begann, öffentlich zu schreiben. Damals notierte ich:
«Seit einigen Jahren erscheint unser öffentliches Umfeld immer fragwürdiger, widersprüchlicher und manchmal schier unglaublich - jede Menge Anlass für eigene Recherchen und Gedanken, ganz einfach mit einer Portion gesundem Menschenverstand.»
Wir erleben den sogenannten «großen Umbruch», einen globalen Coup, den skrupellose Egoisten clever eingefädelt haben und seit ein paar Jahren knallhart – aber nett verpackt – durchziehen, um buchstäblich alles nach ihrem Gusto umzukrempeln. Die Gelegenheit ist ja angeblich günstig und muss genutzt werden.
Nie hätte ich mir träumen lassen, dass ich so etwas jemals miterleben müsste. Die Bosheit, mit der ganz offensichtlich gegen die eigene Bevölkerung gearbeitet wird, war früher für mich unvorstellbar. Mein (Rest-) Vertrauen in alle möglichen Bereiche wie Politik, Wissenschaft, Justiz, Medien oder Kirche ist praktisch komplett zerstört. Einen «inneren Totalschaden» hatte ich mal für unsere Gesellschaften diagnostiziert.
Was mich vielleicht am meisten erschreckt, ist zum einen das Niveau der Gleichschaltung, das weltweit erreicht werden konnte, und zum anderen die praktisch totale Spaltung der Gesellschaft. Haben wir das tatsächlich mit uns machen lassen?? Unfassbar! Aber das Werkzeug «Angst» ist sehr mächtig und funktioniert bis heute.
Zum Glück passieren auch positive Dinge und neue Perspektiven öffnen sich. Für viele Menschen waren und sind die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre ein Augenöffner. Sie sehen «Querdenken» als das, was es ist: eine Tugend.
Auch die immer ernsteren Zensurbemühungen sind letztlich nur ein Zeichen der Schwäche, wo Argumente fehlen. Sie werden nicht verhindern, dass wir unsere Meinung äußern, unbequeme Fragen stellen und dass die Wahrheit peu à peu ans Licht kommt. Es gibt immer Mittel und Wege, auch für uns.
Danke, dass du diesen Weg mit mir weitergehst!
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@ a95c6243:d345522c
2024-10-19 08:58:08Ein Lämmchen löschte an einem Bache seinen Durst. Fern von ihm, aber näher der Quelle, tat ein Wolf das gleiche. Kaum erblickte er das Lämmchen, so schrie er:
"Warum trübst du mir das Wasser, das ich trinken will?"
"Wie wäre das möglich", erwiderte schüchtern das Lämmchen, "ich stehe hier unten und du so weit oben; das Wasser fließt ja von dir zu mir; glaube mir, es kam mir nie in den Sinn, dir etwas Böses zu tun!"
"Ei, sieh doch! Du machst es gerade, wie dein Vater vor sechs Monaten; ich erinnere mich noch sehr wohl, daß auch du dabei warst, aber glücklich entkamst, als ich ihm für sein Schmähen das Fell abzog!"
"Ach, Herr!" flehte das zitternde Lämmchen, "ich bin ja erst vier Wochen alt und kannte meinen Vater gar nicht, so lange ist er schon tot; wie soll ich denn für ihn büßen."
"Du Unverschämter!" so endigt der Wolf mit erheuchelter Wut, indem er die Zähne fletschte. "Tot oder nicht tot, weiß ich doch, daß euer ganzes Geschlecht mich hasset, und dafür muß ich mich rächen."
Ohne weitere Umstände zu machen, zerriß er das Lämmchen und verschlang es.
Das Gewissen regt sich selbst bei dem größten Bösewichte; er sucht doch nach Vorwand, um dasselbe damit bei Begehung seiner Schlechtigkeiten zu beschwichtigen.
Quelle: https://eden.one/fabeln-aesop-das-lamm-und-der-wolf
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@ 4ba8e86d:89d32de4
2024-11-07 12:05:00SISTEMA OPERACIONAL MÓVEIS
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SISTEMA OPERACIONAL DESKTOP
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PGP
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Como funciona o PGP? : nostr:nevent1qqsz9r7azc8pkvfmkg2hv0nufaexjtnvga0yl85x9hu7ptpg20gxxpspremhxue69uhkummnw3ez6ur4vgh8wetvd3hhyer9wghxuet59upzqjagapkjm9ufdhynxlp72qrfrzfawvt4wt7cr795rhw6tkyaxt0yqvzqqqqqqy259fhs
Por que eu escrevi PGP. - Philip Zimmermann.
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VPN
Vpn : nostr:nevent1qqs27ltgsr6mh4ffpseexz6s37355df3zsur709d0s89u2nugpcygsspzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqshzu2fk
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I2P
i2p : nostr:nevent1qqsvnj8n983r4knwjmnkfyum242q4c0cnd338l4z8p0m6xsmx89mxkslx0pgg
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Criando e acessando sua conta Email na I2P : nostr:nevent1qqs9v9dz897kh8e5lfar0dl7ljltf2fpdathsn3dkdsq7wg4ksr8xfgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qgsyh28gd5ke0ztdeyehc0jsq6gcj0tnzatjlkql3dqamkja38fjmeqrqsqqqqqpw8mzum
APLICATIVO 2FA
Aegis Authenticator : nostr:nevent1qqsfttdwcn9equlrmtf9n6wee7lqntppzm03pzdcj4cdnxel3pz44zspz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzvuhsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqscvtydq
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GERENCIADOR DE SENHAS
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NAVEGADOR
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BUSCADORES
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APP-STORE
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Aurora Store : nostr:nevent1qqsy69kcaf0zkcg0qnu90mtk46ly3p2jplgpzgk62wzspjqjft4fpjgpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqzrpmsjy
RSS
Feeder : nostr:nevent1qqsy29aeggpkmrc7t3c7y7ldgda7pszl7c8hh9zux80gjzrfvlhfhwqpp4mhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mqzyp9636rd9ktcjmwfxd7ru5qxjxyn6uch2uhas8utg8wa5hvf6vk7gqcyqqqqqqgsvzzjy
VIDEOO CONFERENCIA
Jitsi meet : nostr:nevent1qqswphw67hr6qmt2fpugcj77jrk7qkfdrszum7vw7n2cu6cx4r6sh4cgkderr
TECLADOS
HeliBoard : nostr:nevent1qqsyqpc4d28rje03dcvshv4xserftahhpeylu2ez2jutdxwds4e8syspz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqsr8mel5
OpenBoard : nostr:nevent1qqsf7zqkup03yysy67y43nj48q53sr6yym38es655fh9fp6nxpl7rqspzpmhxue69uhkumewwd68ytnrwghsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqswcvh3r
FlorisBoard : nostr:nevent1qqsf7zqkup03yysy67y43nj48q53sr6yym38es655fh9fp6nxpl7rqspzpmhxue69uhkumewwd68ytnrwghsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqswcvh3r
MAPAS
Osmand : nostr:nevent1qqsxryp2ywj64az7n5p6jq5tn3tx5jv05te48dtmmt3lf94ydtgy4fgpzpmhxue69uhkumewwd68ytnrwghsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqs54nwpj
Organic maps : nostr:nevent1qqstrecuuzkw0dyusxdq7cuwju0ftskl7anx978s5dyn4pnldrkckzqpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezumtp0p5k6ctrd96xzer9dshx7un8qgsyh28gd5ke0ztdeyehc0jsq6gcj0tnzatjlkql3dqamkja38fjmeqrqsqqqqqpl8z3kk
TRADUÇÃO
LibreTranslate : nostr:nevent1qqs953g3rhf0m8jh59204uskzz56em9xdrjkelv4wnkr07huk20442cpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqzeqsx40
REMOÇÃO DOS METADADOS
Scrambled Exif : nostr:nevent1qqs2658t702xv66p000y4mlhnvadmdxwzzfzcjkjf7kedrclr3ej7aspyfmhxue69uhk6atvw35hqmr90pjhytngw4eh5mmwv4nhjtnhdaexcep0qgsyh28gd5ke0ztdeyehc0jsq6gcj0tnzatjlkql3dqamkja38fjmeqrqsqqqqqpguu0wh
ESTEGANOGRAFIA
PixelKnot: nostr:nevent1qqsrh0yh9mg0lx86t5wcmhh97wm6n4v0radh6sd0554ugn354wqdj8gpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfdupzqjagapkjm9ufdhynxlp72qrfrzfawvt4wt7cr795rhw6tkyaxt0yqvzqqqqqqyuvfqdp
PERFIL DE TRABALHO
Shelter : nostr:nevent1qqspv9xxkmfp40cxgjuyfsyczndzmpnl83e7gugm7480mp9zhv50wkqpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqzdnu59c
PDF
MuPDF : nostr:nevent1qqspn5lhe0dteys6npsrntmv2g470st8kh8p7hxxgmymqa95ejvxvfcpzpmhxue69uhkumewwd68ytnrwghsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqs4hvhvj
Librera Reader : nostr:nevent1qqsg60flpuf00sash48fexvwxkly2j5z9wjvjrzt883t3eqng293f3cpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqz39tt3n
QR-Code
Binary Eye : nostr:nevent1qqsz4n0uxxx3q5m0r42n9key3hchtwyp73hgh8l958rtmae5u2khgpgpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqzdmn4wp
Climático
Breezy Weather : nostr:nevent1qqs9hjz5cz0y4am3kj33xn536uq85ydva775eqrml52mtnnpe898rzspzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgtczyp9636rd9ktcjmwfxd7ru5qxjxyn6uch2uhas8utg8wa5hvf6vk7gqcyqqqqqqgpd3tu8
ENCRYPTS
Cryptomator : nostr:nevent1qqsvchvnw779m20583llgg5nlu6ph5psewetlczfac5vgw83ydmfndspzpmhxue69uhkumewwd68ytnrwghsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqsx7ppw9
VeraCrypt : nostr:nevent1qqsf6wzedsnrgq6hjk5c4jj66dxnplqwc4ygr46l8z3gfh38q2fdlwgm65ej3
EXTENSÕES
uBlock Origin : nostr:nevent1qqswaa666lcj2c4nhnea8u4agjtu4l8q89xjln0yrngj7ssh72ntwzql8ssdj
Snowflake : nostr:nevent1qqs0ws74zlt8uced3p2vee9td8x7vln2mkacp8szdufvs2ed94ctnwchce008
CLOUD
Nextcloud : nostr:nevent1qqs2utg5z9htegdtrnllreuhypkk2026x8a0xdsmfczg9wdl8rgrcgg9nhgnm
NOTEPAD
Joplin : nostr:nevent1qqsz2a0laecpelsznser3xd0jfa6ch2vpxtkx6vm6qg24e78xttpk0cpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qgsyh28gd5ke0ztdeyehc0jsq6gcj0tnzatjlkql3dqamkja38fjmeqrqsqqqqqpdu0hft
Standard Notes : nostr:nevent1qqsv3596kz3qung5v23cjc4cpq7rqxg08y36rmzgcrvw5whtme83y3s7tng6r
MÚSICA
RiMusic : nostr:nevent1qqsv3genqav2tfjllp86ust4umxm8tr2wd9kq8x7vrjq6ssp363mn0gpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgtczyp9636rd9ktcjmwfxd7ru5qxjxyn6uch2uhas8utg8wa5hvf6vk7gqcyqqqqqqg42353n
ViMusic : nostr:nevent1qqswx78559l4jsxsrygd8kj32sch4qu57stxq0z6twwl450vp39pdqqpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqzjg863j
PODCAST
AntennaPod : nostr:nevent1qqsp4nh7k4a6zymfwqqdlxuz8ua6kdhvgeeh3uxf2c9rtp9u3e9ku8qnr8lmy
VISUALIZAR VIDEO
VLC : nostr:nevent1qqs0lz56wtlr2eye4ajs2gzn2r0dscw4y66wezhx0mue6dffth8zugcl9laky
YOUTUBE
NewPipe : nostr:nevent1qqsdg06qpcjdnlvgm4xzqdap0dgjrkjewhmh4j3v4mxdl4rjh8768mgdw9uln
FreeTube : nostr:nevent1qqsz6y6z7ze5gs56s8seaws8v6m6j2zu0pxa955dhq3ythmexak38mcpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqs5lkjvv
LibreTube : nostr:nevent1qqstmd5m6wrdvn4gxf8xyhrwnlyaxmr89c9kjddvnvux6603f84t3fqpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumt0wd68ytnsw43qygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqsswwznc
COMPARTILHAMENTO DE ARQUIVOS
OnionShare : nostr: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
Localsend : nostr:nevent1qqsp8ldjhrxm09cvvcak20hrc0g8qju9f67pw7rxr2y3euyggw9284gpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqzuyghqr
Wallet Bitcoin
Ashigaru Wallet : nostr:nevent1qqstx9fz8kf24wgl26un8usxwsqjvuec9f8q392llmga75tw0kfarfcpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgtczyp9636rd9ktcjmwfxd7ru5qxjxyn6uch2uhas8utg8wa5hvf6vk7gqcyqqqqqqgvfsrqp
Samourai Wallet : nostr:nevent1qqstcvjmz39rmrnrv7t5cl6p3x7pzj6jsspyh4s4vcwd2lugmre04ecpr9mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucn0denkymmwvuhxxmmd9upzqjagapkjm9ufdhynxlp72qrfrzfawvt4wt7cr795rhw6tkyaxt0yqvzqqqqqqy3rg4qs
CÂMERA
opencamera : nostr:nevent1qqs25glp6dh0crrjutxrgdjlnx9gtqpjtrkg29hlf7382aeyjd77jlqpzpmhxue69uhkumewwd68ytnrwghsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqssxcvgc
OFFICE
Collabora Office : nostr:nevent1qqs8yn4ys6adpmeu3edmf580jhc3wluvlf823cc4ft4h0uqmfzdf99qpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqsj40uss
TEXTOS
O manifesto de um Cypherpunk : nostr:nevent1qqsd7hdlg6galn5mcuv3pm3ryfjxc4tkyph0cfqqe4du4dr4z8amqyspvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqzal0efa
Operations security ( OPSEC) : nostr:nevent1qqsp323havh3y9nxzd4qmm60hw87tm9gjns0mtzg8y309uf9mv85cqcpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqz8ej9l7
O MANIFESTO CRIPTOANARQUISTA Timothy C. May – 1992. : nostr:nevent1qqspp480wtyx2zhtwpu5gptrl8duv9rvq3mug85mp4d54qzywk3zq9gpvemhxue69uhkv6tvw3jhytnwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0dec82c330g6x6dm8ddmxzdne0pnhverevdkxxdm6wqc8v735w3snquejvsuk56pcvuurxaesxd68qdtkv3nrx6m6v3ehsctwvym8q0mzwfhkzerrv9ehg0t5wf6k2q3qfw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqxpqqqqqqz5wq496
Declaração de independência do ciberespaço
- John Perry Barlow - 1996 : nostr:nevent1qqs2njsy44n6p07mhgt2tnragvchasv386nf20ua5wklxqpttf6mzuqpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqsukg4hr
The Cyphernomicon: Criptografia, Dinheiro Digital e o Futuro da Privacidade. escrito por Timothy C. May -Publicado em 1994. :
Livro completo em PDF no Github PrivacyOpenSource.
https://github.com/Alexemidio/PrivacyOpenSource/raw/main/Livros/THE%20CYPHERNOMICON%20.pdf Share
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@ 9ca8f9b2:70031a71
2024-11-07 09:43:51Opinion about Phoenix Wallet (iphone)
Personally, I love this App! The developers of this app have worked so hard over the years to make the UI of this app as simple and smoothe as it can possibly be as a non custodial wallet.
WalletScrutiny #nostrOpinion
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@ a012dc82:6458a70d
2024-11-07 08:55:21Table Of Content
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Unveiling Bitcoin's Legacy Amid Debt Ceiling Debates
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Bitcoin's Decentralized Nature
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Bitcoin as a Store of Value
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Bitcoin's Role in International Remittances
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Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities
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Bitcoin and Financial Inclusion
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Conclusion
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FAQ
In today's fast-paced digital age, cryptocurrencies have taken the world by storm. Among them, Bitcoin stands tall as the pioneer and most prominent cryptocurrency. As financial systems evolve and debt ceiling debates continue to shape economic policies, it is crucial to examine the legacy of Bitcoin and its impact on the financial landscape. This article aims to delve into the intricacies of Bitcoin's legacy and how it intertwines with the ongoing discussions surrounding debt ceilings. By exploring the factors contributing to the money in motion phenomenon and understanding the role of Bitcoin, we can gain valuable insights into the future of finance.
Unveiling Bitcoin's Legacy Amid Debt Ceiling Debates
The concept of money in motion refers to the dynamic nature of funds circulating within an economy. It encompasses various financial transactions, investments, and movements that shape economic activities. When exploring the legacy of Bitcoin amid debt ceiling debates, it is essential to recognize the unique characteristics that set it apart from traditional currencies.
Bitcoin's Decentralized Nature
One of the key aspects that define Bitcoin's legacy is its decentralized nature. Unlike traditional currencies that are controlled by central banks and governments, Bitcoin operates on a decentralized network known as blockchain. This decentralized structure provides several advantages, including enhanced security, transparency, and the ability to bypass traditional financial intermediaries. As debt ceiling debates raise concerns about the stability of traditional financial systems, Bitcoin's decentralized nature offers a potential solution to mitigate these risks.
Bitcoin as a Store of Value
Bitcoin's emergence as a store of value has been instrumental in shaping its legacy. With a limited supply capped at 21 million coins, Bitcoin exhibits scarcity, making it an attractive option for individuals seeking to preserve their wealth. Amid debt ceiling debates, where economic uncertainties prevail, Bitcoin's status as a decentralized store of value becomes even more appealing. Investors can hedge against inflation and potential economic downturns by allocating a portion of their portfolio to Bitcoin.
Bitcoin's Role in International Remittances
Remittances, the act of sending money across borders, play a significant role in global economies. Traditional remittance channels often involve hefty fees and slow transaction times. Bitcoin has emerged as a viable alternative, offering faster, more cost-effective international transfers. By utilizing Bitcoin's decentralized network, individuals can send and receive funds with reduced friction, bypassing intermediaries and lowering transaction costs. In the context of debt ceiling debates, Bitcoin's role in facilitating seamless cross-border transactions becomes increasingly relevant.
Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities
Bitcoin's legacy also includes its interaction with regulatory frameworks worldwide. As cryptocurrencies gained popularity, governments and regulatory bodies have been grappling with how to incorporate them into existing financial systems. Debt ceiling debates often shed light on the need for effective regulations to address economic challenges. While regulations can provide stability and protect consumers, they should also foster innovation and maintain the core principles of decentralization that define cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Striking the right balance is crucial to harnessing the potential benefits of cryptocurrencies while mitigating risks.
Bitcoin and Financial Inclusion
Financial inclusion, the accessibility and availability of financial services to individuals and businesses, remains a pressing global challenge. Bitcoin's legacy intertwines with the pursuit of financial inclusion by providing an alternative financial system that is accessible to anyone with an internet connection. This opens up opportunities for the unbanked and underbanked populations to participate in economic activities and access financial services. Amid debt ceiling debates, where financial systems' stability is under scrutiny, Bitcoin's potential to foster financial inclusion gains even greater significance.
Conclusion
The legacy of Bitcoin amid debt ceiling debates encompasses its decentralized nature, role as a store of value, facilitation of international remittances, interaction with regulatory frameworks, and potential for financial inclusion. As the world grapples with economic uncertainties, Bitcoin's unique characteristics offer solutions and opportunities for individuals and the financial system as a whole. By embracing the potential of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, we can pave the way for a more inclusive, efficient, and resilient financial future.
FAQ
What is Bitcoin's role in the legacy of money in motion amid debt ceiling debates? Bitcoin plays a significant role in the legacy of money in motion amid debt ceiling debates. Its decentralized nature, ability to serve as a store of value, facilitation of international remittances, and interaction with regulatory frameworks all contribute to shaping the future of finance in the midst of these discussions.
How does Bitcoin's decentralized nature impact its legacy amid debt ceiling debates? Bitcoin's decentralized nature ensures that it is not subject to the control of central banks or governments. This characteristic provides a potential solution to the risks associated with debt ceiling debates and offers enhanced security, transparency, and the ability to bypass traditional financial intermediaries.
Why is Bitcoin considered a store of value amid debt ceiling debates? Bitcoin's limited supply and scarcity make it an attractive option for individuals seeking to preserve their wealth amid debt ceiling debates. As economic uncertainties prevail, Bitcoin's status as a decentralized store of value provides a hedge against inflation and potential economic downturns.
That's all for today
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@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1
2024-11-07 07:28:06The newspaper barons are all into crypto, now
Watching the outsized-impact we crypto enthusiasts (I'm including Bitcoin in that category), had on the 2024 USA presidential election, was a sobering affair. At the moment, our impact is primarily over the voting box, but, already, indirectly, (over Elon Musik, Donald Trump, and Jack Dorsey, etc.) through our sheer wealth (and the ingenuity that brought us that wealth) being able to influence the voting population, by changing/shifting the communications channels and influencing what is written there.
Elon even reached deep into his foreign-learned bag of political tricks and started handing out money, directly, to petition signers.
Survival of the fittest, ongoing
Now, you all know that I have full respect for an expert player, when I see one, so no hating the hustle, from my side. We all play the hand we are dealt, and the political game is now such a pigsty, that you have to get a bit dirty, to have a chance at winning. Trying to stay neat and above the fray cost Republicans the last election.
It was the most dramatic display of the greatest power following the best money, that has been seen, since the Medici family began minting gold coins. The entire world is in shock. Change is upon us.
He who has the best money, makes the rules.
On a smaller, but not insignificant scale, private wealth and access to Bitcoin funding, have allowed quite a few of us Nostriches, to dedicate time and energy toward promoting and developing the New Internet. Whereas, other people's hobby is increasingly the night shift at the gas station, or doing something mind-numbing, to escape the realities of their current economic misery.
You don't need money to be here, but you can spend more time here, if you have money. And we are here, writing the rules. We call them NIPs.
Same ole, same ole
But back to us Bitcoiners...
I increasingly don't see us morally any different than the clever people crowding into any safe asset, during any financial crisis. Like the people who bought agricultural land, gold, and Swiss Francs, before the Reichsmark melted down. The people who had that stuff, mostly managed to keep it, and their children and grandchildren have inherited it. Or they managed to marry back into families, that have done so, by remaining in the same social class, through beauty or talent.
We Bitcoiners have a good narrative to go along with our flight to economic safety, but everyone has that narrative. Humans have a conscience and need to justify their own actions, to themselves. I'm also a goldbug, you see, and a stockholder, and all three assets are rife with the same virtuous narrative.
How do we save our financial behinds, without being evil?
Some people are simply more situationally aware and have more agency, by nature and circumstances, and they adapt faster. It's not mere intelligence, rather, it also requires a willingness to act and take risks. There's an element of chance to it, but it's still always the same types of people ending up with the assets, with the winners slightly shifting with each round, due to evolution and changes in the environment.
Charity was invented, to get such people to willingly share their assets, or the fruits of their assets, for the common good. So, rather than fret over the morality of the asset, itself, the better response is to consider stepping up your charity (effort or payments), to balance out the inevitable negative impact of the coming Age of Bitcoin Inequality.
Coming down from the ATH
Even now, Bitcoin isn't the only safe asset; it's just the most-fungible and partitionable one, so that it's the one most akin to money. And lines are being blurred, as corporations, funds, governments, and insurers discharge dollars and stock up on harder reserve assets, including Bitcoin.
They can hear the money printers rolling out, already, because nobody can print-n-spend, like Trump can. Let's not forget that the money for the last big bump came from the infamous Trump stimmy checks, that lots of us stacked on crypto.
As Bitcoin flows into such markets, the power will rest with both groups (the direct-hodlers and the title-holders), although the hodlers will initially have the upper hand. I say, initially because many hodlers will need to discharge or invest Bitcoin, to live off of it, but the others don't need to, so it should eventually even out. It could take dozens or even hundreds of years to rebalance. By then, the world will be a very different place, and we don't know if Bitcoin will even still be a part of it.
Assets come, assets go, and I'm just glad I didn't let down my forefathers, by leaving them with the first generation, who failed to adapt. Even if I'm a bit late, to the Bitcoin game, the ball is still in play.
May the best money win. And may it be mine. And may I do good with it.
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@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1
2024-11-07 07:22:14Unsucking the feed is real
As a Nostrich with an interesting, thought-provoking, and informative feed... a feed so good, that we're creating clients just to look at that feed... a feed that puts a lie to the idea that Nostr is nothing, but people reposting from Twitter or rehashing worn-out Bitcoin memes... a feed that I personally and increasingly enjoy perusing... I am here to tell you that the feed is real.
It's taken me over a year, to produce this feed. I literally spent hours and hours, day in and day out, scouring the Nostrverse for people worth introducing other people to. It was brutally difficult, as I was fighting the inherent nature of the Nostr clients and relays, in their current, most-popular form.
It goes like so...
Here are the steps I took, that sometimes weren't possible to take, until I tried to take them, and that still will sometimes break your client because the clients are often intentionally designed to steer you into having one particular feed:
1) Make a screenshot of your current relay list and copy your follows list. 2) Unsubscribe from all the relays, that you are currently subscribed to. Your feed should disappear. If it doesn't, or it doesn't allow for this, switch to a different client app because yours is corrupted. 3) Unfollow everyone. Delete the whole list. You are taking your follows private, which will invariably result in only following npubs whose stuff you actually want to see, since there's no longer any virtue-signaling going on. Also, it's easier to explain having no list, than a very short one. If your client doesn't allow for this, or starts throwing error messages and freezing up, then switch to a different client app because yours is corrupted. 4) Curate your copied follows list. Go line by line and look at the feed produced by the npub on that list. * Do you want to see that in your feed, going forward? * Do they produce original content and/or are they interesting conversationalists, in the replies? * Have they been active, within the past three months? * Are they simply good friends or real-life acquaintances, that you want to keep tabs on? * If not, cross out their name. * If you have been following someone because they repost or quote interesting things, look at who they've been reposting and follow them, instead. 5) Of the npubs remaining on your list, go through and select the 10 most interesting ones, and look at the reposts and quotes in their feed, and their topical lists like \"Favorites\", \"Devs\", \"Recipes\", etc. (Not their follows list, unless it's quite short, as follows tend to be full of people they follow for social-signaling or client-functional reasons, that they don't actively look at.) Find some new follows, there. 6) Now, set up a personal relay and add all the follows, that made the cut, to your allowed-npubs list. Do not add people to the list, just to make them feel better, or because you feel guilty, as they follow you, or to keep them from yelling at you. Remember, they can't see the list! 7) Think about the topics you find interesting, and add an allowed-keywords list (this is better than hashtags, as it searches the entire content of the notes), with the OR operator (these allowed npubs OR these allowed topics). 8) Make sure that you choose words likely to find the content you are most-interested in, and not people just ranting about it or spamming (those are great additions to your relay's block-list). If you are Muslim, for instance, instead of "Islam" or "shariah", choose "hadith" or "riba", as those are words more-likely to be used by people who know what they are talking about. If you are into bread baking, add "sourdough", "rye", "yeast", or "whisk", but don't add "bread" or "carbs". Once a note from those people shows up in your feed, and their feed looks like someone interesting, you can add their npub to your allow list. Remember: The topics are there to find people to add to the allow list, not merely for their own sake, as this is not a topical relay, but a personal one. 9) Open up a faucet (or relay syncing) with some of the big relays you previously unsubscribed from, some WoT relays, and some of the paid relays (nostr.land, nostr.wine, nostr21.com, and sovbit.host, for example). Your relay will filter that feed and only accept the events from the people and topics on your list. As your relay becomes more popular, npubs will begin writing directly to it, and the connections to other relays will sink in significance. 10) Go to your client of choice and subscribe to your new relay. Also subscribe to some topical relays, or curated neighborhood relays, you find interesting or your frens are running. This is an easy way to find new, interesting npubs, to add to your own relay.
That's a lot of work, you say? Yes, but the result is great, and you are now fully in-charge of your own feed. You also -- here's the cool part -- have a feed good enough, that other people can add your feed to theirs and enjoy your manual curation. As you refine and expand your feed, theirs will also be refined, in parallel. You are now an official Nostr Community Curator. My sincere congratulations.
Why is this so hard?
This is only a lot of work because the clients aren't designed to interact with relays, to this extent, as they were created to service mega-relays, download all their crap to your local cache, and adjust the feed over the follows/mutes lists. This was an idea borne of the axiom that Relays Are Hard, so there will only ever be a handful of them, where we'd all clump together and the relay operators would never judge the quality of someone's content. Then, some unusually clever people made relays increasingly easy, and the mailbox communication model was invented, and here we are.
What we have now, and that is slowly growing in popularity, among the #NostrIntelligentsia, are Nostr clients aimed at curating and viewing individual relays or personalized sets of smaller or more-specialized relays. The reigning client devs refused to give us those clients, and most of us aren't up to developing our own clients, so the relay devs took matters into their own hands and made the clients themselves. The free market remains undefeated.
This is a total game-changer. Last one to board this train is a rotten egg.
Originally, relays were supposed to be completely stupid and clients were supposed to be completely smart, but it's now actually the other way around, because most relay devs have a market-born incentive to make their content highly customizable and appealing to individuals (so that more people run relays).
But what about algos?
Can't you just slap an algo on top of Damus, Lol, or Primal relays, and get the same result? I would argue... no. No, you can't. Or, rather, only in the short to medium term.
Running your own relay, is running your own server. You are now intellectually independent, at a machine-level, and therefore a fully sovereign consumer. If you then use algos to control your own server, or in a client that subscribes to your own server, then you can further-refine a feed that is already in a high-to-you-signal state, rather than risking an algo inching you toward the Consensus Feed.
I have noticed that my own feed is slowly drifting away from the ReplyGuy-Cryptobot-Porny-Bitcoin-Meme Dumpster Fire, that almost everyone else is looking at, and it's due to running my own relay. If I use DVMs, those algos sometimes refer to relays I intentionally avoid, so they return results according to those relays. The results are as underwhelming, as you would expect, and often are simply 31 flavors of the Trending List.
But, that isn't your problem, anymore. From here, you can actively expand and refine your feed, over your whitelist, the topics, and your personally-managed algos.
Happy Nostr-ing!
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@ 45bda953:bc1e518e
2024-11-07 06:56:26PREFACE
This is a controversial rambling, just thoughts on some interesting phenomena with regards to the evolution of societal norms, comparisons and oddities with regards to the distinct differences of understanding and mentality of people a couple millennia ago. I touch on cultural fundamentals, feminism, masculinity, information warfare and the protection of what makes society function, the protection of women from harm. It has some comic relief elements worked in to just soften the dark and morbid reality of recorded human history.
...
The Streisand Effect
In 2002 or 2003, I am not certain, a dude named Kenneth was being flown along the coast taking pictures from a helicopter. Flying past Barbara Streisand's luxury coastal home in Malibu California he took another pretty picture. This picture among hundreds was posted on a website where they were documenting and measuring coastal erosion with the intent to help make informed policy decisions. He was being flown by, out at sea and not directly over her property. It caused her much emotional distress. He was sued $50 million for violating her privacy. She believed it to be an invasion of her privacy, like Nancy Pelosi believed the January 6 invasion of Capitol was a violent insurrection. Imagine that. The lawsuit was chucked out by the courts and she was ordered to pay Kenneth $177,000 to cover his legal expenses. Before the lawsuit the image had been downloaded six times. Obviously it had gone viral after the lawsuit. Since the lawsuit, well... man, wow, certain scummy 4chan meme drenched websites were on fire. Everyone was talking about Barbara Streisand and sharing pictures and jokes of her house for weeks. It was ironic and hilarious. The purpose of the lawsuit was to remove the picture from the internet and the result was everyone was poking fun at her expensive mansion. The memes, I can't even...
Imagine the precedent set and lawsuits against google for satellite maps and street view had her case won.
In this situation there were a few weird coincidences. I will label it, the cause, the desire and the outcome. None of them were predictable because the collective social internet was so fresh it changed how everything worked.
The cause: Guy flies and takes pictures for research, probably does not even know it's her house.
The desire: She wants the picture removed and receive compensation for her emotional distress. Nothing less than $50 million will be sufficient.
The outcome: A new type of cause and affect is discovered with regards to a world where everyone has equal access to the masses. No longer are celebrities talking at us through small or large square windows in our theatres and homes. We get to talk back at them and about them and explore their weaknesses and failures. We get to embarrass and humiliate them if they do not behave like decent normal people should. We don't mind their ivory towers. Just don't pick on the average Joe anymore, the average Joe collectively has a voice more powerful than yours now. Like Leonardo DiCaprio preaching about global warming from his private jet. We don't care about you flier miles, just don't be a hypocrite.
Which got me thinking. As a peasant, proletariat, a plebeian, how do you make your voice heard in a time where there is no media? I am not talking about no social media, I mean ancient times, no media. No local newspaper where you can post a missing cat picture. No radio with which to advertise your business. Nothing. A time where the king has a dude who shouts decrees from a paper on a hill. Those type of times.
It bothered me, thankfully I have an extensive library of history available to study and find an answer to this interesting question. I found it in the book of Judges in a wild west of ancient savagery where kings would cut off the heads of men just to bed the latters wives. A time where woman were property. Yes, crazy wild times.
Let us set a precedent for this cultural phenomenon and work our way back to media, the virality of said media and the subsequent outrage generated by the news spread by the channels/mediums of media. An ancient example of problem, reaction, solution.
First let's discover an ancient outrage on a smaller more localised platform and then scale it up to something more spectacular.
Genesis Chapter 34
1: Now Dinah the daughter of Leah, whom she had borne to Jacob, went out to see the daughters of the land. ---She wanted to make friends with other girls and was allowed to leave her families protection unescorted.--- 2: And when in Shechem the son of Hamor the Hivite, prince of that country, saw her, he took her and lay with her, and violated her. ---In those days, princes were literally just the son of the chief in the settlement, they were nothing special and they were common and illiterate agrarian goat herders, just like Jacob. You could find a prince every 30 kilometres in those regions at the time. A dime a dozen.--- 5: And Jacob heard that he defiled Dinah his daughter. Now his sons were with his livestock in the field; so Jacob held his peace until they came. 7: And the sons of Jacob came in from the field when they heard it; and the men were grieved and very angry, because he had done a disgraceful thing in Israel by lying with Jacob's daughter, a thing which ought not be done. ---The modern definition of non consensual laying is rape. It is still a thing that ought not be done to this very day.--- 8: But Hamor spoke with them, saying, "The soul of my son Shechem longs for your daughter. Please give her to him as a wife."--- Now I see this guy as trying to appease the group of angry men, appealing to taking the responsibility of caring for the violated girl off her families hands as she is now become a liability. Her worth has been "degraded" by loss of virginity. Her brothers felt this violation was disrespectful, not only to their sister but also to their entire family. Imagine a guy rapes your sister and then pops in the next day and is like "Bro, she resisted, but I love her more than she could possibly understand. WTF."--- 9: And make marriages with us; give your daughters to us, and take our daughters to yourselves. 10: So you shall dwell with us, and the land shall be before you. Dwell and trade in it, and acquire possessions for yourselves in it.” 11: Then Shechem said to her (Dinah's) father and her brothers, “Let me find favor in your eyes, and whatever you say to me I will give. 12: Ask me ever so much dowry and gift, and I will give according to what you say to me; but give me the young woman as a wife.” 13: But the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father, and spoke deceitfully, because he had defiled Dinah their sister. ---The Israelite brothers must have read Sun Tzu, because they were at a huge numerical disadvantage. This might be why these Hivite gents were so confident in confronting them directly. They probably had a whole entourage of armed men with them during these negotiations. It's just the way men meet in barbaric times. With more and bigger spears.--- 14: And they said to them, “We cannot do this thing, to give our sister to one who is uncircumcised, for that would be a reproach to us. ---They opted to have a literal dick measuring contest. The first in recorded history.--- 15: But on this condition we will consent to you: If you will become as we are, if every male of you is circumcised, 16: then we will give our daughters to you, and we will take your daughters to us; and we will dwell with you, and we will become one people. 17: But if you will not heed us and be circumcised, then we will take our daughter and be gone.” ---Now Abraham had himself circumcised as an adult being the first dude to undertake the procedure. He made it obligatory that his male descendants should all be circumcised a few days after birth. To the modern observer this "command" from god to slice off a piece of your dick seems stupid. But is it? Thought experiment. Let's say Bob lives in dangerous times with dangerous men in a desert where there are no modern ablution facilities. John rocks up at a Bob's tent and claims he is family of Bob travelling far and asks for hospitality and to be hosted for the night. Bob is like hmm, "He speaks my language, he has a similar complexion to me, but his bandit buddies might be hiding behind a hill waiting for his signal when me and my family are fast asleep." So Bob gives him lots of nice wine to drink and they break bread together. Later John needs to take a piss, Bob tells him that he also wants to take a leak, Bob walks with John behind a bush. John pulls up his robe whips out his dick and Bob can then decide how he is going to handle the situation from there. Seeing John's uncircumcised appendage Bob is safe to assume that him and his family are in danger. Also think of how vulnerable John is with his pants down draining the main vein, it might be Bob's opportune and only moment to strike first and unexpectedly. Bet you never heard an explanation like that in favour of having a cut foreskin. A secret sign of sign of familiarity. As a pragmatist I have interpreted all God's commandments following common sense and useful logic to explain them.--- 18: And their words pleased Hamor and Shechem, Hamor’s son. 19: So the young man did not delay to do the thing, because he delighted in Jacob’s daughter. ---He was like LFG bring that knife I'm ready. I can imagine Shia LaBeouf playing this part in the NETFLIX original series.
--- He was more honourable than all the household of his father. ---I think this simply means the bravest. Being circumcised as a little kid is easier when you have no say in the matter. You require more mental fortitude as a grown man to voluntarily submit to this procedure. Like playing Russian roulette with a fully loaded revolver.---
20: And Hamor and Shechem his son came to the gate of their city, and spoke with the men of their city, saying: 21: “These men are at peace with us. Therefore let them dwell in the land and trade in it. For indeed the land is large enough for them. Let us take their daughters to us as wives, and let us give them our daughters. 22: Only on this condition will the men consent to dwell with us, to be one people: if every male among us is circumcised as they are circumcised. 23: Will not their livestock, their property, and every animal of theirs be ours? Only let us consent to them, and they will dwell with us.” --- They really had to make it sound like a good deal.
24: And all who went out of the gate of his city heeded Hamor and Shechem his son; every male was circumcised, all who went out of the gate of his city.
25: Now it came to pass on the third day, when they were in pain, that two of the sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, Dinah’s brothers, each took his sword and came boldly upon the city and killed all the males. 26: And they killed Hamor and Shechem his son with the edge of the sword, and took Dinah from Shechem’s house, and went out. ---I must admit that this is as awesome as 300 or some Herculean feat. These okes were Alpha Chads.--- 27: The sons of Jacob came upon the slain, and plundered the city, because their sister had been defiled. ---So they sent their sister as a gift to show good faith albeit deceitfully I doubt she was wise to their plan. They knew that the guy cannot have sex with her because time has to pass for his wound to heal.--- 28: They took their sheep, their oxen, and their donkeys, what was in the city and what was in the field, 29: and all their wealth. All their little ones and their wives they took captive; and they plundered even all that was in the houses. ---The small tribe of Israelites probably had a baby boom as a people because of the influx of women gained through this specific conquest.---
30: Then Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, “You have troubled me by making me obnoxious among the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaanites and the Perizzites; and since I am few in number, they will gather themselves together against me and kill me. I shall be destroyed, my household and I.”
31: But they said, “Should he treat our sister like a harlot?” --- To all the feminists who say "How dare you deny a girl the freedom to go where she wants a chase her dreams. Girls can do anything! Girl power!" No, they just end up in some sleazeball's harem. Girls can only do "anything" in Western Civilisation because men have agreed on a very specific set of moral principles which are Christian in nature. Biblical record teaches us why we have freedom, how to facilitate and maintain these freedoms. If you are a feminist you should find a good man and thank him for disciplining his base desires and holds you up with esteem and respect. Feminists are destroying the pedestal men built to support them. But I digress once again.
So now we know why ancient women were under men's protection as their most valuable possession. Women could not acquire and retain agency by themselves for themselves by reason of their physical vulnerability in a wilderness of savages. Not rocket science, just common sense. When cows are money women are not entrepreneurs. There are technological and societal advances required before womens gain of agency and independence is possible.
We have just witnessed how a small group of men conspired and through cunning devised a strategy wherewith they managed to avenge a wrong committed against them. Tooth for teeth and eye for eyes. Violence begets escalation of violence. It might be the first time a nation went to war over a woman's honour. It's not the last time nations went to war over a woman either.
About 600 hundred years later, circa 1100 BC.
Judges 19
1: And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite staying in the remote mountains of Ephraim. He took for himself a concubine from Bethlehem in Judah. ---A concubine is a woman under the legal protection of a man who performs the same duties as a wife but does not receive the same status and social recognition as a wife. She cohabits and even bears children. Sounds rough and unpleasant. Almost like a type of slave. A concubine is rarely given in marriage and more frequently exchanged like a good. I believe that the man was legally obligated to support and protect her but anyone can imagine that this is not the ideal outcome for a woman of any culture born in any age. It must have sucked.--- 2: But his concubine played the harlot against him, and went away from him to her father’s house at Bethlehem in Judah, and was there four whole months. ---Here it helps to have some perspective on where the Overton window was lying when this episode of history was recorded and happened. To a lesser extent it was similar just a century or two ago. Have you watched Roland Emmerich's movie The Patriot starring Mel Gibson and Heath Ledger. Do you remember the scene where they had to tie Gabriel Martin (Heath) up when he spent the night over at his sweethearts house. This was because her father had to be able to guarantee the chastity of his daughter on the day of her wedding. No unmarried girl could freely travel alone about the countryside without being under supervision and when she was permitted to court a suitor, a chaperone was required to escort the couple. This was to ensure that no accusation of unseemly behaviour could be made without angering the man who is responsible for her protection. If a girl was raped there were massacres. Some cultures even had intrusive forms of testing the bride to be for proof of virginity, sometimes before and sometimes after the marriage bed. If a woman was a product in a transaction or given as a bride she was required to be a virgin unless she was sold as a whore, meaning for a cheap price. The father, brothers and later the husband carried responsibility for her chaste and loyal behaviour. This does not mean that men behaved with honour. Most were self righteous pigs. But many were good husbands and fathers.--- 3: Then her husband arose and went after her, to speak kindly to her and bring her back, having his servant and a couple of donkeys with him. So she brought him into her father’s house; and when the father of the young woman saw him, he was glad to meet him. 4: Now his father-in-law, the young woman’s father, detained him; and he stayed with him three days. So they ate and drank and lodged there. ---She was not having indiscriminate affairs with random men. She just missed her family and ran away. She would not have been labelled a harlot if she was travelling with her husbands blessing and an escort for protection, she ran away and he could not protect her or be witness to her behaviour. Almost like being guilty by association but more like being guilty for lack of evidence. She becomes Schrodinger's cat. Faithful? Unfaithful? You could not know even with the box open.--- 5: Then it came to pass on the fourth day that they arose early in the morning, and he stood to depart; but the young woman’s father said to his son-in-law, “Refresh your heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way.” 6: So they sat down, and the two of them ate and drank together. Then the young woman’s father said to the man, “Please be content to stay all night, and let your heart be merry.” 7: And when the man stood to depart, his father-in-law urged him; so he lodged there again. 8: Then he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart, but the young woman’s father said, “Please refresh your heart.” So they delayed until afternoon; and both of them ate. 9: And when the man stood to depart—he and his concubine and his servant—his father-in-law, the young woman’s father, said to him, “Look, the day is now drawing toward evening; please spend the night. See, the day is coming to an end; lodge here, that your heart may be merry. Tomorrow go your way early, so that you may get home.” 10: However, the man was not willing to spend that night; so he rose and departed, and came opposite Jebus (that is, Jerusalem). With him were the two saddled donkeys; his concubine was also with him. 11: They were near Jebus, and the day was far spent; and the servant said to his master, “Come, please, and let us turn aside into this city of the Jebusites and lodge in it.” 12: But his master said to him, “We will not turn aside here into a city of foreigners, who are not of the children of Israel; we will go on to Gibeah.”---The city of Jerusalem would would not be conquered by king David for another 100 years. This guy did not want to trust foreigners who did not respect his culture and customs with the security of his party. It seems wise. He opted to stay with people who were kin.--- 13: So he said to his servant, “Come, let us draw near to one of these places, and spend the night in Gibeah or in Ramah.” 14: And they passed by and went their way; and the sun went down on them near Gibeah, which belongs to Benjamin. 15: They turned aside there to go in to lodge in Gibeah. And when he went in, he sat down in the open square of the city, for no one would take them into his house to spend the night. ---He arrived late during the day as well making it difficult to arrange lodging at the last minute.--- 16: Just then an old man came in from his work in the field at evening, who also was from the mountains of Ephraim; he was staying in Gibeah, whereas the men of the place were Benjamites. 17: And when he raised his eyes, he saw the traveller in the open square of the city; and the old man said, “Where are you going, and where do you come from?” 18: So he said to him, “We are passing from Bethlehem in Judah toward the remote mountains of Ephraim; I am from there. I went to Bethlehem in Judah; now I am going to the house of the Lord. But there is no one who will take me into his house, 19: although we have both straw and fodder for our donkeys, and bread and wine for myself, for your female servant, and for the young man who is with your servant; there is no lack of anything.”
20: And the old man said, “Peace be with you! However, let all your needs be my responsibility; only do not spend the night in the open square.” ---The old man knew how lawless his city was and did not want to leave the Levite vulnerable in the town square, unfortunately the strangers presence in the city was already noted.--- 21: So he brought him into his house, and gave fodder to the donkeys. And they washed their feet, and ate and drank. 22: As they were enjoying themselves, suddenly certain men of the city, perverted men, surrounded the house and beat on the door. They spoke to the master of the house, the old man, saying, “Bring out the man who came to your house, that we may know him carnally!” 23: But the man, the master of the house, went out to them and said to them, “No, my brethren! I beg you, do not act so wickedly! Seeing this man has come into my house, do not commit this outrage. ---He is asking them nicely without physical authority to respect his private property.--- 24: Look, here is my virgin daughter and the man’s concubine; let me bring them out now. Humble them, and do with them as you please; but to this man do not do such a vile thing!” ---How sad that a woman's honour is traded for a mans personal safety. This history is definitely not a heroes epic.--- 25: But the men would not heed him. So the man took his concubine and brought her out to them. And they knew her and abused her all night until morning; and when the day began to break, they let her go. ---Many modern day scholars of the humanist persuasion pull up their noses at Biblical texts precisely because of these types of occurrences recorded in it. When a historian is willing to record for posterity their failures as well as their victories it only garners trust that the history is true and unmolested by those who would wish to hide and twist the truth to suit their narrative or motives. The aftershock of this event was and is still significant and warrants explanation to the descendants of these people to help them understand their current reality at the time of learning it 2800-2000 years ago. The Bible is not a toy, it is also not a fairy tale. It is the most comprehensive exposition of the human condition currently available for study.--- 26: Then the woman came as the day was dawning, and fell down at the door of the man’s house where her master was, till it was light. 27: When her master arose in the morning, and opened the doors of the house and went out to go his way, there was his concubine, fallen at the door of the house with her hands on the threshold. 28: And he said to her, “Get up and let us be going.” But there was no answer. So the man lifted her onto the donkey; and the man got up and went to his place. ---The modern reader of this might feel a crime of murder and rape was committed. I assure you that this is not the crime. The crime here is that private property was vandalised and destroyed. I pity the woman with my modern Western mind. But as a student of history I have to face the fact that the man was the victim in his day and age. The emotions and pain of this event is not described and could not be described in it's full detail. We do not know if a distraught and scared man was lying inside the house crying, being shushed and detained by his host? I doubt that this was the case, I can only speculate. We only have the information which was deemed sufficient and necessary to be carved onto a slab of stone or scribed onto papyrus. Historians of ages past were not as privileged as I to be able to write and babble thousands of words without the laborious cost which written or carved words claimed from the ancient and even more recent thinkers. Modern critics of ancient texts are not sufficiently recognising these costs. We learn more important lessons from histories scandals than we do from it's triumph's.--- 29: When he entered his house he took a knife, laid hold of his concubine, and divided her into twelve pieces, limb by limb, and sent her throughout all the territory of Israel. 30: And so it was that all who saw it said, “No such deed has been done or seen from the day that the children of Israel came up from the land of Egypt until this day. Consider it, confer, and speak up!” --- Wait what? This guy gone did what? He chopped his wife into 12 pieces? If there was a king which there was not he could have made a plea for justice. If there was a court he could have made a claim. If he had a gun he could have shot them all in a righteous fury. He wanted justice but justice did not have a door for him to knock on. His own people whom he chose to trust above the foreigner abused his trust. It is here where I solemnly confer that it's better to not have expectations of valour from people you don't know, don't trust if you can help it. No one is coming to save you. I'm sorry? I forgot to explain why he couriered his concubines corpse all across the country you say. He did it because he did not have a mobile phone, facebook, twitter, newspapers, radio, or cable TV from where he could broadcast the injustice and pain he and his deceased concubine was subjected to. He knew to get his situation trending on the network of human conversation he had to create sensation. A Streisand effect but intentionally. A rallying cry, like Peanut the squirrel, just a bit more gruesome.---
Judges 21
1: So all the children of Israel came out, from Dan to Beersheba, as well as from the land of Gilead, and the congregation gathered together as one man before the Lord at Mizpah. 2: And the leaders of all the people, all the tribes of Israel, presented themselves in the assembly of the people of God, four hundred thousand foot soldiers who drew the sword. 3 (Now the children of Benjamin heard that the children of Israel had gone up to Mizpah.) Then the children of Israel said, “Tell us, how did this wicked deed happen?” 4: So the Levite, the husband of the woman who was murdered, answered and said, “My concubine and I went into Gibeah, which belongs to Benjamin, to spend the night. 5: And the men of Gibeah rose against me, and surrounded the house at night because of me. They intended to kill me, but instead they ravished my concubine so that she died. 6: So I took hold of my concubine, cut her in pieces, and sent her throughout all the territory of the inheritance of Israel, because they committed lewdness and outrage in Israel. 7: Look! All of you are children of Israel; give your advice and counsel here and now!”
8: So all the people arose as one man, saying, “None of us will go to his tent, nor will any turn back to his house; 9: but now this is the thing which we will do to Gibeah: We will go up against it by lot. 10: We will take ten men out of every hundred throughout all the tribes of Israel, a hundred out of every thousand, and a thousand out of every ten thousand, to make provisions for the people, that when they come to Gibeah in Benjamin, they may repay all the vileness that they have done in Israel.” 11: So all the men of Israel were gathered against the city, united together as one man.
12: Then the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin, saying, “What is this wickedness that has occurred among you? 13: Now therefore, deliver up the men, the perverted men who are in Gibeah, that we may put them to death and remove the evil from Israel!” But the children of Benjamin would not listen to the voice of their brethren, the children of Israel. 14: Instead, the children of Benjamin gathered together from their cities to Gibeah, to go to battle against the children of Israel. 15: And from their cities at that time the children of Benjamin numbered twenty-six thousand men who drew the sword, besides the inhabitants of Gibeah, who numbered seven hundred select men. 16: Among all this people were seven hundred select men who were left-handed; every one could sling a stone at a hair’s breadth and not miss. 17: Now besides Benjamin, the men of Israel numbered four hundred thousand men who drew the sword; all of these were men of war. ---A civil war in which 65100 men were slain broke out among distantly related brethren. The idea I am trying to convey is that if a man has no speech he cannot campaign for his desired cause. Sensation and virality propels speech into the public arena of popular discourse and is discussed until the prevailing message is precise and clear. If there is no shock factor your speech falls on the ground before your feet. If your speech aligns with the general narrative everyone agrees and nods but the impact of your speech is marginal.
I am glad that we are in a new age where human beings are not so atrociously violated by men with power as it was in ancient times. No wait, it's still a problem. Women are still abused and brothers are still violating each others property and different groups with different interests are still bombing the shit out of each other.
What gives me hope is this.
The internet has dropped the barriers of audible speech and enabled everyone equal access to generate Streisand effects of their own making. Purposely and accidentally.
We are the new mainstream media. Podcasters, influencers, youtubers, and bloggers. We get to decide and form narratives and we get to put our ideas in the arena to battle for acceptance and prominence. The world is now our oyster just as much as it was Barbara Streisand's in the golden age of Hollywood before the internet was there to humble her. Time will tell if we are collectively better custodians of this responsibility than celebrities, corporations and governments. The responsibility of forming the narrative. Not centrally, but decentralised. Let good ideas form and old ideas rest.
Can we be a voice of reason and bring peace and order to a chaotic clown world through the power of speech and ideas? I can only hope.
Echdel
bitbib
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@ f462d21e:1390b6b1
2024-11-07 03:52:04eyJfaWQiOiI2Njk1ZmZjZDUyYTMzYTg2YTMxOGUxYzAiLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ImtoYWxlZCIsImZlZWRiYWNrU2NvcmUiOjAsImNyZWF0ZWRfb24iOiIyMDI0LTA3LTE2VDA1OjA2OjIxLjA0OFoiLCJ0cmFkZXMiOjEsInRyYWRpbmdQYXJ0bmVycyI6MSwicHVibGljS2V5IjoiZGI0MzViZjAzYzU4Zjk4NTEwMzZiODZkYjI4OGIxMTJkYWRkYzAzMjc5ZTQ0MzkzOTY2MzkzYzE0MDQ3OWEwYyIsImZlZWRiYWNrIjp7ImZlZWRiYWNrIjowLCJwYWdlciI6eyJ0b3RhbEl0ZW1zIjowfSwibWVzc2FnZSI6Im5vIHJlc3VsdHMgZm91bmQifX0=
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@ df478568:2a951e67
2024-11-07 03:25:45I'm writing a long form post from the Yakihonne app I downloaded from the Aurora store. I signed in using Amber. This means I never needed to enter my private key into the app. I also didn't provide an email, nor password.
This is a link to Clark Moody's Dashboard I made by clicking a button and pasting the link.
This post won't be too long as I'm testing the software out, but it's not so bad for being so new. It even let's you save drafts.
https://nostree.me/marc26z@nostrplebs.com/ 869,210
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@ b184e3ed:27924b0d
2024-11-07 03:06:37When I joined AA, this question started to haunt my thoughts during those frequent nighttime anxiety attacks. Among all the chaos in my life, there were a few things I was certain of. And one of those things was the certainty of never having felt God, I didn't even know that God was something you could feel. For me, when I started the 12-step program, God was a social construct, something humans had invented to control a society thirsty for basic survival instincts. And perhaps I wasn't so wrong, but like everything in life, this was only half the truth. Despite my deep cognitive analysis that my anxiety forced me to do almost every night for hours, often until the first ray of sun pierced my bedroom window, my spiritual bias didn't allow me to see the whole picture, or a complete reality. On that side, there had always been a void Later, I realized that this emptiness was the main cause of all my problems. From there came that feeling of always being incomplete, that anxiety of always feeling like something was missing, that need to always want to fill voids that weren't mine, without realizing that it was only creating more emptiness within me Once, in those heart-to-heart talks that we in AA call sponsorship, my soul expressed the painful doubt, 'What does it mean to feel God?' My sponsor simply replied, 'I assure you that when you feel God, you won't doubt that what you feel is God. There is no doubt in matters of God. And so I left, with that answer that left me right where I started. And with more doubts. Why is there no doubt in matters of God?
After thinking about it for so long, I paused for a few seconds. I closed my eyes and decided, for the first time, to talk to this so-called God. I let go of all my feelings, all my disbelief, and I prepared myself to accept anything different from what I already had, because what I had wasn't working for me at all. With all sincerity and feeling a pressure in my chest, closer to my heart than usual, I asked in a low voice God, what does it feel like to feel you? What should I do to feel you? What's the manual for feeling you? I've tried everything, I don't know what else to do, what else to plan. I accept that I need to feel you. Everyone tells me that when I feel you, everything will make sense and only then will I start to let go of this violent need to consume my drug of choice. But nobody tells me how. What am I not seeing? Please, give me something. I can't take it anymore, I'm running out of strength, I'm wasting my life stuck in the same cycle. I can't do this anymore, help me feel you. Then a pain began to flow, but a particular one that every addict knows, that soul-deep pain that comes from emptiness, that pain that turns on the faucet of tears that began to flow non-stop. I allowed myself to feel that pain, everything turned dark and negative, suicidal thoughts returned, hate, resentment, selfishness, depression, all together, all that is lived in darkness, all that is felt in solitude, all that came from emptiness. And only by feeling it, could I see where that deep pain came from, I could visualize the path it left behind. For the first time, I recognized my spiritual emptiness. And it was only then that I began to see the whole picture of my life. Doubt has no place in the things of God because God is not logic, God is not reason, much less a manual. Doubt comes from logic, therefore where there is doubt, there is also an absence of God, emptiness. And right at the moment of recognizing that, very specific images came to my mind. My sponsor hugging me for the first time when I arrived and interviewed me. With that hug came the words, 'You're not alone, you're already in a safe harbor, we'll be with you from start to finish. One day at a massive AA event, right in the middle of a workshop dynamic, that deep and sincere hug my fellow sufferer and I shared, in the midst of deep crying with our eyes closed, someone guided our arms to each other. To end up keeping each other company in that darkness we had always gone through alone. That trip to a Group Anniversary outside the city, where a fellow member of my group and I were simply enjoying the scenery, the wind on our faces, and laughing at the craziness of our daily lives, this on my motorcycle on the highway. That hug it took me years to find in the arms of my younger sister, right after arriving after a writing session. That hug of forgiveness to my mother and father that I had never been able to give before because I didn't want to go through the pain that came with feeling. Those few seconds in the rain that we spent lost on our way to the new location of our Group that I experienced in the company of a fellow member. Seeing a new person arrive with a desire to start their process. Connecting in the same feeling and emotion that comes with the death of a best friend. Serving a cup of coffee to that fellow member who returns after months of absence. Arriving at the group with hope of seeing that fellow member who hasn't been coming for weeks and little is known about what happened, but they no longer come to meetings. Day after day, their chair remains empty. And then start letting go of their defenses and their craziness. Standing in front of several strangers, with my head held high, my gaze firm, saying my name and then, 'I am a drug addict. To say, 'I feel like shit, but I'm here for whatever I can contribute. To feel like I'm that support for those who were my support when I was at rock bottom. And not just feel it, but also be able to be it. And that, to mention just a few of the scenes that came to my mind, then I understood 'I had already felt God.' I wasn't lacking spirituality, I wasn't lacking God, I just needed to stay still for a moment to feel it. And to feel that he has always been there. And that he will never leave my side. So today I can answer my own question, 'That's what it feels like to feel God' but not just any God. But a very special one, the God of the 4th and 5th step addicts and alcoholics...
originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/756957
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@ cf6b9d54:11ef2370
2024-11-07 01:42:11As interest in Hamster Kombat declines, PAWS surges, outperforming the once-top Telegram Mini App. Once a leading tap-to-earn game on Telegram, Hamster Kombat has seen a steep decline in its user base and engagement due to political backlash, bans and new competition.
Hamster Kombat boasted 300 million users in August, but as of Nov. 5, the game has only 41 million active monthly players — an 86% decrease.
Meanwhile, Paws, a newly launched Mini App on Telegram, has surged in popularity, reaching 20.5 million users in its first eight days, surpassing Hamster Kombat’s growth trajectory.
According to IntoTheBlock (ITB) data, on Sept. 27, active Hamster Kombat addresses peaked at around 772,330. Since then, user activity and token interest have waned, falling more than 36% in the past week.
Token price and activity plummet Hamster Kombat’s challenges are reflected in its HMSTR token price, which has fallen nearly 70% from an all-time high of $0.01 on Sept. 26 to about $0.0022 as of Nov. 4, according to CoinGecko data. This decline correlates with lower network engagement and fewer daily active users.
This downward trend is reinforced by ITB’s active addresses ratio (AAR) chart — which calculates the ratio of active addresses to addresses holding HMSTR — revealing a 30-day low of just 0.34% active users.
Still, according to ITB data, the total addresses holding HMSTR have continued to increase, establishing a 30-day high of 3.5 million holders on Nov. 4.
Compared to the performance of other popular Telegram games, a pattern emerges, as seen with the Dogs (DOGS) token airdrop, which dropped from $0.0014 to $0.0004 between August and Nov. 4.
The DOGS AAR chart also shows a steady drop in activity alongside the token’s falling value, hitting a 30-day low of 0.27% active users on Nov. 3.
Scrutiny and volatility response Hamster Kombat has faced criticism from Iranian government officials and has been hit with rumors of bans in Uzbekistan, which have since been proven inaccurate.
The Hamster Kombat team previously told Cointelegraph that its future plans include payment system integration, launching new games and including non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as in-game assets.
One falls, one rises In stark contrast to the fall of Hamster Kombat’s network activity and token price, the Paws Mini App saw over 11 million users join in the first two days alone.
A Nov. 4 announcement on the Paws Telegram channel said that 10 million wallets had connected to the app and it had one million followers on the project’s X account.
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@ 8d34bd24:414be32b
2024-11-06 22:18:02One popular plot formula for movies is having two very different people trade places through some mysterious means. It may be kids trading places with adults. It may be the rich person trading places with the poor person. It may be the city person trading places with the country person. The more different the two people, the more comical the effects of trading places is.
All Christians are in a storyline of two very different people trading places. It isn’t the story of rich/poor, young/old, or city/country, it is the trading places of the woefully inadequate and sinful trading places with the perfect and sinless. This isn’t a comedy. In so many ways it seems like a tragedy. The one who deserves punishment and death gets forgiveness and eternal life. The one who deserves worship and praise gets punishment and a torturous death.
Unfortunately most of us are not thankful enough for the wonderful benefits we get from this trade and don’t feel the horror we should at what was done to our perfect God, Creator, and Savior.
Therefore if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creature; the old things passed away; behold, new things have come. Now all these things are from God, who reconciled us to Himself through Christ and gave us the ministry of reconciliation, namely, that God was in Christ reconciling the world to Himself, not counting their trespasses against them, and He has committed to us the word of reconciliation.
Therefore, we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God were making an appeal through us; we beg you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God. He made Him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the righteousness of God in Him. (2 Corinthians 5:17-21) {emphasis mine}
What a wonderful, glorious turn of events in our personal story that we become “a new creature” in Christ; we “become the righteousness of God in Him.” What a tragedy and unfathomable sacrifice that our Creator God, “who knew no sin,” became “sin on our behalf.” We are part of the most unfair trade, and we benefit so incredibly much and yet we take it for granted most of the time.
For Christ also died for sins once for all, the just for the unjust, so that He might bring us to God, having been put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit; (1 Peter 3:18) {emphasis mine}
We, the unjust, were made just so we can be forgiven and face God almighty. Our Creator, Jesus Christ, the just was made sin for us and died to pay the penalty we deserved for our rejection of God, selfishness, dishonesty, and general ignoring of our Creator.
I don’t think we comprehend how much we don’t deserve the Salvation we received and how much Jesus didn’t deserve the treatment He got throughout history, but especially in His death and separation from God on the cross. We feel severe pain when we are separated from our close friends and/or family. Jesus, part of the 3-in-1 God, was separated from God the Father and God the Spirit. It was like us having a limb cut off. They are one God, so severing one from the rest was the greatest torment that He could ever go through. It was worse than infinite, eternal Jesus limiting Himself to a mortal, finite body to live on earth as a man. It was worse than being tortured and killed in the most painful way ever designed by man. Perfect, holy Jesus was made sin, so He could no longer be in the presence of the Father. We need to thank Him every single day for what He did for us. (I know I don’t thank Him enough.)
Surely our griefs He Himself bore,\ And our sorrows He carried;\ Yet we ourselves esteemed Him stricken,\ Smitten of God, and afflicted.\ But He was pierced through for our transgressions,\ *He was crushed for our iniquities*;\ The chastening for our well-being fell upon Him,\ And by His scourging we are healed.\ All of us like sheep have gone astray,\ Each of us has turned to his own way;\ But the Lord has caused the iniquity of us all\ To fall on Him**. (Isaiah 53:4-6) {emphasis mine}
Look at all the replacement language in this passage:
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“our griefs He Himself bore”
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“our sorrows He carried”
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“He was pierced through for our transgressions”
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“He was crushed for our iniquities”
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“The chastening for our well-being fell upon Him”
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“by His scourging we are healed”
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“the Lord has caused the iniquity of us all to fall on Him”
Because of what Jesus did for us, He took the grief, sorrows, piercing, crushing, chastening, and scourging that we deserved. He took on the burden and guilt of our iniquity.
For you have been called for this purpose, since Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example for you to follow in His steps, who committed no sin, nor was any deceit found in His mouth; and while being reviled, He did not revile in return; while suffering, He uttered no threats, but kept entrusting Himself to Him who judges righteously; and He Himself bore our sins in His body on the cross, so that we might die to sin and live to righteousness; for by His wounds you were healed. For you were continually straying like sheep, but now you have returned to the Shepherd and Guardian of your souls. ( 1 Peter 2:21-25) {emphasis mine}
How amazing is it that our loving Creator came down to earth and lived a perfect life as “an example for you to follow?” How unfathomable is it that He took our sins into Himself changing Him from the Holy Lamb to a sinner judged and separated from God? How incredible is it that we get His righteousness because He willingly took on our sins? How can we ever show enough gratefulness for what He has done for us?
This next passage is a passage of the greatest joy imaginable and what all believers have to look forward to:
Now I say this, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable. Behold, I tell you a mystery; we will not all sleep, but we will all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet; for the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. For this perishable must put on the imperishable, and this mortal must put on immortality. But when this perishable will have put on the imperishable, and this mortal will have put on immortality, then will come about the saying that is written, “Death is swallowed up in victory. (1 Corinthians 15:50-54) {emphasis mine}
The day is coming that we will not just be justified by Jesus’s sacrifice, but we will be changed from perishable to imperishable and from mortal to immortal. “In the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet; for the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised.”
As the passage continues, “but thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.” (1 Corinthians 15:57)
Trust Jesus.\ \ your sister in Christ,
Christy
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@ fb5986f6:4173af9d
2024-11-06 20:55:08Instalación de proxmox: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUXX1dKAGxA
No Solo Hacking - Virtualización con Proxmox https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaWpaNX_rL8&list=PLznRNLIWBPwH5Li7Co2i57rUVhve7m_ZQ
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@ a039ecde:18bc0b8c
2024-11-06 20:49:18Ensure top-notch food safety standards with Telsen’s food hygiene app, designed to simplify daily tasks and streamline hygiene management. This user-friendly app supports businesses in maintaining compliance by digitising checklists, tracking cleaning schedules, and providing timely reminders. Ideal for restaurants, catering services, and food manufacturers, Telsen’s app improves operational efficiency and helps meet stringent hygiene regulations. With real-time updates and easy-to-use features, our app is a vital tool for enhancing food safety practices. Choose Telsen’s food hygiene app for comprehensive, reliable hygiene management at your fingertips.
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@ fc792576:bab046e9
2024-11-06 20:13:55Russian Presidential Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov said he does not know whether Vladimir Putin plans to congratulate Donald Trump on his election victory, but he recalled that the United States is an unfriendly country involved in a war against Russia.
"As for congratulations, I am not aware of the president's plans to congratulate Trump," Peskov told reporters in response to a question on the matter.
At the same time, he noted: “Let’s not forget that we are talking about an unfriendly country that is directly and indirectly involved in a war against our state.”
Peskov was asked whether he thought Trump might be offended if Putin did not congratulate him on his victory, and whether this would worsen relations between Russia and the US even more.
"It is practically impossible to worsen things further; relations are at their historical lowest point. And what happens next will depend on the next US leadership. President Putin has repeatedly said that he is open to constructive dialogue based on justice, equality and a willingness to take each other's concerns into account. And President Putin maintains this attitude. He has repeatedly confirmed it. At the moment, the US administration is diametrically opposed. We will see what happens in January," Peskov said.
In general, the elections, he noted, are an internal matter for the United States. "We, of course, are closely monitoring all the information flows that are coming from overseas on this matter, we are analyzing the words that are being said, and of course, we will mainly draw conclusions based on the statements, on the topics that are on our agenda, when they come in," the Kremlin representative said.
In addition, conclusions will be drawn based on the first concrete steps, Peskov added.
At the same time, the press secretary reminded that this will have to wait, since the current US president will continue to perform his duties for at least another month and a half.
At the same time, responding to a clarification about what would happen if Trump made friendly statements, Peskov said: “As our diplomats say, eventual discussions are inappropriate here.”
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@ 569d3ee7:6120020e
2024-11-06 20:05:35Enhance user experience with Responsive Website Design Orange County by Urban Geko. Our team creates mobile-first designs that adapt perfectly to any device, ensuring seamless usability and higher engagement. With responsive design, your website will load fast, look stunning, and function flawlessly across smartphones, tablets, and desktops. Urban Geko specializes in blending creativity with technology to deliver dynamic, interactive websites that leave lasting impressions. Whether you’re a local business or a global enterprise, our Orange County experts ensure your website is future-ready. Partner with Urban Geko for innovative web solutions that elevate your brand.
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@ 35f3a26c:92ddf231
2024-11-06 19:47:07****The disappointment I feel with the passivity and lack of critical thinking of the previous and current adult generation is currently at maximum levels...
If someone tells me that I would be alive to watch Orwellian systems being pedaled by countries that call themselves "1st World Countries" I wouldn't not have believe it...
If someone tells me that the political system called "democracy" will become a joke, where the political arena is controlled by the donors and therefore the "elected" politicians will bend over to please their donors and their interests instead to work for the people.... I wouldn't have believe it...
If someone tells me that the West would support unjust causes, fund extremist to support the interests of the pharmaceutical, the energy and the military industrial complex... I would not have believe it...
If someone tells me that the united West, will ban books, and attack people with corrupted law enforcement due to their ideology, religious believes or simply for telling inconvenient truth's as official or citizen journalists, scientists, doctors, whistleblowers... I wouldn't have believe it...
But here we are and is all happening...
The minority, those aware of what is at stake, can keep doing their part, but the amount of NPC characters, sold outs, traitors and corrupt officials is overwhelming, and IMO , until we don't separate the money from the state this will just get worst until it breaks...
And when someone or a group starts spreading hope, telling you not to worry, asking you to do nothing, telling you they are in control and they will take down the corrupted web harming your country, you are most probably being gaslighted and surrendering your power to a psychological operation built to neutralize you,
What can we do? Few suggestions:
- Information is empowering, read, inform yourself, do not use the main stream media only, expand your sources of information, question more
- Get involve with your community
- Research and demand accountability for the elected officials when they do not behave correctly or work against the interest of your city.
- Write to the elected officials when new laws are to be approved, demand explanations if they are harming your town/city, organize, collect signatures and perform referendums to remove political bad actors from office
- Organize the community to understand the law and your rights, look for volunteer lawyers to give free lectures and recommend literature to digest, consider going to law school lectures, the more informed you are the better prepared to fight back for your constitutional rights
- Lead by example
- Try listening more
- Do not trust any news, no matter the source, verify
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@ 85a99262:6d44d234
2024-11-06 19:21:41Searching for local SEO services in Auckland? Look no further than Team Empathy. Our team specialises in optimising websites for improved local search visibility in Auckland. With targeted strategies and customised approaches, we help businesses dominate the local search results and attract more qualified leads from their community. Trust Team Empathy to boost your business's local presence and drive more customers to your doorstep in Auckland.
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@ b425f50d:bb0ee063
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@ 35f3a26c:92ddf231
2024-11-06 18:44:54Introduction
Nowadays, businesses and individuals are adopting Bitcoin as a method of payment. It's no surprise, given the security, speed, and cost-efficiency associated with it, specially using the LN. However, despite the numerous advantages, Bitcoin still faces challenges in terms of privacy, fees, and scalability.
What is ARK?
A Layer 2 protocol for Bitcoin designed to solve some of the Bitcoin Network challenges, to improve its efficiency, security and scalability. The protocol aims to enhance the functionality of Bitcoin by addressing its current limitations by using a shared UTXO model that enables anonymous, off-chain payments through an untrusted intermediary called the Ark Service Provider (ASP). ASPs are always-on servers that provide liquidity to the network, similar to how Lightning service providers work but without the time consuming opening and close and balancing of channels.
Interoperability with the Lighting Network?
Ark will function as a liquidity network that operates like Lightning, but without introducing liquidity constraints or a direct link between the sender and receiver. It uses virtual UTXOs, to enable anonymous, scalable, off-chain payments. ASPs provide liquidity to the network and charge fees for their services.
ARK will address key issues with deploying capital into the Lightning Network providing a layer that settles transactions without the requirement for a specific infrastructure to remain online, as is the case with Lightning, while still providing assurances of the private custody of funds. How: - Ark can interoperate with Lightning by attaching HTLCs (Hashed Timelock Contracts) and PTLCs (Point Time Locked Contracts) to a pool transaction. Attached HTLCs live under another shared UTXO called the HTLCs outputs, which expires after four-weeks. - Ark service providers forward HTLCs to the broader Lightning Network the moment after HTLCs are attached to a pool transaction. This requires Ark service providers to run routing nodes on the Lightning Network with well-established outgoing channels. Ark users can also get paid from Lightning using HTLC-nested vTXOs.
Last but not least, the Ark Service Provider will serve not only as a liquidity provider but as a Coin-Join coordinator and a Lightning service provider.
How does ARK compares with the Lighting Network?
- https://image.nostr.build/00dba22e23022333d9a767fb015e2d89b7e2e0e5aa73345eaea53bd59c5ecc56.jpg
Conclusion
The ARK protocol is an exciting development, addressing many of the challenges faced by Bitcoin Network today. ARK promises to enhance, above all, privacy and scalability, making it a valuable addition to the rapidly growing Bitcoin ecosystem.
_
Sources and recommended watching and reading:
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@ d035f771:37c0030d
2024-11-06 18:00:11Pink Bins is your trusted provider for high-quality waste bins in Auckland, offering a variety of sizes for all types of waste disposal needs. Whether for home, business, or construction sites, our bins are designed for durability and convenience. With prompt delivery, flexible rental terms, and competitive prices, Pink Bins ensures your waste management process is easy and efficient. Our team is dedicated to providing exceptional customer service, making us a top choice for waste solutions in Auckland. Choose Pink Bins for reliable and hassle-free waste bin rentals that meet your unique project demands.
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@ 3ad01248:962d8a07
2024-11-06 17:22:48The 2024 election is finally over! I'm sure all of you are tired of the constant emails and calls from political candidates asking for your vote. I know for sure that I am! With that being a said election night 2024 was a bloodbath for the Democrats. Not only did Kamala Harris not win the presidency, the Democrats lost the Senate and will most likely will not win back the House of Representatives.
The Republican will now control all three branches of the federal government for the first time in a while. What they decide to do with this new found power is going to be interesting because they don't have a super majority in the senate or the house. They are going to have to work with Democrats to get anything done, which after this election if pretty much a non-starter.
It is cool that Trump won and all but I honestly don't know how is going to change from a Biden to a Trump presidency. The Democrats are not going to give Trump a win on anything because they have nothing to lose over the next 4 years. Who do they have waiting in the wings to take over the lead the Democrat party? Gavin Newsome? He can't even run California right. AOC? The Squad? Crypto hater Elizabeth Warren? Yea right. Democrats have effectively lost their way and do not know how to connect to the average voter right now. As long as the focus on abortion, gender and race identity they will continue to lose the average voter.
The average voter cares about the economy and putting food on the table. They care about crime and keeping their community safe. They care about securing the border and making sure people immigrate to this country through the proper channels. It's not really that hard if you think about it. In my opinion the Democrat party is talking to a constituent that will be the majority maybe in another 20 years, and the issues the talk about now resonate more with that cohort but they are not a majority of the voting public. How the Democrat party doesn't understand this is beyond me and frankly I don't care if they do.
They will either adapt of wither away as a political party. I would love to see the emergence of more political parties that could decentralize more of the political power among different stakeholders.
What Happens Over The Next 4 Years
Now that Trump has been elected as the 47th president of the United States what does that mean for America and the world? Needless to say there are some massive shifts coming on the foreign policy front that much is certain.
Ukraine
Lets start with Ukraine. Trump being elected is definitely a negative for Ukrainians that want to keep fighting and not cede land to Russia. What I see happening is Trump demanding that Ukraine give up the land they lost to Russia because they will not send more military hardware to help they continue the fight. Ukrainian leadership will not like this but their hands are effective tied at this point.
The US is the biggest backer of Ukraine and when they so no more weapons there isn't much they can do about it. Europe hasn't stepped up in a real way and provided the support they need despite the war being on the doorstep. I get Trump's thinking on this. If Europe isn't going to step up why should America foot the bill. The consequences of letting Russia get away with this has more impact on Europe than America. Time will tell what will happen with this conflict but it safe to say right now its a wait and see situation.
https://youtu.be/m3AUefhHjfI?si=4WH1Q-PVs8yOeDTP
The lesson that dictators will learn from this is they can take land with impunity because the so called "free world" will do nothing to stop them. What happens when China invades Taiwan? This is going to happen as a result of Trump winning. China sees a America that is more inward facing and not a global force that will intervene in the affairs of other countries. It's going to be an interesting 4 years.
Israel/Gaza War
Trump winning the election gives Israel and Bibi Netanyahu the green light to pursue their genocidal campaign in the Gaza Strip and Lebanon. You can expect more people to be killed in Gaza and I wouldn't doubt if the death toll hits 100k by next year. Israel isn't trying to take out Hamas, they are forcibly removing the Palestinians from northern Gaza and killing as many as they can. There have been videos circulating online of far right Israeli settlers that want to reoccupy Gaza. This has been a plan in the making for a long time. Don't believe me? Watch this video!
https://youtu.be/mF6B5UVupyA?si=B58TXv135B5LnjrC
https://youtu.be/Q7fXNwZoH9I?si=nSI1SmBxeimCv4g6
Trump will do nothing to stand in the way of this happening which probably means a wider regional war with Israel vs the Arab world is not off the table. Guess who get drawn into that war to help defend its "greatest ally". Be careful what you wish for America.
Bitcoin
The one thing I think a Trump administration will have a positive effect on is the Bitcoin price and regulations. If you are a Biticoner you are aware of President Trump's 180 on Bitcoin. 4 years he thought it was a scam to now in 2024 wanting to create a strategic Bitcoin reserve and speaking at the Bitcoin conference. Pretty wild stuff right! As the election results were coming in last night you saw the Bitcoin price rise and reach a new ATH with the prospect of a Trump win.
Now that this has become a reality, I fully expect Bitcoin to reach 6 figures over the next 6-12 months. The creation of a Bitcoin strategic reserve or the simple act of not selling confiscated Bitcoin will be enough to drive the price higher. The higher the price goes, the more attention it gets. NGU in full effect. While I don't what the regulatory front looks like for Bitcoin under Trump, it should be less hostile than the Biden/Harris regime. I think pushing for the removal of capital gains taxes on Bitcoin and making Bitcoin legal tender should be the next goal to achieve.
Overall a Trump win is bullish for Bitcoin and I am excited to see what the next 4 years looks like without the federal government actively trying to put the squeeze on Bitcoin.
I hope the Trump administration is successful and keeps its promises to the American people, especially the one about freeing Ross Ulbricht. Ross deserves to be free and with his family. Let Edward Snowden come home too. God Bless America.
Bitcoin #Politics
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@ 361d3e1e:50bc10a8
2024-11-06 16:13:52https://forex-strategy.com/2024/11/06/5-star-hotels-in-turkey-are-affected-by-a-new-virus/ 5-star hotels in Turkey are affected by a new virus The disease mainly affects children, but adults also complain of severe consequences
turkey #virus #holiday #Coxsackie #travel
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@ ffbcb706:b0574044
2024-11-06 14:52:49In aanloop naar het debat over de begroting van BZK, EZ en JenV rondom digitale zaken, stuurden wij samen met Waag Futurelab en Commons Network een brief aan de Tweede Kamer Commissie Digitale Zaken.In aanloop naar het debat over de begroting van BZK, EZ en JenV rondom digitale zaken, stuurden wij samen met Waag Futurelab en Commons Network een brief aan de Tweede Kamer Commissie Digitale Zaken.\ Het debat over de digitale zaken begroting zal aanstaande maandag 11 november plaatsvinden. Om de politiek aan te sporen om de regie te pakken op digitale autonomie, stuurden wij, samen met Waag Futurelab en Commons Network een brief aan de commissie. In de brief opperen wij enkele punten voor het debat die eveneens aansluiten op de agenda Digitale Open Strategische Autonomie (DOSA) van Economische Zaken.
We bepleiten hierin dat de overheid moet investeren in een open digitale infrastructuur om onze digitale autonomie te vergroten, innovatie en economische groei te stimuleren en onze fundamentele waarden te beschermen.
Allereerst stellen we dat het gebruik en de ontwikkeling van bestaande alternatieven voor digitale producten en diensten die zijn gebaseerd op publieke waarden vergroot moet worden. Dit kan de overheid doen door te investeren in tools als De Digitale Spoelkeuken, door in aanbestedingen te richten op digitale autonomie en publieke waarden en door in te zetten op digitale gemeenschapsgoederen.
Ook benadrukken we dat er (markt)ruimte gecreëerd moet worden voor alternatieve producten en diensten. Alternatieven moeten zo meer ruimte krijgen om te kunnen concurreren in digitale markten.
Ten slotte stellen we dat we nieuwe alternatieve producten en diensten moeten ontwikkelen die zijn gebaseerd op publieke waarden. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld gestimuleerd worden door het opzetten van een fonds zoals het Duitse Sovereign Tech Fund.
De gehele brief aan de Tweede Kamer commissie kun je hier downloaden.
Dit is een repost van https://publicspaces.net/2024/11/06/in-onze-brief-aan-de-commissie-digitale-zaken-zetten-we-digitale-autonomie-op-de-agenda/
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@ 126a29e8:d1341981
2024-11-06 14:50:10¿Por qué hacer hacer un plan de herencia?
Si apuestas por Bitcoin como una forma soberana de preservar el valor de tu esfuerzo a lo largo del tiempo y el espacio, seguramente ya estés pensando en el futuro. Pero, ¿has pensado en lo que pasará con esos satoshis que tanto cuesta reunir cuando ya no estés? ¿Tus herederos sabrán cómo acceder a ellos o será como buscar un tesoro enterrado sin mapa?
Objetivos del plan de herencia
- Hacer que tu bitcoin llegue de forma segura a tus herederos una vez que mueras (¡no antes!) - Minimizar el riesgo de robo manteniendo seguridad y privacidad - Prevenir disputas entre herederos - Evitar problemas legales
¡No te compliques!
Siguiendo el principio K.I.S.S. vamos a intentar diseñar un sistema simple. Cualquier sistema va a funcionar mejor si no complicas demasiado las cosas. Ten en cuenta que tu familia estará leyendo el Plan con la noticia reciente de tu propio fallecimiento. Hay que dejarlo todo bien detallado y no dar nada por hecho. Lo más probable es que tus herederos no tengan el nivel técnico que tú tienes hoy.
🔑 La prioridad son tus herederos; no tu ego
Plan de Acción
Es recomendable una estrategia de recuperación independiente a los dispositivos que uses. Es decir, diseñar el plan para que los fondos puedan recuperarse con las semillas, passphrase y contraseñas.
No hay soluciones perfectas. No existe una única forma correcta de hacer un plan de herencia así que deberás diseñar el plan que mejor se adapte a ti y a tu situación.
Locus de Control
🧠 El locus de control (Julian B. Rotter, 1954) es un concepto psicológico que explica por qué, en situaciones problemáticas, las personas pueden decidir esforzarse por conseguir lo que desean o, por el contrario, dejar que las cosas sigan su propio curso.
Este concepto se divide en dos tipos principales:
- Locus de control interno: Creencia de que las propias acciones y decisiones son las principales causas de los resultados que se experimentan en la vida. Esto puede motivar a tomar un rol más activo en la consecución de objetivos y en la resolución de problemas.
- Locus de control externo: Las personas con un locus de control externo creen que los factores externos, como la suerte, el destino, las circunstancias o las acciones de otras personas, son los principales determinantes de sus resultados. Esto lleva a una actitud de mayor pasividad ante las situaciones, al sentir que se tiene poco control sobre los resultados.
Aplicado al plan de herencia vamos a intentar mantener un locus de control interno, es decir, que la custodia y la recuperación de los fondos dependa todo lo posible de nosotros, en lugar de soluciones de terceros.
Ejemplos Locus de control externo:
Smart Contract
Un contrato no es más que un acuerdo entre dos o más partes, un entorno donde se define lo que se puede hacer, cómo se puede hacer, qué pasa si algo no se hace. Es decir, unas reglas de juego que permiten a todas las partes que lo aceptan entender en qué va a consistir la interacción que van a realizar. Sin embargo, los contratos tradicionales pueden presentar un problema: están sujetos a interpretación.
Por otro lado, los contratos inteligentes tienen la capacidad de poder ejecutarse de manera autónoma y automática a través de códigos informáticos, lo que evita tener que pasar por interpretaciones de terceros, ya que las características de inmutabilidad y transparencia de la blockchain de Bitcoin velan por la confiabilidad de estos “contratos”.
El código en un smart contract contiene las reglas por las cuales las partes acuerdan interactuar en la “relación”. En dado caso que las reglas predefinidas se cumplan, el “contrato” será ejecutado automáticamente.
Los problemas que plantea un plan de herencia, ¿pueden ser resueltos con un simple smart contract?; ¿un poseedor de bitcoin puede usar software para transferirlos automáticamente a sus herederos al morir sin la intervención de un notario o cualquier tercera parte? Por supuesto que se puede. El problema es que hay que confiar en el software de un tercero y tus herederos tendrían que acceder a ese software. Cedes el control de tus fondos a un tercero, no los controlas tu.
Oráculo vs Dispositivo de hombre muerto
¿Cómo sabrá el software que alguien está muerto? Hay 2 formas de resolver esto:
- Oráculo
- Dispositivo de hombre muerto
Oráculo
Un oráculo es un programa de software de un tercero independiente que recopila datos y los pone a disposición de quien quiera utilizarlos o de una interface. Ejemplo simplificado:
El Smart Contract de un Plan de Herencia → Oráculo → datos de la persona → ¿Está muerto? → Sus Bitcoin → Herederos
Contras:
- Requiere que confíes completamente en un tercero, el oráculo.
- Si hay un error …… tus bitcoin ya han sido transferidos de forma irrevocable
- ¿Qué pasa si hay alguien con el mismo nombre y fecha de nacimiento y muere?
- ¿Qué pasa si el oráculo desaparece?
Dispositivo de Hombre Muerto (Dead Man’s Switch)
Se trata de confirmar que una persona está muerta por omisión, por no realizar una acción específica. Su fallo para actuar causa que ocurra otra acción.
El mecanismo es sencillo: Cada cierto tiempo hay que hacer una determinada acción para que no se active el DHM. Esta determinada acción puede ser iniciar sesión en una página web o responder a un email automático. Si se realiza esa acción en el momento requerido entonces el reloj se pone a cero y el DHM no se dispara. Y así sucesivamente. Si se te olvida realizar esa determinada acción, se activa el DHM y tus bitcoin serán enviados a tus herederos y se distribuirán en la forma en que tu decidiste.
La premisa es que harás esa determinada acción salvo que estés muerto. Pero pueden ocurrir otras causas diferentes de la muerte que hagan que tu no puedas desactivar el DHM: desastres naturales, lesiones o enfermedades, pérdida de credenciales, pérdida de tus dispositivos, existencia de malos actores, …
Algunas personas utilizan servicios de email con DHM para informar a sus herederos de que ellos tienen bitcoin y que han dejado instrucciones para ellos en una determinada localización. Pero sin poner información confidencial.
Aquí tienes un estupendo tutorial de nostr:npub1dlfezkj445xzatnyu2up3t9m46wxk0vmtmjyuxd2qs8mp8cd8nws8mcdx0 para configurar un Dispositivo de Hombre Muerto de la forma más soberana posible:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsefQ1xbw68
Gestor de Contraseñas
Algunos gestores de contraseñas tienen algún tipo de mecanismo de autorización de cuenta inactiva. El Administrador de cuentas inactivas permite a los usuarios compartir algunos datos de sus cuentas o notificar a otras personas después de un determinado período de inactividad.
¿Qué recibirán los contactos de confianza? Los contactos solo recibirán una notificación cuando tu cuenta esté inactiva durante cierto tiempo. Si decides que tus contactos solo reciban una notificación cuando tu cuenta esté inactiva, recibirán un mensaje de correo electrónico con la línea de asunto y el contenido que escribiste durante la configuración. Agregaremos un mensaje de correo electrónico en el que explicaremos que dejaste programado que se enviase un correo electrónico en tu nombre cuando ya no utilices la cuenta.
Si decides compartir datos con tu/s contacto/s de confianza, el mensaje de correo electrónico también incluirá una lista de los datos que elegiste compartir con tu contacto y un enlace desde el que podrán descargarlos.
Habría que dejar una nota en el testamento o en tu plan de acceso para que tus herederos sepan que les va a llegar un email con los datos para poder acceder a tus bitcoin.
La habilidad para definir complejos criterios de gasto combinada con la absoluta garantía de una cadena de bloques inmutable remodelará la forma en que controlamos nuestros bitcoin y la forma de planificar la herencia y la sucesión.
Liana Wallet
En Bitcoin es posible crear complejas condiciones de gasto combinando miniscript, timelocks y/o multifirmas y un buen ejemplo de ello es Liana, una wallet con la que podrías transmitir tus bitcoins a tus herederos tras tu fallecimiento, sin compartir tu semilla.
Liana se centra en el uso de timelocks de Bitcoin, permitiendo que algunas claves sean válidas sólo después de que dejes de usar la tuya durante un tiempo determinado. Esto se ejecuta directamente por la propia red Bitcoin (contrato inteligente) sin la participación de terceros. El bloqueo temporal se "actualiza" cada vez que mueves tus monedas, así que mientras uses la wallet con regularidad, tu familia no tendrá acceso hasta que lo necesite.
Partes del Plan de Herencia
1. Elección de ayudantes
- No más de 3 personas (idealmente 2)
- Conseguir datos de contacto para que tus herederos puedan contactarles
- Criterios de elección:
- Confianza
- Conocimientos técnicos
- Que no se conozcan entre si
2. Plan de Acceso
2.A) Inventario: Cuánto bitcoin tienes, dónde están y cómo acceder a ellos.
- Recopilar información de cuentas, wallets y aplicaciones.
- Localizar todos tus dispositivos (teléfonos, PC, Laptops, HWW, semillas en metal, paperwallets, opendime, bitcoin Casascius, etc.)
- Recopilar contraseñas y accesos
- Hacer limpieza, ordenar, consolidar, optimizar.
Ejemplo Tabla Plan de Acceso
2.B) Localización
- Dónde está cada cosa (dispositivos, cuadernos, …)
- Redundancia: Varias copias separadas geográficamente
- Separación de poderes
- Usar sellos de seguridad (con nº de referencia, fecha y firma)
- Carta manuscrita
2.C) Carta a los herederos
- Precauciones - Lista de ayudantes - Inventario y localización de claves privadas - Testamento - Despedida
Consideraciones sobre la carta: No la deposites en notaría y guárdala separada de las semillas y fácil de encontrar para tus herederos. Al igual que con las copias de seguridad de las semillas, también conviene hacer copias de la carta. Muchas cosas pueden cambiar desde que redactes la primera versión hasta que fallezcas por lo que conviene hacer revisiones periódicas.
⚠️ Errores comunes en la carta a los herederos:
- No hacer plan de herencia. No importa tu edad o cuánto bitcoin tengas. Empieza a poner orden y preparar tu plan. - Letra no legible. Si tienes letra de médico, mejor escribir la carta en el ordenador. - No evaluar posibles fallos.
3. Legal ¿A quién se los otorgo?
- Consulta el impuesto de sucesiones de tu comunidad. - La muerte del causante actúa como un cortafuegos, aunque no haya declarado ante el fisco sus fondos. - Recomendación: Consulta a un experto en la materia sobre tu caso personal.
Evaluación S.U.R.E.
Pasado un tiempo suficiente, esperamos que una o más partes de nuestro plan fallará y no resulte según lo planeado. Esto puede deberse a un error humano, error de los medios electrónicos, desastre natural, cambios tecnológicos, cambios en nuestras relaciones y un montón de variables posibles. Uno o dos de estos fallos no deberían resultar en una pérdida total de nuestros bitcoin.
La evaluación S.U.R.E. consiste en evaluar la seguridad, usabilidad, resiliencia y eficiencia de nuestro plan.
- Seguridad: Valorar qué pasaría si una parte del plan se ve comprometida. Que pasaría si un mal actor se apropia de uno de tus backups o dispositivos o accede a una de las localizaciones. - Usabilidad: Facilidad/dificultad de usar el método de forma segura para gente no técnica/experta. - Resiliencia: No tener un punto único de fallo. O cuantos puntos de fallo darán lugar a una pérdida catastrófica. - Eficiencia. Capacidad de lograr un efecto deseado con el mínimo de recursos posibles. Menos es mejor. Se trata de reducir la complejidad de las claves, passphrases, contraseñas y localizaciones sin afectar negativamente los otros 3 elementos.
Bibliografía
📙 Cryptoasset Inheritance Planning - Pamela Morgan.
🎧Pod de nostr:npub1yn3hc8jmpj963h0zw49ullrrkkefn7qxf78mj29u7v2mn3yktuasx3mzt0 junto a nostr:npub1q7cq5mce269pcstj8le369m72ypzl53qsvlszcemqfh6hk0mtlkq7v9jv9 y nostr:npub12aqfngts2xc0z0n47lyfx03p8prhz4kqcel29mukgwydeuatawqqg5dvgy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yI_JP1loEtk👀 Artículo en nostr:npub1qqqqq2jx95am9ds78hklmqzdqt0eqawnx0eln8cqz3pdsqw7rchs9rc6ad por @heptapodae: https://estudiobitcoin.com/como-hacer-tu-plan-de-herencia-bitcoin/
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@ 6bae33c8:607272e8
2024-11-06 13:42:13I need to calm myself from the election dopamine and focus on the task at hand. I went 4-1 last week to kick of Q3, so I haven’t blown it yet. One week at a time, one 4-1 or 5-0 at a time is how you do it.
Bengals at Ravens — The Bengals are playing better of late, maybe make it Bengals +6, but I’m staying away on the short week.
Giants vs Panthers — The Panthers are a good sell high, and the Giants are playing okay. I’ll say Giants -4.5 and probably lay the wood.
Patriots at Bears — The Bears are the buy-low off the bad loss. I’ll make it Patriots +7.5 and lay the wood.
Bills at Colts — The Bills are on a roll, but the Colts are scrappy in their way. I’ll say Bills -4 and stay away.
Vikings at Jaguars — Man, Trevor Lawrence threw a disastrous pick to lose last week. I’ll say Vikings -2.5. Would consider Minnesota.
Broncos at Chiefs — The Broncos got schooled against an explosive Ravens team, but might be a buy low. Probably Broncos +7.5, I’m thinking.
Falcons at Saints — The Saints have no skill players except Alvin Kamara. Let’s make it Falcons -3 and probably stay away.
49ers at Buccaneers — Both teams are desperate for a win, the 49ers off the bye and the Bucs off the short week. I’ll say 49ers -2.5 and probably lay the wood.
Steelers at Indigenous Peoples — The Steelers off the bye feel like a good spot here against an IP team fortunate to win its last two games. I’ll say Steelers +2.5 and consider them.
Titans at Chargers — The Titans are bad. I’ll make it Titans +8.5 and maybe take the Chargers.
Jets at Cardinals — The Cardinals are playing well, but the Jets still have players. I’ll say Jets +2.5 and stay away.
Eagles at Cowboys — The Cowboys are a train wreck. Eagles -7.5 and stay away.
Lions at Texans — The Lions might be the league’s best team, and the Texans can’t pass protect. I’ll say Lions -3.5, but probably stay away.
Dolphins at Rams — This is actually a good game with everyone healthy again. I’ll say Dolphins +2 and stay away.
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@ 42342239:1d80db24
2024-11-06 09:05:17TL;DR: J.D. Vance recently observed that many in the Democratic Party are attempting to manufacture trust from the top down, neglecting the fact that genuine trust is often born from grassroots connections. There's indeed a stark contrast between trust that's artificially constructed through manipulation and censorship, and trust that's organically cultivated from the ground up.
Trump's vice presidential candidate J.D. Vance appeared on podcast host Joe Rogan's show earlier in November. According to Vance, large parts of the Democratic Party are trying to create higher trust from above, without understanding that the previously high trust once arose organically: "I think that a lot of them are trying to reimpose that social trust from the top."
Most people understand the importance of high trust. Political scientist Robert D. Putnam, for example, has shown that large social capital, in the form of trust and networks, is a key factor for economic growth, cooperation, and problem-solving. See e.g. his book Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (2000).
The low trust today is widespread. Trust in the American federal government is at historically low levels. Trust in the media is at rock-bottom levels. Even trust in doctors and hospitals has plummeted: at the beginning of 2024, the proportion of people who reported "a great deal of trust" had dropped to 40%, from 72% in April 2020. This can be concerning, as individuals with low trust in doctors and hospitals will be less likely to follow their advice and recommendations. It's therefore not surprising that many want to "rebuild trust" (this was the theme of the World Economic Forum's annual meeting this year).
How much trust is actually reasonable?
But how much trust is actually reasonable? To determine this, one can ask whether an institution has acted reliably in the past, whether it possesses the knowledge and ability required to deliver what is promised, and whether its interests are in line with our own.
The low trust figures among Americans are likely a reflection of the fact that many of them today question the extent to which the answers to these questions are actually affirmative. During the pandemic, medical experts in the UK incorrectly predicted that hundreds of thousands of people would die. In the US, the leading infectious disease expert misled the public about, among other things, face masks, the sitting president lied about both the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, a British health minister wanted to "scare the pants off people," and virus experts even conspired to mislead about the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. All while social media companies, under pressure from governments, were forced to censor information that was actually correct.
Trust - built on sand or on solid ground?
It's possible to continue on the current path and try to improve trust figures by limiting access to information. For instance, if the public doesn't get access to negative information about authorities or experts, the measured trust can increase. But in that case, trust is merely built on sand, waiting to be undermined by the inexorable forces of truth.
But there's another possibility. Building relationships that are genuine and honest, listening to each other without judgment, and communicating without misleading. Doing things that really matter, and doing them well, showing competence and reliability through actions. In this way, trust can grow naturally and organically. A trust built on solid ground, not on sand. A delicate task. But presidential election or not, isn't it time for us to start building a future where this form of trust is the obvious foundation?
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@ 361d3e1e:50bc10a8
2024-11-06 07:59:42https://forex-strategy.com/2024/11/06/trump-is-back-in-the-white-house/ Trump is back in the White House The 47th president of the United States knows what to do with the deep state.
usa #trump #politics #maga #vote2024 #elections2024 #pepublicans
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@ f462d21e:1390b6b1
2024-11-06 04:39:14eyJfaWQiOiI2Njk1ZmZjZDUyYTMzYTg2YTMxOGUxYzAiLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ImtoYWxlZCIsImZlZWRiYWNrU2NvcmUiOjAsImNyZWF0ZWRfb24iOiIyMDI0LTA3LTE2VDA1OjA2OjIxLjA0OFoiLCJ0cmFkZXMiOjEsInRyYWRpbmdQYXJ0bmVycyI6MSwicHVibGljS2V5IjoiZGI0MzViZjAzYzU4Zjk4NTEwMzZiODZkYjI4OGIxMTJkYWRkYzAzMjc5ZTQ0MzkzOTY2MzkzYzE0MDQ3OWEwYyJ9
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@ f462d21e:1390b6b1
2024-11-06 04:19:42eyJfaWQiOiI2Njk1ZmZjZDUyYTMzYTg2YTMxOGUxYzAiLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ImtoYWxlZCIsImZlZWRiYWNrU2NvcmUiOjAsImNyZWF0ZWRfb24iOiIyMDI0LTA3LTE2VDA1OjA2OjIxLjA0OFoiLCJ0cmFkZXMiOjEsInRyYWRpbmdQYXJ0bmVycyI6MSwicHVibGljS2V5IjoiZGI0MzViZjAzYzU4Zjk4NTEwMzZiODZkYjI4OGIxMTJkYWRkYzAzMjc5ZTQ0MzkzOTY2MzkzYzE0MDQ3OWEwYyJ9
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@ f462d21e:1390b6b1
2024-11-06 04:14:05eyJfaWQiOiI2Njk1ZmZjZDUyYTMzYTg2YTMxOGUxYzAiLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ImtoYWxlZCIsImZlZWRiYWNrU2NvcmUiOjAsImNyZWF0ZWRfb24iOiIyMDI0LTA3LTE2VDA1OjA2OjIxLjA0OFoiLCJ0cmFkZXMiOjEsInRyYWRpbmdQYXJ0bmVycyI6MSwicHVibGljS2V5IjoiZGI0MzViZjAzYzU4Zjk4NTEwMzZiODZkYjI4OGIxMTJkYWRkYzAzMjc5ZTQ0MzkzOTY2MzkzYzE0MDQ3OWEwYyJ9
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@ a012dc82:6458a70d
2024-11-06 03:21:36Table Of Content
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Understanding the Bitcoin Sale
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Potential Reasons for the Sale
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Impact on the Market
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Market Response and Investor Sentiment
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Conclusion
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FAQ
The cryptocurrency market is known for its volatility and the constant fluctuations in asset prices. In 2023, a significant Bitcoin sale took place, capturing the attention of investors and enthusiasts alike. Long-term investors made a decision to sell off nearly 50,000 BTC, leading to discussions about the implications of this sale and the factors that might have influenced it.
Understanding the Bitcoin Sale
The sale of nearly 50,000 BTC by long-term investors suggests a shift in market dynamics. These investors, who had held their Bitcoin for an extended period, decided to realize their profits and exit their positions. Such large-scale sales can have a considerable impact on the market, affecting Bitcoin's price and overall market sentiment.
Potential Reasons for the Sale
Several factors might have influenced long-term investors to sell off their Bitcoin holdings:
Profit-taking
Long-term investors often accumulate Bitcoin with the intention of selling it at a higher price in the future. If they believed that the current price levels provided a satisfactory return on their investment, they may have chosen to take profits.
Market Conditions
Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile, and investors closely monitor market trends. If they perceived a potential downturn or correction in Bitcoin's price, they may have decided to sell to protect their gains or minimize potential losses.
Portfolio Diversification
Investors may have decided to rebalance their investment portfolios by reducing their exposure to Bitcoin. Diversifying their holdings across various asset classes can help manage risk and potentially enhance long-term returns.
Personal Circumstances
Individual investors may have had specific personal or financial reasons for selling their Bitcoin. These could include the need for liquidity, funding other investment opportunities, or addressing personal financial obligations.
Impact on the Market
A significant sale of Bitcoin by long-term investors can have a short-term impact on the market. Depending on the volume of the sale and the prevailing market conditions, it may lead to a temporary decline in Bitcoin's price due to increased selling pressure. However, market dynamics are complex, and the impact of such sales can vary depending on the overall market sentiment and the response of other market participants.
Market Response and Investor Sentiment
The response to this significant Bitcoin sale largely depends on investor sentiment and market perception. Some investors may interpret it as a sign of decreasing confidence in Bitcoin's long-term prospects. Others may see it as a natural occurrence in a market characterized by profit-taking and portfolio adjustments. The market's response to such events can offer insights into the overall sentiment and provide valuable information for future investment decisions.
Conclusion
The significant Bitcoin sale by long-term investors in 2023 highlights the dynamic nature of the cryptocurrency market. Investors' decisions to sell off nearly 50,000 BTC can be influenced by various factors, including profit-taking, market conditions, portfolio diversification, and personal circumstances. While such sales can impact the market in the short term, it is essential to consider them within the broader context of market dynamics and individual investment strategies.
FAQ
What is the significance of the significant Bitcoin sale by long-term investors? The significant Bitcoin sale by long-term investors indicates a shift in market dynamics and can impact Bitcoin's price and overall market sentiment.
Why did long-term investors decide to sell off nearly 50,000 BTC? There can be several reasons behind the decision to sell, including profit-taking, market conditions, portfolio diversification, and personal circumstances.
How does such a sale affect the market? A significant sale of Bitcoin can lead to a temporary decline in its price due to increased selling pressure. However, the impact on the market depends on various factors and the response of other market participants.
What does this sale suggest about investor sentiment towards Bitcoin? The response to the sale can vary among investors. Some may view it as a lack of confidence in Bitcoin's long-term prospects, while others may see it as a natural occurrence in a volatile market.
That's all for today
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@ 35f3a26c:92ddf231
2024-11-06 01:43:31 -
@ 1123ece2:7d1e00c0
2024-11-06 00:55:45Welcome to The Refinery.
“The Christ of John’s Gospel” is the theme for the coming Sunday Morning teachings that focus on John’s unique portrayal of the Christ.
We will continue this series through to the end of the year.
Today we are discussing, When Religion Gets Sick.
John 2:15-16 NKJV
15 When He had made a whip of cords, He drove them all out of the temple, with the sheep and the oxen, and poured out the changers’ money and overturned the tables.
16 And He said to those who sold doves, “Take these things away! Do not make My Father’s house a house of merchandise!”
Scripture Reading
John 2:13-25 NKJV
Jesus Cleanses the Temple
13 Now the Passover of the Jews was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.
14 And He found in the temple those who sold oxen and sheep and doves, and the money changers doing business.
15 When He had made a whip of cords, He drove them all out of the temple, with the sheep and the oxen, and poured out the changers’ money and overturned the tables.
16 And He said to those who sold doves, “Take these things away! Do not make My Father’s house a house of merchandise!”
17 Then His disciples remembered that it was written, “Zeal for Your house has eaten Me up.”
18 So the Jews answered and said to Him, “What sign do You show to us, since You do these things?”
19 Jesus answered and said to them, “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.”
20 Then the Jews said, “It has taken forty-six years to build this temple, and will You raise it up in three days?”
21 But He was speaking of the temple of His body.
22 Therefore, when He had risen from the dead, His disciples remembered that He had said this to them; and they believed the Scripture and the word which Jesus had said.
The Discerner of Hearts
23 Now when He was in Jerusalem at the Passover, during the feast, many believed in His name when they saw the signs which He did.
24 But Jesus did not commit Himself to them, because He knew all men,
25 and had no need that anyone should testify of man, for He knew what was in man.
A famous preacher once asked, “What is worse than having no religion?”
Then after a pause, he answered his own question, “Having no religion is bad, but having the wrong kind of religion is even worse.”
I believe having a sick religion may be worse than having no religion at all.
Jesus was concerned with sick religion as indicated by his driving the money changes out of the temple.
Much of Judaism had gotten sick, and the Great Physician Himself had come to bring healing.
What did Jesus see in the temple that caused such aggressive action?
The lost sense of awe and respect for God.
The Jews had lost the profound sense of awe and respect for God.
Look carefully at what Jesus observed when He visited the temple.
Many Jewish patrons were coming and going.
They had little respect for what took place in the temple, namely, communion with God.
They bought and sold animals, and they exchanged money as if the court of the Gentiles was a marketplace.
God had intended the temple to be a meeting place for human beings and Himself.
He had not intended the temple to be a den of thieves.
He wanted it to be a place of prayer.
Christians often lose their sense of awe and reverence for God as well don't they.
As people go about the routine of Bible study and church attendance, they can lose reverence for God.
The Lord, His church, and His book become rather ordinary.
Jesus’ is anger was aroused when He saw a lost sense of awe and reference for His Father.
Religion can get sick when the sense of the wonder of God departs from a person or a group of people.The lost sense of the cost of religion.
The Jews had lost sight of the cost of serving the Lord.
The presentation of the animals in temple sacrifice represented a commitment on the part of the worshippers.
God wanted the Jews to present the best animals out of their flocks.
This would mean that they gave their best to God.
When Jesus walked into the temple, He saw that religion had been made cheap.
People were told, “Leave your animals at home and buy one in the temple.”
Purchasing animals from the temple merchants cheapened the sacrificial system.
And this angered the Master.
Modern Christians have lost sight of the cost of commitment.
Following Christ and belonging to a church have become cheap.
The German Pastor, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, during World War Two, said that when Jesus calls a man to follow Him, He calls him to die to himself.
Nothing short of total commitment will satisfy the Saviour.
The lost sense of the outsider.
The Jews had lost the sense of the Gentiles’ need.
The place where the money changers and merchants did business was in the court of the Gentiles.
This was a place within the temple precinct where Gentiles, outsiders, could come and learn of the Lord.
Most of the Jews in Jesus’ time were not concerned for the Gentiles.
They were concerned about their rituals but not for the mission of being a blessing to the nations that God had given them.
Modern Christians can lose the sense of the outsider.
The church can easily become an exclusive club with a preoccupation for its membership.
Religion gets sick when people turn inward and do not look outward for the sinners.
Conclusion.
How is the health of your Christian expression?
If you do not mind, let’s have a checkup.
Is there a great thrill over the greatness and grandeur of God?
Or are you taking shortcuts?
Are you asking for the minimal requirements?
Then what about your concern for others?
Let’s keep our religion healthy and growing.
Until next time
Stay in the Blessings
I really want to encourage you to be diligent with your Bible study time, because God has so much more for us than we can get from just going to church once or twice a week and hearing someone else talk about the Word.
When you spend time with God, your life will change in amazing ways, because God is a Redeemer. Theres nothing thats too hard for Him, and He can make you whole, spirit, soul and body!
You’re important to God, and you’re important to us at The Refinery.
When it comes to prayer, we believe that God wants to meet your needs and reveal His promises to you.
So whatever you’re concerned about and need prayer for we want to be here for you! Or even if you just want to say Hi, you can contact us at www.refinerylife.org
2024 IS A YEAR OF DECISIONS AND OPEN DOORS
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@ 35f3a26c:92ddf231
2024-11-06 00:07:28Who is the Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc)?
A known USA based hacktivist group. According to the record in Wikipedia, it was started in 1984 at the Farm Pac slaughterhouse by Grandmaster Ratte' (aka Swamp Ratte'), Franken Gibe, Sid Vicious, and three BBS SysOps
You can check their member list in their web site
Thinks of the cDc group that I have found quite interesting
- Group member Drunkfux (Jesse Dryden) is the grand nephew of Charlie Chaplin
- In 1991, the group began distributing music in the form of cassette tape albums
- In November 1994, the group claimed responsibility for giving President Ronald Reagan Alzheimer's disease, claiming to have done so in 1986 with a blowgun
- In 1995, the group declared war on the Church of Scientology stating "We believe that El Ron Hubbard [sic] is actually none other than Heinrich Himmler of the SS, who fled to Argentina and is now responsible for the stealing of babies from hospitals and raising them as 'super-soldiers' for the purpose of overthrowing the U.S. Fed. Govt. in a bloody revolution. We fear plans for a 'Fourth Reich' to be established on our home soil under the vise-like grip of oppression known as Scientology!"
- On January 7, 1999, the group joined with an international coalition of hackers to denounce a call to cyber-war against the governments of China and Iraq
- In February 2000, the group was the subject of an 11 minute documentary short titled "Disinformation".
- In February 2000, a member of the group by the code-name Mudge briefed President Bill Clinton on "Internet security".
- In 2003 the tool created by the group by the name of Six/Four System became the first product of a hacker group to receive approval from the United States Department of Commerce for export of strong encryption
- Member by the name of "Psychedelic Warlord" is congressman Beto O'Rourke, an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Texas's 16th congressional district from 2013 to 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, party's nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2018, candidate for the presidential nomination in 2020, and the party's nominee for the 2022 Texas gubernatorial election.
Do they have a political affiliation?
From the previous section we could at least assume that they sympathize with the USA Democratic party, they supported President Bill Clinton and claimed responsibility for doing serious harm to President Ronald Reagan, I could not find any information if the government opened an investigation about this allegation or not.
Their latest contribution?
Recently, they have developed an application framework by the name of Veilid, described as "like TOR" but for apps.
This application framework, if adopted by many developers will improve privacy by default for applications developed under that framework. The web site claim that it is open source
You can review the information and project at the web site: VEILID
In the Web site the group describe it as follows:
"Veilid allows anyone to build a distributed, private app. Veilid gives users the privacy to opt out of data collection and online tracking. Veilid is being built with user experience, privacy, and safety as our top priorities. It is open source and available to everyone to use and build upon."
"Veilid goes above and beyond existing privacy technologies and has the potential to completely change the way people use the Internet. Veilid has no profit motive, which puts us in a unique position to promote ideals without the compromise of capitalism."
Summary
Veilid seems to be exactly what is needed at the moment to bring privacy to the masses, even though TOR is doing a very good job and with the improved throughput its usage experience has improved, having a native privacy oriented FOSS application framework is paramount.
Most people is not technically savvy and therefore, not skilled in cyber security, they are constantly victims of cyber crime in many forms and shapes. eliminating one vector of attack by making the applications to opt out of data collection and online tracking from the get go is a step in the right direction, the question is, Would developers in general use the framework? Considering the ads will not be a possible source of income if the framework is used, well... Time will say...
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@ 35f3a26c:92ddf231
2024-11-05 22:15:17How disappointing to observe Bitcoiners still using mainly YouTube to distribute their own content or content of interest for the community...
It would be nice if more Bitcoiners , specially the ones with channels start sharing as well in Odysee or other platforms less centralized and totalitarian...
BTC
Bitcoin
Odysee
Nostr
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@ 35f3a26c:92ddf231
2024-11-05 22:14:02What is Bitaxe?
Bitaxe is an open source ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) Bitcoin miner that has been making waves in the cryptocurrency community. This innovative project aims to empower miners at every level with powerful, efficient, and low-cost mining solutions.
It is a fully open source ASIC Bitcoin miner developed by Skot9000, an advocate for open-source innovation in the Bitcoin space.
With all software and hardware specs available on GitHub, this project aims to provide miners with a transparent and accessible platform for Bitcoin mining.
https://image.nostr.build/db35c2a028e9f740181daabe2deef4e707653fa2d82f1602086e0ac4b5ee84fd.png
Pros
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Open Source: The Bitaxe is fully open source, allowing users to access and modify its source code, hardware designs, and build gerbers for PCB ordering.
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Low Cost: Bitaxe offers low-cost solutions for miners, making it an attractive option for those looking to enter the world of Bitcoin mining without breaking the bank.
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Efficient: The Bitaxe series is designed to be power-efficient, utilizing either the Bitmain BM1387 or BM1397 ASICs for SHA256 hashing.
Cons
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Technical Complexity: Being an open-source project, users are required to be technically savvy to set up and maintain the miner, which could pose challenges for those without experience.
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Bricking Potential: Like any complex technology, there is a risk of bricking (rendering the device unusable) the Bitaxe if not handled properly.
Summary
The Bitaxe represents an exciting development in the world of Bitcoin mining, offering a low cost, efficient, and open-source solution for miners. While it may present some challenges for users who are new to the technology or lack technical expertise, the potential benefits far outweigh these drawbacks. As the project continues to evolve and gain traction, we can expect to see further improvements in performance, accessibility, and innovation within the Bitcoin mining landscape.
Where can I get more information
Go to their Github page: https://github.com/skot/bitaxe
originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/659572
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@ 3c7dc2c5:805642a8
2024-11-05 22:04:51🧠Quote(s) of the week:
'If you made $500,000 per day, every single day since the Great Pyramids were built, you would have less than half of what the US Gov has borrowed since January 2024. Opt-out. Buy Bitcoin' -BitcoinTeddy
If Trump wins, you’re going to want to own Bitcoin. If Harris wins, you’re going to want to own Bitcoin.
🧡Bitcoin news🧡
Let me start this week's Weekly Recap with the upcoming election.
Whether Kamala Harris or Donald Trump wins the election, it doesn't matter. The only thing we know for sure will happen is that the debt (ceiling) will grow.
The scariest thing to happen on Halloween this year? The US Treasury added a mind-boggling $105 billion to the national debt in a single day on the 3rd of November, and the total now stands at $35.95 trillion.
So with the upcoming election, everything changes, but nothing changes. They all print, print, and print. Whoever is in charge, can not resist the urge to kick the can down the road and steal from future generations.
'There is no red. There is no blue. There is the State. And there is you.' - WalkerAmerika
If Trump wins, you’re going to want to own Bitcoin. If Harris wins, you’re going to want to own Bitcoin.
On the 29th of October:
➡️Bitcoin just reached a new ATH in the Shitcoin called Euro.
➡️3.161 BTC. That's the amount of Bitcoin that didn't end up in a Pool wallet today, or a Wall Street miners wallet, or an ETF. One out of 144 blocks mined today went to a sovereign individual who constructed his or her own block using their own node and hardware.
Zero middlemen... great thread. Worth your time: https://x.com/JStefanop1/status/1851080807747551476
Vires in Numerus!
➡️Florida's Chief Financial Officer urges the State Board of Administration to add BTC to the Florida Growth Fund. The states are coming, brace yourself.
➡️+$76m Bitcoin leveraged shorts got liquidated overnight. Rekt! Don't do leverage people!
➡️Dennis Porter and his team SatoshiActFund is doing God's work: "I can confirm that for the first time in US history, a Democrat lawmaker in a Democrat trifecta state will introduce legislation to defend the rights of Bitcoiners.
This is a key move that will redefine the political movement for Bitcoin for years to come. Bitcoin is in alignment with American values like freedom and equality. Americans from both sides of the aisle deeply understand the potential of Bitcoin to provide for a more prosperous future. As we enter the 2024 election, it is more important than ever that Bitcoin maintains its position as a non-partisan technology. For the USA to greatly benefit from Bitcoin, both sides must embrace the technology which is why the news of ‘Bitcoin Rights’ making its way through a deep blue state is so important. Extreme partisan rhetoric seeks to pit Americans against Americans. Neighbors against neighbors. Bitcoin is a tool that can bridge the political divide and unite our country. The future is bright when we pursue a world where Bitcoin is used as a tool for unity and peace. More news on this will continue as we enter 2025."
➡️Just last week, Charles Schwab gave MicroStrategy the worst possible equity ranking of F.
Meanwhile, MSTR is up nearly 20% in the last 5 trading days, and MicroStrategy is over $8.4 billion in profit on its Bitcoin position.
On the 30th of October:
➡️BlackRock’s Bitcoin ETF took in $599 million today as they bought 8820 Bitcoin. Madness
'BlackRock’s Bitcoin ETF has surpassed $30 billion in assets in record time. The fastest-growing ETF in history' -Bitcoin Magazine
➡️MicroStrategy announces intention to raise $21b of equity and $21b of convertible debt. One word: CONVICTION!
Saylor wants to buy $42 billion in BTC over the next 3 years. At current prices, that works out to ~577,160 BTC. Only ~492,750 BTC will be issued over the next 3 years. Hello, supply shock! You have no idea how high we are going.
➡️Other companies have lettuce hands:
Reddit sold the majority of its Bitcoin before BTC started pumping in October — SEC filing.
On the 31st of October:
➡️Massive net inflows this week, US Spot ETFs now hold over 1 million.
➡️MicroStrategy is now worth $4.8 Billion more than Coinbase.
Let that sink in: MicroStrategy is a company that changed from making software to buying BlTC0lN in 2020. They own 252,220 BlTC0lN worth $17 billion, which is 1% of all Bitcoin that will ever exist.
MicroStrategy's stock has gone up 1,500% since 1999, beating Microsoft's 1,460%.
Meanwhile, look what happened to Coinbase after they announced their stock buybacks instead of buying Bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset. Classic!
➡️US Treasury releases report on how stablecoins increase the demand for US debt.
On the 1st of November:
➡️'Bitcoin up 10% in October.
When September and Oct have been green, Bitcoin has continued going up for the rest of the year about 31% on average. That would push Bitcoin to $91,000 by the end of this year.' - Bitcoin Archive
➡️The Central Bank of Argentina (BCRA) began to artistically display Bitcoin miners and other mining machines today.
It is the first Central Bank in the world to do so.
We know that at least 5 countries are mining Bitcoin with government resources. El Salvador, Bhutan, UAU, Ethiopia and Argentina.
➡️Metaplanet has been the best-performing stock year to date in Japan. I wonder why!?
➡️ Bitcoin hash rate going absolutely ballistic. Bitcoin is by far the most secure decentralized Network on planet Earth.
➡️Short-term holders panicked as $BTC dropped below $70,000, and over $2 billion was sent to exchanges at a loss, the most since the Yen carry trade unwound when Bitcoin fell to $49K. Freaking lettuce hands.
➡️Strive Asset Management, co-founded by Vivek Ramaswamy, announces it’s embracing Bitcoin in Texas. Managing $1.7B, Strive reports a core part of its business moving forward will be “integrating Bitcoin into standard portfolios of everyday Americans.”
➡️Florida holds $800 million in crypto-related investments - Florida State CFO
On the 3rd of November:
➡️'Bitcoin always dumps right before the U.S. elections. But look at what happens next' -CryptoRover
As we have seen before. The Shake phase: Push up, shake out, break out.
➡️Cartwright, a multi-billion dollar UK pension fund, just announced a 3% Bitcoin allocation. As a percentage, this is 30x higher than the Wisconsin Pension Fund's allocation, and the largest allocation of any Sovereign Fund in the world so far.
Source: https://corporate-adviser.com/cartwright-calls-on-uk-institutional-investors-to-back-bitcoin/
➡️ Europe's largest telco Deutsche/T-mobile started mining Bitcoin using surplus renewable energy! The move monetizes surplus renewable energy and helps stabilize the grid.
The convergence of energy, finance, and Bitcoin, once a theory, is now starting to play out.
Patrick Hansen: "If successful at scale, it could be a game changer for Germany's energy transition and serve as an alternative to energy storage or the conversion of excess energy to gas (both in their early days and not without their challenges).
In 2024, renewable sources accounted for around 65% of Germany's electricity generation. Challenges with surplus energy have led to negative electricity prices at times, even requiring Germany to pay other countries for excess power.
This is not a small actor chasing a headline. Deutsche Telekom is the largest telecom provider in Europe with a 40% market share in mobile services in Germany. Deutsche Telekom has been running various validator nodes for other proof-of-stake networks, and a bitcoin node for quite a while too."
On the 4th of November:
➡️$725 billion Bernstein predicts Bitcoin to hit $200,000 by 2025, regardless of the US election outcome.
➡️State of Michigan pension fund still HODLs its $7 million in Bitcoin ETFs, SEC filing reveals
💸Traditional Finance / Macro:
On the 30th of October:
👉🏽 Charlie Bilello: "1. Stocks: all-time high 2. Home Prices: all-time high 3. Gold: all-time high 4. Bitcoin: all-time high 5. National Debt: all-time high 6. Core CPI Inflation: >3% for 41 straight months, the longest period of high inflation since the early 1990s 7. Fed: cutting rates again next week"
On the 1st of November:
👉🏽Market wiped out almost $1 TRILLION from US stocks.
On the 2nd of November:
👉🏽Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway now holds a record $325.2 BILLION of cash. This cash balance alone is larger than the market cap of all but 27 public companies in the world.
🏦Banks:
On the 28th of October:
👉🏽More like $2.5 trillion worth of toxic CLO products + U.S. Treasuries that are deeply underwater.
Financelot on the 25th of October: 'The Federal Reserve's emergency BTFP dropped by $7 billion this week, with only $59 billion remaining. In 5 weeks BTFP will be $0, pulling all remaining emergency liquidity away from struggling banks. Thus completing the Federal Reserve's rug pull on the financial system.
🌎Macro/Geopolitics:
On the 28th of October:
👉🏽 'Market Interest Rates are surging as inflation expected to skyrocket again!' 'The US 10-year yield is at 4.29%... 1968 all over again where no one wants to buy U.S. Treasuries. Interest rates are about to double to 9%' - Financelot
Something to consider is the shift in de bond market. Investors are selling off long-term bonds in favor of equities or other riskier investments, resulting in bond prices falling, and yields rising. If we are going to reach that 9%, personally I don't think so. At the moment inflation isn't as extreme + the debt is way too big to let inflation run high just like in the 60's and the 70's.
👉🏽 Last week I shared how German car manufacturer Volkswagen is for the first time in its 87-year history planning to close production sites in its home market. They will close 3 manufacturing plants in the upcoming months.
'The number of state workers in Germany is going up, but with accelerating deindustrialization, the unemployment rate is also going up and reached 6%. However, 6% do not include 5,5 Million long-term unemployed on welfare payments, true unemployment rate is 18%.'
Now let's dive into the numbers. Arbeitslosenquote is 6% with ~2.79 Million people. Then you have 5.5 million people ALG II or Bürgergeld you are not in the unemployment statistics. Implied with 6% is a workforce of 46.5 Million people. Add 5.5 long term unemployed people -> 52M -> (2.79+5.5)/52 =~15.9%. Not quite the 18% as stated by Michael A. Arouret, but still quite high.
On the 29th of October:
👉🏽'The market is getting even more concentrated:
The market cap of the largest US stock is now ~750 TIMES larger than the 75th percentile stock, near the most since 1932. Over the last 8 years, this difference has TRIPLED. Furthermore, the market is currently even more concentrated than it was during the 2000 Dot-com bubble. As seen below, the largest US stock in 2000 peaked at ~6000 TIMES larger than the 75th percentile stock. The only other time that current levels of market concentration were seen was during the Great Depression.'-TKL
👉🏽'Another day, another record high for gold which is up $225 since the Fed rate cut a month ago, and just $225 away from $3000. It is also up 11 of the past 14 days.' -ZeroHedge
👉🏽Jeroen Blokland: "Many assets, including (quality) stocks, physical gold, and Bitcoin are flying this month. But not bonds! Global Government Bonds (hedged, EUR) are down nearly 2% this month, increasing this year's loss. And this is without taking inflation into account. Should you have stuck (again) to the outdated 60-40 portfolio (60% equities, 40% bonds) narrative, or something similar, your relative decline in purchasing power to investors that got rid of bonds and bought scarce assets (like gold and Bitcoin) is (again) massive! What is left to argue against diversifying beyond equities and bonds?"
Just to elaborate on the above:
👉🏽China is working on a $1.6 TRILLION debt stimulus to boost the economy - Reuters
👉🏽The US Treasury: 'We expect to buy up to $30BLN in off-the-fun securities for liquidity support.'
Something's brewing. Print money to buy your own debt. Like using your credit card to pay the same credit card bill. And that something is: FED REVERSE REPO USE FALLS TO $155B FOR FIRST TIME SINCE 2021 Down $46BN overnight. Market about to find out what real tightening is. Normally when this money market fund liquidity leaves RRP it goes into U.S. Treasuries, driving yields down. Instead, the U.S. 10-year yield rocketed to 4.365% this week.
On the 31st of October:
The pound is falling - the biggest fall in more than 18 months. On top of that:
👉🏽"Average 5-year yield since 2020 2.0%. But if you were lucky enough to buy a 5-year bond 5 years ago and kept it to maturity, your yield = return would have been 0.50%. Average inflation since 2020: 4.6%. In the case of the bond bought 5 years ago and keeping it to maturity, the cumulative inflation drag is 24%! Any bond decision in the past 5 to 10 years will result in the same result: a negative real return.' -Jeroen Blokland
On the 1st of November:
👉🏽'The US economy adds 12,000 jobs in October, BELOW expectations of 106,000. The unemployment rate was 4.1%, in line with expectations of 4.1%. This marks the lowest number of US jobs added since July 2021.
Again a DISASTROUS jobs report. And the prior two months' job gains have been REVISED DOWN BY 112,000. Manufacturing jobs loss: 46,000. Manufacturing jobs have declined in 4 out of the last 5 months by a total of 88,000.
👉🏽 'Despite talks of de-dollarisation, America remains (by far) the world's financial hegemon • US stock exchanges capture more than half of global free-float market capitalization. (hence overvalued) • US share of global stockmarket is 2.3 times its share of global GDP — the highest-ever ratio' - Agathe Demarais
On the 3rd of October:
👉🏽Germany will have the second-lowest public investment ratio of all EU countries in 2025 (EU Commission forecast).
Shouldn't addressing the underinvestment problem be of higher priority for finance minister Lindner than cutting taxes for corporations and high-income earners? Unfortunately, the Netherlands isn't far off either. The common problem of the EU is insufficient investment.
👉🏽'Federal government spending spiked 9.7% in Q3 2024 from the previous quarter, marking the largest jump since Q1 2021.
This was driven by a 14.9% jump in defense expenditures, the largest jump in 21 years. Since 2020, government expenditures have risen 30% and hit a new record of $5.04 trillion. Federal spending has been one of the largest contributors to GDP growth over the last 2 years.
The government has now contributed to economic growth for 9 consecutive quarters, with Q3 posting the largest addition over the past year. Government spending is at crisis levels.' -TKL
🎁If you have made it this far I would like to give you a little gift:
Lyn Alden's October public newsletter is available now:
https://lynalden.com/october-2024-newsletter/…
It discusses four macro catalysts that she will be monitoring in the year or so ahead.
Four Major Macro Catalysts to Watch: 1. U.S. Election (Late 2024) 2. Debt Ceiling (Early 2025) 3. Expiring Tax Cuts (End of 2025) 4. Bank Lending Trends
Great read!
Credit: I have used multiple sources!
My savings account: Bitcoin.
The tool I recommend for setting up a Bitcoin savings plan: @Relai 🇨🇭 especially suited for beginners or people who want to invest in Bitcoin with an automated investment plan once a week or monthly. (Please only use it till the 31st of October - after that full KYC)
Hence a DCA, Dollar cost Average Strategy. Check out my tutorial post (Instagram) & video (YouTube) for more info.⠀⠀⠀ ⠀
Get your Bitcoin out of exchanges. Save them on a hardware wallet, run your own node...be your own bank. Not your keys, not your coins. It's that simple.⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀
Do you think this post is helpful to you? If so, please share it and support my work with a zap.
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⭐ Many thanks⭐
Felipe - Bitcoin Friday!
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@ 35f3a26c:92ddf231
2024-11-05 22:01:59What is BOLT12
Bitcoin Lightning Network protocol BOLT12 is a proposed upgrade to the existing BOLT11 protocol, designed to enable re-usable payment requests, increased receiver privacy, and better censorship resistance.
Background:
BOLT11 was the previous version of the protocol, which has been widely used since its inception. . BOLT12 aims to address some of the shortcomings of BOLT11 and provide a more streamlined experience for users.
Current Adoption:
While BOLT12 is still in the development phase, there have been some early adopters and testers who have already implemented the new protocol:
- Phoenix Wallet
https://image.nostr.build/fd798202b6f6d7ad4e462eb5456e458a1b88b6fd882c472c3230eed378beab63.png
From version 2.3.1 (Jul 3, 2024), Phoenix Wallet has introduced support for BOLT12, a Lightning Network specification that aims to improve payment requests and receiver privacy. Offers are the Lightning equivalent to a Bitcoin address: it's a reusable, static payment request that can be used for donation use cases, or to easily pay/get paid by your friends. Since BOLT12 is not yet well supported, Phoenix keep displaying a BOLT11 invoice by default.
From version 2.3.3 (Jul 11, 2024) the wallet supports paying BIP353 DNS addresses. It allows users to have a user@domain email-like handle, which are much easier to share with friends or on social networks than a BOLT12 offer
This wallet uses very innovative features and is, IMO, best in class of all the non custodial Lighting Network wallets, from the ones new to the technology to the most advanced.
I always run the “mass adoption test” with a small sample of my family and friends that are not tech savvy and this wallet passed with flying colors, after the installation and without my assistance they managed to use the wallet to receive and send sats.
- Zeus Wallet
https://image.nostr.build/6e8b176dec133a1b412467dee0074bf14b7e8e8ce38cbaf5ca13eee2754bb48f.png
ZEUS Wallet is a mobile Bitcoin wallet and * node management * app that offers full functionalities of a Bitcoin Lightning wallet. It enables users to make Bitcoin payments and manage their Lightning nodes from their mobile device
This wallet does not pass the “mass adoption test” , the test users were not comfortable with the user interface neither understood most of the settings.
For the advance users that manage their own nodes, this mobile wallet is best in class.
Adoption summary: The widespread adoption is still awaited, as many users and merchants are yet to upgrade to the new protocol.
PROS & CONS
https://image.nostr.build/db35c2a028e9f740181daabe2deef4e707653fa2d82f1602086e0ac4b5ee84fd.png
Pros:
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Re-usable payment requests
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Increased receiver privacy
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Better censorship resistance
Cons:
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Complexity of implementation
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Compatibility with older nodes and applications which could lead fragmentation
Next Steps:
Many developers are working to improve and implement the protocol ensuring a smooth transition. As the protocol is refined and tested, it is expected to become more widely adopted.
Here the web addresses of few projects actively working on BOLT12:
- https://ocean.xyz/
- https://zeusln.com/
- https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/pull/1551/files
- https://twelve.cash/
- https://clams.tech/
- https://www.roygbiv.guide/
- https://www.ridethelightning.info/
- https://github.com/gudnuf/bolt12-covenant-zapper
- https://lampo.devcrew.cc/
- https://github.com/urza/payto
- https://strike.me/blog/bolt12-playground/ 12, https://phoenix.acinq.co/
- https://apps.apple.com/us/app/plasma-core-lightning-wallet/id6468914352
- https://satsto.me/
- https://dplus.plus/offer
- https://x.com/eltordev
For updates, specs or to get involved with BOLT12, bookmark the main website:
https://www.bolt12.org
What are your thoughts about BOLT12?
Did I missed any wallet that has implemented it already?
Which one is your favorite wallet, custodial or non custodial, supporting BIP353 DNS addresses?
originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/735926
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@ 35f3a26c:92ddf231
2024-11-05 21:58:09What is a Bitcoin spot ETF?
Is an asset that tracks the price of Bitcoin.
Why is it considered a game changer?
Institutional investors and wealthy individuals, using large investment firms like Blackrock, Fidelity or Ark among others, will be able to acquire the asset with low risk, since these investment firms are highly regulated. These investors have above 15 trillion dollars invested in these large firms and therefore, it is expected that these firms will allocate at least 1% of their portfolios to it. That will be mean a minimum of $150 billions into Bitcoin, which is remarkable considering the current market cap of the asset is currently $570 billion.
An injection of minimum $150 billions translates in a huge demand for Bitcoin with massive potential for price appreciation.
Current mayor players
Until now, very few large institutions have acquired Bitcoin, examples are Tesla Inc (Nasdaq: TSLA) and Microstrategy (Nasdaq: MSTR), which wrote a document labeled "A summary of some of the key considerations for corporations to keep in mind when investing in bitcoin". The link to the document:
https://www.microstrategy.com/en/bitcoin/documents/key-considerations-for-corporate-investment-in-bitcoin
Let's check the math
Amount of Bitcoins mined per day:
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Bitcoins mined per block: 6.25
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Time in minutes to mine one block (approx): 10
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Minutes in one day: 1440
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Blocks mined per day: 144 -> (1440 / 10 = 144)
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Bitcoins mined per day: 900 -> ( 144 x 6.25 = 900)
After the halving, since the Bitcoins mined per block will be reduced to 3.125, we will only have 450 mined per day.
*Bitcoins available for trading*:
- Around 4 million across exchanges
- 900 per day injected in the market
Assumptions
- Miners are selling all 900 freshly mined Bitcoins
- Financial institutions will allocate at least 1% of their portfolio into Bitcoin
Assuming Miners sell all 900 every day (which is worst case scenario), this means, that in order for the price of Bitcoin to keep the current price (around $29.4K as I write this article), $26.5 millions are needed in the market to buy those 900 fresh mined every day, $795 million per month, $9.54 billion per year.
Projections in price appreciation
Bear in mind that the projection can't be linear since there are many additional variables to factor in, specially qualitative non quantifiable ones as potential financial crisis, absurd regulations, more ETF delays, governments corruption, wars, pandemics, etc...
In terms of price appreciation, a 15X is plausible, which would rocket the price of Bitcoin to around $441K as soon as the $150 billion are deployed to acquire it.
Now, consider that this is worst case scenario and valid only until the end of this halving (the amount of mined Bitcoin per day will be reduced by half after it), next one is around the end of April 2024.
What happens with the numbers after the Halving?
After the halving, with the current amount of financial energy injected into Bitcoin ($26.5 million), the price would potentially double to around $58.8K, and if 1% of the investment companies applying for an ETF is injected, the math take the potential price of Bitcoin to $882K as soon as that 1% is deployed.
Time frame for price appreciation?
Unknown, but I would assume before the end of 2024, Why? Because the ETFs are being yet again delayed for Blackrock and Fidelity until December 2023 by the SEC (Security Exchange Commission) in USA.
But USA is not the only country where large Investment Companies are applying for ETFs, it is true that the two largest ones are in USA, but there are many more that combined across the world would add up to a massive additional amount of capital injected into Bitcoin.
The first ETF to go public will be in Europe
Jacobi Asset Management, issuer of an equity structure for digital assets in Europe with the first Bitcoin ETF, with a total portfolio of approx. $4.8 billion. Assuming 1% (worst scenario) of its portfolio will be deployed into Bitcoin, additional $48 million would be injected. The launch of this ETF was "July 2023", I will assume this capital will be injected between August and December 2023.
Professional investors can already let them know of their interest in their web site:
https://jacobiam.com/jacobi-ft-wilshire-bitcoin-etf/
Long term impact?
We can divide the long term impact into two arenas:
- Asset appreciation
- Attempts to control the asset
Long terms asset appreciation
As explained before, the more capital is deployed into the asset, and the more time passes, the more valuable and scarce it becomes (one halving every 4 years) and therefore, Bitcoin will continue to appreciate over time by "a lot".
Extrapolate the financial institutions portfolio investment to 5% of 15 trillion dollars, then to 10% and so on. Considering that Bitcoin is the best asset in terms of appreciation of the last 10 years, it is plausible that institutional investors will be eager to put more than 1% of their portfolios into Bitcoin, I would assume that 5% for the most conservative and 20% for the most aggressive will be logical.
You do the math, you will get numbers that will explain why so many financial analyst come with such a high numbers in their predictions of the future price of Bitcoin.
Attempts to control the asset in the long term
Recently I read a post from Chris Blec in X, his post was quite interesting, it reads "Pfizer convinced billions of people to inject a mysterious chemical into their body multiple times but you don't think Blackrock can convince normies that their fork is the real Bitcoin?"
A provocative post which opens the door for debate, one that I am certain is being discussed for years already close doors among the Bitcoin community.
Potential Attack vectors
- Forking Bitcoin into POS: Blackrock or a union of Investment corporations could influence with their resources some key developers and miners to fork Bitcoin into a PoS (Proof of Stake) chain, basically centralizing and controlling Bitcoin. A fork creates a new chain and the users will decide which chain is Bitcoin, users decide by changing their Node into the new chain or not, one Node, one Vote.
- Forking Bitcoin to reduce the block time to 1 minute: With the excuse to reduce the validation transaction time. This will imply many changes that will lead to mining 9000 per day instead of the 900 as of today, reducing the scarcity by increasing the offer and therefore reducing the price
- Forking Bitcoin to increase the block size: This was attempted before, Jonathan Bier in his book The Blocksize War: The battle over who controls Bitcoin’s protocol rules does a decent job explaining the depths of the attack. But in summary leads to centralization of control of the network
Countermeasures
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Education: In my opinion, education is key, those investment funds manage money from wealthy investors, if those investors understand the ethos of Bitcoin and why the asset is so scarce and valuable, they will fight back together with the individual investors for those changes not to be pedaled into the chain. At the end, greed is a very strong motivator and Satoshi understood that perfectly and therefore it is accounted for in the design.
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Awareness: A considerable percentage of the Bitcoin investors are well informed and therefore, fear can't be use as a trigger, as it was the case of the pharmaceuticals and their experimental drugs, the investment companies could use their resources to create campaigns pushing their narrative, but the community will see through that and counter it in the social networks quite fast, in my opinion, in the age of information, the legacy MSM (Main Stream Media) can't easily steer the Bitcoin ecosystem opinion as they could have done with the population up to the 90s, now is a real challenge for them. Proof of that is that they have been fighting Bitcoin with everything they got until now. They short it, talk trash it as much as they could in the legacy MSM, call it rat poison, stated that it will go to zero (while secretly buying it...) and after all that, now they are lining up to buy it and speaking highly of the asset.
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Run your own Node: Bitcoin has endured 14 years of attacks and survived thanks to the community and investors, we need to stay vigilant and protect it, run at least one Node at home, remember, one Node, one Vote.
Can you think of additional countermeasures?
originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/226279
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@ fd78c37f:a0ec0833
2024-11-05 21:04:21Author: Taryn Christiansen @ DoraHacks
Abstract
This article discusses the Fifth Estate and how Elon Musk’s ideas about free speech will affect crypto and the potential for network states if the Trump administration enters office.
Over the past decade, legacy media has become increasingly less influential in how people consume information. Besides those who remain obsequious to the two political parties and their respective information engines like CNN and Fox News, people have grown suspicious of any information relayed from those institutions, which is unfortunate. Not because what they distribute as information is, in fact, faithful to the truth and that people are confused, but because these institutions do at times appear to be in service to interests that do not uphold democratic norms and virtues that are necessary for a democracy’s well-being. And the worst part is that they are unwilling to admit it. It’s one thing for a business model to revolve around certain biases geared toward specific outcomes; it is another to do so and act as if one is an exemplar of journalistic integrity and a torch bearer of truth. This kind of hypocritical behavior exacerbates people’s skepticism and often leads to an excess of distrust, resulting in a complete collapse of faith in a country’s institutions. And one thing is certain: trust in one’s institutions and the belief that they act in good faith are essential to democracy. To take a current and relevant example, a complete distrust in the voting process means a democracy’s collapse. If individuals believe that the voting process they participate in is rigged and that the results are misaligned with the truth, with what people envision for the future of their country, democracy will not last long. The people will not identify with those who lead the country; they will see an administration that has unjustly stolen power and who is, therefore, against democracy. Whether or not such distrust is appropriate within the United States today is not the point here. The fact is that people do distrust the voting process, and that’s a problem.
There are institutions, then, that have to be maintained for a democracy to work. Institutions that distribute information is an example of this. Now, one reason for the current distrust in legacy media has been the inception of what is called the Fifth Estate. The notion of an ‘estate’ is derived from what has been historically referred to as the chief sources of power within a state. In the past, European societies were conceived of having three domains of power: the clergy, who controlled the religious institutions that dominated the West for centuries; the aristocracy, who owned land and status; and the people, which consisted of peasants and merchants. After the invention of the printing press, where information could be widely disseminated, and literacy rates amongst the general population grew, the press and news media arose as a fourth estate, which obtained an additional foothold in power within society. These four estates have been the traditional domains of power that control and operate a society’s institutions.
Of course, the degree of power each estate holds in competition with the others has historically shifted. The rise of news media disrupted the hierarchy of power maintained throughout the Middle Ages and up to the Enlightenment, with the Catholic Church having increasingly less influence over society. And the Fifth Estate poses the potential for another shift in power. But what is the Fifth Estate?
The Fifth Estate is made possible by the internet and consists of the prevalence of non-legacy and independent reporters, journalists, and media sources. Podcasts are an excellent example of this, especially the ones that title themselves distributors of information regarding politics, technology, and socio-cultural events. But the archetypal example is social media. On platforms like X and Facebook, communication can be held between anyone, and the power to share and promote one’s opinion is made available to everyone, regardless of whether one has a position of power. The Fifth Estate has decentralized and democratized much of what legacy media was first purposed to do, influencing the growing distrust amongst the people toward their institutions. In the 20th century, the United States committed acts abroad like the Gulf of Tonkin in the Vietnam War, supported coups that removed democratically elected leaders in foreign countries, and the Iran-contra affair, which demonstrated that the United States was not the Western hero across the globe it presented itself as. It was prone to the same corruptive blunders and self-interested behaviors that it accused its enemies of; it was just good at concealing it from the public. However, as technology advanced and power became redistributed by the internet, these kinds of occurrences, which previously were not common knowledge, came to the forefront of American consciousness. America could no longer maintain its moral mythos, and a great disillusionment occurred.
While this kind of transparency provided by the Fifth Estate is generally good because, presumptively, the truth is good, its decentralized and open-access nature can also cause problems. The other estates possess a more robust institutional infrastructure and are easier to regulate and hold responsible when they err. However, in the case of social media, how to regulate this space is more nuanced due to its unprecedented nature. For instance, people have a First Amendment right to free speech in the United States, so deplatforming those who may share bad or false information on these platforms, at least prima facie, violates their rights. On the other hand, as many argue, the First Amendment does not entitle one to promote their false and potentially harmful speech, and therefore, should not be provided a space to express their opinions. But who decides what is good and bad information? The government? The companies that own these platforms? How will it be ensured that everyone acts in good faith and for the best interest of all? Should private companies really have the power to control a platform that has recently become a direct line of communication between the people and their representatives? Or are people capable of differentiating this information for themselves? The questions are endless and complicated and involve interminable controversy because of the diverse viewpoints within the country. Left-leaning folks tend to want safer, more regulated platforms for speech. People who lean more right on the issue tend to argue for a marketplace of ideas, where better speech will out-compete the worse. And there are many more opinions in between.
Although the diversity of opinion within these novel issues is not bad in itself but can typically be good, the fall of legacy media can aggravate the degree of separation between the various sides of a given issue, leading to an excess of unshared presuppositions. Suppose no institution helps shape a shared perspective. In that case, there are less common and continuous assumptions that people view the world through and use to resolve and make compromises in collective decision-making. It becomes a network with increasingly discontinuous nodes, which are then unable to feedback to one another due to the loss of direct communication and the need to relate by more remote and irrelevant pathways. This slowly shuts off one’s ability to understand and sympathize with another person’s unfamiliar beliefs. That’s not to say it’s better to have one institution over a plurality within one domain, but having one that provides a foundation within a domain, one that’s general but cohesive enough to facilitate civil discourse on disagreements, is helpful. So, although legacy media certainly doesn’t fulfill this role anymore, if it ever did, something that would help deal with the excess of diversity within podcasts, journalism, and news media is beneficial for a collective. There needs to be a healthy balance between the two.
Whatever the best and most rational solutions to these problems are, the upcoming election presents a potential route some of these may go. Former president Donald Trump has recently gained the support of Elon Musk, and, as is widely known, Musk claims to be both a free-speech absolutist and a strong advocate of deregulation. With Trump publicly expressing that he will give Musk a role in his administration, it stands to reason that Musk’s views will have an impact on policy and may potentially influence what role the Fifth Estate plays in society, especially regarding social media, being that he is the majority shareholder of X. With a hand in both government and the Fifth Estate, his political ideas will likely be pivotal in how the United States’ future unfolds if the Trump administration enters into office. The rest of the article will be concerned with locating some potentialities that may arise from this. The first is that, since Trump has espoused a pro-crypto view, and because Musk and Trump are both for deregulation, it seems likely that if Gary Gensler decides, or is forced, to step down from the SEC chair, there may be inroads toward some crypto endeavors being seen as a matter of free speech due to ‘code is speech’ precedent. The second is that, if this is the case, some of the motivation regarding network states may be lost, and pursuing this project can become less pertinent in terms of its initial goals, like technological advancement in a more unregulated space.
Musk bought Twitter in 2022 because he believed it to be a stand for free speech, which he saw as under threat due to what he often refers to as the ‘woke mind virus.’ Whatever the specific political beliefs this virus supposedly holds, Musk sees it as silencing opposing views by enforcing certain social virtues that should outweigh considerations of free discussion, speech, and inquiry. In short, he believes this virus is a potential threat to truth, which perhaps should be the principal value of a free, democratic, liberal society. With the publication of the Twitter files, there is compiling evidence that the government pressured social media platforms to adhere to a set of ideological standards during the 2016 election and the pandemic that amounted to the de-platforming of individuals, the suppression of dissenting opinions, and, ultimately, governmental control of these novel information sources. By purchasing Twitter, Musk’s purported aim is to establish a public town square for a free exchange of ideas that is decentralized and impervious to control by the state. This expresses Musk’s belief in less regulation, especially regarding matters of free speech.
Now, because Musk is a controversial figure, many have an immediate suspicion about his claims. However, Jack Dorsey, the founder of Twitter, shares similar concerns. It is simply a fact that government sectors attempted to interfere with and regulate social media. Dorsey has expressed his worries about this, saying that social media should resist centralized control. Whether Musk or Dorsey are correct, the question of if and how social media should be regulated is something society has to wrestle with, and their opinions have good reasons to support their positions. But others have good reasons for their positions, too. People like Sam Harris and Jonathan Haidt are examples of opposing views on this. Harris says in a podcast, "I think social media has been the technology that has deranged us ... We have effectively been enrolled in a psychological experiment to which no one gave consent ... It's just been terrible. I just think it's been bad for society in almost every respect." Harris and Haidt may not necessarily advocate for direct governmental intervention in social media, but they certainly don’t hold the town square view like Musk. They believe social media produces too few beneficial consequences for it to be held in such high esteem. Whatever the solution is, real proposals to this problem will be pivotal in how the future plays out.
Before discussing how Musk’s involvement in the Trump administration may affect crypto in light of what has been stated above, as well as how this impacts the standing of network states, it’s important to flag the more philosophical nature of this question by distinguishing between a moral argument for free speech, and a legal one. Whereas a legal claim about free speech expresses a descriptive argument, which amounts to saying that, according to a system of laws that is comprised of specific legal facts, other facts follow, a moral claim about free speech says something about how free speech should be implemented within a society, which is normative. In other words, a moral claim not only says that certain facts about free speech exist, where those facts can be either socially constructed or be part of some natural order, but also that those facts are good and that society should adhere to, and its members' action should be guided by, those facts about free speech. That is, a moral claim provides further, more robust reasons that extend outside of the law for what a society should do about free speech, which also points to certain ends expressed by the underlying principles that inform the claim being made. It’s important to distinguish these two ways free speech can be justified because conflating them produces confusion that tends to cause people to talk past one another in discussions about free speech, which obstructs potential progress in how people conceive of technological progress and the actual progress itself.
So, regarding morality, what principle(s) justifies Musk’s position on this issue? For instance, does he mean absolute free speech will produce the best consequences within society, or for individuals? Or does he mean that absolute free speech respects people’s fundamental rights, independent of the consequences? A lasting contribution to the former approach comes from John Stuart Mill, who believed that free speech is the best way to get nearer to the truth by individuals challenging one another’s opinions and beliefs, which will also psychologically revitalize truth in the minds of those within the society. Free speech promotes a lively and truth-seeking population. While he believed in a limit to free speech, such as a prohibition on outright calls to violence - and I assume Musk does as well, otherwise his position is somewhat untenable in a liberal democracy - Mill did believe that both of these produced highly valuable consequences. By constant exposure to a diversity of thought and evidence for differing opinions; by not being able to take one’s views for granted, and by having to reconsider one’s position because other members of society are free to express their disagreements, the best consequences for society may be produced. A contemporary and famous proponent of this today is Joe Rogan, who has reaffirmed his position in many of his podcasts, saying that bad speech, which means speech that spreads false information, should be beaten by better speech that is aligned with truth. The state and society should not regulate speech but properly promote it by allowing individuals to express themselves freely.
But there are objections to this. Does a perpetual heightening of the quantity of speech mean that truth will somehow reveal itself? Doesn’t quality also matter, which means there should be mechanisms at play that promote ideal civil norms in rational discourse, ones that delegitimize some forms of speech? Or, more fundamentally, what is our relationship to the truth, and does absolute free speech actually present a route to it? Maybe, but it’s not obvious. Because the principle under discussion concerns consequences, an objection that claims worse consequences will ensue is a creditable counter. And if a society implements absolute free speech, whatever that precisely means, and it results in a complete distrust of one’s democratic institutions, and the society collapses, it’s not clear that free speech was actually a good in service to the group; it led to its demise.
On the other hand, Musk may mean something like rights rather than consequences. It is a fundamental right of human beings, one that respects their basic and deserved dignity, to be able to speak freely and publicly without governmental suppression. Again, this is plausible. But how far does one’s right to free speech go? Are there other rights that may outweigh it under certain conditions? These are complicated questions, and the aim is not to propose definite answers but to cast light on what may be meant when the First Amendment, and free speech more generally, is invoked because justifications about its applications can be unclear. For example, if Musk's definition of free speech merely refers to the Constitution and the First Amendment, then his claim is merely legal and not moral. This would be perfectly legitimate, and in regard to claiming free speech is a justification for crypto, this would amount to saying that the First Amendment protections extend to the technology. But that would also mean his pejorative ‘woke mind virus,’ which, when expressed, tends to have moral undertones, plays no role in any seriously proposed argument for free speech. He would always be making a legal point. But when he speaks about the issue, it seems he’s making the further claim that, as a society, we should adhere to the Constitution, which would suggest reasons for why the document possesses normative value independent of its legal worth. Given his seriousness when discussing these topics, his willingness to spend billions of dollars on a company, his commitment to developing it, and doing so for the sake of a purported principle, it’s safe to think those reasons are moral.
Nevertheless, whether he means explicitly something legal, moral, or both doesn’t necessarily make a difference in whether attempts will be made to lessen or clarify crypto’s regulation. Because Musk and Trump are both advocating for deregulation, and because crypto is often conceived by its communities as technology purposed toward decentralization, and therefore, in principle, lessens the need for governmental regulation, it stands to reason that crypto will be given more space to advance as a technology. And because Musk and Trump are taking a deregulating approach toward crypto, recent articles suggest that the Trump administration may pick Hester Peirce as Gary Gensler’s replacement as SEC chairperson. Given her libertarian leanings and statements about these issues, the First Amendment may substantially affect how crypto will be handled under Trump if she's picked. Sage D. Young writes in an article in January from Unchained that “Pierce finds the idea of government imposing a regime where developers must seek permission to write code ‘terrifying.’” And at an SEC oversight hearing in September, Peirce stated, "[The SEC has] fallen down on our duty as a regulator not to be precise.” Her general position seems to be that it should be up to consumers and developers to ultimately decide crypto’s future, and not regulators, expressing concerns about government stifling innovation and technological advancement.
Whether Peirce is picked or not, it’s clear that the Trump administration is looking for someone with these kinds of policy positions. Other regulatory agencies like the CFTC will also impact this, but as many within the crypto community will celebrate, with Gary Gensler removed, further steps can be taken to develop the technology. And legal precedents like ‘code is speech’ provide a legal avenue to argue that the First Amendment should protect crypto. Peter Van Valkenburgh, the research director at Coin Center, offers an extensive argument for why electronic cash and digital exchange should be protected under free speech laws and why they should also protected under the Fourth Amendment as well.
Interestingly, in that article, Valkenburgh also makes a moral argument that makes the claim that interprets the ends of political rights as autonomy and human dignity, which should be seen as expanding on his legal claims. Whether that further claim is correct or not, he believes there are plenty of legal precedents to argue that crypto is protected under the Constitution, especially if the technology is interpreted as expressing political and social ideas, which makes regulating it appear as suppressing free expression. Of course, there is substantial disagreement about this, and it’s not clear whose right about the issue. However, a Trump administration would make a pro-crypto legal interpretation more likely to obtain.
Now, lastly, in several previous articles posted on the Dora Research Blog, much attention was paid to network states and their development as a theory. Trump’s policy position on crypto affects this as well. It was stated above that an anti-regulatory stance on crypto impacts some of the initial motivation behind network states and, as many of Balaji’s examples of one-commandments for network states in his book would suggest, a Trump administration would address those issues and perhaps satisfy the desire for new states outside of nation-states, causing network states to lose salience. Not entirely, of course, but at least on the technology front. And if so, then it will be interesting to see how the ideas around network states interact with the potential for a more unregulated space in blockchain technology. For instance, one of the aims of network states is to present a one-premise critique of preexisting nation-states that will be used to create a network state. Any critique directed toward the obstruction of technological advancement may be resolved, and efforts can be made toward advancing the technology for preexisting nation-states rather than trying to do so in a new, independent state.
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@ 0e501ec7:de5ef3a4
2024-11-05 19:26:51Vandaag stonden we op tussen de monocultuurwoestijnen, beschut door een smalle Sleedoornhaag. Onze schoenen hadden een vaag gele schijn gekregen van de wandeling in het donker gisteren, en we wisten niet of het landbouwvergif of pollen was. We stonden op met het licht, om 7. Het was koud en vochtig, de fietsen waren nat. We fietsten, met fluohes. We fietsten en we fietsten. Tim wou graag de militaire kerkhoven bezoeken, en de info lezen. Ik volgde hem. We fietsten verder, ik nam foto's. Ik nam foto's van agrifabrieken, en kerken. Ze lijken op elkaar, soms. Tegen de middag hielden we halt, ik had honger, voor het normaal middaguur. Dat zorgde even voor een akkefietje, niets groots. We bezochten ook in de namiddag eerstewereldoorlogkerkhoven, frans, duits, italiaans, van de vs. ik vroeg Tim wat hij zo interessant vond aan de oorlog, hij verdedigde zichzelf, ik probeerde duidelijk te maken dat dat niet nodig was. Mijn schrijfsels lopen nogal door elkaar vandaag (30/10). Beter dan niets, ik krijg het toch niet geordend. Wat is er zo leuk aan schrijven? Ik vind het wel ontspannend. Vandaag was ik triest over de supermarkt, de lege dorpen, de lege monocultuur velden, het verdwenen landschap, het verdwenen leven.
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@ 0e501ec7:de5ef3a4
2024-11-05 19:19:12Vandaag vertrokken we uit Parijs. Ik ben blij terug op het ritme van mijn lichaam en het licht te kunnen leven, ipv laat op te blijven in de stedelijke drukte en socialiteit. Het was fijn in Parijs, eerst was ik heel overprikkeld, zo groot die stad, zo veel mensen! Onvoorsteldbaar. En moe, maar dat komt ook van te gast te zijn bij onbekende mensen denk ik. Ik moet altijd eerst een paar dagen acclimatiseren, een houding vinden. Ze waren wel heel vriendelijk en gastvrij, die familie van Tim, ik ben hun echt dankbaar dat we bij hun konden blijven.
Maar Parijs is wel een mooie stad. Uiteindelijk zag ik, niet geheel gewenst, toch wat toeristische dingetjes (ik moest het eifeltorenplein oasseren onderweg naar het bos om in te wandelen, en op weg naar het museum passeerden we nog wat bekende pleinen en het louvre), wat eigenlijk ook wel leuk was. Veel ervan is vooral opschepperij, maar het is wel mooi gemaakt en leuk om eens te zien.
Ik was ook zeer blij Marte gezien te hebben! Altijd leuk, een bekend gezicht. Zij was ook nog aan het wennen aan Parijs, maar al iets meer kennende dan ik, ze doet er al een maandje stage bij Unesco. Dat gaf ons de buitenkans om ook het Unescogebouw te bezoeken, dat was ook een geweldige impressie. Er was net een evenement bezig, rond de arabische week die ze houden. Een feest van culturen :). Ook wel een beetje hoogdravend en exlusief natiurlijk, maar ze doen wel coole dingen daar.
Vandaag fietsten we dus weg. Het was al laat tegen dat we vertrokken geraakten, en toen was Tim zijn jas en de kaarten ook nog vergeten in het appartement. Moesten we wachten op de shift van de vongierge om eraan te kunnen. Balen, maat het gaf ons wel de tijd om de kettingen de poetsen! Die waten enorm vuil geworden van de modderpaadjes waarop we Parijs hadden benaderd. Het was een drukke fietstocht, door wijken en grote straten, via enorm chaotische fietspaden. Het was leuk, ik ontspande, droomde weg, had inzichten en ideeën, neuriede en zong. Toen werd het donker, we fietsten verder, maar niet lang meer. Bu staan we aan de rand van wat een golfterrein lijkt te zijn, terwijl de lucht nog sterk oplicht van de Stad. Net naast ons is een grote elektriciteitspaal, die tevreden (?) zoemt.
De blog is een beetje chaotisch aan het zijn, het is moeilijk om consistent te zijn jn de momenten waarop ik schrijf. Vaak heb ik er eigenlijk geen zin in, dan doe ik het niet. Soms begin ik random te typen op een leeg moment, die zet ik er ook op. Ik hoop dat dat niet te verwarrend is :). Bedankt om te lezen, veel liefs!
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@ 0e501ec7:de5ef3a4
2024-11-05 19:09:05We zitten in de bus. Het is donker buiten, ik weet echt niet wat ik hier wil schrijven. Maar heb geen zin om te lezen, en geen zin om te scrollen, en geen zin om rond te kijken of rond te dolen in mijn hoofd. Na de mail van Connie en mijn geschreven antwoord, daagde het mij dat ik meer wou schrijven. Ik haal er een soort voldoening uit, ik kom er in thuis, het kost me niet te veel moeite. Dat zijn allemaal kenmerken van een goeie activiteit voor als je moe bent! En dat ben ik ook, moe. Het was weer een gevulde dag, en we zijn nog niet rond. Vanmiddag vertrokken we met de metro naar virtysurseine, om de kraak la kunda te bezoeken. Een voormalig kinderdagverblijf, waar nu 60-70 mensen wonen. De huurprijzen in parijs zijn echt enorm, het is zeer moeilijk om een woonplaats te vinden. Deze mensen vinden hier dus onderdak, en kunnen niet zo makkelijk ergens anders heen. Echter dreigt er in april volgend jaar een uitzetting te komen. Om mensen te verzamelen en awareness te vergroten, organiseerden ze deze week evenementen, ook om de buurt te betrekken. Gisteren was een filmavond rond Palestina, vandaag was er een kleine markt, met groenten, fruit, brownies en pannenkoeken, en tweedehandskleren. We voelden ons eerst wat oncomfortabel, niemand kennende en de taal niet helemaal meester is het niet zo simpel om zomaar te blenden in de groep. Om drie begon er een boxinitiatie, ik kreeg na veel aandringen mijn twee companons ook overtuigd om mee te doen. Het was zeer gelijkaardig aan de boxlessen in de Meubelfabriek in Gent, en echt tof. Het gaf ons ook de kans om wat aan de babbel te geraken achteraf. In de avond gingen we naar een ander gebeuren, ook gevonden op radar.squat, maar een helemaal andere vibe! Het heette Atelier de l'Artivisme, en het was een antipub groep die (niet-reclame)posters maakte. Wij maakten er ook eentje, en babbelden een beetje. Het vond plaats in een autonome bibliotheek, vol met boeken dus. Ik vind het altijd geweldig om door de boeken te snuisteren.
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@ 45bda953:bc1e518e
2024-11-05 19:08:31Emilien stepped into the space motel's bar. The area was dimly lit and the music was unbearably loud. At least all the tables and sunken lounges each had their own lights and sound dampers. He stepped up to a table and pushed down on the receptor to reduce volume. He could not think with the noise. He looked around for Macy and inconspicuously acquainted himself with the current patrons in the establishment. He pulled his hoody further forward when he noticed the android in a wheel chair. "Not my type of company." He thought to himself. In the centre of the room a couple was having a spectacular time, an empty bottle on the table, they were specimens of myth. The guys muscles were chiselled, with tight fabric clinging to his body specifically to display every contour of his physique. His female counterpart wore loose material with translucent green tattoo's running up her body like pin stripes shining through the thin cloth hinting at a perfectly balanced pose and feminine silhouette underneath. Emilien swiped on the tables interface to call for the proprietor. He folded his arms and leaned onto the table tilting his head down slightly to keep shadow on his face. Macy entered the room through the kitchen swivel door. She was holding an empty tray and a serviette draped over her arm. She walked straight over to Emilien's table. "Good rotation sir. Welcome to Macy's. Are you a regular customer or is it your first visit to my fine establishment?" She seemed concerned and worried. The corners of Emiliens lips curved up a little. Keeping his head down teasingly. "Sir? Do we have an existing open channel?" He ignored her. "Sir, If you don't have liquidity I have no services to offer that you cannot get off your own ship." Emilien looked up with a gleam in his eye. Macie's posture relaxed with a sigh of relief. "Emile, you fuck. You freaked me out." "I'm sorry, I could not help myself." He waved a halfhearted greeting, slightly laughing. "You know I have some new rules around for you nano augmented types." His aversion to the word rules was evident only to himself. "Like what?" Macy felt apologetically obliged to explain the nature of her circumstances. "I had diplomats from the outer void regions come for a private meeting. Financial in nature. A spacer customer arrived blocks before them, I did not suspect him of anything criminal." She put the tray down and gripped the table with both hands shifting her weight. "His routine for meals were already established, he managed to spy on them through my privacy protocols and hacked their clients. He participated as a ghost during most of their stay and dealings." Emilien whistled. "That's rough, how did you handle it." "I did not do anything." Her dreads shook as she moved her head in animated frustration. "No one knew until they all had been gone for blocks. My reputation took a serious knock. They made a claim against me, I was accused of being complicit. Emilien glanced back over his shoulder when he noticed the android cart himself around his table. "Warren helped me and found all the dirty code and sequestered it. We have all the data and footage, it proves beyond a doubt that I was not involved. Thank god for the core otherwise my whole station might have been destroyed by now." Emile gave a sly look. "How do you know it was not me who stole the data?" She locked eyes with him. "You still have the same face as before bro and I know you won't fuck with me. I'll force close our channel." She joked with serious tone nudging him with her fist playfully. She was generally perceived as strict and militant because of her Shiv citizenship. Shiv military training and service was compulsory, all respected the Shiv in their traditions, their ways were isolationist and exclusionary in nature. Emilien has seen her use military style jujitsu-boxing to neutralise and boot out unruly customers. The Juel woman noticed the out of character friendly gesture Macy made. The unexpected interaction drew her attention from across the room. "So, what is this rule of yours." Macy seemed reluctant to say. "I'm sorry bud. You'll have to swallow a slipper pill every 576 blocks while you are on this station." His shoulders sagged and could not help but bounce his leg on the rail under the table. "Really?!" "Yes, really. I have to retain my customers trust and neutralising all augmented customers body gadgets was the unanimous way to go." Emilien seemed pissed. "Your customers might not know that I'm augmented. And what if I don't plan on staying that long. I just want to see Warren then I'll be off." Macy shook her head. "Warren is passed out in his ship and will probably wake up with a very bad hangover. He partied with the Jeul pair and their entourage for most of this rotation, you know how he gets." Macy waved her hand towards the couple who seemed to be looking directly at Emilien. He looked straight back at them and swiped the interface's privacy command dropping a vision distortion field around his table. Encapsulating himself and Macy. "I treat everyone the same, no compromise." Emile looked at her in a moment of rumination. "Let's get it over with." Macy removed a container from her moonbag after opening, holding it towards Emilien he took the purple capsule and swallowed it without a drink and opened his mouth wide moving his tongue around to show Macy that he did indeed swallow the prophylactic. "And what about robo-mech boy back there? He cannot eat slipper pills." Emilien sounded annoyed and regretful." Macy gave him a stern look tilting her head in annoyance. "Why do think he's in a wheelchair, you know I can't talk about my customers with my customers? Besides from the obvious." Emilien did not say anything. Macy sighed. "What can I get you sir?" "I'll just have a beer." Macy stepped out through the distortion field and became a messy disfigured indistinguishable form. Emilien pushed the music's volume up and waited for the inevitable. He sensed the actuators in his shoulders, elbows and wrists disable in sequence down his arms. His spines bit rate slowed to a crawl and the lack of connectivity to his neck port was becoming noticeable. His legs went numb instantly. "Now I am nothing more than a pathetic land crawler." He felt weak and vulnerable in his natural form. His mental state bordered on the fringes of stable and paranoid, fearful thoughts threatening to manifest in his mind. He saw a figure approach. He assumed it was his drink. The slender glowing tattooed leg of the Jeul woman pierced the veil. A bright green line that suddenly dims where her skirt begins. She stepped through the curtain with a friendly nonchalant expression. "Mind if make your acquaintance mon ami?" Emilien dropped the barrier and lowered the volume making sure that he was back on visual record of Macy's archive. "Not really, thanks, I'm good." Macy returned to place a cold beer on the table. The interface flashed a price in femto-sat and Emilien tapped his ring on it shifting 11 fSAT from a mini holographic Bob to very happy little Alice. The animation morphed into a small firework display and died. "Back to work now." Emilien grinned at Macy thankfully and took a sip. "Me and my brother we are celebrating our seventh birth block anniversary." He looked around sarcastically. "You chose a display of death above the resorts on Juel to celebrate your seventh birth block?" She stiffened her glittery lips and raised her eyebrows thoughtfully and took a seat without invitation. "It is more of a tour than a celebration, I am Maurelle Giovanni and my brother is called Lionel also Giovanni obviously. He is my twin baby brother." Emilien looked over at the guy who seemed to be occupied playing a mini game on their tables interface. She tilted her head into his line of sight forcing him to look at her. "Who are you?" "None of your concern really." She did not accept the short stated answer. "No one comes alone all the way to a dead end system just to drink a cheap beer. I am guessing you are a treasure hunter, no. Looking for artefacts of the ancient world, yes?" Emilien had assessed her body language and concluded that her whimsical imagination was one he could easily manipulate. He had enough information to realise that he was faced with a spoiled individual whose sole interest in him was simple curiosity, motivated by boredom and she had a fascination of the mysterious. She seemed like prey but his hunting instincts felt dead inside his disarmed body. His respect for and dependence on Macy also inhibited his urge to exploit it. He shifted his attitude and personality slightly, just enough to not be overbearing. "You make very good estimations, you are wrong but not far off. My name is Scott. And yes I am fascinated, not by the planet and it's relics but by the the secrets of these gates." Her eyes gleamed with amusement and intrigue. "You like secrets, huh? You must meet Warren. He knows more than the esteemed professors about the gates and their technology." Emilien nodded in agreement. "You said you are Giovanni. Like the Giovanni?" She seemed excited at the prospect of making a new friend and swiped the interface. "Hold this thought, I am going to get myself another drink you are good? No. Food maybe?" "I am good, no wait, another beer." He tipped the bottle toward her in salutation. She stood up taking his bottle with her to the bar. He looked back and was immediately aware that he did not notice that the android wheel himself out and into the conduit. He would have liked to see which of the two entrances of the tube he used to go to his ship. His feeling sorry for and pitying himself put him in a position where he let slip an opportunity to understand and predict the circumstances of his current tactical situation. Never at ease, always being prepared. He felt spite. The girl returned with a beer and a half full whiskey glass, no ice. She reclaimed her seat looking at him. "I am a direct descendant of the patriarch Maurice Giovanni, one of the four primary key holders of our people. There is nothing special about me really, ten..." Emilien cut her off in gentle tone. "Ten percent of the Juel population are descendants of the four patriarchs." Emilien finished her sentence for her. "You are an interesting man Monsieur Scott. What else do you know about me?" Emilien leaned towards her. Noticing her brother yawning across the room. "I know that you are bourgeois and I know that you receive a cyclical allowance from your great, great... How many generations?" "I am removed 133 generations from my Patriarch. He is a very good, doting grandfather. We all adore him. We are around 750 million siblings you know. Those who are from aristocracy have fewer children than the proles. We are so few so that our wealth is not diluted too much." She smiled reminiscently dragging her finger on the edge of the glass. Her brother seemed to stretch himself out he stood up and walked over. Entering the sound damper he acknowledged Emilien's presence with a curt nod. "Maurelle, I am going to sleep." He said to her. She waved at him dismissively. "Have a good dream frere." He exited the room through the right tubes door which made sense as their ship was more closely attached to it on that side of the circular docking ring. Predictable and honest Emilien thought to himself. Macy popped her head through the kitchens serving window. "Lights out and shutdown in 2 blocks. Just a friendly notice." The couple acknowledged the warning from Macy with raised glass and bottle. Emilien turned his attention back to the lady. "How do you manage to retain wealth in such a large family?" He pretended to be ignorant of the finery and detail of Juel culture. "We have closed loop channels controlled and balanced by the patriarchs. But our money is good as core stone. Anywhere in the outer void. Only recently has dispute arose between my Patriarchs and the Magarrie. They do not accept our Sats anymore since the war started. They only accept bitcoins directly from the core. I was only four cycles old when the war began so I am used to it." Emilien felt a conflicting disturbance, thinking about how his body is only two cycles active but his mind stretches back far beyond this time. Being both older and younger than his partner in discourse. "Helloo? I lost you there for a moment Scott." "What are you thinking about?" Emilien lied to her faking emotion. "I was just thinking about the tremendous loss of life that we are orbiting. The planet embedded with what it's inhabitants assumed would be it's portal to prosperity became the golem of it's demise." He was happy that Maurelle seemed to empathise and mirror his philosophic grief. "Come with me I want to tell you a secret. You like secrets." She stood up taking his hand gently tugging, compelling him to follow her. She led him to the far end of the room. She pulled a small levered switch and the wall folded in on itself to reveal a impressive window flooding sharp light into the whole of the large room as it retracted. They both squinted and lifted their hands to shield their eyes adjusting to the glare of Sol. The scene of destruction appeared even more dramatic and morbid as dark sharply defined shadows clipped with golden edges, evoking a sense of isolation and suffering. "These gates were supposed to be a gift to Earth. A hope of spreading humanity across the stars like the children of Abraham." Emilien smirked. "You believe that nonsense?" She rested her head on his shoulder still holding onto his arm. "Our patriarchs have preserved the mysteries of mankind for millennia. I said that I am going to tell you a secret don't patronise me. I do not believe anything. What I know, it is not faith. It is understanding. Knowledge, a type of knowledge that you cannot quantify with mathematics and chemistry. It is a higher science that is proven by the unmistakable coincidence of fate. It is invisible to those who are ignorant and they who despair, those who have lost all hope are blind to this promise." Emilien felt a strange remorse. "I guess I must be blind then." The lights suddenly shut down and the song stopped dead in it's track, like Macy promised. Overcome by the majesty of the scene Maurelle wiped a tear away fearing that her makeup might get ruined. "Anyone can see. They must just open their eyes voluntarily and be honest with themselves. Their true original selves. Who they were made to be." Emile felt judged and wanted to end this conversation quickly. "I am going back to my ship, you have a good night now." She grabbed tightly at his wrist almost painfully. "You do not want to know my secret?" Emelien was becoming annoyed with her insistence he removed her hand from his arm. "I don't think you know any real useful secrets, sweetheart." He sounded threatening, the real enshrouded unmistakable him breaking through the act. She looked at him unintimidated by his sudden shift in personality. "Oh, so I suppose you know why the Juela are at war for most of our lives?" He sarcastically extended his arms forward palms up in restrained but evidently mocking adoration. "Please enlighten me priestess." "They are fighting over this." She pointed at the epic scene of destruction drifting statically out of view as the stations rotation cut it off at the edge of the window. The shadows chased Sol light away sliding like a retracting blade across the room leaving it dark. Emilien burst out angrily. "They are fighting over satoshis! That is all they ever fight over! What I fight for, Damnit! Sats and the resources to gain more of it! That is the beginning and end of all things! Anyone in the universe with even the slightest lick of self worth works, fights and dies for sat!" Maurelle stared astutely at him unemotionally affected by his outburst. She obviously had experienced this exact reaction before and suddenly Emilien realised that he might be the one being manipulated by a smarter and wiser being than himself. "Are you done my love? Have you made your point or is there some other deeper understanding you wish me to internalise into my ignorant small little world?" She threw at him a spiteful sarcasm of her own. "Do you really think I do not know what it means to be seduced by wealth? Luxury?" She took a step closer to him. "Pleasure?" Emilien felt stupid and disarmed this time adding emotionally disarmed to the defeat of being inept in his own body. "I am not a fool mon cherie. The truly wealthy don't fight for wealth, they fight for power. But the noble and sincere fight a different fight with a different weapon. They use words to fight, ideas to win. They fight to gain trust with words, and they fight to retain it with consistency in their actions. Trust is a currency that makes sat seem like shit in comparison because it is real even though you do not believe what you cannot hold in your hand, like your beloved sat." She pointed at the ring on his finger. "Trust only retains value if you honour your words with your actions. Its value is fragile and can disappear in a moment of weakness like water vapour, cherished as the source of life then gone, poof, evaporated. Like magic. This type of trust if gained and retained correctly, projects you forward into the realm of immortality." Emile felt stung and hurt on a personal level, unsure if she was generalising or targeting his own specific weakness purposely. It confused him and made him feel insecure. "What are they fighting for then?" He asked slightly surrendering to the unexpected superior reasoning. Maurelle appreciated the honesty she identified as sincere. She gently took his hand again and led him back to the large convex window. They stood silently for a block, waiting on the rotation to pull the bright light of Sol back into the room. "They are fighting for the power to do that." She pointed at Earth in all it's terrible glory. "The destruction caused by the gate was a terrible cataclysm outside of humanities collective control. The core and the gates are a mystery to mankind." She looked up at Emilien, relieved to see that he was still taking her seriously. "The Maggarie have discovered a weapon that has the power to destroy a planet. The Juel think they are fighting to free Osteri captives from slavery but the real motif is hidden, our Patriarchs unadmitted fear of being inferior to the Maggarie. Most of the goods we traded with them they have stopped accepting, the Shiv and Osteri still buy our products but the Maggarie have suddenly lost the need for our produce, even raw material in it's basest forms. They are expanding somehow and the balance of interdependence has tilted out of our favor. They have no more need for us and have cast us aside like a filthy rag." She paused in thought. "Their new super weapon is the cause of this conflict monsieur Scott." Emilien shrugged. Feeling relieved at regaining the intellectual high ground he thought he had lost. "I'm sorry Maurelle. I have no data on this weapon. If this was true the forums on my bulletin board would have leaked information about it's existence epochs ago, it's been just over three cycles everyone would have known this by now. It sounds more like Jeul fearmongering or perhaps it is the daydreaming fairy tale of an innocent naive girl who worships old myths and legends of a time dead for thousands of years." He pointed at Earth. She sniffed away a hint of emotion and anger. "Well then, I have nothing more to say to you, Good night monsieur Scott." She pulled away from him pridefully and looked out at the enormous gate embedded like a knife into the earths crust. "You are a swine monsieur Scott, leave me alone with my pearl." Emilien stepped back mockingly bowing slightly. "Good night sweetheart." He walked back to his craft laughing inside himself. "Stupid woman." He muttered, although be it doubtfully.
...
scifi
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@ cb20eb8e:3d031b50
2024-11-05 19:04:21''The Frequency of Life"
At first, this phrase sounded mysterious, almost abstract, as if it linked a digital currency to the very rhythm of life. Yet, over time, this concept has come to symbolize my journey of self-discovery, resilience, and transformation. For me, Bitcoin is more than just technology or investment; it’s a philosophy, a frequency that has guided me toward true freedom and helped me reimagine my life’s purpose.
Uncovering Family Secrets and Redefining My Identity
My journey began with a painful family secret that upended everything I thought I knew. The discovery that I was adopted shook my identity to the core. For years, I had felt a subtle but unrelenting control within my family, primarily from my stepfather, whose influence shaped much of my childhood. My brother later revealed the full extent of our stepfather’s control, bringing the truth into sharp focus. This revelation was both liberating and terrifying, forcing me to confront the lies and manipulations that had defined my past.
Suddenly, I found myself questioning everything. Who was I without these imposed narratives? This painful process pushed me to seek a path of honesty, autonomy, and freedom—concepts that felt foreign but increasingly vital to my well-being. Amid this struggle for identity and independence, I encountered Bitcoin, though I wouldn’t fully grasp its significance until years later.
An Unexpected Introduction to Bitcoin and Returning to the Struggles of Daily Life
In 2012, during a trip to Thailand, I met a Russian friend, Victor. Amid the colorful chaos of Bangkok, Victor spoke passionately about a strange, new digital currency called Bitcoin. Skeptical yet intrigued, I decided to buy four Bitcoin, following his encouragement. But back home, the stresses of daily life soon consumed me again, and I forgot about Bitcoin entirely. It seemed like a distant, almost irrelevant experiment.
Back in the routines of everyday life, I faced familiar struggles. I struggled to find work that felt meaningful, a job where my ideas were valued and my contributions acknowledged. The pressures to conform, to fit into a world that didn’t resonate with my true self, left me feeling trapped and restless. I felt like a slave to routines that drained my spirit. Each day felt like a battle against an invisible force that kept me from the freedom I craved. Eventually, this frustration led me down a darker path.
Falling into Darkness and Hitting a Personal Turning Point
The daily grind, coupled with unresolved pain from my family’s revelations, drove me toward unhealthy habits. I began using drugs, drinking, and letting negativity grow until it filled every corner of my life. I was slipping into a spiral, struggling to find anything that felt worthwhile. Then one Monday morning, in the depths of my struggle, I found myself under the influence of cocaine, sitting on a bench as parents walked their children to school. In that moment, the reality of my life hit me hard. I saw myself clearly, and it was devastating. I realized I was a stranger to the person I wanted to become. That was my rock bottom.
From that day forward, I vowed to make serious changes. I swore off hard drugs and began to search for something real, something that would connect me to a purpose beyond temporary escape. It was the beginning of a painful but essential transformation, a process of reclaiming my life and redefining my future. This journey of healing ultimately led me to reconnect with an old friend who would help me see Bitcoin in a way I never had before.
Reconnecting with an Old Friend and Rediscovering Bitcoin’s True Potential
As I began to focus on my growth, I reconnected with Leon Wankum, a friend from my primary school days, who, coincidentally, also knew Victor from Thailand. During our conversations, I opened up about my journey, sharing how I had changed since the darkness of my past. Our talks naturally led to Bitcoin, which I had forgotten about since my time in Thailand. Leon, however, had dedicated himself to understanding Bitcoin deeply, and he shared his insights with a passion that rekindled my own interest.
Leon’s explanations were transformative. With his philosophical perspective, he explained Bitcoin as more than a currency; he saw it as a vehicle for autonomy, a tool that could offer financial freedom and, perhaps, spiritual independence. In many ways, he became like an ancient Greek teacher, guiding me through the layers of Bitcoin’s philosophy. Under Leon’s mentorship, I began to grasp the depth of Bitcoin—not just its value as an asset, but its potential to change how we engage with power, control, and freedom. Talking to him felt like stepping into a new world, one where each principle of Bitcoin aligned with my personal journey toward independence and truth.
Finding Freedom in Bitcoin’s Decentralized Philosophy
The more I learned, the more Bitcoin resonated with me. I began to see how its principles of decentralization and transparency paralleled my own desire to break free from the control and illusions of my past. Bitcoin operated beyond the reach of traditional institutions and power structures, and I wanted my life to reflect that same freedom. Just as Bitcoin exists independently, governed only by its own transparent network, I realized I could structure my life based on my values, free from the influence of my family’s secrets.
Over time, I also discovered a deeper, almost spiritual connection to Bitcoin’s "frequency"—the steady rhythm of its time chain, the immutable records of its transactions, the stability amid volatility. This frequency mirrored my own quest for resilience and autonomy. I began to view decentralization not just as a financial principle but as a personal one, a way to root myself in my own truth, free from the dependence and darkness of my past.
Embracing New Routines and Personal Growth Through Bitcoin’s Philosophy
Inspired by Bitcoin’s principles, I started building routines that aligned with my new mindset. I took control of my finances, setting long-term goals and learning the value of patience and discipline. Bitcoin’s commitment to transparency reminded me of the importance of honesty and clarity in my relationships, while its decentralization taught me the power of autonomy and self-trust.
I also found myself letting go of anything that didn’t support my vision of a free, authentic life. My old habits faded as I built a future based on values of resilience and independence. I was no longer willing to compromise or live according to someone else’s expectations. Every aspect of my life began to reflect my dedication to freedom, transparency, and personal responsibility.
The Spiritual Connection of Bitcoin’s Frequency and Looking to the Future
As I continued my journey, I realized that Bitcoin’s "frequency" had become a guiding resonance in my life. The rhythm of Bitcoin’s timechain mirrored my own growth, teaching me to find balance and stability within myself. I felt that, just as Bitcoin’s decentralized structure allowed it to exist independently, I, too, could live in alignment with my own values and truths. This frequency of life—this resonance of freedom and authenticity—has come to define not just my journey with Bitcoin but my journey with myself.
Now, as I look back, I see Bitcoin as more than a financial tool or an investment. It’s a model of resilience, a guide for choosing light over darkness, and a symbol of life’s true rhythm. Each of us has the opportunity to find our own frequency, to create a life that resonates with who we truly are. For me, Bitcoin was the key to unlocking this understanding, helping me connect my past struggles with a future built on clarity, purpose, and freedom.
In sharing my story, I hope others can see that it’s never too late to find their own path. Whether through Bitcoin or another journey, each of us has the power to tune into what truly matters and build a life that aligns with our deepest values. It’s a journey that requires courage and resilience, but in the end, it leads us closer to our true selves.
This story is just one part of where I’m headed. There’s so much more I’m working toward, so many more lessons and connections to be made. If any of this resonates with you, maybe it’s because we’re all trying to find a little bit of freedom and authenticity in our lives. And if my journey inspires you to find your own path, that’s even better.
This is just the beginning, and I’m grateful to share it. If you’re into this, feel free to share it too. We’re all on this ride together.
Mick Henssler 🕷️🕸️
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@ 015c8941:3ea77b51
2024-11-05 18:52:23the US could gain a strategic advantage over other countries that are contemplating starting a bitcoin reserve and can reinforce the US’ influence over global financial standards
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@ 3584cea4:0951bbef
2024-11-05 17:58:45The understanding of a caregiver and healthcare advocate for my mom.
I have been involved in one way or another in the insurance business for a long time. I run a small insurance brokerage which primarily caters to my family and friends of friends. In that role, we perform a needs assessment with prospective clients' & family members to understand what keeps them up at night to help them build a tailor fitted protection plan for their families.
As part of that process I get a good sense of one’s financial obligations, specific cultural and family values that need to be factored and a general indication of their health status.
However, in the most recent year, I have been unexpectedly thrust into (and gladly accepted) the role of caregiver and health care advocate for my mom. As her dementia is quite severe and had been getting worse until recently. That combined with a series of strokes she experienced earlier this year, has left her unable to retain her independence and live by herself.
As such, I’ve had to understand the inner workings of aspects of the insurance industry that apply to older people that I was quite unfamiliar with.
One of the most poignant observations while on this journey for my mom’s complete recovery became clear to me about two weeks ago when we met with mom’s neurologist where we both met her for the first time after 7 months of trying to get a visit. There is a 4 month lead time to get an appointment and we missed one in June (work emergencies back home in PA). Hence, the rescheduled appointment 4 months later which was about 2 weeks ago.
Before I describe that visit, I need to explain what my experience has been working with the 6+ different medical specialists and mom’s PCP has been like for me.
The healthcare professionals I've encountered have been a mixed bag, of mostly kind, genuinely caring, overworked and underappreciated professionals. This accounts for >95% of my encounters with healthcare workers most recently.
Many of these healthcare institutions still use fax machines and mostly operate on 1990s tech. Healthcare workers are graded regularly not so much on the quality of the healthcare they provide to their patients, but how well they follow the rules that have been established by whichever governance body regulates the important incentives. If you know anyone that works in the healthcare industry and are able to follow the incentives, it doesn’t take much clicking and googling to see that it’s usually big pharma at the tail end of their incentive structure.
It’s my subjective opinion most (>95%) of the people in healthcare want to and believe they are doing the right thing. However, they are so overwhelmed, they sometimes don’t see the irony in their recommendations (a topic for another essay) or behavior that often leaves me baffled and wondering (out loud sometimes) “did they just say that”. With that said, it is of this 95% I speak of in this essay, the genuinely caring but overworked and under appreciated healthcare providers. From the physician’s assistants, to the doctors, specialists, nurses and so on.
How the visits typically play out.
We’re waiting for an hour or more to be seen (even with an appointment on the books).
Eventually, someone will come out to the waiting area to call my mom’s name and from there we are escorted to a private observation room. In the observation room we’ll sit and wait some more, sometimes just a few minutes other times longer.
After a few minutes, if we are lucky, someone else (presumably a nurse or PA) comes in to ask a few questions, checks mom’s vitals and make a few notes in her chart/records.
Sometimes moments “lay - tor” [spoken in a thick french accent] the actual doctor comes in. Other times we may be waiting an additional 30 minutes or more in the observation room.
The actual time spent with the doctor once they meet us in the observation room is usually 5-10 minutes depending on the office, then we are off to scheduling and referrals to get future appointments scheduled and on the books. The whole event from the time we walk into the office to departure is usually less than 2 hours. But, it’s OK if it ends up being a little longer as I always budget these appointments for 4 hours. Otherwise, the day’s schedule begins to fall apart, I miss meetings, calls and other demands on my time and stress ensues and I don’t like this type of stress.
Getting back to the point of this essay, mom’s neurologist.
We were waiting in the observation room by ourselves for what seemed to be a good 20 minutes, so I decided to quickly run out to the car and check on Wiggles. She had been out in the car making sure the AC was working for about an hour and a half at that point.
Sure enough the neurologist showed up while I was away. She entered the observation room to find my mom, by herself (and nonverbal). The doctor was somewhat confused and was looking around for someone to ask about my mom and get a sense of what she was supposed to be doing to/with her.
Arriving in time to see the neuro with a crayon and scratch pad in hand attempting to hand it over to my mom in hopes she would be able to say/explain herself in writing. It was more funny than anything. You have to know my mom to understand her attitude about a lot of what is going on around her. As my mom watched the neuro with crayon and paper in hand, she was likely thinking “I am old, retired, I only have to do things I want to do, and pen and paper sounds an awful lot like work. So, you can keep it and I’ll wait for my son.
Some additional context about this doctor's office. I would consider it one of the larger ones in the area, highly recommended, this is a very busy office with many employees hurriedly bustling about the hallways and bouncing from one observation room to another.
Back to the observation room. The neuro was likely alone with mom for just a moment before I returned from the doggy in the car check.
I expected this doctor visit to be like the rest and that I was going to get maybe 2 minutes with this doctor and she would be off seconds later to the next patient and observation room.
But that was not all the case. The neurologist engaged with my mom for a period, probably a good 15-20 minutes, without and prior to barely acknowledging I was even in the room. This is likely procedural, their way of making sure my mom is not a victim or being abused in some form. This was unusual, but oddly appreciated. But, most importantly my mom’s neurologist educated me on a few things regarding my mom’s health and spent almost an hour with us altogether. My mom’s neuro got more context around my mom and her lifestyle leading to this delicate state in her health. More than any other doctor my mom had been seeing. I can tell the neuro was slightly impressed or entertained (hard to tell the difference sometimes) that I understood what my mom was saying. Observing my mom and I interact as an outsider does look weird to people when in public and add to that visual a cane corso usually in a sit position right beside us. Self-admittedly, even funnier when she is scolding me about something I am doing or asking her to do.
I digress!
At the end of mom’s neuro visit, the doctor gave us her office and personal information so that I may contact her day/night/weekend for anything “you don’t have to wait for business hours if you have any questions or if any health concerns should arise.” While I have not tested those numbers to confirm their validity, I do believe she was being genuine in her gesture.
In conclusion, and all that to say, It was overall the best doctor visit I’ve had with respect to this situation I find myself in with my mom.
Don’t get me wrong, all the other doctors mean well. But the bandwidth simply isn’t there. As such, this is not a judgment on all the beautiful and caring people that have cared for my mom and countless others in the past and into the future. These are just the facts from these boots on the ground as I see it.
As for the brain damage to my mom’s left frontal lobe, it has diminished slightly and continues to shrink. It’s not all permanently damaged. But, there is no knowing at her age (86) how much repair we can expect or whether her speech will ever return. But my family and I are optimistic. As for mom’s speech or lack there of, a little peace and quiet never killed anyone. In many ways, mom is lucky because I sometimes wish I didn’t have to speak. I miss those days often. But being in Florida, especially now, is more important, so we are good with what needs to be done.
As for mom’s neurologist, I will do something nice for her. The next appointment is in February, let’s hope I don’t have to use that private number before then.
Mom’s neuro might have the initials of KBMD, but that’s just a guess.
BrainThings #LivingWithLala #caregiver #doctors #neurologist
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@ b8a9df82:6ab5cbbd
2024-11-05 17:45:14Last week, I got to experience the energy of Buenos Aires—a city as lively as it is massive. My journey began with a painfully long flight (easily my worst yet), but my excitement to meet everyone face-to-face kept me going. Despite being exhausted, I couldn’t wait to explore the city, take in the sights, and feel its unique vibe.
Buenos Aires was even bigger than I’d anticipated. I’d heard it was large, but I was still surprised by the sheer size of the avenues and the steady stream of traffic. It has a European feel—somewhat like Madrid—but with a laid-back attitude that’s far different from Berlin’s intensity. One thing I didn’t expect, though, was the cost; I thought it would be more affordable, but it was closer to European prices. Still, I quickly found myself adapting to its rhythms and taking in all the city had to offer.
Then came the Airbnb situation. Our first place was a disaster—mouldy, noisy, and with a broken bathroom. After some frustrating back-and-forth with the host, we decided to find somewhere else. We ended up switching apartments and moved from a place with issues to another one with even more issues... but we made it work. This was by far the worst experience, yet somehow it became part of the adventure.
Once I settled in, I was thrilled to finally meet the local community I’d been working with remotely for weeks. There’s nothing quite like getting to hug the people you’ve only seen on a screen. The Nostr community here, known as La Crypta, was incredibly welcoming, and working from their community center made me feel like I belonged. I’ll be writing more about this wonderful group soon!
In the days leading up to the conference, my schedule was packed with last-minute prep for both the conference itself and Nostr Day. One of the biggest lessons I learned was to let go of control. In Buenos Aires, things run on a different kind of timing—schedules are flexible, and punctuality isn’t a priority. I came with a detailed plan, but I soon realised I’d need to adjust and go with the flow. Once I did, I could really enjoy each moment as it came.
The language barrier was another challenge. I don’t speak Spanish (turns out Duolingo didn’t quite prepare me!), so I often needed others to help translate, which meant that sometimes details got a little lost. Still, we made it work, and the Nostr booth turned out to be a hit. People stopped by to chat, learn, and hang out, which was exactly what we’d hoped for. We wanted to make Nostr accessible to everyone—from content creators to developers—and seeing people’s enthusiasm to join the protocol was rewarding.
One of the highlights of the week was moderating the Nostr panel on the main stage, as well as speaking on another one. I was nervous leading up to it, especially with the sound issues that made it hard to hear other panelists. But despite those hiccups, the experience turned out great. The panelists were awesome and engaging, and I left feeling inspired and grateful.
After two intense conference days spent in dark, noisy spaces, we wrapped things up with Nostr Day at La Crypta. Conferences can be draining, and I found myself missing my regular routines—morning workouts, sunlight, and a bit of peace and quiet. Originally, we had a packed agenda for Nostr Day, but after a late Halloween celebration the night before, everyone was ready for a slower pace. We adjusted and turned it into a relaxed networking day, sitting outside, sharing Mate, and soaking up the fresh air. It was the perfect way to connect at a comfortable pace.
This week in Buenos Aires showed me just how open and curious people are about Nostr. From exploring the ecosystem together to helping new users get their first taste of it, it was a week of shared learning and connection. Thank you to everyone who poured their heart and energy into making this experience unforgettable. And a special thanks to Buenos Aires for feeding me endless amounts of incredible meat! After over 20 years as a vegetarian, I recently started eating meat again, and I have to say—it felt amazing.
Next stop: SatsConf!
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@ 29216785:2a636a70
2024-11-05 15:43:56One year ago I wrote the article Why Nostr resonates in Dutch and English after I visited the Bitcoin Amsterdam 2023 conference and the Nostrdam event. It got published at bitcoinfocus.nl (translated in Dutch). The main reason why I wrote that piece is that I felt that my gut feeling was telling me that Nostr is going to change many things on the web.
After the article was published, one of the first things I did was setting up this page on my website: https://sebastix.nl/nostr-research-and-development. The page contains this section (which I updated on 31-10-2024):
One metric I would like to highlight is the number of repositories on Github. Compared to a year ago, there are already more than 1130 repositories now on Github tagged with Nostr. Let's compare this number to other social media protocols and decentralized platforms (24-10-2024):
- Fediverse: 522
- ATProto: 159
- Scuttlebot: 49
- Farcaster: 202
- Mastodon: 1407
- ActivityPub: 444
Nostr is growing. FYI there are many Nostr repositories not hosted on Github, so the total number of Nostr reposities is higher. I know that many devs are using their own Git servers to host it. We're even capable of setting up Nostr native Git repositories (for example, see https://gitworkshop.dev/repos). Eventually, Nostr will make Github (and other platforms) absolute.
Let me continue summarizing my personal Nostr highlights of last year.
Organising Nostr meetups
This is me playing around with the NostrDebug tool showing how you can query data from Nostr relays. Jurjen is standing behind me. He is one of the people I've met this year who I'm sure I will have a long-term friendship with.OpenSats grant for Nostr-PHP
In December 2023 I submitted my application for a OpenSats grant for the further development of the Nostr-PHP helper library. After some months I finally got the message that my application was approved... When I got the message I was really stoked and excited. It's a great form of appreciation for the work I had done so far and with this grant I get the opportunity to take the work to another higher level. So please check out the work done for so far:Meeting Dries
One of my goosebumps moments I had in 2022 when I saw that the founder and tech lead of Drupal Dries Buytaert posted 'Nostr, love at first sight' on his blog. These types of moments are very rare moment where two different worlds merge where I wouldn't expect it. Later on I noticed that Dries would come to the yearly Dutch Drupal event. For me this was a perfect opportunity to meet him in person and have some Nostr talks. I admire the work he is doing for Drupal and the community. I hope we can bridge Nostr stuff in some way to Drupal. In general this applies for any FOSS project out there.
Here is my recap of that Drupal event.Attending Nostriga
A conference where history is made and written. I felt it immediately at the first sessions I attended. I will never forget the days I had at Nostriga. I don't have the words to describe what it brought to me.
I also pushed myself out of my comfort zone by giving a keynote called 'POSSE with Nostr - how we pivot away from API's with one of Nostr superpowers'. I'm not sure if this is something I would do again, but I've learned a lot from it.
You can find the presentation here. It is recorded, but I'm not sure if and when it gets published.Nostr billboard advertisement
This advertisment was shown on a billboard beside the A58 highway in The Netherlands from September 2nd till September 16th 2024. You can find all the assets and more footage of the billboard ad here: https://gitlab.com/sebastix-group/nostr/nostr-ads. My goal was to set an example of how we could promote Nostr in more traditional ways and inspire others to do the same. In Brazil a fundraiser was achieved to do something similar there: https://geyser.fund/project/nostrifybrazil.
Volunteering at Nostr booths growNostr
This was such a great motivating experience. Attending as a volunteer at the Nostr booth during the Bitcoin Amsterdam 2024 conference. Please read my note with all the lessons I learned here.
The other stuff
- The Nostr related blog articles I wrote past year:
- Run a Nostr relay with your own policies (02-04-2024)
- Why social networks should be based on commons (03-01-2024)
- How could Drupal adopt Nostr? (30-12-2023)
- Nostr integration for CCHS.social (21-12-2023)
- https://ccns.nostrver.se
CCNS stands for Community Curated Nostr Stuff. At the end of 2023 I started to build this project. I forked an existing Drupal project of mine (https://cchs.social) to create a link aggregation website inspired by stacker.news. At the beginning of 2024 I also joined the TopBuilder 2024 contest which was a productive period getting to know new people in the Bitcoin and Nostr space. - https://nuxstr.nostrver.se
PHP is not my only language I use to build stuff. As a fullstack webdeveloper I also work with Javascript. Many Nostr clients are made with Javascript frameworks or other more client-side focused tools. Vuejs is currently my Javascript framework I'm the most convenient with. With Vuejs I started to tinker around with Nuxt combined with NDK and so I created a starter template for Vue / Nuxt developers. - ZapLamp
This is a neat DIY package from LNbits. Powered by an Arduino ESP32 dev board it was running a 24/7 livestream on zap.stream at my office. It flashes when you send a zap to the npub of the ZapLamp. - https://nosto.re
Since the beginning when the Blossom spec was published by @hzrd49 and @StuartBowman I immediately took the opportunity to tinker with it. I'm also running a relay for transmitting Blossom Nostr eventswss://relay.nosto.re
. - Relays I maintain
I really enjoy to tinker with different relays implementations. Relays are the fundamental base layer to let Nostr work.
I'm still sharing my contributions on https://nostrver.se/ where I publish my weekly Nostr related stuff I worked on. This website is built with Drupal where I use the Nostr Simple Publish and Nostr long-form content NIP-23 modules to crosspost the notes and long-form content to the Nostr network (like this piece of content you're reading).
The Nostr is the people
Just like the web, the web is people: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCgvkslCzTo
the people on nostr are some of the smartest and coolest i’ve ever got to know. who cares if it doesn’t take over the world. It’s done more than i could ever ask for. - @jb55
Here are some Nostriches who I'm happy to have met and who influenced my journey in Nostr in a positive way.
- Jurjen
- Bitpopart
- Arjen
- Jeroen
- Alex Gleason
- Arnold Lubach
- Nathan Day
- Constant
- fiatjaf
- Sync
Coming year
Generally I will continue doing what I've done last year. Besides the time I spent on Nostr stuff, I'm also very busy with Drupal related work for my customers. I hope I can get the opportunity to work on a paid client project related to Nostr. It will be even better when I can combine my Drupal expertise with Nostr for projects paid by customers.
Building a new Nostr application
When I look at my Nostr backlog where I just put everything in with ideas and notes, there are quite some interesting concepts there for building new Nostr applications. Filtering out, I think these three are the most exciting ones:
- nEcho, a micro app for optimizing your reach via Nostr (NIP-65)
- Nostrides.cc platform where you can share Nostr activity events (NIP-113)
- A child-friendly video web app with parent-curated content (NIP-71)
Nostr & Drupal
When working out a new idea for a Nostr client, I'm trying to combine my expertises into one solution. That's why I also build and maintain some Nostr contrib modules for Drupal.
- Nostr Simple Publish
Drupal module to cross-post notes from Drupal to Nostr - Nostr long-form content NIP-23
Drupal module to cross-post Markdown formatted content from Drupal to Nostr - Nostr internet identifier NIP-05
Drupal module to setup Nostr internet identifier addresses with Drupal. - Nostr NDK
Includes the Javascript library Nostr Dev Kit (NDK) in a Drupal project.
One of my (very) ambitious goals is to build a Drupal powered Nostr (website) package with the following main features:
- Able to login into Drupal with your Nostr keypair
- Cross-post content to the Nostr network
- Fetch your Nostr content from the Nostr content
- Serve as a content management system (CMS) for your Nostr events
- Serve as a framework to build a hybrid Nostr web application
- Run and maintain a Nostr relay with custom policies
- Usable as a feature rich progressive web app
- Use it as a remote signer
These are just some random ideas as my Nostr + Drupal backlog is way longer than this.
Nostr-PHP
With all the newly added and continues being updated NIPs in the protocol, this helper library will never be finished. As the sole maintainer of this library I would like to invite others to join as a maintainer or just be a contributor to the library. PHP is big on the web, but there are not many PHP developers active yet using Nostr. Also PHP as a programming language is really pushing forward keeping up with the latest innovations.
Grow Nostr outside the Bitcoin community
We are working out a submission to host a Nostr stand at FOSDEM 2025. If approved, it will be the first time (as far as I know) that Nostr could be present at a conference outside the context of Bitcoin. The audience at FOSDEM is mostly technical oriented, so I'm really curious what type of feedback we will receive.
Let's finish this article with some random Nostr photos from last year. Cheers!
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@ 361d3e1e:50bc10a8
2024-11-05 15:24:13https://forex-strategy.com/2024/11/05/years-of-preparation-for-the-destruction-of-the-farms-in-valencia/ Years of preparation for the destruction of the farms in Valencia Spain destroys hundreds of dams every year. In the photo, the sky over Valencia, the day before the rain.
spain #flooding #crisis #billgates #food #haarp
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@ 79db13d6:e7aa15f1
2024-11-05 14:59:23Opinion about Blockchair Extension for Chrome (others)
The only portfolio that doesn't leak your balances and calculates it client-side. Respect
WalletScrutiny #nostrOpinion
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@ 6871d8df:4a9396c1
2024-11-05 14:26:45Today is Election Day here in the US, and it's a big deal.
As of now, this is my bet on the vote:
For myself, as I did in 2020, I will be voting for Donald Trump.
My biggest reasons for this are as follows: 1. Dismantling the bureaucracy. 2. Financial Freedom 3. Food Freedom
There are others, but those are my top three.
For me, the fact that unelected bureaucrats essentially run our government (Joe Biden is still our President right now, though no one has seen or heard from him in months) is our largest red flag. I think it is our biggest priority to return to a place where the people we elect to run our government actually run our government.
Trump swung and missed on this in his first term, but with his commitment to RFK and having people on his side like Vivek, I do not think he will sing and miss this time.
Next is financial freedom. The Biden-Harris administration has been incredibly hostile to what I am calling financial freedom. They mostly got their policies from the Warren camp, which hates digital currencies.
Being a part of Bitcoin startups for most of the Biden admin, I have seen this first hand. Operation Chokepoint 2.0 was a real thing and it was scary living through it. Actively seeing the government try to de-bank you was something I never would have thought was possible in the 'Land of the Free.'
The fact that the gov could de-bank you at all was an even bigger catalyst of how necessary a neutral, open, digital, and global money was critical for not only freedom itself, but our future.
Trump clearly is the better candidate regarding this. Yes, he may have launched a grifting shitcoin, but he doesn't want my industry — and financial freedom itself — dead. This is a no-brainer.
Andreessen Horowitz had a great podcast summarizing this that is worth the listen. It sums up where I sit as opposed to the current administration.
Trump has also promised to free Ross, which is absolutely necessary.
Last is food freedom.
I think the US is going the absolute wrong direction when it comes to health and food. In the name of saving animals and climate, food guidelines have been captured by this horrible, anti-human ideology.
I personally think it's not only necessary but good for humans to eat lots of beef and just meat in general. So much of what we've been told about nutrition and cholesterol is blatantly wrong.
Only one side of the aisle is trying to mandate this in the name of 'science.' I think they are wrong.
There is also only one side of the aisle that is anti-seed oils. I haven't eaten seed oils for almost four years, and bringing that mainstream, I think, is incredibly important. RFK is leading the way here. Trump putting him in a position of power to 'Make America Healthy Again,' I believe, is a fantastic initiative and one that is at the forefront for me for this election.
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@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3
2024-11-05 13:35:10We finally have an event other than soccer!
Freebitcoin is taking wagers on the Las Vegas Grand Prix.
Here's how to optimally allocate a hypothetical 2k sats on this event (according to RBOA):
| Driver | Wager | |--------|--------| | Vertappen | 486 | | Norris | 521 | | Leclerc | 456 | | Alonso | 6 | | Hamilton | 63 | | Piastri | 107 | | Tsunoda | 4 | | Perez | 12 | | Sainz | 243 | | Russell | 63 | | Stroll | 2 | | Ocon | 4 | | Ganyu | 1 | | Bottas | 2 | | Albon | 4 | | Hulkenberg | 7 | | Gasly | 4 | | Magnussen | 6 |
Enjoy your winnings
originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/754549
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@ e97aaffa:2ebd765d
2024-11-05 12:36:46Uma interessante discussão que aconteceu na conferência de Bitcoin nos Países Baixos deste ano. Não é algo técnico sobre bitcoin, mas sim, mais sobre economia e política monetária, mas aconselho muito a sua visualização.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoNGKUqO8Bc
Logo no início, Willem Middelkoop defende uma tese muito interessante, os bancos centrais mantém ouro como um plano de emergência, como uma medida extrema para evitar um cenário de hiperinflação, poderiam restabelecer o padrão ouro para salvar as economias.
Vamos analisar a distribuição do ouro disponível nas reservas dos centrais, inclui a quantidade de ouro em toneladas e o correspondente valor em milhões:
Na tabela também inclui o agregado monetário M2.
O EUA é o país com mais ouro, 8133 toneladas, mas apenas corresponde a 4% do seu respetivo M2.
Na tabela, os países com rácio superior a 100%, como a Venezuela, Líbano, Turquia e Rússia, tem uma característica em comum: são países com bastante ouro e estão a atravessar uma grave crise económica e monetária, fazendo com que o M2 esteja demasiado desvalorizado, ficando os valores muito enviesados, não correspondendo ao real valor da economia.
Uma surpresa (pela negativa) é o Canadá, que tem uma das maiores economias mundiais, mas não tem qualquer ouro. Na mesma situação estão Israel, Noruega, Nova Zelândia e outros de menor dimensão.
Portugal está bastante bem situado, na 13° posição, mas as reservas de ouro correspondem a 12% do M2.
Reavaliação
Na tabela, recolhi dados de 121 países, a soma dos M2, são 121 trilhões de dólares, mas o ouro é apenas 3.1 trilhões de dólares, correspondendo apenas a 2.5%.
Vamos fazer um exercício, sem qualquer rigor, se voltássemos ao padrão ouro, logo, o ouro detido pelos países teria de ter um valor aproximado às somas dos respectivos M2. Isso provocaria uma reavaliação do preço do ouro em 3900%.
É claro que este x39, é apenas teórico, na prática possivelmente seria inferior, os governos tomarem outras medidas extremas para contornar o problema, como confiscar o ouro dos cidadãos.
Se ouro valoriza-se 3900%:
Conclusão
Se isto um dia acontecer, é pouco provável mas concordo com o Willem Middelkoop: Se houver uma hiperinflação ou uma descredibilização completa da moeda FIAT, os bancos centrais terão que efectuar medidas extremas, como fizeram em Bretton Woods.
Se a medida extrema é voltar ao padrão ouro, tenho muitas dúvidas, aqueles países que tem bastante ouro até poderão optar, mas os outros, certamente irão optar por outra ou por várias commodities. Só que isto tornaria altamente complexo o comércio internacional e os câmbios entre moedas. Durante um período seria muito confuso, mas a médio prazo, inevitavelmente um padrão irá sobressair, será adotado pela generalidade dos países.
Se é bitcoin, acho pouco provável, os países vão preferir o ouro porque já têm reservas consideráveis e conseguem o controlar. Os estados nunca vão querer perder o controle da moeda.
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@ 06639a38:655f8f71
2024-11-05 12:21:38- I published a blog 1 year later, why Nostr still resonates
https://nostrver.se/blog/1-year-later-why-nostr-still-resonates - This blog is also cross-posted to Nostr: link here
- I'm running a promenade signer
- I've worked out some Nostr the protocol explained sketches
- Did some improvements on the relay response handling in the websocket client within the Nostr-PHP library
- Worked on integrating the TLV part of NIP-19 which is a struggle in the Nostr-PHP library
- I published a blog 1 year later, why Nostr still resonates
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@ 5a69e82d:aa41c382
2024-11-05 11:50:02Dhruv Bansal, CSO dan Co-Founder Unchained mengeksplorasi prinsip-prinsip dan sejarah yang mengarah pada penciptaan Bitcoin dan mengajukan pertanyaan: "Apa yang telah dilakukan Satoshi"?
Bitcoin sering dibandingkan dengan internet pada tahun 1990an, namun saya yakin analogi yang lebih baik adalah dengan telegraf pada tahun 1840an.[^1]
Telegraf adalah teknologi pertama yang mengirimkan data yang dikodekan dengan kecepatan mendekati cahaya dalam jarak jauh. Ini menandai lahirnya industri telekomunikasi. Internet, meskipun skalanya lebih besar, kontennya lebih kaya, dan many-to-many, bukan one-to-one, pada dasarnya masih merupakan teknologi telekomunikasi.
Baik telegraf maupun internet bergantung pada model bisnis di mana perusahaan mengerahkan modal untuk membangun jaringan fisik dan kemudian membebankan biaya kepada pengguna untuk mengirim pesan melalui jaringan ini. Jaringan AT&T secara historis mengirimkan telegram, panggilan telepon, paket TCP/IP, pesan teks, dan sekarang TikTok.
Transformasi masyarakat melalui telekomunikasi telah menghasilkan kebebasan yang lebih besar namun juga sentralisasi yang lebih besar. Internet telah meningkatkan jangkauan jutaan pembuat konten dan usaha kecil, namun juga memperkuat jangkauan perusahaan, otoritas pusat, dan lembaga lain yang memiliki posisi yang cukup baik untuk memantau dan memanipulasi aktivitas online.
Namun Bitcoin bukanlah akhir dari transformasi apa pun—ini adalah awal dari sebuah transformasi. Seperti halnya telekomunikasi, Bitcoin akan mengubah kebiasaan umat manusia dan kehidupan sehari-harinya. Memprediksi seluruh cakupan perubahan saat ini sama dengan membayangkan internet saat hidup di era telegraf.
Seri ini mencoba membayangkan masa depan dengan memulai dari masa lalu. Artikel awal ini menelusuri sejarah mata uang digital sebelum Bitcoin. Hanya dengan memahami kegagalan proyek-proyek sebelumnya, kita dapat memahami apa yang membuat Bitcoin berhasil—dan bagaimana hal itu menyarankan metodologi untuk membangun sistem desentralisasi di masa depan.
Daftar isi
- Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
- Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
- Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
- Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
- Kesimpulan
Klaim utama dari artikel ini adalah bahwa Bitcoin dapat dianggap sebagai adaptasi dari proyek B-money Dai yang menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menciptakan uang. Hanya beberapa minggu setelah artikel ini pertama kali diterbitkan, email baru muncul di mana Satoshi mengaku tidak terbiasa dengan B-money, namun mengakui bahwa Bitcoin dimulai “tepat dari titik itu.” Mengingat bukti baru ini, kami yakin klaim utama ini, meskipun tidak akurat secara historis, masih merupakan cara yang bermakna dan bermanfaat untuk memikirkan asal usul Bitcoin.
Bagaimana Satoshi Nakamoto Memikirkan Bitcoin?
Satoshi memang cerdas, tetapi Bitcoin tidak muncul begitu saja.
Bitcoin mengulangi pekerjaan yang ada di bidang kriptografi, sistem terdistribusi, ekonomi, dan filsafat politik. Konsep proof-of-work sudah ada jauh sebelum digunakan dalam uang dan cypherpunk sebelumnya seperti Nick Szabo, Wei Dai, & Hal Finney mengantisipasi dan memengaruhi desain Bitcoin dengan proyek-proyek seperti bit gold, B-money, dan RPoW. Pertimbangkan bahwa, pada tahun 2008, ketika Satoshi menulis white paper Bitcoin[^2], banyak ide penting Bitcoin telah diusulkan dan/atau diimplementasikan:
- Mata uang digital harus berupa jaringan P2P
- Proof-of-work adalah dasar penciptaan uang
- Uang diciptakan melalui lelang
- Kunci publik kriptografi digunakan untuk menentukan kepemilikan dan transfer koin
- Transaksi dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa blok
- Blok dirangkai bersama melalui proof-of-work
- Semua blok disimpan oleh semua peserta
Bitcoin memanfaatkan semua konsep ini, tetapi Satoshi tidak menciptakan satu pun konsep tersebut. Untuk lebih memahami kontribusi Satoshi, kita harus menentukan prinsip Bitcoin mana yang tidak ada dalam daftar.
Beberapa kandidat yang jelas adalah persediaan Bitcoin yang terbatas, konsensus Nakamoto, dan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan. Tapi apa yang mendorong Satoshi pada ide ini?
Artikel ini mengeksplorasi sejarah mata uang digital dan menyatakan bahwa fokus Satoshi pada kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah hal yang menyebabkan Bitcoin mengatasi tantangan yang mengalahkan proyek-proyek sebelumnya seperti bit gold dan B-money.
Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
Bitcoin sering digambarkan sebagai sistem terdesentralisasi atau terdistribusi. Sayangnya, kata “desentralisasi” dan “terdistribusi” sering kali membingungkan. Ketika diterapkan pada sistem digital, kedua istilah tersebut mengacu pada cara aplikasi monolitik dapat didekomposisi menjadi jaringan bagian-bagian yang berkomunikasi.
Untuk tujuan kita, perbedaan utama antara sistem terdesentralisasi dan terdistribusi bukanlah topologi diagram jaringannya, namun cara mereka menegakkan aturan. Kami meluangkan waktu di bagian berikut untuk membandingkan sistem terdistribusi dan desentralisasi dan memotivasi gagasan bahwa sistem desentralisasi yang kuat adalah pasar.
Sistem Terdistribusikan Bergantung pada Otoritas Pusat
Dalam hal ini, kami mengartikan “terdistribusi” sebagai sistem apa pun yang telah dipecah menjadi beberapa bagian (sering disebut sebagai "node") yang harus berkomunikasi, biasanya melalui jaringan.
Insinyur perangkat lunak semakin mahir dalam membangun sistem yang terdistribusi secara global. Internet terdiri dari sistem terdistribusi yang secara kolektif berisi miliaran node. Kita masing-masing memiliki simpul di saku kita yang berpartisipasi dan bergantung pada sistem ini.
Namun hampir semua sistem terdistribusi yang kita gunakan saat ini diatur oleh beberapa otoritas pusat, biasanya administrator sistem, perusahaan, atau pemerintah yang saling dipercaya oleh semua node dalam sistem.
Otoritas pusat memastikan semua node mematuhi aturan sistem dan menghapus, memperbaiki, atau menghukum node yang gagal mematuhinya. Mereka dipercaya untuk melakukan koordinasi, menyelesaikan konflik, dan mengalokasikan sumber daya bersama. Seiring waktu, otoritas pusat mengelola perubahan pada sistem, memperbarui atau menambahkan fitur, dan memastikan bahwa node yang berpartisipasi mematuhi perubahan tersebut.
Manfaat yang diperoleh sistem terdistribusi karena mengandalkan otoritas pusat juga disertai dengan biaya. Meskipun sistem ini kuat terhadap kegagalan node-nodenya, kegagalan otoritas pusat dapat menyebabkan sistem berhenti berfungsi secara keseluruhan. Kemampuan otoritas pusat untuk mengambil keputusan secara sepihak berarti menumbangkan atau menghilangkan otoritas pusat sudah cukup untuk mengendalikan atau menghancurkan keseluruhan sistem.
Terlepas dari adanya trade-off ini, jika ada persyaratan bahwa satu partai atau koalisi harus mempertahankan otoritas pusat, atau jika peserta dalam sistem tersebut puas dengan mengandalkan otoritas pusat, maka sistem terdistribusi tradisional adalah solusi terbaik. Tidak diperlukan blockchain, token, atau sistem desentralisasi serupa.
Secara khusus, kasus VC atau mata uang kripto yang didukung oleh pemerintah, dengan persyaratan bahwa satu pihak dapat memantau atau membatasi pembayaran dan membekukan akun, adalah kasus penggunaan yang sempurna untuk sistem terdistribusi tradisional.
Sistem Desentralisasi Tidak Memiliki Otoritas Pusat
Kami menganggap “desentralisasi” memiliki arti yang lebih kuat daripada “terdistribusi”: sistem desentralisasi adalah bagian dari sistem terdistribusi yang tidak memiliki otoritas pusat. Sinonim yang mirip dengan “desentralisasi” adalah “peer-to-peer” (P2P).
Menghapus otoritas pusat memberikan beberapa keuntungan. Sistem terdesentralisasi:
- Tumbuh dengan cepat karena tidak ada hambatan untuk masuk—siapa pun dapat mengembangkan sistem hanya dengan menjalankan node baru, dan tidak ada persyaratan untuk registrasi atau persetujuan dari otoritas pusat.
- Kuat karena tidak ada otoritas pusat yang kegagalannya dapat membahayakan berfungsinya sistem. Semua node adalah sama, jadi kegagalan bersifat lokal dan jaringan merutekan sekitar kerusakan.
- Sulit untuk ditangkap, diatur, dikenakan pajak, atau diawasi karena tidak adanya titik kendali terpusat yang dapat ditumbangkan oleh pemerintah.
Kekuatan inilah yang menjadi alasan Satoshi memilih desain Bitcoin yang terdesentralisasi dan peer-to-peer:
“Pemerintah pandai memotong… jaringan yang dikendalikan secara terpusat seperti Napster, namun jaringan P2P murni seperti Gnutella dan Tor tampaknya masih mampu bertahan.” - Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008
Namun kekuatan ini juga disertai dengan kelemahan. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi bisa menjadi kurang efisien karena setiap titik harus memikul tanggung jawab tambahan untuk koordinasi yang sebelumnya diambil alih oleh otoritas pusat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi juga sering dilanda perilaku yang bersifat penipuan dan bertentangan. Terlepas dari persetujuan Satoshi terhadap Gnutella, siapa pun yang menggunakan program berbagi file P2P untuk mengunduh file yang ternyata kotor atau berbahaya memahami alasan mengapa berbagi file P2P tidak pernah menjadi model utama untuk transfer data online.
Satoshi tidak menyebutkannya secara eksplisit, namun email adalah sistem terdesentralisasi lainnya yang menghindari kendali pemerintah. Dan email juga terkenal sebagai spam.
Sistem Desentralisasi diatur Melalui Insentif
Akar masalahnya, dalam semua kasus ini adalah, bahwa perilaku kejahatan (menyebarkan file buruk, mengirim email spam) tidak dihukum, dan perilaku kooperatif (menyebarkan file bagus, hanya mengirim email berguna) tidak dihargai. Sistem desentralisasi yang mengandalkan partisipannya untuk menjadi aktor yang baik gagal untuk berkembang karena sistem tersebut tidak dapat mencegah aktor jahat untuk ikut berpartisipasi.
Tanpa memaksakan otoritas pusat, satu-satunya cara untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini adalah dengan menggunakan insentif ekonomi. Aktor yang baik, menurut definisinya, bermain sesuai aturan karena mereka secara inheren termotivasi untuk melakukannya. Pelaku kejahatan, menurut definisinya, adalah orang yang egois dan licik, namun insentif ekonomi yang tepat dapat mengarahkan perilaku buruk mereka ke arah kebaikan bersama. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi melakukan hal ini dengan memastikan bahwa perilaku kooperatif menguntungkan dan perilaku kejahatan merugikan.
Cara terbaik untuk menerapkan layanan terdesentralisasi yang kuat adalah dengan menciptakan pasar di mana semua pelaku, baik dan buruk, dibayar untuk menyediakan layanan tersebut. Kurangnya hambatan masuk bagi pembeli dan penjual di pasar yang terdesentralisasi mendorong skala dan efisiensi. Jika protokol pasar dapat melindungi partisipan dari penipuan, pencurian, dan penyalahgunaan, maka pelaku kejahatan akan merasa lebih menguntungkan untuk mengikuti aturan atau menyerang sistem lain.
Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
Namun pasar itu rumit. Mereka harus memberi pembeli dan penjual kemampuan untuk mengirimkan penawaran dan permintaan serta menemukan, mencocokkan, dan menyelesaikan pesanan. Kebijakan tersebut harus adil, memberikan konsistensi yang kuat, dan menjaga ketersediaan meskipun terjadi masa-masa yang tidak menentu.
Pasar global saat ini sangat mumpuni dan canggih, namun menggunakan barang-barang tradisional dan jaringan pembayaran untuk menerapkan insentif di pasar yang terdesentralisasi bukanlah hal yang baru. Setiap penggabungan antara sistem desentralisasi dan uang fiat, aset tradisional, atau komoditas fisik akan menimbulkan kembali ketergantungan pada otoritas pusat yang mengontrol pemroses pembayaran, bank, dan bursa.
Sistem terdesentralisasi tidak dapat mentransfer uang tunai, mencari saldo rekening perantara, atau menentukan kepemilikan properti. Barang-barang tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi. Hal sebaliknya tidak benar—sistem tradisional dapat berinteraksi dengan Bitcoin semudah aktor lainnya (begitu mereka memutuskan ingin melakukannya). Batasan antara sistem tradisional dan desentralisasi bukanlah sebuah tembok yang tidak dapat dilewati, melainkan sebuah membran semi-permeabel.
Ini berarti bahwa sistem yang terdesentralisasi tidak dapat melaksanakan pembayaran dalam mata uang barang tradisional apa pun. Mereka bahkan tidak dapat menentukan saldo rekening yang didominasi fiat atau kepemilikan real estat atau barang fisik. Seluruh perekonomian tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi.
Menciptakan pasar yang terdesentralisasi membutuhkan perdagangan barang-barang baru yang terdesentralisasi yang dapat dibaca dan ditransfer dalam sistem yang terdesentralisasi.
Komputasi Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang Pertama
Contoh pertama dari “barang terdesentralisasi” adalah kelas komputasi khusus yang pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1993 oleh Cynthia Dwork dan Moni Naor.[^3]
Karena adanya hubungan mendalam antara matematika, fisika, dan ilmu komputer, komputasi ini memerlukan energi dan sumber daya perangkat keras di dunia nyata—hal ini tidak dapat dipalsukan. Karena sumber daya di dunia nyata langka, komputasi ini juga langka.
input untuk komputasi ini dapat berupa data apa pun. Keluaran yang dihasilkan adalah “bukti” digital bahwa pengkomputasian telah dilakukan pada data input yang diberikan. Pembuktian mengandung “kesulitan” tertentu yang merupakan bukti (statistik) dari sejumlah pekerjaan komputasi tertentu. Yang terpenting, hubungan antara data input, pembuktian, dan pekerjaan komputasi asli yang dilakukan dapat diverifikasi secara independen tanpa perlu mengajukan banding ke otoritas pusat mana pun.
Gagasan untuk menyebarkan beberapa data input bersama dengan bukti digital sebagai bukti kerja komputasi dunia nyata yang dilakukan pada input tersebut sekarang disebut “proof-of-work”.[^4] Proof-of-work adalah, jika menggunakan ungkapan Nick Szabo, “biaya yang tidak dapat ditiru”. Karena proof-of-work dapat diverifikasi oleh siapa pun, maka proof-of-work merupakan sumber daya ekonomi yang dapat dibaca oleh semua peserta dalam sistem desentralisasi. Proof-of-work mengubah penghitungan data menjadi barang yang terdesentralisasi. Dwork & Naor mengusulkan penggunaan komputasi untuk membatasi penyalahgunaan sumber daya bersama dengan memaksa peserta untuk memberikan proof-of-work dengan tingkat kesulitan minimum tertentu sebelum mereka dapat mengakses sumber daya:
“Dalam makalah ini kami menyarankan pendekatan komputasi untuk memerangi penyebaran surat elektronik. Secara umum, kami telah merancang mekanisme kontrol akses yang dapat digunakan kapan pun diinginkan untuk membatasi, namun tidak melarang, akses ke sumber daya.” - Dwoak & Naor, 1993
Dalam proposal Dwork & Naor, administrator sistem email akan menetapkan tingkat kesulitan bukti kerja minimum untuk mengirimkan email. Pengguna yang ingin mengirim email perlu melakukan sejumlah komputasi yang sesuai dengan email tersebut sebagai data input. Bukti yang dihasilkan akan dikirimkan ke server bersamaan dengan permintaan pengiriman email.
Dwork & Naor menyebut kesulitan proof-of-work sebagai “fungsi penetapan harga” karena, dengan menyesuaikan kesulitan tersebut, “otoritas penetapan harga” dapat memastikan bahwa sumber daya bersama tetap murah untuk digunakan bagi pengguna yang jujur dan rata-rata, namun mahal bagi pengguna yang mencari untuk mengeksploitasinya. Di pasar pengiriman email, administrator server adalah otoritas penetapan harga; mereka harus memilih “harga” untuk pengiriman email yang cukup rendah untuk penggunaan normal namun terlalu tinggi untuk spam.
Meskipun Dwork & Naor membingkai proof-of-work sebagai disinsentif ekonomi untuk memerangi penyalahgunaan sumber daya, nomenklatur “fungsi penetapan harga” dan “otoritas penetapan harga” mendukung interpretasi yang berbeda dan berbasis pasar: pengguna membeli akses ke sumber daya dengan imbalan komputasi pada tingkat yang sama. harga yang ditetapkan oleh pengontrol sumber daya.
Dalam interpretasi ini, jaringan pengiriman email sebenarnya adalah pengiriman email perdagangan pasar yang terdesentralisasi untuk komputasi. Kesulitan minimum dari proof-of-work adalah harga yang diminta untuk pengiriman email dalam mata uang komputasi.
Mata Uang Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang kedua
Namun komputasi bukanlah mata uang yang baik.
Bukti yang digunakan untuk “memperdagangkan” komputasi hanya valid untuk input yang digunakan dalam komputasi tersebut. Hubungan yang tidak dapat dipecahkan antara bukti spesifik dan input tertentu berarti bahwa proof-of-work untuk satu input tidak dapat digunakan kembali untuk input yang berbeda.
Proof-of-work awalnya diusulkan sebagai mekanisme kontrol akses untuk membatasi email spam. Pengguna diharapkan memberikan bukti kerja bersama email apa pun yang ingin mereka kirim. Mekanisme ini juga dapat dianggap sebagai pasar di mana pengguna membeli pengiriman email dengan komputasi pada harga yang dipilih oleh penyedia layanan email.
Batasan ini berguna – dapat digunakan untuk mencegah pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh satu pembeli di pasar kemudian dibelanjakan kembali oleh pembeli lain. Misalnya, HashCash, implementasi nyata pertama dari pasar pengiriman email, menyertakan metadata seperti stempel waktu saat ini dan alamat email pengirim dalam data masukan untuk penghitungan bukti kerja. Bukti yang dihasilkan oleh pengguna tertentu untuk email tertentu, tidak dapat digunakan untuk email yang berbeda.
Namun ini juga berarti bahwa komputasi bukti kerja adalah barang yang dipesan lebih dahulu. Dana tersebut tidak dapat dipertukarkan, tidak dapat dibelanjakan kembali,[^5] dan tidak memecahkan masalah kebutuhan yang terjadi secara kebetulan. Properti moneter yang hilang ini mencegah komputasi menjadi mata uang. Terlepas dari namanya, tidak ada insentif bagi penyedia pengiriman email untuk ingin mengakumulasikan HashCash, karena akan ada uang tunai sebenarnya.
Adam Back, penemu HashCash, memahami masalah berikut:
"Hashcash tidak dapat ditransfer secara langsung karena untuk membuatnya didistribusikan, setiap penyedia layanan hanya menerima pembayaran dalam bentuk tunai yang dibuat untuk mereka. Anda mungkin dapat menyiapkan pencetakan gaya digicash (dengan chaumian ecash) dan meminta bank hanya mencetak uang tunai pada penerimaan tabrakan hash yang ditangani. Namun ini berarti Anda harus mempercayai bank untuk tidak mencetak uang dalam jumlah tak terbatas untuk digunakan sendiri." - Adam Back, 1997
Kita tidak ingin menukar komputasi yang dibuat khusus untuk setiap barang atau jasa yang dijual dalam perekonomian yang terdesentralisasi. Kita menginginkan mata uang digital serba guna yang dapat langsung digunakan untuk mengoordinasikan pertukaran nilai di pasar mana pun.
Membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi namun tetap terdesentralisasi merupakan tantangan yang signifikan. Mata uang membutuhkan unit yang dapat dipertukarkan dengan nilai yang sama yang dapat ditransfer antar pengguna. Hal ini memerlukan model penerbitan, definisi kriptografi kepemilikan dan transfer, proses penemuan dan penyelesaian transaksi, dan buku besar historis. Infrastruktur ini tidak diperlukan ketika bukti kerja hanya dianggap sebagai “mekanisme kontrol akses”.
Terlebih lagi, sistem desentralisasi adalah pasar, jadi semua fungsi dasar mata uang ini harus disediakan melalui penyedia layanan berbayar… dalam satuan mata uang yang sedang dibuat!
Seperti mengkompilasi compiler pertama, permulaan jaringan listrik yang gelap, atau evolusi kehidupan itu sendiri, pencipta mata uang digital dihadapkan pada masalah bootstrapping: bagaimana mendefinisikan insentif ekonomi yang mendasari mata uang yang berfungsi tanpa memiliki mata uang yang berfungsi di dalamnya yang akan mendenominasikan atau membayar insentif tersebut.
Komputasi dan mata uang adalah barang pertama dan kedua di pasar yang terdesentralisasi. Proof-of-work sendiri memungkinkan pertukaran komputasi tetapi mata uang yang berfungsi memerlukan lebih banyak infrastruktur. Butuh waktu 15 tahun bagi komunitas cypherpunk untuk mengembangkan infrastruktur tersebut.
Pasar Terdesentralisasi Pertama harus Memperdagangkan Komputasi untuk Mata Uang
Kemajuan dalam masalah bootstrapping ini berasal dari penyusunan batasan yang tepat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi harus menjadi pasar. Pasar terdiri dari pembeli dan penjual yang saling bertukar barang. Pasar terdesentralisasi untuk mata uang digital hanya memiliki dua barang yang dapat dibaca di dalamnya:
- Komputasi melalui proof-of-work
- Unit mata uang yang kita coba bangun
Oleh karena itu, satu-satunya perdagangan pasar yang memungkinkan adalah antara kedua barang tersebut. Komputasi harus dijual untuk satuan mata uang atau setara dengan satuan mata uang harus dijual untuk komputasi. Menyatakan hal ini sangatlah mudah—bagian tersulitnya adalah menata pasar ini sehingga sekadar menukar mata uang untuk komputasi akan mem-bootstrap semua kemampuan mata uang itu sendiri!
Seluruh sejarah mata uang digital yang berpuncak pada white paper Satoshi tahun 2008 adalah serangkaian upaya yang semakin canggih dalam menata pasar ini. Bagian berikut mengulas proyek-proyek seperti bit gold milik Nick Szabo dan B-money milik Wei Dai. Memahami bagaimana proyek-proyek ini menyusun pasar mereka dan mengapa mereka gagal akan membantu kita memahami mengapa Satoshi dan Bitcoin berhasil.
Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi Dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
Fungsi utama pasar adalah penemuan harga. Oleh karena itu, komputasi perdagangan pasar untuk mata uang harus menemukan harga komputasi itu sendiri, dalam satuan mata uang tersebut.
Kita biasanya tidak memberikan nilai moneter pada komputasi. Kita biasanya menghargai kapasitas untuk melakukan komputasi karena kita menghargai output dari komputasi, bukan komputasi itu sendiri. Jika keluaran yang sama dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efisien, dengan komputasi yang lebih sedikit, hal ini biasanya disebut “kemajuan”.
Proof-of-work mewakili komputasi spesifik yang keluarannya hanya berupa bukti bahwa komputasi tersebut telah dilakukan. Menghasilkan bukti yang sama dengan melakukan lebih sedikit komputasi dan lebih sedikit pekerjaan tidak akan menghasilkan kemajuan—hal ini akan menjadi bug. Oleh karena itu, komputasi yang terkait dengan Proof-of-work merupakan hal yang aneh dan baru untuk dicoba dihargai.
Ketika bukti kerja dianggap sebagai disinsentif terhadap penyalahgunaan sumber daya, maka bukti kerja tidak perlu dinilai secara tepat dan konsisten. Yang terpenting adalah penyedia layanan email menetapkan tingkat kesulitan yang cukup rendah sehingga tidak terlihat oleh pengguna yang sah, namun cukup tinggi sehingga menjadi penghalang bagi pelaku spam. Oleh karena itu, terdapat beragam “harga” yang dapat diterima dan setiap peserta bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga mereka sendiri, dengan menerapkan fungsi penetapan harga lokal.
Namun satuan mata uang dimaksudkan agar dapat dipertukarkan, masing-masing memiliki nilai yang sama. Karena perubahan teknologi dari waktu ke waktu, dua unit mata uang yang dibuat dengan tingkat kesulitan proof-of-work yang sama—yang diukur dengan jumlah komputasi yang sesuai—mungkin memiliki biaya produksi yang sangat berbeda di dunia nyata, yang diukur dengan waktu, energi, dan/atau modal untuk melakukan komputasi tersebut. Ketika komputasi dijual dengan menggunakan mata uang, dan biaya produksi yang mendasarinya bervariasi, bagaimana pasar dapat memastikan harga yang konsisten?
Nick Szabo dengan jelas mengidentifikasi masalah harga ini ketika menjelaskan bit gold:
"Masalah utamanya...adalah bahwa skema pembuktian kerja bergantung pada arsitektur komputer, bukan hanya matematika abstrak yang didasarkan pada "siklus komputasi" abstrak. ...Jadi, ada kemungkinan untuk menjadi produsen berbiaya sangat rendah (dengan beberapa kali lipat besarnya) dan membanjiri pasar dengan bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Mata uang terdesentralisasi yang diciptakan melalui proof-of-work akan mengalami kelebihan pasokan dan penurunan pasokan seiring dengan perubahan pasokan komputasi seiring waktu. Untuk mengakomodasi volatilitas ini, jaringan harus belajar menghitung harga secara dinamis.
Mata uang digital awal mencoba memberi harga pada komputasi dengan mencoba mengukur “biaya komputasi” secara kolektif. Wei Dai, misalnya, mengusulkan solusi praktis berikut dalam B-money:
"Jumlah unit moneter yang diciptakan sama dengan biaya upaya komputasi dalam sekeranjang komoditas standar. Sebagai contoh, jika sebuah masalah memerlukan waktu 100 jam untuk diselesaikan pada komputer yang dapat menyelesaikannya dengan cara yang paling ekonomis, dan diperlukan 3 keranjang standar untuk membeli 100 jam waktu komputasi pada komputer tersebut di pasar terbuka, maka setelah solusi terhadap masalah tersebut disiarkan, setiap orang mengkredit rekening penyiar sebanyak 3 unit." - Dai, 1998
Sayangnya, Dai tidak menjelaskan bagaimana pengguna dalam sistem yang seharusnya terdesentralisasi seharusnya menyetujui definisi “keranjang standar”, komputer mana yang memecahkan masalah tertentu “paling ekonomis”, atau biaya komputasi di “pasar terbuka”. Mencapai konsensus di antara semua pengguna mengenai kumpulan data bersama yang berubah-ubah terhadap waktu adalah masalah penting dalam sistem desentralisasi!
Agar adil bagi Dai, dia menyadari hal ini:
“Salah satu bagian yang lebih bermasalah dalam protokol B-money adalah penciptaan uang. Bagian dari protokol ini mengharuskan semua [pengguna] memutuskan dan menyetujui biaya perhitungan tertentu. Sayangnya karena teknologi komputasi cenderung berkembang pesat dan tidak selalu bersifat publik, informasi ini mungkin tidak tersedia, tidak akurat, atau ketinggalan jaman, yang semuanya akan menyebabkan masalah serius pada protokol." - Dai, 1998
Dai kemudian mengusulkan mekanisme penetapan harga berbasis lelang yang lebih canggih yang kemudian dikatakan Satoshi sebagai titik awal idenya. Kita akan kembali ke skema lelang di bawah ini, tapi pertama-tama mari kita beralih ke bit gold, dan pertimbangkan wawasan Szabo tentang masalahnya.
Gunakan Pasar Eksternal
Szabo mengklaim bahwa proof-of-work harus “diberi stempel waktu dengan aman”:
"Bukti kerja diberi stempel waktu yang aman. Ini harus bekerja secara terdistribusi, dengan beberapa layanan stempel waktu berbeda sehingga tidak ada layanan stempel waktu tertentu yang perlu diandalkan secara substansial." - Szabo, 2005
Szabo tertaut ke halaman sumber daya tentang protokol penandaan waktu yang aman tetapi tidak menjelaskan algoritme spesifik apa pun untuk penandaan waktu yang aman. Ungkapan “aman” dan “fesyen terdistribusi” mempunyai pengaruh yang besar di sini, sehingga dapat mengatasi kerumitan dalam mengandalkan satu (atau banyak) layanan “di luar sistem” untuk penandaan waktu.[^6]
Waktu pembuatan unit mata uang digital penting karena menghubungkan komputasi yang dilakukan dengan biaya produksi di dunia nyata.
Terlepas dari ketidakjelasan implementasi, Szabo benar—waktu pembuatan proof-of-work merupakan faktor penting dalam menentukan harga karena terkait dengan biaya komputasi:
"…Namun, karena bit gold diberi stempel waktu, waktu yang dibuat serta tingkat kesulitan matematis dari pekerjaan tersebut dapat dibuktikan secara otomatis. Dari sini, biasanya dapat disimpulkan berapa biaya produksi selama periode waktu tersebut..." - Szabo, 2005
"Menyimpulkan" biaya produksi adalah hal yang penting karena bit gold tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat bit gold dengan melakukan perhitungan yang sesuai. Tanpa kemampuan untuk mengatur penerbitan, bit gold sama dengan barang koleksi:
"…Tidak seperti atom emas yang dapat dipertukarkan, tetapi seperti halnya barang-barang kolektor, pasokan dalam jumlah besar selama jangka waktu tertentu akan menurunkan nilai barang-barang tersebut. Dalam hal ini, emas kecil bertindak lebih seperti barang-barang kolektor daripada seperti emas..." - Szabo, 2005
Bit gold memerlukan proses eksternal tambahan untuk menciptakan unit mata uang yang sepadan:
“…[B]it Gold tidak dapat dipertukarkan berdasarkan fungsi sederhana, misalnya, panjang tali. Sebaliknya, untuk membuat unit yang dapat dipertukarkan, dealer harus menggabungkan potongan-potongan bit gold dengan nilai berbeda ke dalam satuan yang lebih besar kira-kira dengan nilai yang sama. Hal ini serupa dengan apa yang dilakukan banyak pedagang komoditas saat ini untuk memungkinkan pasar komoditas bekerja. Kepercayaan masih terdistribusi karena perkiraan nilai dari kumpulan tersebut dapat diverifikasi secara independen oleh banyak pihak lain dengan cara yang sebagian besar atau seluruhnya otomatis." - Szabo, 2005
Mengutip Szabo, “untuk menguji nilai… bit gold, dealer memeriksa dan memverifikasi tingkat kesulitan, masukan, dan stempel waktu”. Dealer yang mendefinisikan “unit yang lebih besar dengan nilai yang kira-kira sama” menyediakan fungsi penetapan harga yang serupa dengan “keranjang komoditas standar” Dai. Unit yang dapat dipertukarkan tidak dibuat dalam bentuk bit gold ketika bukti kerja diproduksi, hanya kemudian ketika bukti tersebut digabungkan menjadi “unit yang kira-kira bernilai sama” oleh dealer di pasar di luar jaringan.
Yang patut disyukuri, Szabo mengakui kelemahan ini:
"…Potensi kelebihan pasokan yang awalnya tersembunyi karena inovasi tersembunyi dalam arsitektur mesin adalah potensi kelemahan dalam bit gold, atau setidaknya ketidaksempurnaan yang harus diatasi oleh lelang awal dan pertukaran ex post bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Sekali lagi, meskipun belum sampai pada (yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai) solusinya, Szabo menunjukkan solusinya: karena biaya komputasi berubah seiring waktu, jaringan harus merespons perubahan pasokan komputasi dengan menyesuaikan harga uang.
Gunakan Pasar Internal
Dealer Szabo akan menjadi pasar eksternal yang menentukan harga (bundel dari) bit gold setelah penciptaannya. Apakah mungkin menerapkan pasar ini di dalam sistem dan bukan di luar sistem?
Mari kita kembali ke Wei Dai dan B-money. Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, Dai mengusulkan model alternatif berbasis lelang untuk pembuatan B-money. Desain Satoshi untuk Bitcoin meningkat secara langsung pada model lelang B-money[^7]:
“Jadi saya mengusulkan subprotokol penciptaan uang alternatif, di mana [pengguna]… memutuskan dan menyetujui jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat setiap periode, dengan biaya pembuatan uang tersebut ditentukan melalui lelang. Setiap periode pembuatan uang adalah dibagi menjadi empat tahap, sebagai berikut:
Planning. Para [pengguna] menghitung dan bernegosiasi satu sama lain untuk menentukan peningkatan jumlah uang beredar yang optimal untuk periode berikutnya. Apakah [jaringan] dapat mencapai konsensus atau tidak, mereka masing-masing menyiarkan kuota penciptaan uang mereka dan komputasi makroekonomi apa pun yang dilakukan untuk mendukung angka tersebut.
Bidding. Siapapun yang ingin membuat B-money menyiarkan tawaran dalam bentuk dimana x adalah banyaknya B-money yang ingin dibuatnya, dan y adalah soal yang belum terselesaikan dari kelas soal yang telah ditentukan. Setiap masalah di kelas ini harus memiliki biaya nominal (katakanlah dalam MIPS-years) yang disetujui secara publik.
Computation. Setelah melihat penawaran, pihak yang mengajukan penawaran pada tahap penawaran sekarang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dalam penawarannya dan menyiarkan solusinya. Penciptaan uang.
Money creation. Setiap [pengguna] menerima tawaran tertinggi (di antara mereka yang benar-benar menyiarkan solusi) dalam hal biaya nominal per unit B-money yang dibuat dan memberikan kredit kepada akun penawar sesuai dengan itu."
- Dai, 1998B-money membuat kemajuan signifikan menuju struktur pasar yang tepat untuk mata uang digital. Ini berupaya untuk menghilangkan dealer eksternal Szabo dan memungkinkan pengguna untuk terlibat dalam penemuan harga dengan menawar satu sama lain secara langsung.
Namun menerapkan proposal Dai seperti yang tertulis akan menjadi sebuah tantangan:
- Dalam fase "Planning”, pengguna menanggung beban menegosiasikan “peningkatan optimal jumlah uang beredar untuk periode berikutnya”. Bagaimana “optimal” harus didefinisikan, bagaimana pengguna harus bernegosiasi satu sama lain, dan bagaimana hasil negosiasi tersebut dibagikan tidak dijelaskan.
- Terlepas dari apa yang direncanakan, fase “Bidding” memungkinkan siapa saja untuk mengajukan “tawaran” untuk membuat B-money. Tawaran mencakup jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat serta jumlah bukti kerja yang sesuai sehingga setiap penawaran adalah harga, jumlah perhitungan yang bersedia dilakukan oleh penawar tertentu untuk membeli sejumlah tertentu. dari B-money.
- Setelah penawaran diserahkan, fase “Computation” terdiri dari peserta lelang yang melakukan proof-of-work yang mereka tawarkan dan menyiarkan solusi. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencocokkan penawar dengan solusi yang disediakan. Yang lebih problematis adalah tidak jelasnya bagaimana pengguna dapat mengetahui bahwa semua penawaran telah diajukan – kapan fase “Bidding” berakhir dan fase “Computation” dimulai?
- Masalah-masalah ini berulang dalam fase “Money creation”. Karena sifat proof-of-work, pengguna dapat memverifikasi bahwa bukti yang mereka terima dalam solusi adalah asli. Namun bagaimana pengguna dapat secara kolektif menyepakati serangkaian “tawaran tertinggi”? Bagaimana jika pengguna yang berbeda memilih set yang berbeda, baik karena preferensi atau latensi jaringan?
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi kesulitan dalam melacak data dan membuat pilihan secara konsisten, namun B-money memerlukan pelacakan tawaran dari banyak pengguna dan membuat pilihan konsensus di antara mereka. Kompleksitas ini menghalangi penerapan B-money.
Akar dari kompleksitas ini adalah keyakinan Dai bahwa tingkat “optimal” penciptaan B-money harus berfluktuasi seiring waktu berdasarkan “perhitungan makroekonomi” penggunanya. Seperti bit gold, B-money tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat unit B-money dengan menyiarkan tawaran dan kemudian melakukan proof-of-work yang sesuai.
Baik Szabo maupun Dai mengusulkan penggunaan pasar pertukaran mata uang digital untuk komputasi, namun baik bit gold maupun B-money tidak menentukan kebijakan moneter untuk mengatur pasokan mata uang di pasar ini.
Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
Sebaliknya, kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah salah satu tujuan utama Satoshi dalam proyek Bitcoin. Dalam postingan milis pertama tempat Bitcoin diumumkan, Satoshi menulis:
“Akar permasalahan mata uang konvensional adalah kepercayaan yang diperlukan agar mata uang tersebut dapat berfungsi. Bank sentral harus dipercaya untuk tidak merendahkan mata uang tersebut, namun sejarah mata uang fiat penuh dengan pelanggaran terhadap kepercayaan tersebut.” - Satoshi, 2009
Satoshi selanjutnya menjelaskan masalah lain dengan mata uang fiat seperti perbankan cadangan fraksional yang berisiko, kurangnya privasi, pencurian & penipuan yang merajalela, dan ketidakmampuan melakukan pembayaran mikro. Namun Satoshi memulai dengan isu penurunan nilai oleh bank sentral—dengan kekhawatiran mengenai kebijakan moneter.
Satoshi ingin Bitcoin pada akhirnya mencapai pasokan sirkulasi terbatas yang tidak dapat terdilusi seiring waktu. Tingkat penciptaan Bitcoin yang “optimal”, bagi Satoshi, pada akhirnya akan menjadi nol.
Tujuan kebijakan moneter ini, lebih dari karakteristik lain yang mereka miliki secara pribadi (atau kolektif!), adalah alasan Satoshi “menemukan” Bitcoin, blockchain, konsensus Nakamoto, dll. —dan bukan orang lain. Ini adalah jawaban singkat atas pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam judul artikel ini: Satoshi memikirkan Bitcoin karena mereka fokus pada penciptaan mata uang digital dengan persediaan terbatas.
Pasokan Bitcoin yang terbatas bukan hanya tujuan kebijakan moneter atau meme bagi para Bitcoiner untuk berkumpul. Penyederhanaan teknis penting inilah yang memungkinkan Satoshi membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi sementara B-money Dai tetap menjadi postingan web yang menarik.
Bitcoin adalah B-money dengan persyaratan tambahan berupa kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan. Seperti banyak penyederhanaan teknis lainnya, pembatasan kebijakan moneter memungkinkan kemajuan dengan mengurangi ruang lingkup. Mari kita lihat bagaimana masing-masing fase pembuatan B-money disederhanakan dengan menerapkan batasan ini.
Semua Pasokan 21 Juta Bitcoin Sudah Ada
Dalam b-money, setiap “periode penciptaan uang” mencakup fase “Perencanaan”, di mana pengguna diharapkan untuk membagikan “perhitungan makroekonomi” mereka yang membenarkan jumlah b-money yang ingin mereka ciptakan pada saat itu. Tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi yaitu pasokan terbatas dan emisi nol tidak sesuai dengan kebebasan yang diberikan b-money kepada pengguna individu untuk menghasilkan uang. Oleh karena itu, langkah pertama dalam perjalanan dari bmoney ke bitcoin adalah menghilangkan kebebasan ini. Pengguna bitcoin perorangan tidak dapat membuat bitcoin. Hanya jaringan bitcoin yang dapat membuat bitcoin, dan hal ini terjadi tepat sekali, pada tahun 2009 ketika Satoshi meluncurkan proyek bitcoin.
Satoshi mampu menggantikan fase “Perencanaan” b-money yang berulang menjadi satu jadwal yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya di mana 21 juta bitcoin yang dibuat pada tahun 2009 akan dilepaskan ke peredaran. Pengguna secara sukarela mendukung kebijakan moneter Satoshi dengan mengunduh dan menjalankan perangkat lunak Bitcoin Core yang kebijakan moneternya dikodekan secara keras.
Hal ini mengubah semantik pasar bitcoin untuk komputasi. Bitcoin yang dibayarkan kepada penambang bukanlah hal baru yang diterbitkan; itu melainkan baru dirilis ke peredaran dari persediaan yang ada.
Pandangan ini sangat berbeda dari klaim naif bahwa “penambang bitcoin menciptakan bitcoin”. Penambang Bitcoin tidak menciptakan bitcoin, mereka membelinya. Bitcoin tidak berharga karena “bitcoin terbuat dari energi”—tetapi nilai bitcoin didemonstrasikan dengan dijual untuk mendapatkan energi.
Mari kita ulangi sekali lagi: bitcoin tidak dibuat melalui proof-of-work, bitcoin dibuat melalui konsensus.
Desain Satoshi menghilangkan persyaratan untuk fase “Perencanaan” yang berkelanjutan dari b-money dengan melakukan semua perencanaan terlebih dahulu. Hal ini memungkinkan Satoshi untuk membuat kebijakan moneter yang sehat namun juga menyederhanakan penerapan bitcoin.
Bitcoin dihargai Melalui Konsensus
Kebebasan yang diberikan kepada pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang menimbulkan beban yang sesuai bagi jaringan bmoney. Selama fase “Penawaran” jaringan b-money harus mengumpulkan dan membagikan “tawaran” pembuatan uang dari banyak pengguna yang berbeda.
Menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menghasilkan uang akan meringankan beban jaringan bitcoin. Karena seluruh 21 juta bitcoin sudah ada, jaringan tidak perlu mengumpulkan tawaran dari pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang, jaringan hanya perlu menjual bitcoin sesuai jadwal Satoshi yang telah ditentukan.
Jaringan bitcoin dengan demikian menawarkan konsensus harga permintaan untuk bitcoin yang dijualnya di setiap blok. Harga tunggal ini dihitung oleh setiap node secara independen menggunakan salinan blockchainnya. Jika node memiliki konsensus pada blockchain yang sama (poin yang akan kita bahas nanti) mereka semua akan menawarkan harga permintaan yang sama di setiap blok.[^8]
Bagian pertama kalkulasi harga konsensus menentukan berapa banyak bitcoin yang akan dijual. Hal ini diperbaiki oleh jadwal rilis Satoshi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung jumlah yang sama untuk blok tertentu:
$ bitcoin-cli getblockstats <block\_height> {... "subsidy": 6250000000, ... } # 6.25 BTC
Bagian kedua dari harga yang diminta secara konsensus adalah jumlah komputasi yang akan menjual subsidi saat ini. Sekali lagi, semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung nilai yang sama (kita akan meninjau kembali kalkulasi tingkat kesulitan ini di bagian berikutnya):
$ bitcoin-cli getdifficulty {... "result": 55621444139429.57, ... }
Bersama-sama, subsidi dan kesulitan jaringan menentukan permintaan bitcoin saat ini sebagai mata uang komputasi. Karena blockchain berada dalam konsensus, harga ini adalah harga konsensus.
Pengguna b-money juga dianggap memiliki konsensus “blockchain” yang berisi riwayat semua transaksi. Namun Dai tidak pernah memikirkan solusi sederhana berupa konsensus tunggal yang meminta harga untuk pembuatan b-money baru, yang hanya ditentukan oleh data di blockchain tersebut.
Sebaliknya, Dai berasumsi bahwa penciptaan uang harus berlangsung selamanya. Oleh karena itu, pengguna individu perlu diberdayakan untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan moneter – seperti halnya mata uang fiat. Persyaratan yang dirasakan ini membuat Dai merancang sistem penawaran yang mencegah penerapan b-money.
Kompleksitas tambahan ini dihilangkan dengan persyaratan Satoshi mengenai kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.
Waktu Menutup Semua Penyebaran
Dalam fase “Komputasi” b-money, pengguna individu akan melakukan komputasi yang telah mereka lakukan dalam penawaran sebelumnya. Dalam bitcoin, seluruh jaringan adalah penjual – tetapi siapa pembelinya?
Di pasar pengiriman email, pembelinya adalah individu yang ingin mengirim email. Otoritas penetapan harga, penyedia layanan email, akan menetapkan harga yang dianggap murah bagi individu namun mahal bagi pelaku spam. Namun jika jumlah pengguna yang sah bertambah, harganya masih bisa tetap sama karena kekuatan komputasi masing-masing pengguna akan tetap sama.
Di b-money, setiap pengguna yang menyumbangkan tawaran untuk pembuatan uang selanjutnya harus melakukan sendiri jumlah komputasi yang sesuai. Setiap pengguna bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga berdasarkan pengetahuan mereka tentang kemampuan komputasi mereka sendiri.
Jaringan bitcoin menawarkan satu harga yang diminta dalam komputasi subsidi bitcoin saat ini. Namun tidak ada penambang individu yang menemukan blok yang melakukan komputasi sebanyak ini.[^9] Blok pemenang penambang individu adalah bukti bahwa semua penambang secara kolektif melakukan jumlah komputasi yang diperlukan. Pembeli bitcoin dengan demikian adalah industri penambangan bitcoin global.
Setelah mencapai konsensus harga yang diminta, jaringan bitcoin tidak akan mengubah harga tersebut sampai lebih banyak blok diproduksi. Blok-blok ini harus berisi proof-of-work dengan harga yang diminta saat ini. Oleh karena itu, industri pertambangan tidak punya pilihan jika ingin “melakukan perdagangan” selain membayar harga yang diminta saat ini dalam komputasi.
Satu-satunya variabel yang dapat dikontrol oleh industri pertambangan adalah berapa lama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi blok berikutnya. Sama seperti jaringan bitcoin yang menawarkan satu harga yang diminta, industri pertambangan juga menawarkan satu penawaran—waktu yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan blok berikutnya yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini.
Untuk mengimbangi peningkatan kecepatan perangkat keras dan minat yang berbeda-beda dalam menjalankan node dari waktu ke waktu, kesulitan proof-of-work ditentukan oleh rata-rata bergerak yang menargetkan jumlah rata-rata blok per jam. Jika dihasilkan terlalu cepat, kesulitannya akan meningkat. - Nakamoto, 2008
Satoshi dengan sederhana menjelaskan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan, yang sering disebut sebagai salah satu ide paling orisinal dalam implementasi bitcoin. Hal ini benar, namun alih-alih berfokus pada daya cipta solusi, mari kita fokus pada mengapa penyelesaian masalah sangat penting bagi Satoshi.
Proyek-proyek seperti bit gold dan b-money tidak perlu membatasi nilai tukar pada saat penciptaan uang karena mereka tidak memiliki pasokan tetap atau kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Periode penciptaan uang yang lebih cepat atau lebih lambat dapat dikompensasikan melalui cara lain, misalnya melalui pajak. Dealer eksternal memasukkan token bit gold ke dalam bundler yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil atau pengguna b-money mengubah tawaran mereka.
Namun tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi mengharuskan bitcoin memiliki tingkat pelepasan bitcoin yang telah ditentukan untuk diedarkan. Membatasi laju (statistik) produksi blok dari waktu ke waktu adalah hal yang wajar dalam bitcoin karena laju produksi blok adalah laju penjualan pasokan awal bitcoin. Menjual 21 juta bitcoin selama 140 tahun adalah proposisi yang berbeda dibandingkan membiarkannya dijual dalam 3 bulan.
Selain itu, bitcoin sebenarnya dapat menerapkan batasan ini karena blockchain adalah “protokol cap waktu aman” milik Szabo. Satoshi menggambarkan bitcoin sebagai yang pertama dan terutama sebagai “server stempel waktu terdistribusi secara peer-to-peer,” dan implementasi awal kode sumber bitcoin menggunakan “rantai waktu” dunia, bukan “blockchain” untuk menggambarkan struktur data bersama yang mengimplementasikan pasar proof-of-work bitcoin.[^10]
Tidak seperti bit gold atau b-money, token dalam bitcoin tidak mengalami kelebihan pasokan. Jaringan bitcoin menggunakan penyesuaian kesulitan untuk mengubah harga uang sebagai respons terhadap perubahan pasokan komputasi.
Algoritme penyesuaian ulang kesulitan Bitcoin memanfaatkan kemampuan ini. Blockchain konsensus digunakan oleh peserta untuk menghitung penawaran historis yang dibuat oleh industri pertambangan dan menyesuaikan kembali kesulitan agar bisa mendekati waktu blok target.
Pesanan Terunggul Menciptakan Konsensus
Rantai penyederhanaan yang disebabkan oleh tuntutan kebijakan moneter yang kuat meluas ke fase “penciptaan uang” dari b-money.
Tawaran yang diajukan pengguna di b-money mengalami masalah “tidak ada yang dipertaruhkan”. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencegah pengguna mengajukan tawaran dengan sejumlah besar b-money untuk pekerjaan yang sangat sedikit. Hal ini mengharuskan jaringan untuk melacak tawaran mana yang telah diselesaikan dan hanya menerima “tawaran tertinggi…dalam hal biaya nominal per unit b-money yang dibuat” untuk menghindari tawaran yang mengganggu tersebut. Setiap peserta b-money harus melacak seluruh tawaran senilai buku pesanan, mencocokkan tawaran dengan perhitungan selanjutnya, dan hanya menyelesaikan pesanan yang telah selesai dengan harga tertinggi.
Masalah ini merupakan contoh dari masalah konsensus yang lebih umum dalam sistem desentralisasi, yang juga dikenal sebagai “Byzantine generals” atau terkadang masalah “pembelanjaan ganda” dalam konteks mata uang digital. Berbagi urutan data yang identik di antara semua peserta merupakan suatu tantangan dalam jaringan yang saling bermusuhan dan terdesentralisasi. Solusi yang ada untuk masalah ini – yang disebut “algoritma konsensus Byzantine-fault tolerant (BFT)” – memerlukan koordinasi sebelumnya di antara peserta atau mayoritas (>67%) peserta agar tidak berperilaku bermusuhan.
Bitcoin tidak harus mengelola buku pesanan dalam jumlah besar karena jaringan bitcoin menawarkan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal. Ini berarti node bitcoin dapat menerima blok pertama (valid) yang mereka lihat yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini—tawaran gangguan dapat dengan mudah diabaikan dan merupakan pemborosan sumber daya penambang.
Komputasi harga berdasarkan konsensus memungkinkan pencocokan pesanan beli/jual dalam bitcoin dilakukan secara antusias, dengan sistem siapa cepat dia dapat. Berbeda dengan b-money, pencocokan pesanan yang cepat ini berarti bahwa pasar bitcoin tidak memiliki fase—pasar ini beroperasi terus-menerus, dengan harga konsensus baru dihitung setelah setiap pesanan dicocokkan (blok ditemukan). Untuk menghindari percabangan yang disebabkan oleh latensi jaringan atau perilaku bertentangan, node juga harus mengikuti aturan rantai terberat. Aturan penyelesaian pesanan yang serakah ini memastikan bahwa hanya tawaran tertinggi yang diterima oleh jaringan.
Kombinasi algoritma yang antusias dan serakah ini, dimana node menerima blok valid pertama yang mereka lihat dan juga mengikuti rantai terberat, adalah algoritma BFT baru yang dengan cepat menyatu pada konsensus tentang urutan blok. Satoshi menghabiskan 25% dari white paper bitcoin untuk mendemonstrasikan klaim ini.[^11]
Kita telah menetapkan di bagian sebelumnya bahwa harga permintaan konsensus bitcoin itu sendiri bergantung pada konsensus blockchain. Namun ternyata keberadaan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal inilah yang memungkinkan perhitungan pasar untuk mencocokkan pesanan dengan penuh semangat, dan itulah yang pertama-tama mengarah pada konsensus!
Terlebih lagi, “konsensus Nakamoto” yang baru ini hanya mengharuskan 50% peserta untuk tidak bertentangan, sebuah kemajuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebelumnya. Seorang cypherpunk seperti Satoshi membuat terobosan ilmu komputer teoretis ini, dibandingkan dengan akademisi tradisional atau peneliti industri, karena fokus mereka yang sempit pada penerapan uang yang sehat, dibandingkan algoritma konsensus umum untuk komputasi terdistribusi.
Kesimpulan
B-money adalah kerangka kerja yang kuat untuk membangun mata uang digital tetapi tidak lengkap karena tidak memiliki kebijakan moneter. Membatasi b-money dengan jadwal rilis yang telah ditentukan untuk bitcoin mengurangi cakupan dan menyederhanakan implementasi dengan menghilangkan persyaratan untuk melacak dan memilih di antara tawaran pembuatan uang yang diajukan pengguna. Mempertahankan kecepatan sementara dari jadwal rilis Satoshi menghasilkan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan dan memungkinkan konsensus Nakamoto, yang secara luas diakui sebagai salah satu aspek paling inovatif dalam implementasi bitcoin.
Ada lebih banyak hal dalam desain bitcoin daripada aspek yang dibahas sejauh ini. Kita memfokuskan artikel ini pada pasar “utama” dalam bitcoin, pasar yang mendistribusikan pasokan awal bitcoin ke dalam sirkulasi.
Artikel berikutnya dalam seri ini akan mengeksplorasi pasar penyelesaian transaksi bitcoin dan kaitannya dengan pasar pendistribusian pasokan bitcoin. Hubungan ini akan menyarankan metodologi bagaimana membangun pasar masa depan untuk layanan terdesentralisasi selain bitcoin.
Sumber artikel: HOW DID SATOSHI THINK OF BITCOIN? https://bitcoinmagazine.com/technical/how-did-satoshi-think-of-bitcoin
Diterjemahkan oleh: Abengkris
[^1]: Judul seri ini diambil dari pesan telegraf pertama dalam sejarah, yang dikirimkan oleh Samuel Morse pada tahun 1844: “What hath God wrought?”.
[^2]: Bitcoin: Sistem Uang Elektronik Peer-to-Peer, tersedia di: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
[^3]: Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail oleh Dwork dan Naor. tersedia di:
https://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/../../pvp.pdf[^4]: Meskipun merupakan pencetus ide tersebut, Dwork & Naor tidak menciptakan “proof-of-work”—julukan tersebut kemudian diberikan pada tahun 1999 oleh Markus Jakobsson dan Ari Juels.
[^5]: Proyek RPoW Hal Finney adalah upaya untuk menciptakan proof-of-work yang dapat ditransfer, tetapi bitcoin tidak menggunakan konsep ini karena tidak memperlakukan komputasi sebagai mata uang. Seperti yang akan kita lihat nanti ketika kita memeriksa bit gold dan b-money, komputasi tidak dapat berupa mata uang karena nilai komputasi berubah seiring waktu sementara unit mata uang harus memiliki nilai yang sama. Bitcoin bukanlah komputasi, bitcoin adalah mata uang yang dijual untuk komputasi.
[^6]: Pada saat ini, beberapa pembaca mungkin percaya bahwa saya meremehkan kontribusi Dai atau Szabo karena kontribusi mereka tidak jelas atau tidak jelas dalam beberapa hal. Perasaan saya justru sebaliknya: Dai dan Szabo pada dasarnya benar dan fakta bahwa mereka tidak mengartikulasikan setiap detail seperti yang dilakukan Satoshi tidak mengurangi kontribusi mereka. Sebaliknya, hal ini seharusnya meningkatkan apresiasi kita terhadap hal tersebut, karena hal ini menunjukkan betapa menantangnya munculnya mata uang digital, bahkan bagi para praktisi terbaiknya.
[^7]: Postingan b-money Dai adalah referensi pertama dalam white paper Satoshi, tersedia di: http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt
[^8]: Ada dua penyederhanaan yang dilakukan di sini: 1. Jumlah bitcoin yang dijual di setiap blok juga dipengaruhi oleh biaya transaksi pasar, yang berada di luar cakupan artikel ini, namun tetap menunggu pekerjaan selanjutnya. 2. Kesulitan yang dilaporkan oleh bitcoin bukanlah jumlah perhitungan yang diharapkan; seseorang harus mengalikannya dengan faktor proporsionalitas.
[^9]: Setidaknya sejak masa lalu yang buruk ketika Satoshi adalah satu-satunya penambang di jaringan.
[^10]: Bitcoin is Time klasik dari Gigi adalah pengenalan yang bagus tentang hubungan mendalam antara bitcoin dan waktu, tersedia di: https://dergigi.com/2021/01/14/bitcoin-is-time/
[^11]: Satoshi melakukan kesalahan baik dalam analisis mereka di buku putih maupun implementasi awal bitcoin berikutnya dengan menggunakan aturan “rantai terpanjang” dan bukan aturan “rantai terberat”.
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2024-11-05 11:38:19Dhruv Bansal, CSO dan Co-Founder Unchained mengeksplorasi prinsip-prinsip dan sejarah yang mengarah pada penciptaan Bitcoin dan mengajukan pertanyaan: "Apa yang telah dilakukan Satoshi"?
Bitcoin sering dibandingkan dengan internet pada tahun 1990an, namun saya yakin analogi yang lebih baik adalah dengan telegraf pada tahun 1840an.[^1]
Telegraf adalah teknologi pertama yang mengirimkan data yang dikodekan dengan kecepatan mendekati cahaya dalam jarak jauh. Ini menandai lahirnya industri telekomunikasi. Internet, meskipun skalanya lebih besar, kontennya lebih kaya, dan many-to-many, bukan one-to-one, pada dasarnya masih merupakan teknologi telekomunikasi.
Baik telegraf maupun internet bergantung pada model bisnis di mana perusahaan mengerahkan modal untuk membangun jaringan fisik dan kemudian membebankan biaya kepada pengguna untuk mengirim pesan melalui jaringan ini. Jaringan AT&T secara historis mengirimkan telegram, panggilan telepon, paket TCP/IP, pesan teks, dan sekarang TikTok.
Transformasi masyarakat melalui telekomunikasi telah menghasilkan kebebasan yang lebih besar namun juga sentralisasi yang lebih besar. Internet telah meningkatkan jangkauan jutaan pembuat konten dan usaha kecil, namun juga memperkuat jangkauan perusahaan, otoritas pusat, dan lembaga lain yang memiliki posisi yang cukup baik untuk memantau dan memanipulasi aktivitas online.
Namun Bitcoin bukanlah akhir dari transformasi apa pun—ini adalah awal dari sebuah transformasi. Seperti halnya telekomunikasi, Bitcoin akan mengubah kebiasaan umat manusia dan kehidupan sehari-harinya. Memprediksi seluruh cakupan perubahan saat ini sama dengan membayangkan internet saat hidup di era telegraf.
Seri ini mencoba membayangkan masa depan dengan memulai dari masa lalu. Artikel awal ini menelusuri sejarah mata uang digital sebelum Bitcoin. Hanya dengan memahami kegagalan proyek-proyek sebelumnya, kita dapat memahami apa yang membuat Bitcoin berhasil—dan bagaimana hal itu menyarankan metodologi untuk membangun sistem desentralisasi di masa depan.
Daftar isi
- Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
- Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
- Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
- Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
- Kesimpulan
Klaim utama dari artikel ini adalah bahwa Bitcoin dapat dianggap sebagai adaptasi dari proyek B-money Dai yang menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menciptakan uang. Hanya beberapa minggu setelah artikel ini pertama kali diterbitkan, email baru muncul di mana Satoshi mengaku tidak terbiasa dengan B-money, namun mengakui bahwa Bitcoin dimulai “tepat dari titik itu.” Mengingat bukti baru ini, kami yakin klaim utama ini, meskipun tidak akurat secara historis, masih merupakan cara yang bermakna dan bermanfaat untuk memikirkan asal usul Bitcoin.
Bagaimana Satoshi Nakamoto Memikirkan Bitcoin?
Satoshi memang cerdas, tetapi Bitcoin tidak muncul begitu saja.
Bitcoin mengulangi pekerjaan yang ada di bidang kriptografi, sistem terdistribusi, ekonomi, dan filsafat politik. Konsep proof-of-work sudah ada jauh sebelum digunakan dalam uang dan cypherpunk sebelumnya seperti Nick Szabo, Wei Dai, & Hal Finney mengantisipasi dan memengaruhi desain Bitcoin dengan proyek-proyek seperti bit gold, B-money, dan RPoW. Pertimbangkan bahwa, pada tahun 2008, ketika Satoshi menulis white paper Bitcoin[^2], banyak ide penting Bitcoin telah diusulkan dan/atau diimplementasikan:
- Mata uang digital harus berupa jaringan P2P
- Proof-of-work adalah dasar penciptaan uang
- Uang diciptakan melalui lelang
- Kunci publik kriptografi digunakan untuk menentukan kepemilikan dan transfer koin
- Transaksi dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa blok
- Blok dirangkai bersama melalui proof-of-work
- Semua blok disimpan oleh semua peserta
Bitcoin memanfaatkan semua konsep ini, tetapi Satoshi tidak menciptakan satu pun konsep tersebut. Untuk lebih memahami kontribusi Satoshi, kita harus menentukan prinsip Bitcoin mana yang tidak ada dalam daftar.
Beberapa kandidat yang jelas adalah persediaan Bitcoin yang terbatas, konsensus Nakamoto, dan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan. Tapi apa yang mendorong Satoshi pada ide ini?
Artikel ini mengeksplorasi sejarah mata uang digital dan menyatakan bahwa fokus Satoshi pada kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah hal yang menyebabkan Bitcoin mengatasi tantangan yang mengalahkan proyek-proyek sebelumnya seperti bit gold dan B-money.
Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
Bitcoin sering digambarkan sebagai sistem terdesentralisasi atau terdistribusi. Sayangnya, kata “desentralisasi” dan “terdistribusi” sering kali membingungkan. Ketika diterapkan pada sistem digital, kedua istilah tersebut mengacu pada cara aplikasi monolitik dapat didekomposisi menjadi jaringan bagian-bagian yang berkomunikasi.
Untuk tujuan kita, perbedaan utama antara sistem terdesentralisasi dan terdistribusi bukanlah topologi diagram jaringannya, namun cara mereka menegakkan aturan. Kami meluangkan waktu di bagian berikut untuk membandingkan sistem terdistribusi dan desentralisasi dan memotivasi gagasan bahwa sistem desentralisasi yang kuat adalah pasar.
Sistem Terdistribusikan Bergantung pada Otoritas Pusat
Dalam hal ini, kami mengartikan “terdistribusi” sebagai sistem apa pun yang telah dipecah menjadi beberapa bagian (sering disebut sebagai "node") yang harus berkomunikasi, biasanya melalui jaringan.
Insinyur perangkat lunak semakin mahir dalam membangun sistem yang terdistribusi secara global. Internet terdiri dari sistem terdistribusi yang secara kolektif berisi miliaran node. Kita masing-masing memiliki simpul di saku kita yang berpartisipasi dan bergantung pada sistem ini.
Namun hampir semua sistem terdistribusi yang kita gunakan saat ini diatur oleh beberapa otoritas pusat, biasanya administrator sistem, perusahaan, atau pemerintah yang saling dipercaya oleh semua node dalam sistem.
Otoritas pusat memastikan semua node mematuhi aturan sistem dan menghapus, memperbaiki, atau menghukum node yang gagal mematuhinya. Mereka dipercaya untuk melakukan koordinasi, menyelesaikan konflik, dan mengalokasikan sumber daya bersama. Seiring waktu, otoritas pusat mengelola perubahan pada sistem, memperbarui atau menambahkan fitur, dan memastikan bahwa node yang berpartisipasi mematuhi perubahan tersebut.
Manfaat yang diperoleh sistem terdistribusi karena mengandalkan otoritas pusat juga disertai dengan biaya. Meskipun sistem ini kuat terhadap kegagalan node-nodenya, kegagalan otoritas pusat dapat menyebabkan sistem berhenti berfungsi secara keseluruhan. Kemampuan otoritas pusat untuk mengambil keputusan secara sepihak berarti menumbangkan atau menghilangkan otoritas pusat sudah cukup untuk mengendalikan atau menghancurkan keseluruhan sistem.
Terlepas dari adanya trade-off ini, jika ada persyaratan bahwa satu partai atau koalisi harus mempertahankan otoritas pusat, atau jika peserta dalam sistem tersebut puas dengan mengandalkan otoritas pusat, maka sistem terdistribusi tradisional adalah solusi terbaik. Tidak diperlukan blockchain, token, atau sistem desentralisasi serupa.
Secara khusus, kasus VC atau mata uang kripto yang didukung oleh pemerintah, dengan persyaratan bahwa satu pihak dapat memantau atau membatasi pembayaran dan membekukan akun, adalah kasus penggunaan yang sempurna untuk sistem terdistribusi tradisional.
Sistem Desentralisasi Tidak Memiliki Otoritas Pusat
Kami menganggap “desentralisasi” memiliki arti yang lebih kuat daripada “terdistribusi”: sistem desentralisasi adalah bagian dari sistem terdistribusi yang tidak memiliki otoritas pusat. Sinonim yang mirip dengan “desentralisasi” adalah “peer-to-peer” (P2P).
Menghapus otoritas pusat memberikan beberapa keuntungan. Sistem terdesentralisasi:
- Tumbuh dengan cepat karena tidak ada hambatan untuk masuk—siapa pun dapat mengembangkan sistem hanya dengan menjalankan node baru, dan tidak ada persyaratan untuk registrasi atau persetujuan dari otoritas pusat.
- Kuat karena tidak ada otoritas pusat yang kegagalannya dapat membahayakan berfungsinya sistem. Semua node adalah sama, jadi kegagalan bersifat lokal dan jaringan merutekan sekitar kerusakan.
- Sulit untuk ditangkap, diatur, dikenakan pajak, atau diawasi karena tidak adanya titik kendali terpusat yang dapat ditumbangkan oleh pemerintah.
Kekuatan inilah yang menjadi alasan Satoshi memilih desain Bitcoin yang terdesentralisasi dan peer-to-peer:
“Pemerintah pandai memotong… jaringan yang dikendalikan secara terpusat seperti Napster, namun jaringan P2P murni seperti Gnutella dan Tor tampaknya masih mampu bertahan.” - Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008
Namun kekuatan ini juga disertai dengan kelemahan. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi bisa menjadi kurang efisien karena setiap titik harus memikul tanggung jawab tambahan untuk koordinasi yang sebelumnya diambil alih oleh otoritas pusat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi juga sering dilanda perilaku yang bersifat penipuan dan bertentangan. Terlepas dari persetujuan Satoshi terhadap Gnutella, siapa pun yang menggunakan program berbagi file P2P untuk mengunduh file yang ternyata kotor atau berbahaya memahami alasan mengapa berbagi file P2P tidak pernah menjadi model utama untuk transfer data online.
Satoshi tidak menyebutkannya secara eksplisit, namun email adalah sistem terdesentralisasi lainnya yang menghindari kendali pemerintah. Dan email juga terkenal sebagai spam.
Sistem Desentralisasi diatur Melalui Insentif
Akar masalahnya, dalam semua kasus ini adalah, bahwa perilaku kejahatan (menyebarkan file buruk, mengirim email spam) tidak dihukum, dan perilaku kooperatif (menyebarkan file bagus, hanya mengirim email berguna) tidak dihargai. Sistem desentralisasi yang mengandalkan partisipannya untuk menjadi aktor yang baik gagal untuk berkembang karena sistem tersebut tidak dapat mencegah aktor jahat untuk ikut berpartisipasi.
Tanpa memaksakan otoritas pusat, satu-satunya cara untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini adalah dengan menggunakan insentif ekonomi. Aktor yang baik, menurut definisinya, bermain sesuai aturan karena mereka secara inheren termotivasi untuk melakukannya. Pelaku kejahatan, menurut definisinya, adalah orang yang egois dan licik, namun insentif ekonomi yang tepat dapat mengarahkan perilaku buruk mereka ke arah kebaikan bersama. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi melakukan hal ini dengan memastikan bahwa perilaku kooperatif menguntungkan dan perilaku kejahatan merugikan.
Cara terbaik untuk menerapkan layanan terdesentralisasi yang kuat adalah dengan menciptakan pasar di mana semua pelaku, baik dan buruk, dibayar untuk menyediakan layanan tersebut. Kurangnya hambatan masuk bagi pembeli dan penjual di pasar yang terdesentralisasi mendorong skala dan efisiensi. Jika protokol pasar dapat melindungi partisipan dari penipuan, pencurian, dan penyalahgunaan, maka pelaku kejahatan akan merasa lebih menguntungkan untuk mengikuti aturan atau menyerang sistem lain.
Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
Namun pasar itu rumit. Mereka harus memberi pembeli dan penjual kemampuan untuk mengirimkan penawaran dan permintaan serta menemukan, mencocokkan, dan menyelesaikan pesanan. Kebijakan tersebut harus adil, memberikan konsistensi yang kuat, dan menjaga ketersediaan meskipun terjadi masa-masa yang tidak menentu.
Pasar global saat ini sangat mumpuni dan canggih, namun menggunakan barang-barang tradisional dan jaringan pembayaran untuk menerapkan insentif di pasar yang terdesentralisasi bukanlah hal yang baru. Setiap penggabungan antara sistem desentralisasi dan uang fiat, aset tradisional, atau komoditas fisik akan menimbulkan kembali ketergantungan pada otoritas pusat yang mengontrol pemroses pembayaran, bank, dan bursa.
Sistem terdesentralisasi tidak dapat mentransfer uang tunai, mencari saldo rekening perantara, atau menentukan kepemilikan properti. Barang-barang tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi. Hal sebaliknya tidak benar—sistem tradisional dapat berinteraksi dengan Bitcoin semudah aktor lainnya (begitu mereka memutuskan ingin melakukannya). Batasan antara sistem tradisional dan desentralisasi bukanlah sebuah tembok yang tidak dapat dilewati, melainkan sebuah membran semi-permeabel.
Ini berarti bahwa sistem yang terdesentralisasi tidak dapat melaksanakan pembayaran dalam mata uang barang tradisional apa pun. Mereka bahkan tidak dapat menentukan saldo rekening yang didominasi fiat atau kepemilikan real estat atau barang fisik. Seluruh perekonomian tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi.
Menciptakan pasar yang terdesentralisasi membutuhkan perdagangan barang-barang baru yang terdesentralisasi yang dapat dibaca dan ditransfer dalam sistem yang terdesentralisasi.
Komputasi Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang Pertama
Contoh pertama dari “barang terdesentralisasi” adalah kelas komputasi khusus yang pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1993 oleh Cynthia Dwork dan Moni Naor.[^3]
Karena adanya hubungan mendalam antara matematika, fisika, dan ilmu komputer, komputasi ini memerlukan energi dan sumber daya perangkat keras di dunia nyata—hal ini tidak dapat dipalsukan. Karena sumber daya di dunia nyata langka, komputasi ini juga langka.
input untuk komputasi ini dapat berupa data apa pun. Keluaran yang dihasilkan adalah “bukti” digital bahwa pengkomputasian telah dilakukan pada data input yang diberikan. Pembuktian mengandung “kesulitan” tertentu yang merupakan bukti (statistik) dari sejumlah pekerjaan komputasi tertentu. Yang terpenting, hubungan antara data input, pembuktian, dan pekerjaan komputasi asli yang dilakukan dapat diverifikasi secara independen tanpa perlu mengajukan banding ke otoritas pusat mana pun.
Gagasan untuk menyebarkan beberapa data input bersama dengan bukti digital sebagai bukti kerja komputasi dunia nyata yang dilakukan pada input tersebut sekarang disebut “proof-of-work”.[^4] Proof-of-work adalah, jika menggunakan ungkapan Nick Szabo, “biaya yang tidak dapat ditiru”. Karena proof-of-work dapat diverifikasi oleh siapa pun, maka proof-of-work merupakan sumber daya ekonomi yang dapat dibaca oleh semua peserta dalam sistem desentralisasi. Proof-of-work mengubah penghitungan data menjadi barang yang terdesentralisasi. Dwork & Naor mengusulkan penggunaan komputasi untuk membatasi penyalahgunaan sumber daya bersama dengan memaksa peserta untuk memberikan proof-of-work dengan tingkat kesulitan minimum tertentu sebelum mereka dapat mengakses sumber daya:
“Dalam makalah ini kami menyarankan pendekatan komputasi untuk memerangi penyebaran surat elektronik. Secara umum, kami telah merancang mekanisme kontrol akses yang dapat digunakan kapan pun diinginkan untuk membatasi, namun tidak melarang, akses ke sumber daya.” - Dwoak & Naor, 1993
Dalam proposal Dwork & Naor, administrator sistem email akan menetapkan tingkat kesulitan bukti kerja minimum untuk mengirimkan email. Pengguna yang ingin mengirim email perlu melakukan sejumlah komputasi yang sesuai dengan email tersebut sebagai data input. Bukti yang dihasilkan akan dikirimkan ke server bersamaan dengan permintaan pengiriman email.
Dwork & Naor menyebut kesulitan proof-of-work sebagai “fungsi penetapan harga” karena, dengan menyesuaikan kesulitan tersebut, “otoritas penetapan harga” dapat memastikan bahwa sumber daya bersama tetap murah untuk digunakan bagi pengguna yang jujur dan rata-rata, namun mahal bagi pengguna yang mencari untuk mengeksploitasinya. Di pasar pengiriman email, administrator server adalah otoritas penetapan harga; mereka harus memilih “harga” untuk pengiriman email yang cukup rendah untuk penggunaan normal namun terlalu tinggi untuk spam.
Meskipun Dwork & Naor membingkai proof-of-work sebagai disinsentif ekonomi untuk memerangi penyalahgunaan sumber daya, nomenklatur “fungsi penetapan harga” dan “otoritas penetapan harga” mendukung interpretasi yang berbeda dan berbasis pasar: pengguna membeli akses ke sumber daya dengan imbalan komputasi pada tingkat yang sama. harga yang ditetapkan oleh pengontrol sumber daya.
Dalam interpretasi ini, jaringan pengiriman email sebenarnya adalah pengiriman email perdagangan pasar yang terdesentralisasi untuk komputasi. Kesulitan minimum dari proof-of-work adalah harga yang diminta untuk pengiriman email dalam mata uang komputasi.
Mata Uang Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang kedua
Namun komputasi bukanlah mata uang yang baik.
Bukti yang digunakan untuk “memperdagangkan” komputasi hanya valid untuk input yang digunakan dalam komputasi tersebut. Hubungan yang tidak dapat dipecahkan antara bukti spesifik dan input tertentu berarti bahwa proof-of-work untuk satu input tidak dapat digunakan kembali untuk input yang berbeda.
Proof-of-work awalnya diusulkan sebagai mekanisme kontrol akses untuk membatasi email spam. Pengguna diharapkan memberikan bukti kerja bersama email apa pun yang ingin mereka kirim. Mekanisme ini juga dapat dianggap sebagai pasar di mana pengguna membeli pengiriman email dengan komputasi pada harga yang dipilih oleh penyedia layanan email.
Batasan ini berguna – dapat digunakan untuk mencegah pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh satu pembeli di pasar kemudian dibelanjakan kembali oleh pembeli lain. Misalnya, HashCash, implementasi nyata pertama dari pasar pengiriman email, menyertakan metadata seperti stempel waktu saat ini dan alamat email pengirim dalam data masukan untuk penghitungan bukti kerja. Bukti yang dihasilkan oleh pengguna tertentu untuk email tertentu, tidak dapat digunakan untuk email yang berbeda.
Namun ini juga berarti bahwa komputasi bukti kerja adalah barang yang dipesan lebih dahulu. Dana tersebut tidak dapat dipertukarkan, tidak dapat dibelanjakan kembali,[^5] dan tidak memecahkan masalah kebutuhan yang terjadi secara kebetulan. Properti moneter yang hilang ini mencegah komputasi menjadi mata uang. Terlepas dari namanya, tidak ada insentif bagi penyedia pengiriman email untuk ingin mengakumulasikan HashCash, karena akan ada uang tunai sebenarnya.
Adam Back, penemu HashCash, memahami masalah berikut:
"Hashcash tidak dapat ditransfer secara langsung karena untuk membuatnya didistribusikan, setiap penyedia layanan hanya menerima pembayaran dalam bentuk tunai yang dibuat untuk mereka. Anda mungkin dapat menyiapkan pencetakan gaya digicash (dengan chaumian ecash) dan meminta bank hanya mencetak uang tunai pada penerimaan tabrakan hash yang ditangani. Namun ini berarti Anda harus mempercayai bank untuk tidak mencetak uang dalam jumlah tak terbatas untuk digunakan sendiri." - Adam Back, 1997
Kita tidak ingin menukar komputasi yang dibuat khusus untuk setiap barang atau jasa yang dijual dalam perekonomian yang terdesentralisasi. Kita menginginkan mata uang digital serba guna yang dapat langsung digunakan untuk mengoordinasikan pertukaran nilai di pasar mana pun.
Membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi namun tetap terdesentralisasi merupakan tantangan yang signifikan. Mata uang membutuhkan unit yang dapat dipertukarkan dengan nilai yang sama yang dapat ditransfer antar pengguna. Hal ini memerlukan model penerbitan, definisi kriptografi kepemilikan dan transfer, proses penemuan dan penyelesaian transaksi, dan buku besar historis. Infrastruktur ini tidak diperlukan ketika bukti kerja hanya dianggap sebagai “mekanisme kontrol akses”.
Terlebih lagi, sistem desentralisasi adalah pasar, jadi semua fungsi dasar mata uang ini harus disediakan melalui penyedia layanan berbayar… dalam satuan mata uang yang sedang dibuat!
Seperti mengkompilasi compiler pertama, permulaan jaringan listrik yang gelap, atau evolusi kehidupan itu sendiri, pencipta mata uang digital dihadapkan pada masalah bootstrapping: bagaimana mendefinisikan insentif ekonomi yang mendasari mata uang yang berfungsi tanpa memiliki mata uang yang berfungsi di dalamnya yang akan mendenominasikan atau membayar insentif tersebut.
Komputasi dan mata uang adalah barang pertama dan kedua di pasar yang terdesentralisasi. Proof-of-work sendiri memungkinkan pertukaran komputasi tetapi mata uang yang berfungsi memerlukan lebih banyak infrastruktur. Butuh waktu 15 tahun bagi komunitas cypherpunk untuk mengembangkan infrastruktur tersebut.
Pasar Terdesentralisasi Pertama harus Memperdagangkan Komputasi untuk Mata Uang
Kemajuan dalam masalah bootstrapping ini berasal dari penyusunan batasan yang tepat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi harus menjadi pasar. Pasar terdiri dari pembeli dan penjual yang saling bertukar barang. Pasar terdesentralisasi untuk mata uang digital hanya memiliki dua barang yang dapat dibaca di dalamnya:
- Komputasi melalui proof-of-work
- Unit mata uang yang kita coba bangun
Oleh karena itu, satu-satunya perdagangan pasar yang memungkinkan adalah antara kedua barang tersebut. Komputasi harus dijual untuk satuan mata uang atau setara dengan satuan mata uang harus dijual untuk komputasi. Menyatakan hal ini sangatlah mudah—bagian tersulitnya adalah menata pasar ini sehingga sekadar menukar mata uang untuk komputasi akan mem-bootstrap semua kemampuan mata uang itu sendiri!
Seluruh sejarah mata uang digital yang berpuncak pada white paper Satoshi tahun 2008 adalah serangkaian upaya yang semakin canggih dalam menata pasar ini. Bagian berikut mengulas proyek-proyek seperti bit gold milik Nick Szabo dan B-money milik Wei Dai. Memahami bagaimana proyek-proyek ini menyusun pasar mereka dan mengapa mereka gagal akan membantu kita memahami mengapa Satoshi dan Bitcoin berhasil.
Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi Dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
Fungsi utama pasar adalah penemuan harga. Oleh karena itu, komputasi perdagangan pasar untuk mata uang harus menemukan harga komputasi itu sendiri, dalam satuan mata uang tersebut.
Kita biasanya tidak memberikan nilai moneter pada komputasi. Kita biasanya menghargai kapasitas untuk melakukan komputasi karena kita menghargai output dari komputasi, bukan komputasi itu sendiri. Jika keluaran yang sama dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efisien, dengan komputasi yang lebih sedikit, hal ini biasanya disebut “kemajuan”.
Proof-of-work mewakili komputasi spesifik yang keluarannya hanya berupa bukti bahwa komputasi tersebut telah dilakukan. Menghasilkan bukti yang sama dengan melakukan lebih sedikit komputasi dan lebih sedikit pekerjaan tidak akan menghasilkan kemajuan—hal ini akan menjadi bug. Oleh karena itu, komputasi yang terkait dengan Proof-of-work merupakan hal yang aneh dan baru untuk dicoba dihargai.
Ketika bukti kerja dianggap sebagai disinsentif terhadap penyalahgunaan sumber daya, maka bukti kerja tidak perlu dinilai secara tepat dan konsisten. Yang terpenting adalah penyedia layanan email menetapkan tingkat kesulitan yang cukup rendah sehingga tidak terlihat oleh pengguna yang sah, namun cukup tinggi sehingga menjadi penghalang bagi pelaku spam. Oleh karena itu, terdapat beragam “harga” yang dapat diterima dan setiap peserta bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga mereka sendiri, dengan menerapkan fungsi penetapan harga lokal.
Namun satuan mata uang dimaksudkan agar dapat dipertukarkan, masing-masing memiliki nilai yang sama. Karena perubahan teknologi dari waktu ke waktu, dua unit mata uang yang dibuat dengan tingkat kesulitan proof-of-work yang sama—yang diukur dengan jumlah komputasi yang sesuai—mungkin memiliki biaya produksi yang sangat berbeda di dunia nyata, yang diukur dengan waktu, energi, dan/atau modal untuk melakukan komputasi tersebut. Ketika komputasi dijual dengan menggunakan mata uang, dan biaya produksi yang mendasarinya bervariasi, bagaimana pasar dapat memastikan harga yang konsisten?
Nick Szabo dengan jelas mengidentifikasi masalah harga ini ketika menjelaskan bit gold:
"Masalah utamanya...adalah bahwa skema pembuktian kerja bergantung pada arsitektur komputer, bukan hanya matematika abstrak yang didasarkan pada "siklus komputasi" abstrak. ...Jadi, ada kemungkinan untuk menjadi produsen berbiaya sangat rendah (dengan beberapa kali lipat besarnya) dan membanjiri pasar dengan bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Mata uang terdesentralisasi yang diciptakan melalui proof-of-work akan mengalami kelebihan pasokan dan penurunan pasokan seiring dengan perubahan pasokan komputasi seiring waktu. Untuk mengakomodasi volatilitas ini, jaringan harus belajar menghitung harga secara dinamis.
Mata uang digital awal mencoba memberi harga pada komputasi dengan mencoba mengukur “biaya komputasi” secara kolektif. Wei Dai, misalnya, mengusulkan solusi praktis berikut dalam B-money:
"Jumlah unit moneter yang diciptakan sama dengan biaya upaya komputasi dalam sekeranjang komoditas standar. Sebagai contoh, jika sebuah masalah memerlukan waktu 100 jam untuk diselesaikan pada komputer yang dapat menyelesaikannya dengan cara yang paling ekonomis, dan diperlukan 3 keranjang standar untuk membeli 100 jam waktu komputasi pada komputer tersebut di pasar terbuka, maka setelah solusi terhadap masalah tersebut disiarkan, setiap orang mengkredit rekening penyiar sebanyak 3 unit." - Dai, 1998
Sayangnya, Dai tidak menjelaskan bagaimana pengguna dalam sistem yang seharusnya terdesentralisasi seharusnya menyetujui definisi “keranjang standar”, komputer mana yang memecahkan masalah tertentu “paling ekonomis”, atau biaya komputasi di “pasar terbuka”. Mencapai konsensus di antara semua pengguna mengenai kumpulan data bersama yang berubah-ubah terhadap waktu adalah masalah penting dalam sistem desentralisasi!
Agar adil bagi Dai, dia menyadari hal ini:
“Salah satu bagian yang lebih bermasalah dalam protokol B-money adalah penciptaan uang. Bagian dari protokol ini mengharuskan semua [pengguna] memutuskan dan menyetujui biaya perhitungan tertentu. Sayangnya karena teknologi komputasi cenderung berkembang pesat dan tidak selalu bersifat publik, informasi ini mungkin tidak tersedia, tidak akurat, atau ketinggalan jaman, yang semuanya akan menyebabkan masalah serius pada protokol." - Dai, 1998
Dai kemudian mengusulkan mekanisme penetapan harga berbasis lelang yang lebih canggih yang kemudian dikatakan Satoshi sebagai titik awal idenya. Kita akan kembali ke skema lelang di bawah ini, tapi pertama-tama mari kita beralih ke bit gold, dan pertimbangkan wawasan Szabo tentang masalahnya.
Gunakan Pasar Eksternal
Szabo mengklaim bahwa proof-of-work harus “diberi stempel waktu dengan aman”:
"Bukti kerja diberi stempel waktu yang aman. Ini harus bekerja secara terdistribusi, dengan beberapa layanan stempel waktu berbeda sehingga tidak ada layanan stempel waktu tertentu yang perlu diandalkan secara substansial." - Szabo, 2005
Szabo tertaut ke halaman sumber daya tentang protokol penandaan waktu yang aman tetapi tidak menjelaskan algoritme spesifik apa pun untuk penandaan waktu yang aman. Ungkapan “aman” dan “fesyen terdistribusi” mempunyai pengaruh yang besar di sini, sehingga dapat mengatasi kerumitan dalam mengandalkan satu (atau banyak) layanan “di luar sistem” untuk penandaan waktu.[^6]
Waktu pembuatan unit mata uang digital penting karena menghubungkan komputasi yang dilakukan dengan biaya produksi di dunia nyata.
Terlepas dari ketidakjelasan implementasi, Szabo benar—waktu pembuatan proof-of-work merupakan faktor penting dalam menentukan harga karena terkait dengan biaya komputasi:
"…Namun, karena bit gold diberi stempel waktu, waktu yang dibuat serta tingkat kesulitan matematis dari pekerjaan tersebut dapat dibuktikan secara otomatis. Dari sini, biasanya dapat disimpulkan berapa biaya produksi selama periode waktu tersebut..." - Szabo, 2005
"Menyimpulkan" biaya produksi adalah hal yang penting karena bit gold tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat bit gold dengan melakukan perhitungan yang sesuai. Tanpa kemampuan untuk mengatur penerbitan, bit gold sama dengan barang koleksi:
"…Tidak seperti atom emas yang dapat dipertukarkan, tetapi seperti halnya barang-barang kolektor, pasokan dalam jumlah besar selama jangka waktu tertentu akan menurunkan nilai barang-barang tersebut. Dalam hal ini, emas kecil bertindak lebih seperti barang-barang kolektor daripada seperti emas..." - Szabo, 2005
Bit gold memerlukan proses eksternal tambahan untuk menciptakan unit mata uang yang sepadan:
“…[B]it Gold tidak dapat dipertukarkan berdasarkan fungsi sederhana, misalnya, panjang tali. Sebaliknya, untuk membuat unit yang dapat dipertukarkan, dealer harus menggabungkan potongan-potongan bit gold dengan nilai berbeda ke dalam satuan yang lebih besar kira-kira dengan nilai yang sama. Hal ini serupa dengan apa yang dilakukan banyak pedagang komoditas saat ini untuk memungkinkan pasar komoditas bekerja. Kepercayaan masih terdistribusi karena perkiraan nilai dari kumpulan tersebut dapat diverifikasi secara independen oleh banyak pihak lain dengan cara yang sebagian besar atau seluruhnya otomatis." - Szabo, 2005
Mengutip Szabo, “untuk menguji nilai… bit gold, dealer memeriksa dan memverifikasi tingkat kesulitan, masukan, dan stempel waktu”. Dealer yang mendefinisikan “unit yang lebih besar dengan nilai yang kira-kira sama” menyediakan fungsi penetapan harga yang serupa dengan “keranjang komoditas standar” Dai. Unit yang dapat dipertukarkan tidak dibuat dalam bentuk bit gold ketika bukti kerja diproduksi, hanya kemudian ketika bukti tersebut digabungkan menjadi “unit yang kira-kira bernilai sama” oleh dealer di pasar di luar jaringan.
Yang patut disyukuri, Szabo mengakui kelemahan ini:
"…Potensi kelebihan pasokan yang awalnya tersembunyi karena inovasi tersembunyi dalam arsitektur mesin adalah potensi kelemahan dalam bit gold, atau setidaknya ketidaksempurnaan yang harus diatasi oleh lelang awal dan pertukaran ex post bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Sekali lagi, meskipun belum sampai pada (yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai) solusinya, Szabo menunjukkan solusinya: karena biaya komputasi berubah seiring waktu, jaringan harus merespons perubahan pasokan komputasi dengan menyesuaikan harga uang.
Gunakan Pasar Internal
Dealer Szabo akan menjadi pasar eksternal yang menentukan harga (bundel dari) bit gold setelah penciptaannya. Apakah mungkin menerapkan pasar ini di dalam sistem dan bukan di luar sistem?
Mari kita kembali ke Wei Dai dan B-money. Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, Dai mengusulkan model alternatif berbasis lelang untuk pembuatan B-money. Desain Satoshi untuk Bitcoin meningkat secara langsung pada model lelang B-money[^7]:
“Jadi saya mengusulkan subprotokol penciptaan uang alternatif, di mana [pengguna]… memutuskan dan menyetujui jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat setiap periode, dengan biaya pembuatan uang tersebut ditentukan melalui lelang. Setiap periode pembuatan uang adalah dibagi menjadi empat tahap, sebagai berikut:
Planning. Para [pengguna] menghitung dan bernegosiasi satu sama lain untuk menentukan peningkatan jumlah uang beredar yang optimal untuk periode berikutnya. Apakah [jaringan] dapat mencapai konsensus atau tidak, mereka masing-masing menyiarkan kuota penciptaan uang mereka dan komputasi makroekonomi apa pun yang dilakukan untuk mendukung angka tersebut.
Bidding. Siapapun yang ingin membuat B-money menyiarkan tawaran dalam bentuk dimana x adalah banyaknya B-money yang ingin dibuatnya, dan y adalah soal yang belum terselesaikan dari kelas soal yang telah ditentukan. Setiap masalah di kelas ini harus memiliki biaya nominal (katakanlah dalam MIPS-years) yang disetujui secara publik.
Computation. Setelah melihat penawaran, pihak yang mengajukan penawaran pada tahap penawaran sekarang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dalam penawarannya dan menyiarkan solusinya. Penciptaan uang.
Money creation. Setiap [pengguna] menerima tawaran tertinggi (di antara mereka yang benar-benar menyiarkan solusi) dalam hal biaya nominal per unit B-money yang dibuat dan memberikan kredit kepada akun penawar sesuai dengan itu."
- Dai, 1998B-money membuat kemajuan signifikan menuju struktur pasar yang tepat untuk mata uang digital. Ini berupaya untuk menghilangkan dealer eksternal Szabo dan memungkinkan pengguna untuk terlibat dalam penemuan harga dengan menawar satu sama lain secara langsung.
Namun menerapkan proposal Dai seperti yang tertulis akan menjadi sebuah tantangan:
- Dalam fase "Planning”, pengguna menanggung beban menegosiasikan “peningkatan optimal jumlah uang beredar untuk periode berikutnya”. Bagaimana “optimal” harus didefinisikan, bagaimana pengguna harus bernegosiasi satu sama lain, dan bagaimana hasil negosiasi tersebut dibagikan tidak dijelaskan.
- Terlepas dari apa yang direncanakan, fase “Bidding” memungkinkan siapa saja untuk mengajukan “tawaran” untuk membuat B-money. Tawaran mencakup jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat serta jumlah bukti kerja yang sesuai sehingga setiap penawaran adalah harga, jumlah perhitungan yang bersedia dilakukan oleh penawar tertentu untuk membeli sejumlah tertentu. dari B-money.
- Setelah penawaran diserahkan, fase “Computation” terdiri dari peserta lelang yang melakukan proof-of-work yang mereka tawarkan dan menyiarkan solusi. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencocokkan penawar dengan solusi yang disediakan. Yang lebih problematis adalah tidak jelasnya bagaimana pengguna dapat mengetahui bahwa semua penawaran telah diajukan – kapan fase “Bidding” berakhir dan fase “Computation” dimulai?
- Masalah-masalah ini berulang dalam fase “Money creation”. Karena sifat proof-of-work, pengguna dapat memverifikasi bahwa bukti yang mereka terima dalam solusi adalah asli. Namun bagaimana pengguna dapat secara kolektif menyepakati serangkaian “tawaran tertinggi”? Bagaimana jika pengguna yang berbeda memilih set yang berbeda, baik karena preferensi atau latensi jaringan?
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi kesulitan dalam melacak data dan membuat pilihan secara konsisten, namun B-money memerlukan pelacakan tawaran dari banyak pengguna dan membuat pilihan konsensus di antara mereka. Kompleksitas ini menghalangi penerapan B-money.
Akar dari kompleksitas ini adalah keyakinan Dai bahwa tingkat “optimal” penciptaan B-money harus berfluktuasi seiring waktu berdasarkan “perhitungan makroekonomi” penggunanya. Seperti bit gold, B-money tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat unit B-money dengan menyiarkan tawaran dan kemudian melakukan proof-of-work yang sesuai.
Baik Szabo maupun Dai mengusulkan penggunaan pasar pertukaran mata uang digital untuk komputasi, namun baik bit gold maupun B-money tidak menentukan kebijakan moneter untuk mengatur pasokan mata uang di pasar ini.
Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
Sebaliknya, kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah salah satu tujuan utama Satoshi dalam proyek Bitcoin. Dalam postingan milis pertama tempat Bitcoin diumumkan, Satoshi menulis:
“Akar permasalahan mata uang konvensional adalah kepercayaan yang diperlukan agar mata uang tersebut dapat berfungsi. Bank sentral harus dipercaya untuk tidak merendahkan mata uang tersebut, namun sejarah mata uang fiat penuh dengan pelanggaran terhadap kepercayaan tersebut.” - Satoshi, 2009
Satoshi selanjutnya menjelaskan masalah lain dengan mata uang fiat seperti perbankan cadangan fraksional yang berisiko, kurangnya privasi, pencurian & penipuan yang merajalela, dan ketidakmampuan melakukan pembayaran mikro. Namun Satoshi memulai dengan isu penurunan nilai oleh bank sentral—dengan kekhawatiran mengenai kebijakan moneter.
Satoshi ingin Bitcoin pada akhirnya mencapai pasokan sirkulasi terbatas yang tidak dapat terdilusi seiring waktu. Tingkat penciptaan Bitcoin yang “optimal”, bagi Satoshi, pada akhirnya akan menjadi nol.
Tujuan kebijakan moneter ini, lebih dari karakteristik lain yang mereka miliki secara pribadi (atau kolektif!), adalah alasan Satoshi “menemukan” Bitcoin, blockchain, konsensus Nakamoto, dll. —dan bukan orang lain. Ini adalah jawaban singkat atas pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam judul artikel ini: Satoshi memikirkan Bitcoin karena mereka fokus pada penciptaan mata uang digital dengan persediaan terbatas.
Pasokan Bitcoin yang terbatas bukan hanya tujuan kebijakan moneter atau meme bagi para Bitcoiner untuk berkumpul. Penyederhanaan teknis penting inilah yang memungkinkan Satoshi membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi sementara B-money Dai tetap menjadi postingan web yang menarik.
Bitcoin adalah B-money dengan persyaratan tambahan berupa kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan. Seperti banyak penyederhanaan teknis lainnya, pembatasan kebijakan moneter memungkinkan kemajuan dengan mengurangi ruang lingkup. Mari kita lihat bagaimana masing-masing fase pembuatan B-money disederhanakan dengan menerapkan batasan ini.
Semua Pasokan 21 Juta Bitcoin Sudah Ada
Dalam b-money, setiap “periode penciptaan uang” mencakup fase “Perencanaan”, di mana pengguna diharapkan untuk membagikan “perhitungan makroekonomi” mereka yang membenarkan jumlah b-money yang ingin mereka ciptakan pada saat itu. Tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi yaitu pasokan terbatas dan emisi nol tidak sesuai dengan kebebasan yang diberikan b-money kepada pengguna individu untuk menghasilkan uang. Oleh karena itu, langkah pertama dalam perjalanan dari bmoney ke bitcoin adalah menghilangkan kebebasan ini. Pengguna bitcoin perorangan tidak dapat membuat bitcoin. Hanya jaringan bitcoin yang dapat membuat bitcoin, dan hal ini terjadi tepat sekali, pada tahun 2009 ketika Satoshi meluncurkan proyek bitcoin.
Satoshi mampu menggantikan fase “Perencanaan” b-money yang berulang menjadi satu jadwal yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya di mana 21 juta bitcoin yang dibuat pada tahun 2009 akan dilepaskan ke peredaran. Pengguna secara sukarela mendukung kebijakan moneter Satoshi dengan mengunduh dan menjalankan perangkat lunak Bitcoin Core yang kebijakan moneternya dikodekan secara keras.
Hal ini mengubah semantik pasar bitcoin untuk komputasi. Bitcoin yang dibayarkan kepada penambang bukanlah hal baru yang diterbitkan; itu melainkan baru dirilis ke peredaran dari persediaan yang ada.
Pandangan ini sangat berbeda dari klaim naif bahwa “penambang bitcoin menciptakan bitcoin”. Penambang Bitcoin tidak menciptakan bitcoin, mereka membelinya. Bitcoin tidak berharga karena “bitcoin terbuat dari energi”—tetapi nilai bitcoin didemonstrasikan dengan dijual untuk mendapatkan energi.
Mari kita ulangi sekali lagi: bitcoin tidak dibuat melalui proof-of-work, bitcoin dibuat melalui konsensus.
Desain Satoshi menghilangkan persyaratan untuk fase “Perencanaan” yang berkelanjutan dari b-money dengan melakukan semua perencanaan terlebih dahulu. Hal ini memungkinkan Satoshi untuk membuat kebijakan moneter yang sehat namun juga menyederhanakan penerapan bitcoin.
Bitcoin dihargai Melalui Konsensus
Kebebasan yang diberikan kepada pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang menimbulkan beban yang sesuai bagi jaringan bmoney. Selama fase “Penawaran” jaringan b-money harus mengumpulkan dan membagikan “tawaran” pembuatan uang dari banyak pengguna yang berbeda.
Menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menghasilkan uang akan meringankan beban jaringan bitcoin. Karena seluruh 21 juta bitcoin sudah ada, jaringan tidak perlu mengumpulkan tawaran dari pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang, jaringan hanya perlu menjual bitcoin sesuai jadwal Satoshi yang telah ditentukan.
Jaringan bitcoin dengan demikian menawarkan konsensus harga permintaan untuk bitcoin yang dijualnya di setiap blok. Harga tunggal ini dihitung oleh setiap node secara independen menggunakan salinan blockchainnya. Jika node memiliki konsensus pada blockchain yang sama (poin yang akan kita bahas nanti) mereka semua akan menawarkan harga permintaan yang sama di setiap blok.[^8]
Bagian pertama kalkulasi harga konsensus menentukan berapa banyak bitcoin yang akan dijual. Hal ini diperbaiki oleh jadwal rilis Satoshi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung jumlah yang sama untuk blok tertentu:
$ bitcoin-cli getblockstats <block\_height> {... "subsidy": 6250000000, ... } # 6.25 BTC
Bagian kedua dari harga yang diminta secara konsensus adalah jumlah komputasi yang akan menjual subsidi saat ini. Sekali lagi, semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung nilai yang sama (kita akan meninjau kembali kalkulasi tingkat kesulitan ini di bagian berikutnya):
$ bitcoin-cli getdifficulty {... "result": 55621444139429.57, ... }
Bersama-sama, subsidi dan kesulitan jaringan menentukan permintaan bitcoin saat ini sebagai mata uang komputasi. Karena blockchain berada dalam konsensus, harga ini adalah harga konsensus.
Pengguna b-money juga dianggap memiliki konsensus “blockchain” yang berisi riwayat semua transaksi. Namun Dai tidak pernah memikirkan solusi sederhana berupa konsensus tunggal yang meminta harga untuk pembuatan b-money baru, yang hanya ditentukan oleh data di blockchain tersebut.
Sebaliknya, Dai berasumsi bahwa penciptaan uang harus berlangsung selamanya. Oleh karena itu, pengguna individu perlu diberdayakan untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan moneter – seperti halnya mata uang fiat. Persyaratan yang dirasakan ini membuat Dai merancang sistem penawaran yang mencegah penerapan b-money.
Kompleksitas tambahan ini dihilangkan dengan persyaratan Satoshi mengenai kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.
Waktu Menutup Semua Penyebaran
Dalam fase “Komputasi” b-money, pengguna individu akan melakukan komputasi yang telah mereka lakukan dalam penawaran sebelumnya. Dalam bitcoin, seluruh jaringan adalah penjual – tetapi siapa pembelinya?
Di pasar pengiriman email, pembelinya adalah individu yang ingin mengirim email. Otoritas penetapan harga, penyedia layanan email, akan menetapkan harga yang dianggap murah bagi individu namun mahal bagi pelaku spam. Namun jika jumlah pengguna yang sah bertambah, harganya masih bisa tetap sama karena kekuatan komputasi masing-masing pengguna akan tetap sama.
Di b-money, setiap pengguna yang menyumbangkan tawaran untuk pembuatan uang selanjutnya harus melakukan sendiri jumlah komputasi yang sesuai. Setiap pengguna bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga berdasarkan pengetahuan mereka tentang kemampuan komputasi mereka sendiri.
Jaringan bitcoin menawarkan satu harga yang diminta dalam komputasi subsidi bitcoin saat ini. Namun tidak ada penambang individu yang menemukan blok yang melakukan komputasi sebanyak ini.[^9] Blok pemenang penambang individu adalah bukti bahwa semua penambang secara kolektif melakukan jumlah komputasi yang diperlukan. Pembeli bitcoin dengan demikian adalah industri penambangan bitcoin global.
Setelah mencapai konsensus harga yang diminta, jaringan bitcoin tidak akan mengubah harga tersebut sampai lebih banyak blok diproduksi. Blok-blok ini harus berisi proof-of-work dengan harga yang diminta saat ini. Oleh karena itu, industri pertambangan tidak punya pilihan jika ingin “melakukan perdagangan” selain membayar harga yang diminta saat ini dalam komputasi.
Satu-satunya variabel yang dapat dikontrol oleh industri pertambangan adalah berapa lama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi blok berikutnya. Sama seperti jaringan bitcoin yang menawarkan satu harga yang diminta, industri pertambangan juga menawarkan satu penawaran—waktu yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan blok berikutnya yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini.
Untuk mengimbangi peningkatan kecepatan perangkat keras dan minat yang berbeda-beda dalam menjalankan node dari waktu ke waktu, kesulitan proof-of-work ditentukan oleh rata-rata bergerak yang menargetkan jumlah rata-rata blok per jam. Jika dihasilkan terlalu cepat, kesulitannya akan meningkat. - Nakamoto, 2008
Satoshi dengan sederhana menjelaskan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan, yang sering disebut sebagai salah satu ide paling orisinal dalam implementasi bitcoin. Hal ini benar, namun alih-alih berfokus pada daya cipta solusi, mari kita fokus pada mengapa penyelesaian masalah sangat penting bagi Satoshi.
Proyek-proyek seperti bit gold dan b-money tidak perlu membatasi nilai tukar pada saat penciptaan uang karena mereka tidak memiliki pasokan tetap atau kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Periode penciptaan uang yang lebih cepat atau lebih lambat dapat dikompensasikan melalui cara lain, misalnya melalui pajak. Dealer eksternal memasukkan token bit gold ke dalam bundler yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil atau pengguna b-money mengubah tawaran mereka.
Namun tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi mengharuskan bitcoin memiliki tingkat pelepasan bitcoin yang telah ditentukan untuk diedarkan. Membatasi laju (statistik) produksi blok dari waktu ke waktu adalah hal yang wajar dalam bitcoin karena laju produksi blok adalah laju penjualan pasokan awal bitcoin. Menjual 21 juta bitcoin selama 140 tahun adalah proposisi yang berbeda dibandingkan membiarkannya dijual dalam 3 bulan.
Selain itu, bitcoin sebenarnya dapat menerapkan batasan ini karena blockchain adalah “protokol cap waktu aman” milik Szabo. Satoshi menggambarkan bitcoin sebagai yang pertama dan terutama sebagai “server stempel waktu terdistribusi secara peer-to-peer,” dan implementasi awal kode sumber bitcoin menggunakan “rantai waktu” dunia, bukan “blockchain” untuk menggambarkan struktur data bersama yang mengimplementasikan pasar proof-of-work bitcoin.[^10]
Tidak seperti bit gold atau b-money, token dalam bitcoin tidak mengalami kelebihan pasokan. Jaringan bitcoin menggunakan penyesuaian kesulitan untuk mengubah harga uang sebagai respons terhadap perubahan pasokan komputasi.
Algoritme penyesuaian ulang kesulitan Bitcoin memanfaatkan kemampuan ini. Blockchain konsensus digunakan oleh peserta untuk menghitung penawaran historis yang dibuat oleh industri pertambangan dan menyesuaikan kembali kesulitan agar bisa mendekati waktu blok target.
Pesanan Terunggul Menciptakan Konsensus
Rantai penyederhanaan yang disebabkan oleh tuntutan kebijakan moneter yang kuat meluas ke fase “penciptaan uang” dari b-money.
Tawaran yang diajukan pengguna di b-money mengalami masalah “tidak ada yang dipertaruhkan”. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencegah pengguna mengajukan tawaran dengan sejumlah besar b-money untuk pekerjaan yang sangat sedikit. Hal ini mengharuskan jaringan untuk melacak tawaran mana yang telah diselesaikan dan hanya menerima “tawaran tertinggi…dalam hal biaya nominal per unit b-money yang dibuat” untuk menghindari tawaran yang mengganggu tersebut. Setiap peserta b-money harus melacak seluruh tawaran senilai buku pesanan, mencocokkan tawaran dengan perhitungan selanjutnya, dan hanya menyelesaikan pesanan yang telah selesai dengan harga tertinggi.
Masalah ini merupakan contoh dari masalah konsensus yang lebih umum dalam sistem desentralisasi, yang juga dikenal sebagai “Byzantine generals” atau terkadang masalah “pembelanjaan ganda” dalam konteks mata uang digital. Berbagi urutan data yang identik di antara semua peserta merupakan suatu tantangan dalam jaringan yang saling bermusuhan dan terdesentralisasi. Solusi yang ada untuk masalah ini – yang disebut “algoritma konsensus Byzantine-fault tolerant (BFT)” – memerlukan koordinasi sebelumnya di antara peserta atau mayoritas (>67%) peserta agar tidak berperilaku bermusuhan.
Bitcoin tidak harus mengelola buku pesanan dalam jumlah besar karena jaringan bitcoin menawarkan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal. Ini berarti node bitcoin dapat menerima blok pertama (valid) yang mereka lihat yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini—tawaran gangguan dapat dengan mudah diabaikan dan merupakan pemborosan sumber daya penambang.
Komputasi harga berdasarkan konsensus memungkinkan pencocokan pesanan beli/jual dalam bitcoin dilakukan secara antusias, dengan sistem siapa cepat dia dapat. Berbeda dengan b-money, pencocokan pesanan yang cepat ini berarti bahwa pasar bitcoin tidak memiliki fase—pasar ini beroperasi terus-menerus, dengan harga konsensus baru dihitung setelah setiap pesanan dicocokkan (blok ditemukan). Untuk menghindari percabangan yang disebabkan oleh latensi jaringan atau perilaku bertentangan, node juga harus mengikuti aturan rantai terberat. Aturan penyelesaian pesanan yang serakah ini memastikan bahwa hanya tawaran tertinggi yang diterima oleh jaringan.
Kombinasi algoritma yang antusias dan serakah ini, dimana node menerima blok valid pertama yang mereka lihat dan juga mengikuti rantai terberat, adalah algoritma BFT baru yang dengan cepat menyatu pada konsensus tentang urutan blok. Satoshi menghabiskan 25% dari white paper bitcoin untuk mendemonstrasikan klaim ini.[^11]
Kita telah menetapkan di bagian sebelumnya bahwa harga permintaan konsensus bitcoin itu sendiri bergantung pada konsensus blockchain. Namun ternyata keberadaan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal inilah yang memungkinkan perhitungan pasar untuk mencocokkan pesanan dengan penuh semangat, dan itulah yang pertama-tama mengarah pada konsensus!
Terlebih lagi, “konsensus Nakamoto” yang baru ini hanya mengharuskan 50% peserta untuk tidak bertentangan, sebuah kemajuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebelumnya. Seorang cypherpunk seperti Satoshi membuat terobosan ilmu komputer teoretis ini, dibandingkan dengan akademisi tradisional atau peneliti industri, karena fokus mereka yang sempit pada penerapan uang yang sehat, dibandingkan algoritma konsensus umum untuk komputasi terdistribusi.
Kesimpulan
B-money adalah kerangka kerja yang kuat untuk membangun mata uang digital tetapi tidak lengkap karena tidak memiliki kebijakan moneter. Membatasi b-money dengan jadwal rilis yang telah ditentukan untuk bitcoin mengurangi cakupan dan menyederhanakan implementasi dengan menghilangkan persyaratan untuk melacak dan memilih di antara tawaran pembuatan uang yang diajukan pengguna. Mempertahankan kecepatan sementara dari jadwal rilis Satoshi menghasilkan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan dan memungkinkan konsensus Nakamoto, yang secara luas diakui sebagai salah satu aspek paling inovatif dalam implementasi bitcoin.
Ada lebih banyak hal dalam desain bitcoin daripada aspek yang dibahas sejauh ini. Kita memfokuskan artikel ini pada pasar “utama” dalam bitcoin, pasar yang mendistribusikan pasokan awal bitcoin ke dalam sirkulasi.
Artikel berikutnya dalam seri ini akan mengeksplorasi pasar penyelesaian transaksi bitcoin dan kaitannya dengan pasar pendistribusian pasokan bitcoin. Hubungan ini akan menyarankan metodologi bagaimana membangun pasar masa depan untuk layanan terdesentralisasi selain bitcoin.
Sumber artikel: HOW DID SATOSHI THINK OF BITCOIN? https://bitcoinmagazine.com/technical/how-did-satoshi-think-of-bitcoin
Diterjemahkan oleh: Abengkris
[^1]: Judul seri ini diambil dari pesan telegraf pertama dalam sejarah, yang dikirimkan oleh Samuel Morse pada tahun 1844: “What hath God wrought?”.
[^2]: Bitcoin: Sistem Uang Elektronik Peer-to-Peer, tersedia di: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
[^3]: Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail oleh Dwork dan Naor. tersedia di:
https://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/../../pvp.pdf[^4]: Meskipun merupakan pencetus ide tersebut, Dwork & Naor tidak menciptakan “proof-of-work”—julukan tersebut kemudian diberikan pada tahun 1999 oleh Markus Jakobsson dan Ari Juels.
[^5]: Proyek RPoW Hal Finney adalah upaya untuk menciptakan proof-of-work yang dapat ditransfer, tetapi bitcoin tidak menggunakan konsep ini karena tidak memperlakukan komputasi sebagai mata uang. Seperti yang akan kita lihat nanti ketika kita memeriksa bit gold dan b-money, komputasi tidak dapat berupa mata uang karena nilai komputasi berubah seiring waktu sementara unit mata uang harus memiliki nilai yang sama. Bitcoin bukanlah komputasi, bitcoin adalah mata uang yang dijual untuk komputasi.
[^6]: Pada saat ini, beberapa pembaca mungkin percaya bahwa saya meremehkan kontribusi Dai atau Szabo karena kontribusi mereka tidak jelas atau tidak jelas dalam beberapa hal. Perasaan saya justru sebaliknya: Dai dan Szabo pada dasarnya benar dan fakta bahwa mereka tidak mengartikulasikan setiap detail seperti yang dilakukan Satoshi tidak mengurangi kontribusi mereka. Sebaliknya, hal ini seharusnya meningkatkan apresiasi kita terhadap hal tersebut, karena hal ini menunjukkan betapa menantangnya munculnya mata uang digital, bahkan bagi para praktisi terbaiknya.
[^7]: Postingan b-money Dai adalah referensi pertama dalam white paper Satoshi, tersedia di: http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt
[^8]: Ada dua penyederhanaan yang dilakukan di sini: 1. Jumlah bitcoin yang dijual di setiap blok juga dipengaruhi oleh biaya transaksi pasar, yang berada di luar cakupan artikel ini, namun tetap menunggu pekerjaan selanjutnya. 2. Kesulitan yang dilaporkan oleh bitcoin bukanlah jumlah perhitungan yang diharapkan; seseorang harus mengalikannya dengan faktor proporsionalitas.
[^9]: Setidaknya sejak masa lalu yang buruk ketika Satoshi adalah satu-satunya penambang di jaringan.
[^10]: Bitcoin is Time klasik dari Gigi adalah pengenalan yang bagus tentang hubungan mendalam antara bitcoin dan waktu, tersedia di: https://dergigi.com/2021/01/14/bitcoin-is-time/
[^11]: Satoshi melakukan kesalahan baik dalam analisis mereka di buku putih maupun implementasi awal bitcoin berikutnya dengan menggunakan aturan “rantai terpanjang” dan bukan aturan “rantai terberat”.
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@ 5a69e82d:aa41c382
2024-11-05 11:22:51Dhruv Bansal, CSO dan Co-Founder Unchained mengeksplorasi prinsip-prinsip dan sejarah yang mengarah pada penciptaan Bitcoin dan mengajukan pertanyaan: "Apa yang telah dilakukan Satoshi"?
Bitcoin sering dibandingkan dengan internet pada tahun 1990an, namun saya yakin analogi yang lebih baik adalah dengan telegraf pada tahun 1840an.[^1]
Telegraf adalah teknologi pertama yang mengirimkan data yang dikodekan dengan kecepatan mendekati cahaya dalam jarak jauh. Ini menandai lahirnya industri telekomunikasi. Internet, meskipun skalanya lebih besar, kontennya lebih kaya, dan many-to-many, bukan one-to-one, pada dasarnya masih merupakan teknologi telekomunikasi.
Baik telegraf maupun internet bergantung pada model bisnis di mana perusahaan mengerahkan modal untuk membangun jaringan fisik dan kemudian membebankan biaya kepada pengguna untuk mengirim pesan melalui jaringan ini. Jaringan AT&T secara historis mengirimkan telegram, panggilan telepon, paket TCP/IP, pesan teks, dan sekarang TikTok.
Transformasi masyarakat melalui telekomunikasi telah menghasilkan kebebasan yang lebih besar namun juga sentralisasi yang lebih besar. Internet telah meningkatkan jangkauan jutaan pembuat konten dan usaha kecil, namun juga memperkuat jangkauan perusahaan, otoritas pusat, dan lembaga lain yang memiliki posisi yang cukup baik untuk memantau dan memanipulasi aktivitas online.
Namun Bitcoin bukanlah akhir dari transformasi apa pun—ini adalah awal dari sebuah transformasi. Seperti halnya telekomunikasi, Bitcoin akan mengubah kebiasaan umat manusia dan kehidupan sehari-harinya. Memprediksi seluruh cakupan perubahan saat ini sama dengan membayangkan internet saat hidup di era telegraf.
Seri ini mencoba membayangkan masa depan dengan memulai dari masa lalu. Artikel awal ini menelusuri sejarah mata uang digital sebelum Bitcoin. Hanya dengan memahami kegagalan proyek-proyek sebelumnya, kita dapat memahami apa yang membuat Bitcoin berhasil—dan bagaimana hal itu menyarankan metodologi untuk membangun sistem desentralisasi di masa depan.
Daftar isi
- Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
- Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
- Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
- Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
- Kesimpulan
Klaim utama dari artikel ini adalah bahwa Bitcoin dapat dianggap sebagai adaptasi dari proyek B-money Dai yang menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menciptakan uang. Hanya beberapa minggu setelah artikel ini pertama kali diterbitkan, email baru muncul di mana Satoshi mengaku tidak terbiasa dengan B-money, namun mengakui bahwa Bitcoin dimulai “tepat dari titik itu.” Mengingat bukti baru ini, kami yakin klaim utama ini, meskipun tidak akurat secara historis, masih merupakan cara yang bermakna dan bermanfaat untuk memikirkan asal usul Bitcoin.
Bagaimana Satoshi Nakamoto Memikirkan Bitcoin?
Satoshi memang cerdas, tetapi Bitcoin tidak muncul begitu saja.
Bitcoin mengulangi pekerjaan yang ada di bidang kriptografi, sistem terdistribusi, ekonomi, dan filsafat politik. Konsep proof-of-work sudah ada jauh sebelum digunakan dalam uang dan cypherpunk sebelumnya seperti Nick Szabo, Wei Dai, & Hal Finney mengantisipasi dan memengaruhi desain Bitcoin dengan proyek-proyek seperti bit gold, B-money, dan RPoW. Pertimbangkan bahwa, pada tahun 2008, ketika Satoshi menulis white paper Bitcoin[^2], banyak ide penting Bitcoin telah diusulkan dan/atau diimplementasikan:
- Mata uang digital harus berupa jaringan P2P
- Proof-of-work adalah dasar penciptaan uang
- Uang diciptakan melalui lelang
- Kunci publik kriptografi digunakan untuk menentukan kepemilikan dan transfer koin
- Transaksi dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa blok
- Blok dirangkai bersama melalui proof-of-work
- Semua blok disimpan oleh semua peserta
Bitcoin memanfaatkan semua konsep ini, tetapi Satoshi tidak menciptakan satu pun konsep tersebut. Untuk lebih memahami kontribusi Satoshi, kita harus menentukan prinsip Bitcoin mana yang tidak ada dalam daftar.
Beberapa kandidat yang jelas adalah persediaan Bitcoin yang terbatas, konsensus Nakamoto, dan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan. Tapi apa yang mendorong Satoshi pada ide ini?
Artikel ini mengeksplorasi sejarah mata uang digital dan menyatakan bahwa fokus Satoshi pada kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah hal yang menyebabkan Bitcoin mengatasi tantangan yang mengalahkan proyek-proyek sebelumnya seperti bit gold dan B-money.
Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
Bitcoin sering digambarkan sebagai sistem terdesentralisasi atau terdistribusi. Sayangnya, kata “desentralisasi” dan “terdistribusi” sering kali membingungkan. Ketika diterapkan pada sistem digital, kedua istilah tersebut mengacu pada cara aplikasi monolitik dapat didekomposisi menjadi jaringan bagian-bagian yang berkomunikasi.
Untuk tujuan kita, perbedaan utama antara sistem terdesentralisasi dan terdistribusi bukanlah topologi diagram jaringannya, namun cara mereka menegakkan aturan. Kami meluangkan waktu di bagian berikut untuk membandingkan sistem terdistribusi dan desentralisasi dan memotivasi gagasan bahwa sistem desentralisasi yang kuat adalah pasar.
Sistem Terdistribusikan Bergantung pada Otoritas Pusat
Dalam hal ini, kami mengartikan “terdistribusi” sebagai sistem apa pun yang telah dipecah menjadi beberapa bagian (sering disebut sebagai "node") yang harus berkomunikasi, biasanya melalui jaringan.
Insinyur perangkat lunak semakin mahir dalam membangun sistem yang terdistribusi secara global. Internet terdiri dari sistem terdistribusi yang secara kolektif berisi miliaran node. Kita masing-masing memiliki simpul di saku kita yang berpartisipasi dan bergantung pada sistem ini.
Namun hampir semua sistem terdistribusi yang kita gunakan saat ini diatur oleh beberapa otoritas pusat, biasanya administrator sistem, perusahaan, atau pemerintah yang saling dipercaya oleh semua node dalam sistem.
Otoritas pusat memastikan semua node mematuhi aturan sistem dan menghapus, memperbaiki, atau menghukum node yang gagal mematuhinya. Mereka dipercaya untuk melakukan koordinasi, menyelesaikan konflik, dan mengalokasikan sumber daya bersama. Seiring waktu, otoritas pusat mengelola perubahan pada sistem, memperbarui atau menambahkan fitur, dan memastikan bahwa node yang berpartisipasi mematuhi perubahan tersebut.
Manfaat yang diperoleh sistem terdistribusi karena mengandalkan otoritas pusat juga disertai dengan biaya. Meskipun sistem ini kuat terhadap kegagalan node-nodenya, kegagalan otoritas pusat dapat menyebabkan sistem berhenti berfungsi secara keseluruhan. Kemampuan otoritas pusat untuk mengambil keputusan secara sepihak berarti menumbangkan atau menghilangkan otoritas pusat sudah cukup untuk mengendalikan atau menghancurkan keseluruhan sistem.
Terlepas dari adanya trade-off ini, jika ada persyaratan bahwa satu partai atau koalisi harus mempertahankan otoritas pusat, atau jika peserta dalam sistem tersebut puas dengan mengandalkan otoritas pusat, maka sistem terdistribusi tradisional adalah solusi terbaik. Tidak diperlukan blockchain, token, atau sistem desentralisasi serupa.
Secara khusus, kasus VC atau mata uang kripto yang didukung oleh pemerintah, dengan persyaratan bahwa satu pihak dapat memantau atau membatasi pembayaran dan membekukan akun, adalah kasus penggunaan yang sempurna untuk sistem terdistribusi tradisional.
Sistem Desentralisasi Tidak Memiliki Otoritas Pusat
Kami menganggap “desentralisasi” memiliki arti yang lebih kuat daripada “terdistribusi”: sistem desentralisasi adalah bagian dari sistem terdistribusi yang tidak memiliki otoritas pusat. Sinonim yang mirip dengan “desentralisasi” adalah “peer-to-peer” (P2P).
Menghapus otoritas pusat memberikan beberapa keuntungan. Sistem terdesentralisasi:
- Tumbuh dengan cepat karena tidak ada hambatan untuk masuk—siapa pun dapat mengembangkan sistem hanya dengan menjalankan node baru, dan tidak ada persyaratan untuk registrasi atau persetujuan dari otoritas pusat.
- Kuat karena tidak ada otoritas pusat yang kegagalannya dapat membahayakan berfungsinya sistem. Semua node adalah sama, jadi kegagalan bersifat lokal dan jaringan merutekan sekitar kerusakan.
- Sulit untuk ditangkap, diatur, dikenakan pajak, atau diawasi karena tidak adanya titik kendali terpusat yang dapat ditumbangkan oleh pemerintah.
Kekuatan inilah yang menjadi alasan Satoshi memilih desain Bitcoin yang terdesentralisasi dan peer-to-peer:
“Pemerintah pandai memotong… jaringan yang dikendalikan secara terpusat seperti Napster, namun jaringan P2P murni seperti Gnutella dan Tor tampaknya masih mampu bertahan.” - Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008
Namun kekuatan ini juga disertai dengan kelemahan. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi bisa menjadi kurang efisien karena setiap titik harus memikul tanggung jawab tambahan untuk koordinasi yang sebelumnya diambil alih oleh otoritas pusat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi juga sering dilanda perilaku yang bersifat penipuan dan bertentangan. Terlepas dari persetujuan Satoshi terhadap Gnutella, siapa pun yang menggunakan program berbagi file P2P untuk mengunduh file yang ternyata kotor atau berbahaya memahami alasan mengapa berbagi file P2P tidak pernah menjadi model utama untuk transfer data online.
Satoshi tidak menyebutkannya secara eksplisit, namun email adalah sistem terdesentralisasi lainnya yang menghindari kendali pemerintah. Dan email juga terkenal sebagai spam.
Sistem Desentralisasi diatur Melalui Insentif
Akar masalahnya, dalam semua kasus ini adalah, bahwa perilaku kejahatan (menyebarkan file buruk, mengirim email spam) tidak dihukum, dan perilaku kooperatif (menyebarkan file bagus, hanya mengirim email berguna) tidak dihargai. Sistem desentralisasi yang mengandalkan partisipannya untuk menjadi aktor yang baik gagal untuk berkembang karena sistem tersebut tidak dapat mencegah aktor jahat untuk ikut berpartisipasi.
Tanpa memaksakan otoritas pusat, satu-satunya cara untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini adalah dengan menggunakan insentif ekonomi. Aktor yang baik, menurut definisinya, bermain sesuai aturan karena mereka secara inheren termotivasi untuk melakukannya. Pelaku kejahatan, menurut definisinya, adalah orang yang egois dan licik, namun insentif ekonomi yang tepat dapat mengarahkan perilaku buruk mereka ke arah kebaikan bersama. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi melakukan hal ini dengan memastikan bahwa perilaku kooperatif menguntungkan dan perilaku kejahatan merugikan.
Cara terbaik untuk menerapkan layanan terdesentralisasi yang kuat adalah dengan menciptakan pasar di mana semua pelaku, baik dan buruk, dibayar untuk menyediakan layanan tersebut. Kurangnya hambatan masuk bagi pembeli dan penjual di pasar yang terdesentralisasi mendorong skala dan efisiensi. Jika protokol pasar dapat melindungi partisipan dari penipuan, pencurian, dan penyalahgunaan, maka pelaku kejahatan akan merasa lebih menguntungkan untuk mengikuti aturan atau menyerang sistem lain.
Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
Namun pasar itu rumit. Mereka harus memberi pembeli dan penjual kemampuan untuk mengirimkan penawaran dan permintaan serta menemukan, mencocokkan, dan menyelesaikan pesanan. Kebijakan tersebut harus adil, memberikan konsistensi yang kuat, dan menjaga ketersediaan meskipun terjadi masa-masa yang tidak menentu.
Pasar global saat ini sangat mumpuni dan canggih, namun menggunakan barang-barang tradisional dan jaringan pembayaran untuk menerapkan insentif di pasar yang terdesentralisasi bukanlah hal yang baru. Setiap penggabungan antara sistem desentralisasi dan uang fiat, aset tradisional, atau komoditas fisik akan menimbulkan kembali ketergantungan pada otoritas pusat yang mengontrol pemroses pembayaran, bank, dan bursa.
Sistem terdesentralisasi tidak dapat mentransfer uang tunai, mencari saldo rekening perantara, atau menentukan kepemilikan properti. Barang-barang tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi. Hal sebaliknya tidak benar—sistem tradisional dapat berinteraksi dengan Bitcoin semudah aktor lainnya (begitu mereka memutuskan ingin melakukannya). Batasan antara sistem tradisional dan desentralisasi bukanlah sebuah tembok yang tidak dapat dilewati, melainkan sebuah membran semi-permeabel.
Ini berarti bahwa sistem yang terdesentralisasi tidak dapat melaksanakan pembayaran dalam mata uang barang tradisional apa pun. Mereka bahkan tidak dapat menentukan saldo rekening yang didominasi fiat atau kepemilikan real estat atau barang fisik. Seluruh perekonomian tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi.
Menciptakan pasar yang terdesentralisasi membutuhkan perdagangan barang-barang baru yang terdesentralisasi yang dapat dibaca dan ditransfer dalam sistem yang terdesentralisasi.
Komputasi Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang Pertama
Contoh pertama dari “barang terdesentralisasi” adalah kelas komputasi khusus yang pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1993 oleh Cynthia Dwork dan Moni Naor.[^3]
Karena adanya hubungan mendalam antara matematika, fisika, dan ilmu komputer, komputasi ini memerlukan energi dan sumber daya perangkat keras di dunia nyata—hal ini tidak dapat dipalsukan. Karena sumber daya di dunia nyata langka, komputasi ini juga langka.
input untuk komputasi ini dapat berupa data apa pun. Keluaran yang dihasilkan adalah “bukti” digital bahwa pengkomputasian telah dilakukan pada data input yang diberikan. Pembuktian mengandung “kesulitan” tertentu yang merupakan bukti (statistik) dari sejumlah pekerjaan komputasi tertentu. Yang terpenting, hubungan antara data input, pembuktian, dan pekerjaan komputasi asli yang dilakukan dapat diverifikasi secara independen tanpa perlu mengajukan banding ke otoritas pusat mana pun.
Gagasan untuk menyebarkan beberapa data input bersama dengan bukti digital sebagai bukti kerja komputasi dunia nyata yang dilakukan pada input tersebut sekarang disebut “proof-of-work”.[^4] Proof-of-work adalah, jika menggunakan ungkapan Nick Szabo, “biaya yang tidak dapat ditiru”. Karena proof-of-work dapat diverifikasi oleh siapa pun, maka proof-of-work merupakan sumber daya ekonomi yang dapat dibaca oleh semua peserta dalam sistem desentralisasi. Proof-of-work mengubah penghitungan data menjadi barang yang terdesentralisasi. Dwork & Naor mengusulkan penggunaan komputasi untuk membatasi penyalahgunaan sumber daya bersama dengan memaksa peserta untuk memberikan proof-of-work dengan tingkat kesulitan minimum tertentu sebelum mereka dapat mengakses sumber daya:
“Dalam makalah ini kami menyarankan pendekatan komputasi untuk memerangi penyebaran surat elektronik. Secara umum, kami telah merancang mekanisme kontrol akses yang dapat digunakan kapan pun diinginkan untuk membatasi, namun tidak melarang, akses ke sumber daya.” - Dwoak & Naor, 1993
Dalam proposal Dwork & Naor, administrator sistem email akan menetapkan tingkat kesulitan bukti kerja minimum untuk mengirimkan email. Pengguna yang ingin mengirim email perlu melakukan sejumlah komputasi yang sesuai dengan email tersebut sebagai data input. Bukti yang dihasilkan akan dikirimkan ke server bersamaan dengan permintaan pengiriman email.
Dwork & Naor menyebut kesulitan proof-of-work sebagai “fungsi penetapan harga” karena, dengan menyesuaikan kesulitan tersebut, “otoritas penetapan harga” dapat memastikan bahwa sumber daya bersama tetap murah untuk digunakan bagi pengguna yang jujur dan rata-rata, namun mahal bagi pengguna yang mencari untuk mengeksploitasinya. Di pasar pengiriman email, administrator server adalah otoritas penetapan harga; mereka harus memilih “harga” untuk pengiriman email yang cukup rendah untuk penggunaan normal namun terlalu tinggi untuk spam.
Meskipun Dwork & Naor membingkai proof-of-work sebagai disinsentif ekonomi untuk memerangi penyalahgunaan sumber daya, nomenklatur “fungsi penetapan harga” dan “otoritas penetapan harga” mendukung interpretasi yang berbeda dan berbasis pasar: pengguna membeli akses ke sumber daya dengan imbalan komputasi pada tingkat yang sama. harga yang ditetapkan oleh pengontrol sumber daya.
Dalam interpretasi ini, jaringan pengiriman email sebenarnya adalah pengiriman email perdagangan pasar yang terdesentralisasi untuk komputasi. Kesulitan minimum dari proof-of-work adalah harga yang diminta untuk pengiriman email dalam mata uang komputasi.
Mata Uang Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang kedua
Namun komputasi bukanlah mata uang yang baik.
Bukti yang digunakan untuk “memperdagangkan” komputasi hanya valid untuk input yang digunakan dalam komputasi tersebut. Hubungan yang tidak dapat dipecahkan antara bukti spesifik dan input tertentu berarti bahwa proof-of-work untuk satu input tidak dapat digunakan kembali untuk input yang berbeda.
Proof-of-work awalnya diusulkan sebagai mekanisme kontrol akses untuk membatasi email spam. Pengguna diharapkan memberikan bukti kerja bersama email apa pun yang ingin mereka kirim. Mekanisme ini juga dapat dianggap sebagai pasar di mana pengguna membeli pengiriman email dengan komputasi pada harga yang dipilih oleh penyedia layanan email.
Batasan ini berguna – dapat digunakan untuk mencegah pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh satu pembeli di pasar kemudian dibelanjakan kembali oleh pembeli lain. Misalnya, HashCash, implementasi nyata pertama dari pasar pengiriman email, menyertakan metadata seperti stempel waktu saat ini dan alamat email pengirim dalam data masukan untuk penghitungan bukti kerja. Bukti yang dihasilkan oleh pengguna tertentu untuk email tertentu, tidak dapat digunakan untuk email yang berbeda.
Namun ini juga berarti bahwa komputasi bukti kerja adalah barang yang dipesan lebih dahulu. Dana tersebut tidak dapat dipertukarkan, tidak dapat dibelanjakan kembali,[^5] dan tidak memecahkan masalah kebutuhan yang terjadi secara kebetulan. Properti moneter yang hilang ini mencegah komputasi menjadi mata uang. Terlepas dari namanya, tidak ada insentif bagi penyedia pengiriman email untuk ingin mengakumulasikan HashCash, karena akan ada uang tunai sebenarnya.
Adam Back, penemu HashCash, memahami masalah berikut:
"Hashcash tidak dapat ditransfer secara langsung karena untuk membuatnya didistribusikan, setiap penyedia layanan hanya menerima pembayaran dalam bentuk tunai yang dibuat untuk mereka. Anda mungkin dapat menyiapkan pencetakan gaya digicash (dengan chaumian ecash) dan meminta bank hanya mencetak uang tunai pada penerimaan tabrakan hash yang ditangani. Namun ini berarti Anda harus mempercayai bank untuk tidak mencetak uang dalam jumlah tak terbatas untuk digunakan sendiri." - Adam Back, 1997
Kita tidak ingin menukar komputasi yang dibuat khusus untuk setiap barang atau jasa yang dijual dalam perekonomian yang terdesentralisasi. Kita menginginkan mata uang digital serba guna yang dapat langsung digunakan untuk mengoordinasikan pertukaran nilai di pasar mana pun.
Membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi namun tetap terdesentralisasi merupakan tantangan yang signifikan. Mata uang membutuhkan unit yang dapat dipertukarkan dengan nilai yang sama yang dapat ditransfer antar pengguna. Hal ini memerlukan model penerbitan, definisi kriptografi kepemilikan dan transfer, proses penemuan dan penyelesaian transaksi, dan buku besar historis. Infrastruktur ini tidak diperlukan ketika bukti kerja hanya dianggap sebagai “mekanisme kontrol akses”.
Terlebih lagi, sistem desentralisasi adalah pasar, jadi semua fungsi dasar mata uang ini harus disediakan melalui penyedia layanan berbayar… dalam satuan mata uang yang sedang dibuat!
Seperti mengkompilasi compiler pertama, permulaan jaringan listrik yang gelap, atau evolusi kehidupan itu sendiri, pencipta mata uang digital dihadapkan pada masalah bootstrapping: bagaimana mendefinisikan insentif ekonomi yang mendasari mata uang yang berfungsi tanpa memiliki mata uang yang berfungsi di dalamnya yang akan mendenominasikan atau membayar insentif tersebut.
Komputasi dan mata uang adalah barang pertama dan kedua di pasar yang terdesentralisasi. Proof-of-work sendiri memungkinkan pertukaran komputasi tetapi mata uang yang berfungsi memerlukan lebih banyak infrastruktur. Butuh waktu 15 tahun bagi komunitas cypherpunk untuk mengembangkan infrastruktur tersebut.
Pasar Terdesentralisasi Pertama harus Memperdagangkan Komputasi untuk Mata Uang
Kemajuan dalam masalah bootstrapping ini berasal dari penyusunan batasan yang tepat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi harus menjadi pasar. Pasar terdiri dari pembeli dan penjual yang saling bertukar barang. Pasar terdesentralisasi untuk mata uang digital hanya memiliki dua barang yang dapat dibaca di dalamnya:
- Komputasi melalui proof-of-work
- Unit mata uang yang kita coba bangun
Oleh karena itu, satu-satunya perdagangan pasar yang memungkinkan adalah antara kedua barang tersebut. Komputasi harus dijual untuk satuan mata uang atau setara dengan satuan mata uang harus dijual untuk komputasi. Menyatakan hal ini sangatlah mudah—bagian tersulitnya adalah menata pasar ini sehingga sekadar menukar mata uang untuk komputasi akan mem-bootstrap semua kemampuan mata uang itu sendiri!
Seluruh sejarah mata uang digital yang berpuncak pada white paper Satoshi tahun 2008 adalah serangkaian upaya yang semakin canggih dalam menata pasar ini. Bagian berikut mengulas proyek-proyek seperti bit gold milik Nick Szabo dan B-money milik Wei Dai. Memahami bagaimana proyek-proyek ini menyusun pasar mereka dan mengapa mereka gagal akan membantu kita memahami mengapa Satoshi dan Bitcoin berhasil.
Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi Dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
Fungsi utama pasar adalah penemuan harga. Oleh karena itu, komputasi perdagangan pasar untuk mata uang harus menemukan harga komputasi itu sendiri, dalam satuan mata uang tersebut.
Kita biasanya tidak memberikan nilai moneter pada komputasi. Kita biasanya menghargai kapasitas untuk melakukan komputasi karena kita menghargai output dari komputasi, bukan komputasi itu sendiri. Jika keluaran yang sama dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efisien, dengan komputasi yang lebih sedikit, hal ini biasanya disebut “kemajuan”.
Proof-of-work mewakili komputasi spesifik yang keluarannya hanya berupa bukti bahwa komputasi tersebut telah dilakukan. Menghasilkan bukti yang sama dengan melakukan lebih sedikit komputasi dan lebih sedikit pekerjaan tidak akan menghasilkan kemajuan—hal ini akan menjadi bug. Oleh karena itu, komputasi yang terkait dengan Proof-of-work merupakan hal yang aneh dan baru untuk dicoba dihargai.
Ketika bukti kerja dianggap sebagai disinsentif terhadap penyalahgunaan sumber daya, maka bukti kerja tidak perlu dinilai secara tepat dan konsisten. Yang terpenting adalah penyedia layanan email menetapkan tingkat kesulitan yang cukup rendah sehingga tidak terlihat oleh pengguna yang sah, namun cukup tinggi sehingga menjadi penghalang bagi pelaku spam. Oleh karena itu, terdapat beragam “harga” yang dapat diterima dan setiap peserta bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga mereka sendiri, dengan menerapkan fungsi penetapan harga lokal.
Namun satuan mata uang dimaksudkan agar dapat dipertukarkan, masing-masing memiliki nilai yang sama. Karena perubahan teknologi dari waktu ke waktu, dua unit mata uang yang dibuat dengan tingkat kesulitan proof-of-work yang sama—yang diukur dengan jumlah komputasi yang sesuai—mungkin memiliki biaya produksi yang sangat berbeda di dunia nyata, yang diukur dengan waktu, energi, dan/atau modal untuk melakukan komputasi tersebut. Ketika komputasi dijual dengan menggunakan mata uang, dan biaya produksi yang mendasarinya bervariasi, bagaimana pasar dapat memastikan harga yang konsisten?
Nick Szabo dengan jelas mengidentifikasi masalah harga ini ketika menjelaskan bit gold:
"Masalah utamanya...adalah bahwa skema pembuktian kerja bergantung pada arsitektur komputer, bukan hanya matematika abstrak yang didasarkan pada "siklus komputasi" abstrak. ...Jadi, ada kemungkinan untuk menjadi produsen berbiaya sangat rendah (dengan beberapa kali lipat besarnya) dan membanjiri pasar dengan bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Mata uang terdesentralisasi yang diciptakan melalui proof-of-work akan mengalami kelebihan pasokan dan penurunan pasokan seiring dengan perubahan pasokan komputasi seiring waktu. Untuk mengakomodasi volatilitas ini, jaringan harus belajar menghitung harga secara dinamis.
Mata uang digital awal mencoba memberi harga pada komputasi dengan mencoba mengukur “biaya komputasi” secara kolektif. Wei Dai, misalnya, mengusulkan solusi praktis berikut dalam B-money:
"Jumlah unit moneter yang diciptakan sama dengan biaya upaya komputasi dalam sekeranjang komoditas standar. Sebagai contoh, jika sebuah masalah memerlukan waktu 100 jam untuk diselesaikan pada komputer yang dapat menyelesaikannya dengan cara yang paling ekonomis, dan diperlukan 3 keranjang standar untuk membeli 100 jam waktu komputasi pada komputer tersebut di pasar terbuka, maka setelah solusi terhadap masalah tersebut disiarkan, setiap orang mengkredit rekening penyiar sebanyak 3 unit." - Dai, 1998
Sayangnya, Dai tidak menjelaskan bagaimana pengguna dalam sistem yang seharusnya terdesentralisasi seharusnya menyetujui definisi “keranjang standar”, komputer mana yang memecahkan masalah tertentu “paling ekonomis”, atau biaya komputasi di “pasar terbuka”. Mencapai konsensus di antara semua pengguna mengenai kumpulan data bersama yang berubah-ubah terhadap waktu adalah masalah penting dalam sistem desentralisasi!
Agar adil bagi Dai, dia menyadari hal ini:
“Salah satu bagian yang lebih bermasalah dalam protokol B-money adalah penciptaan uang. Bagian dari protokol ini mengharuskan semua [pengguna] memutuskan dan menyetujui biaya perhitungan tertentu. Sayangnya karena teknologi komputasi cenderung berkembang pesat dan tidak selalu bersifat publik, informasi ini mungkin tidak tersedia, tidak akurat, atau ketinggalan jaman, yang semuanya akan menyebabkan masalah serius pada protokol." - Dai, 1998
Dai kemudian mengusulkan mekanisme penetapan harga berbasis lelang yang lebih canggih yang kemudian dikatakan Satoshi sebagai titik awal idenya. Kita akan kembali ke skema lelang di bawah ini, tapi pertama-tama mari kita beralih ke bit gold, dan pertimbangkan wawasan Szabo tentang masalahnya.
Gunakan Pasar Eksternal
Szabo mengklaim bahwa proof-of-work harus “diberi stempel waktu dengan aman”:
"Bukti kerja diberi stempel waktu yang aman. Ini harus bekerja secara terdistribusi, dengan beberapa layanan stempel waktu berbeda sehingga tidak ada layanan stempel waktu tertentu yang perlu diandalkan secara substansial." - Szabo, 2005
Szabo tertaut ke halaman sumber daya tentang protokol penandaan waktu yang aman tetapi tidak menjelaskan algoritme spesifik apa pun untuk penandaan waktu yang aman. Ungkapan “aman” dan “fesyen terdistribusi” mempunyai pengaruh yang besar di sini, sehingga dapat mengatasi kerumitan dalam mengandalkan satu (atau banyak) layanan “di luar sistem” untuk penandaan waktu.[^6]
Waktu pembuatan unit mata uang digital penting karena menghubungkan komputasi yang dilakukan dengan biaya produksi di dunia nyata.
Terlepas dari ketidakjelasan implementasi, Szabo benar—waktu pembuatan proof-of-work merupakan faktor penting dalam menentukan harga karena terkait dengan biaya komputasi:
"…Namun, karena bit gold diberi stempel waktu, waktu yang dibuat serta tingkat kesulitan matematis dari pekerjaan tersebut dapat dibuktikan secara otomatis. Dari sini, biasanya dapat disimpulkan berapa biaya produksi selama periode waktu tersebut..." - Szabo, 2005
"Menyimpulkan" biaya produksi adalah hal yang penting karena bit gold tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat bit gold dengan melakukan perhitungan yang sesuai. Tanpa kemampuan untuk mengatur penerbitan, bit gold sama dengan barang koleksi:
"…Tidak seperti atom emas yang dapat dipertukarkan, tetapi seperti halnya barang-barang kolektor, pasokan dalam jumlah besar selama jangka waktu tertentu akan menurunkan nilai barang-barang tersebut. Dalam hal ini, emas kecil bertindak lebih seperti barang-barang kolektor daripada seperti emas..." - Szabo, 2005
Bit gold memerlukan proses eksternal tambahan untuk menciptakan unit mata uang yang sepadan:
“…[B]it Gold tidak dapat dipertukarkan berdasarkan fungsi sederhana, misalnya, panjang tali. Sebaliknya, untuk membuat unit yang dapat dipertukarkan, dealer harus menggabungkan potongan-potongan bit gold dengan nilai berbeda ke dalam satuan yang lebih besar kira-kira dengan nilai yang sama. Hal ini serupa dengan apa yang dilakukan banyak pedagang komoditas saat ini untuk memungkinkan pasar komoditas bekerja. Kepercayaan masih terdistribusi karena perkiraan nilai dari kumpulan tersebut dapat diverifikasi secara independen oleh banyak pihak lain dengan cara yang sebagian besar atau seluruhnya otomatis." - Szabo, 2005
Mengutip Szabo, “untuk menguji nilai… bit gold, dealer memeriksa dan memverifikasi tingkat kesulitan, masukan, dan stempel waktu”. Dealer yang mendefinisikan “unit yang lebih besar dengan nilai yang kira-kira sama” menyediakan fungsi penetapan harga yang serupa dengan “keranjang komoditas standar” Dai. Unit yang dapat dipertukarkan tidak dibuat dalam bentuk bit gold ketika bukti kerja diproduksi, hanya kemudian ketika bukti tersebut digabungkan menjadi “unit yang kira-kira bernilai sama” oleh dealer di pasar di luar jaringan.
Yang patut disyukuri, Szabo mengakui kelemahan ini:
"…Potensi kelebihan pasokan yang awalnya tersembunyi karena inovasi tersembunyi dalam arsitektur mesin adalah potensi kelemahan dalam bit gold, atau setidaknya ketidaksempurnaan yang harus diatasi oleh lelang awal dan pertukaran ex post bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Sekali lagi, meskipun belum sampai pada (yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai) solusinya, Szabo menunjukkan solusinya: karena biaya komputasi berubah seiring waktu, jaringan harus merespons perubahan pasokan komputasi dengan menyesuaikan harga uang.
Gunakan Pasar Internal
Dealer Szabo akan menjadi pasar eksternal yang menentukan harga (bundel dari) bit gold setelah penciptaannya. Apakah mungkin menerapkan pasar ini di dalam sistem dan bukan di luar sistem?
Mari kita kembali ke Wei Dai dan B-money. Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, Dai mengusulkan model alternatif berbasis lelang untuk pembuatan B-money. Desain Satoshi untuk Bitcoin meningkat secara langsung pada model lelang B-money[^7]:
“Jadi saya mengusulkan subprotokol penciptaan uang alternatif, di mana [pengguna]… memutuskan dan menyetujui jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat setiap periode, dengan biaya pembuatan uang tersebut ditentukan melalui lelang. Setiap periode pembuatan uang adalah dibagi menjadi empat tahap, sebagai berikut:
Planning. Para [pengguna] menghitung dan bernegosiasi satu sama lain untuk menentukan peningkatan jumlah uang beredar yang optimal untuk periode berikutnya. Apakah [jaringan] dapat mencapai konsensus atau tidak, mereka masing-masing menyiarkan kuota penciptaan uang mereka dan komputasi makroekonomi apa pun yang dilakukan untuk mendukung angka tersebut.
Bidding. Siapapun yang ingin membuat B-money menyiarkan tawaran dalam bentuk dimana x adalah banyaknya B-money yang ingin dibuatnya, dan y adalah soal yang belum terselesaikan dari kelas soal yang telah ditentukan. Setiap masalah di kelas ini harus memiliki biaya nominal (katakanlah dalam MIPS-years) yang disetujui secara publik.
Computation. Setelah melihat penawaran, pihak yang mengajukan penawaran pada tahap penawaran sekarang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dalam penawarannya dan menyiarkan solusinya. Penciptaan uang.
Money creation. Setiap [pengguna] menerima tawaran tertinggi (di antara mereka yang benar-benar menyiarkan solusi) dalam hal biaya nominal per unit B-money yang dibuat dan memberikan kredit kepada akun penawar sesuai dengan itu."
- Dai, 1998B-money membuat kemajuan signifikan menuju struktur pasar yang tepat untuk mata uang digital. Ini berupaya untuk menghilangkan dealer eksternal Szabo dan memungkinkan pengguna untuk terlibat dalam penemuan harga dengan menawar satu sama lain secara langsung.
Namun menerapkan proposal Dai seperti yang tertulis akan menjadi sebuah tantangan:
- Dalam fase "Planning”, pengguna menanggung beban menegosiasikan “peningkatan optimal jumlah uang beredar untuk periode berikutnya”. Bagaimana “optimal” harus didefinisikan, bagaimana pengguna harus bernegosiasi satu sama lain, dan bagaimana hasil negosiasi tersebut dibagikan tidak dijelaskan.
- Terlepas dari apa yang direncanakan, fase “Bidding” memungkinkan siapa saja untuk mengajukan “tawaran” untuk membuat B-money. Tawaran mencakup jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat serta jumlah bukti kerja yang sesuai sehingga setiap penawaran adalah harga, jumlah perhitungan yang bersedia dilakukan oleh penawar tertentu untuk membeli sejumlah tertentu. dari B-money.
- Setelah penawaran diserahkan, fase “Computation” terdiri dari peserta lelang yang melakukan proof-of-work yang mereka tawarkan dan menyiarkan solusi. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencocokkan penawar dengan solusi yang disediakan. Yang lebih problematis adalah tidak jelasnya bagaimana pengguna dapat mengetahui bahwa semua penawaran telah diajukan – kapan fase “Bidding” berakhir dan fase “Computation” dimulai?
- Masalah-masalah ini berulang dalam fase “Money creation”. Karena sifat proof-of-work, pengguna dapat memverifikasi bahwa bukti yang mereka terima dalam solusi adalah asli. Namun bagaimana pengguna dapat secara kolektif menyepakati serangkaian “tawaran tertinggi”? Bagaimana jika pengguna yang berbeda memilih set yang berbeda, baik karena preferensi atau latensi jaringan?
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi kesulitan dalam melacak data dan membuat pilihan secara konsisten, namun B-money memerlukan pelacakan tawaran dari banyak pengguna dan membuat pilihan konsensus di antara mereka. Kompleksitas ini menghalangi penerapan B-money.
Akar dari kompleksitas ini adalah keyakinan Dai bahwa tingkat “optimal” penciptaan B-money harus berfluktuasi seiring waktu berdasarkan “perhitungan makroekonomi” penggunanya. Seperti bit gold, B-money tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat unit B-money dengan menyiarkan tawaran dan kemudian melakukan proof-of-work yang sesuai.
Baik Szabo maupun Dai mengusulkan penggunaan pasar pertukaran mata uang digital untuk komputasi, namun baik bit gold maupun B-money tidak menentukan kebijakan moneter untuk mengatur pasokan mata uang di pasar ini.
Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
Sebaliknya, kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah salah satu tujuan utama Satoshi dalam proyek Bitcoin. Dalam postingan milis pertama tempat Bitcoin diumumkan, Satoshi menulis:
“Akar permasalahan mata uang konvensional adalah kepercayaan yang diperlukan agar mata uang tersebut dapat berfungsi. Bank sentral harus dipercaya untuk tidak merendahkan mata uang tersebut, namun sejarah mata uang fiat penuh dengan pelanggaran terhadap kepercayaan tersebut.” - Satoshi, 2009
Satoshi selanjutnya menjelaskan masalah lain dengan mata uang fiat seperti perbankan cadangan fraksional yang berisiko, kurangnya privasi, pencurian & penipuan yang merajalela, dan ketidakmampuan melakukan pembayaran mikro. Namun Satoshi memulai dengan isu penurunan nilai oleh bank sentral—dengan kekhawatiran mengenai kebijakan moneter.
Satoshi ingin Bitcoin pada akhirnya mencapai pasokan sirkulasi terbatas yang tidak dapat terdilusi seiring waktu. Tingkat penciptaan Bitcoin yang “optimal”, bagi Satoshi, pada akhirnya akan menjadi nol.
Tujuan kebijakan moneter ini, lebih dari karakteristik lain yang mereka miliki secara pribadi (atau kolektif!), adalah alasan Satoshi “menemukan” Bitcoin, blockchain, konsensus Nakamoto, dll. —dan bukan orang lain. Ini adalah jawaban singkat atas pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam judul artikel ini: Satoshi memikirkan Bitcoin karena mereka fokus pada penciptaan mata uang digital dengan persediaan terbatas.
Pasokan Bitcoin yang terbatas bukan hanya tujuan kebijakan moneter atau meme bagi para Bitcoiner untuk berkumpul. Penyederhanaan teknis penting inilah yang memungkinkan Satoshi membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi sementara B-money Dai tetap menjadi postingan web yang menarik.
Bitcoin adalah B-money dengan persyaratan tambahan berupa kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan. Seperti banyak penyederhanaan teknis lainnya, pembatasan kebijakan moneter memungkinkan kemajuan dengan mengurangi ruang lingkup. Mari kita lihat bagaimana masing-masing fase pembuatan B-money disederhanakan dengan menerapkan batasan ini.
Semua Pasokan 21 Juta Bitcoin Sudah Ada
Dalam b-money, setiap “periode penciptaan uang” mencakup fase “Perencanaan”, di mana pengguna diharapkan untuk membagikan “perhitungan makroekonomi” mereka yang membenarkan jumlah b-money yang ingin mereka ciptakan pada saat itu. Tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi yaitu pasokan terbatas dan emisi nol tidak sesuai dengan kebebasan yang diberikan b-money kepada pengguna individu untuk menghasilkan uang. Oleh karena itu, langkah pertama dalam perjalanan dari bmoney ke bitcoin adalah menghilangkan kebebasan ini. Pengguna bitcoin perorangan tidak dapat membuat bitcoin. Hanya jaringan bitcoin yang dapat membuat bitcoin, dan hal ini terjadi tepat sekali, pada tahun 2009 ketika Satoshi meluncurkan proyek bitcoin.
Satoshi mampu menggantikan fase “Perencanaan” b-money yang berulang menjadi satu jadwal yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya di mana 21 juta bitcoin yang dibuat pada tahun 2009 akan dilepaskan ke peredaran. Pengguna secara sukarela mendukung kebijakan moneter Satoshi dengan mengunduh dan menjalankan perangkat lunak Bitcoin Core yang kebijakan moneternya dikodekan secara keras.
Hal ini mengubah semantik pasar bitcoin untuk komputasi. Bitcoin yang dibayarkan kepada penambang bukanlah hal baru yang diterbitkan; itu melainkan baru dirilis ke peredaran dari persediaan yang ada.
Pandangan ini sangat berbeda dari klaim naif bahwa “penambang bitcoin menciptakan bitcoin”. Penambang Bitcoin tidak menciptakan bitcoin, mereka membelinya. Bitcoin tidak berharga karena “bitcoin terbuat dari energi”—tetapi nilai bitcoin didemonstrasikan dengan dijual untuk mendapatkan energi.
Mari kita ulangi sekali lagi: bitcoin tidak dibuat melalui proof-of-work, bitcoin dibuat melalui konsensus.
Desain Satoshi menghilangkan persyaratan untuk fase “Perencanaan” yang berkelanjutan dari b-money dengan melakukan semua perencanaan terlebih dahulu. Hal ini memungkinkan Satoshi untuk membuat kebijakan moneter yang sehat namun juga menyederhanakan penerapan bitcoin.
Bitcoin dihargai Melalui Konsensus
Kebebasan yang diberikan kepada pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang menimbulkan beban yang sesuai bagi jaringan bmoney. Selama fase “Penawaran” jaringan b-money harus mengumpulkan dan membagikan “tawaran” pembuatan uang dari banyak pengguna yang berbeda.
Menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menghasilkan uang akan meringankan beban jaringan bitcoin. Karena seluruh 21 juta bitcoin sudah ada, jaringan tidak perlu mengumpulkan tawaran dari pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang, jaringan hanya perlu menjual bitcoin sesuai jadwal Satoshi yang telah ditentukan.
Jaringan bitcoin dengan demikian menawarkan konsensus harga permintaan untuk bitcoin yang dijualnya di setiap blok. Harga tunggal ini dihitung oleh setiap node secara independen menggunakan salinan blockchainnya. Jika node memiliki konsensus pada blockchain yang sama (poin yang akan kita bahas nanti) mereka semua akan menawarkan harga permintaan yang sama di setiap blok.[^8]
Bagian pertama kalkulasi harga konsensus menentukan berapa banyak bitcoin yang akan dijual. Hal ini diperbaiki oleh jadwal rilis Satoshi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung jumlah yang sama untuk blok tertentu:
$ bitcoin-cli getblockstats <block\_height> {... "subsidy": 6250000000, ... } # 6.25 BTC
Bagian kedua dari harga yang diminta secara konsensus adalah jumlah komputasi yang akan menjual subsidi saat ini. Sekali lagi, semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung nilai yang sama (kita akan meninjau kembali kalkulasi tingkat kesulitan ini di bagian berikutnya):
$ bitcoin-cli getdifficulty {... "result": 55621444139429.57, ... }
Bersama-sama, subsidi dan kesulitan jaringan menentukan permintaan bitcoin saat ini sebagai mata uang komputasi. Karena blockchain berada dalam konsensus, harga ini adalah harga konsensus.
Pengguna b-money juga dianggap memiliki konsensus “blockchain” yang berisi riwayat semua transaksi. Namun Dai tidak pernah memikirkan solusi sederhana berupa konsensus tunggal yang meminta harga untuk pembuatan b-money baru, yang hanya ditentukan oleh data di blockchain tersebut.
Sebaliknya, Dai berasumsi bahwa penciptaan uang harus berlangsung selamanya. Oleh karena itu, pengguna individu perlu diberdayakan untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan moneter – seperti halnya mata uang fiat. Persyaratan yang dirasakan ini membuat Dai merancang sistem penawaran yang mencegah penerapan b-money.
Kompleksitas tambahan ini dihilangkan dengan persyaratan Satoshi mengenai kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.
Waktu Menutup Semua Penyebaran
Dalam fase “Komputasi” b-money, pengguna individu akan melakukan komputasi yang telah mereka lakukan dalam penawaran sebelumnya. Dalam bitcoin, seluruh jaringan adalah penjual – tetapi siapa pembelinya?
Di pasar pengiriman email, pembelinya adalah individu yang ingin mengirim email. Otoritas penetapan harga, penyedia layanan email, akan menetapkan harga yang dianggap murah bagi individu namun mahal bagi pelaku spam. Namun jika jumlah pengguna yang sah bertambah, harganya masih bisa tetap sama karena kekuatan komputasi masing-masing pengguna akan tetap sama.
Di b-money, setiap pengguna yang menyumbangkan tawaran untuk pembuatan uang selanjutnya harus melakukan sendiri jumlah komputasi yang sesuai. Setiap pengguna bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga berdasarkan pengetahuan mereka tentang kemampuan komputasi mereka sendiri.
Jaringan bitcoin menawarkan satu harga yang diminta dalam komputasi subsidi bitcoin saat ini. Namun tidak ada penambang individu yang menemukan blok yang melakukan komputasi sebanyak ini.[9] Blok pemenang penambang individu adalah bukti bahwa semua penambang secara kolektif melakukan jumlah komputasi yang diperlukan. Pembeli bitcoin dengan demikian adalah industri penambangan bitcoin global.
Setelah mencapai konsensus harga yang diminta, jaringan bitcoin tidak akan mengubah harga tersebut sampai lebih banyak blok diproduksi. Blok-blok ini harus berisi proof-of-work dengan harga yang diminta saat ini. Oleh karena itu, industri pertambangan tidak punya pilihan jika ingin “melakukan perdagangan” selain membayar harga yang diminta saat ini dalam komputasi.
Satu-satunya variabel yang dapat dikontrol oleh industri pertambangan adalah berapa lama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi blok berikutnya. Sama seperti jaringan bitcoin yang menawarkan satu harga yang diminta, industri pertambangan juga menawarkan satu penawaran—waktu yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan blok berikutnya yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini.
Untuk mengimbangi peningkatan kecepatan perangkat keras dan minat yang berbeda-beda dalam menjalankan node dari waktu ke waktu, kesulitan proof-of-work ditentukan oleh rata-rata bergerak yang menargetkan jumlah rata-rata blok per jam. Jika dihasilkan terlalu cepat, kesulitannya akan meningkat. - Nakamoto, 2008
Satoshi dengan sederhana menjelaskan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan, yang sering disebut sebagai salah satu ide paling orisinal dalam implementasi bitcoin. Hal ini benar, namun alih-alih berfokus pada daya cipta solusi, mari kita fokus pada mengapa penyelesaian masalah sangat penting bagi Satoshi.
Proyek-proyek seperti bit gold dan b-money tidak perlu membatasi nilai tukar pada saat penciptaan uang karena mereka tidak memiliki pasokan tetap atau kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Periode penciptaan uang yang lebih cepat atau lebih lambat dapat dikompensasikan melalui cara lain, misalnya melalui pajak. Dealer eksternal memasukkan token bit gold ke dalam bundler yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil atau pengguna b-money mengubah tawaran mereka.
Namun tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi mengharuskan bitcoin memiliki tingkat pelepasan bitcoin yang telah ditentukan untuk diedarkan. Membatasi laju (statistik) produksi blok dari waktu ke waktu adalah hal yang wajar dalam bitcoin karena laju produksi blok adalah laju penjualan pasokan awal bitcoin. Menjual 21 juta bitcoin selama 140 tahun adalah proposisi yang berbeda dibandingkan membiarkannya dijual dalam 3 bulan.
Selain itu, bitcoin sebenarnya dapat menerapkan batasan ini karena blockchain adalah “protokol cap waktu aman” milik Szabo. Satoshi menggambarkan bitcoin sebagai yang pertama dan terutama sebagai “server stempel waktu terdistribusi secara peer-to-peer,” dan implementasi awal kode sumber bitcoin menggunakan “rantai waktu” dunia, bukan “blockchain” untuk menggambarkan struktur data bersama yang mengimplementasikan pasar proof-of-work bitcoin.[^10]
Tidak seperti bit gold atau b-money, token dalam bitcoin tidak mengalami kelebihan pasokan. Jaringan bitcoin menggunakan penyesuaian kesulitan untuk mengubah harga uang sebagai respons terhadap perubahan pasokan komputasi.
Algoritme penyesuaian ulang kesulitan Bitcoin memanfaatkan kemampuan ini. Blockchain konsensus digunakan oleh peserta untuk menghitung penawaran historis yang dibuat oleh industri pertambangan dan menyesuaikan kembali kesulitan agar bisa mendekati waktu blok target.
Pesanan Terunggul Menciptakan Konsensus
Rantai penyederhanaan yang disebabkan oleh tuntutan kebijakan moneter yang kuat meluas ke fase “penciptaan uang” dari b-money.
Tawaran yang diajukan pengguna di b-money mengalami masalah “tidak ada yang dipertaruhkan”. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencegah pengguna mengajukan tawaran dengan sejumlah besar b-money untuk pekerjaan yang sangat sedikit. Hal ini mengharuskan jaringan untuk melacak tawaran mana yang telah diselesaikan dan hanya menerima “tawaran tertinggi…dalam hal biaya nominal per unit b-money yang dibuat” untuk menghindari tawaran yang mengganggu tersebut. Setiap peserta b-money harus melacak seluruh tawaran senilai buku pesanan, mencocokkan tawaran dengan perhitungan selanjutnya, dan hanya menyelesaikan pesanan yang telah selesai dengan harga tertinggi.
Masalah ini merupakan contoh dari masalah konsensus yang lebih umum dalam sistem desentralisasi, yang juga dikenal sebagai “Byzantine generals” atau terkadang masalah “pembelanjaan ganda” dalam konteks mata uang digital. Berbagi urutan data yang identik di antara semua peserta merupakan suatu tantangan dalam jaringan yang saling bermusuhan dan terdesentralisasi. Solusi yang ada untuk masalah ini – yang disebut “algoritma konsensus Byzantine-fault tolerant (BFT)” – memerlukan koordinasi sebelumnya di antara peserta atau mayoritas (>67%) peserta agar tidak berperilaku bermusuhan.
Bitcoin tidak harus mengelola buku pesanan dalam jumlah besar karena jaringan bitcoin menawarkan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal. Ini berarti node bitcoin dapat menerima blok pertama (valid) yang mereka lihat yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini—tawaran gangguan dapat dengan mudah diabaikan dan merupakan pemborosan sumber daya penambang.
Komputasi harga berdasarkan konsensus memungkinkan pencocokan pesanan beli/jual dalam bitcoin dilakukan secara antusias, dengan sistem siapa cepat dia dapat. Berbeda dengan b-money, pencocokan pesanan yang cepat ini berarti bahwa pasar bitcoin tidak memiliki fase—pasar ini beroperasi terus-menerus, dengan harga konsensus baru dihitung setelah setiap pesanan dicocokkan (blok ditemukan). Untuk menghindari percabangan yang disebabkan oleh latensi jaringan atau perilaku bertentangan, node juga harus mengikuti aturan rantai terberat. Aturan penyelesaian pesanan yang serakah ini memastikan bahwa hanya tawaran tertinggi yang diterima oleh jaringan.
Kombinasi algoritma yang antusias dan serakah ini, dimana node menerima blok valid pertama yang mereka lihat dan juga mengikuti rantai terberat, adalah algoritma BFT baru yang dengan cepat menyatu pada konsensus tentang urutan blok. Satoshi menghabiskan 25% dari white paper bitcoin untuk mendemonstrasikan klaim ini.[^11]
Kita telah menetapkan di bagian sebelumnya bahwa harga permintaan konsensus bitcoin itu sendiri bergantung pada konsensus blockchain. Namun ternyata keberadaan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal inilah yang memungkinkan perhitungan pasar untuk mencocokkan pesanan dengan penuh semangat, dan itulah yang pertama-tama mengarah pada konsensus!
Terlebih lagi, “konsensus Nakamoto” yang baru ini hanya mengharuskan 50% peserta untuk tidak bertentangan, sebuah kemajuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebelumnya. Seorang cypherpunk seperti Satoshi membuat terobosan ilmu komputer teoretis ini, dibandingkan dengan akademisi tradisional atau peneliti industri, karena fokus mereka yang sempit pada penerapan uang yang sehat, dibandingkan algoritma konsensus umum untuk komputasi terdistribusi.
Kesimpulan
B-money adalah kerangka kerja yang kuat untuk membangun mata uang digital tetapi tidak lengkap karena tidak memiliki kebijakan moneter. Membatasi b-money dengan jadwal rilis yang telah ditentukan untuk bitcoin mengurangi cakupan dan menyederhanakan implementasi dengan menghilangkan persyaratan untuk melacak dan memilih di antara tawaran pembuatan uang yang diajukan pengguna. Mempertahankan kecepatan sementara dari jadwal rilis Satoshi menghasilkan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan dan memungkinkan konsensus Nakamoto, yang secara luas diakui sebagai salah satu aspek paling inovatif dalam implementasi bitcoin.
Ada lebih banyak hal dalam desain bitcoin daripada aspek yang dibahas sejauh ini. Kita memfokuskan artikel ini pada pasar “utama” dalam bitcoin, pasar yang mendistribusikan pasokan awal bitcoin ke dalam sirkulasi.
Artikel berikutnya dalam seri ini akan mengeksplorasi pasar penyelesaian transaksi bitcoin dan kaitannya dengan pasar pendistribusian pasokan bitcoin. Hubungan ini akan menyarankan metodologi bagaimana membangun pasar masa depan untuk layanan terdesentralisasi selain bitcoin.
Catatan kaki
[^1]: Judul seri ini diambil dari pesan telegraf pertama dalam sejarah, yang dikirimkan oleh Samuel Morse pada tahun 1844: “What hath God wrought?”.
[^2]: Bitcoin: Sistem Uang Elektronik Peer-to-Peer, tersedia di: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
[^3]: Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail oleh Dwork dan Naor. tersedia di:
https://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/../../pvp.pdf[^4]: Meskipun merupakan pencetus ide tersebut, Dwork & Naor tidak menciptakan “proof-of-work”—julukan tersebut kemudian diberikan pada tahun 1999 oleh Markus Jakobsson dan Ari Juels.
[^5]: Proyek RPoW Hal Finney adalah upaya untuk menciptakan proof-of-work yang dapat ditransfer, tetapi bitcoin tidak menggunakan konsep ini karena tidak memperlakukan komputasi sebagai mata uang. Seperti yang akan kita lihat nanti ketika kita memeriksa bit gold dan b-money, komputasi tidak dapat berupa mata uang karena nilai komputasi berubah seiring waktu sementara unit mata uang harus memiliki nilai yang sama. Bitcoin bukanlah komputasi, bitcoin adalah mata uang yang dijual untuk komputasi.
[^6]: Pada saat ini, beberapa pembaca mungkin percaya bahwa saya meremehkan kontribusi Dai atau Szabo karena kontribusi mereka tidak jelas atau tidak jelas dalam beberapa hal. Perasaan saya justru sebaliknya: Dai dan Szabo pada dasarnya benar dan fakta bahwa mereka tidak mengartikulasikan setiap detail seperti yang dilakukan Satoshi tidak mengurangi kontribusi mereka. Sebaliknya, hal ini seharusnya meningkatkan apresiasi kita terhadap hal tersebut, karena hal ini menunjukkan betapa menantangnya munculnya mata uang digital, bahkan bagi para praktisi terbaiknya.
[^7]: Postingan b-money Dai adalah referensi pertama dalam white paper Satoshi, tersedia di: http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt
[^8]: Ada dua penyederhanaan yang dilakukan di sini:
- Jumlah bitcoin yang dijual di setiap blok juga dipengaruhi oleh biaya transaksi pasar, yang berada di luar cakupan artikel ini, namun tetap menunggu pekerjaan selanjutnya.
- Kesulitan yang dilaporkan oleh bitcoin bukanlah jumlah perhitungan yang diharapkan; seseorang harus mengalikannya dengan faktor proporsionalitas.
[^9]: Setidaknya sejak masa lalu yang buruk ketika Satoshi adalah satu-satunya penambang di jaringan.
[^10]: Bitcoin is Time klasik dari Gigi adalah pengenalan yang bagus tentang hubungan mendalam antara bitcoin dan waktu, tersedia di: https://dergigi.com/2021/01/14/bitcoin-is-time/
[^11]: Satoshi melakukan kesalahan baik dalam analisis mereka di buku putih maupun implementasi awal bitcoin berikutnya dengan menggunakan aturan “rantai terpanjang” dan bukan aturan “rantai terberat”.
Sumber artikel: HOW DID SATOSHI THINK OF BITCOIN? https://bitcoinmagazine.com/technical/how-did-satoshi-think-of-bitcoin
Diterjemahkan oleh: Abengkris
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@ c2827524:5f45b2f7
2024-11-05 10:40:05Remember, remember! The fifth of November, The Gunpowder treason and plot; I know of no reason Why the Gunpowder treason Should ever be forgot! Guy Fawkes and his companions Did the scheme contrive, To blow the King and Parliament All up alive. Threescore barrels, laid below, To prove old England's overthrow. But, by God's providence, him they catch, With a dark lantern, lighting a match!
È tanto semplice e molto più pacifico oggi.
- [ ] non serve polvere da sparo
- [ ] niente violenza (lasciamola a chi ne ha il monopolio, lo shdadoh)
- [ ] ci hanno dichiarato guerra e la guerra è economica
Rispondiamo semplicemente studiando #Bitcoin
https://t.me/bitcoincampus https://t.me/BitcoinSecPriv https://t.me/bitcoinita https://satoshispritz.it/
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@ 13e63e99:25525c6a
2024-11-05 10:07:33The recent movement of Bitcoin's price can be closely correlated with movements in the S&P 500 index, indicating that both markets are responding to similar macroeconomic factors. This relationship underscores the interconnectedness of Bitcoin and traditional equity markets, particularly during periods of heightened economic uncertainty.
Correlation with the S&P 500
The chart illustrating S&P 500 futures alongside Bitcoin/USD from TradingView highlights this correlation. As market conditions fluctuate, traders often pivot their strategies based on broader economic signals that impact both asset classes.
Shift to Cash and Safe Havens
In the short term, as recession risks loom, traders frequently gravitate towards cash positions and Treasury bills, perceived as safer investments. This shift in sentiment has been reflected in the recent declines seen in both the stock market and Bitcoin prices, particularly following Intel's report of a 6% drop in quarterly revenue compared to the previous year. Such news tends to trigger caution among investors, leading to reduced appetite for riskier assets like cryptocurrencies.
Recent Corporate Disclosures
Recent financial disclosures from major tech companies, such as Microsoft and Meta, indicating an uptick in AI investments, have tempered expectations for earnings growth. This news was compounded by a dramatic 44% drop in Super Micro Computer (SMCI) shares within just three days, following an unexpected resignation of their auditor, EY. These events have contributed to a bearish market sentiment, further influencing Bitcoin's performance.
Labor Market Data and Inflation Concerns
On November 1, the mood shifted somewhat with the release of labor market data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, revealing a modest payroll growth of only 12,000 in October, significantly below the anticipated 100,000. Additionally, the 0.4% increase in US wages from the previous month has reignited inflation fears among investors. Despite these concerns, market analysts, as indicated by the CME FedWatch tool, are anticipating a 0.25% interest rate cut by the US Federal Reserve on November 7, which could have implications for both Bitcoin and equity markets.
Upcoming Political Events
With significant events on the horizon, including the US presidential elections on November 5 and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting, market participants should remain vigilant. Political efforts to stimulate the economy often lead to a depreciation of the US dollar, which can create upward pressure on Bitcoin prices in the medium term. As the landscape evolves, monitoring these developments will be crucial for traders and investors looking to navigate the volatile intersection of Bitcoin and traditional finance.
In summary, Bitcoin's price movements are intricately linked to broader economic indicators and investor sentiment. As macroeconomic conditions shift, so too will the strategies employed by both the Bitcoin and stock markets.
Reference: Google Finance, TradingView
Bitcoin mining in Africa is gaining traction as the continent seeks to leverage its vast natural resources and increasing access to renewable energy. With a growing interest in Bitcoin and the potential for economic diversification, Africa presents both opportunities and challenges for Bitcoin miners.
Key Factors Driving Bitcoin Mining Growth in Africa
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Renewable Energy Potential: The continent has significant potential for renewable energy sources, such as solar, hydro, and wind. Countries like Ethiopia, South Africa, and Kenya are investing in renewable energy projects, making them attractive locations for Bitcoin mining operations.
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Low Electricity Costs: In some regions, particularly those with abundant natural resources and renewable energy, electricity costs are significantly lower than in developed countries. This cost advantage can enhance the profitability of Bitcoin mining operations.
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Growing Bitcoin Adoption: As interest in Bitcoin increases across Africa, there is a growing pool of local and international miners and investors. Initiatives to promote financial inclusion and digital assets are further driving this trend.
Challenges Facing Bitcoin Mining in Africa
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Infrastructure Limitations: While some countries have made progress, many regions still face inadequate infrastructure, including unreliable power supply and poor internet connectivity, which can hinder mining operations.
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Regulatory Uncertainty: The regulatory environment for Bitcoin varies widely across Africa. Some countries have embraced Bitcoin, while others have imposed restrictions or outright bans, creating uncertainty for miners.
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Political Instability: Political instability and governance issues in certain countries can pose risks to mining operations. Countries facing conflict or significant corruption may deter investment in the sector.
Future Outlook
The future of Bitcoin mining in Africa holds considerable promise. As the global demand for Bitcoin continues to rise, the continent's potential for low-cost energy and resource availability can attract both local and foreign investments. Additionally, the push for financial inclusion through Bitcoin aligns with the continent’s broader economic goals.
Bitcoin mining in Africa is positioned for growth, driven by the continent's rich resources and increasing interest in Bitcoin. However, for the sector to realize its potential, stakeholders must address infrastructure challenges, navigate regulatory landscapes, and prioritize sustainability. By leveraging its unique advantages and addressing these challenges, Africa can become a significant player in the global Bitcoin mining industry.
MicroStrategy Announces $21 Billion Stock Offering to Boost Bitcoin Holdings
MicroStrategy has announced a potential sales agreement to issue up to $21 billion in Class A common stock, marking a significant move in its strategy to bolster its Bitcoin portfolio. While such a large stock offering typically raises concerns about shareholder dilution, MicroStrategy's stock has seen remarkable growth this year, reflecting strong investor confidence in Saylor's approach to leveraging capital markets for Bitcoin acquisition, despite fluctuations in Bitcoin prices.
This "at-the-market offering," facilitated by a consortium of sales agents, enables MicroStrategy to sell shares directly at current market prices, thereby minimizing the impact on existing shareholders. This strategy, known as "accretive dilution," allows the company to enhance its Bitcoin holdings while simultaneously improving overall shareholder value. With MicroStrategy's market capitalization surpassing that of other stocks, this approach reinforces its distinctive position within the Bitcoin ecosystem.
Reference: CoinDesk
Russia Lifts Bitcoin Mining Ban, Plans Expansion into BRICS Countries
On November 1st, Russia officially lifted its ban on Bitcoin mining and announced plans to establish mining and artificial intelligence facilities across BRICS countries.
Nico Smid, founder of Digital Mining Solutions, revealed that Russia aims to leverage underutilized energy sources in partnership with BitRiver, the Russian sovereign wealth fund. This initiative could facilitate BRICS nations in settling global trade transactions in Bitcoin, providing an alternative to local currencies backed by gold.
Originally comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, BRICS will expand in 2024 to include Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Ethiopia, and the UAE. Notably, Argentina, Ethiopia, and the UAE are already engaged in Bitcoin mining using state-owned resources. Alen Makhmetov of Hashlabs Mining pointed out that Russia's initiatives could provide geopolitical advantages, especially in regions with limited IT infrastructure.
While the ban has been lifted, miners in Russia must now register with the Federal Tax Service and disclose details about their equipment. Makhmetov cautioned that challenges persist, such as rising electricity costs and the devaluation of the ruble, which could make mining increasingly expensive.
Reference: Cointelegraph
Freed from Prison, Binance Founder CZ Receives Welcome in Dubai, Predicts 2024 as a Recovery Year
Freed from prison, Binance founder Changpeng Zhao (CZ) received an enthusiastic ovation during his appearance in Dubai, where he expressed optimism about the future of cryptocurrency. He suggested that 2024 could mark a recovery year for the market, potentially paving the way for a bull run in 2025.
CZ pointed to historical market cycles as indicators of a forthcoming rebound, emphasizing the need to support industry builders. He showed particular interest in projects that combine AI with blockchain technology, believing they hold significant potential for growth and utility as cryptocurrency adoption increases.
Discussing the regulatory landscape, CZ highlighted a positive shift in legislative support for cryptocurrency, spurred by public demand. He stressed the importance of clearly defining cryptocurrencies within U.S. law, noting the ongoing debates about their classification.
In addition, CZ unveiled his vision for Giggle Academy, a digital platform aimed at providing educational resources to those without access, particularly in impoverished regions. By leveraging AI to create interactive tools and fostering peer mentorship, the initiative seeks to empower up to 100 million people with education while prioritizing social impact over profit.
Reference: CoinDesk, TheBlockBeast
Empowering El Salvador: HCM Capital Supports Bitcoin Education with Mi Primer Bitcoin
HCM Capital is proud to support this dedicated non-profit organization focused on Bitcoin education-Mi Primer Bitcoin. Monthly meetups like these are crucial for fostering local engagement and strengthening the Bitcoin ecosystem. Together, let’s continue to empower communities worldwide!
Reference: X.com
Lifpay Bolt Card Feature released!
Reference: X.com
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@ 5a69e82d:aa41c382
2024-11-05 10:05:09Dhruv Bansal, CSO dan Co-Founder Unchained mengeksplorasi prinsip-prinsip dan sejarah yang mengarah pada penciptaan Bitcoin dan mengajukan pertanyaan: "Apa yang telah dilakukan Satoshi"?
Bitcoin sering dibandingkan dengan internet pada tahun 1990an, namun saya yakin analogi yang lebih baik adalah dengan telegraf pada tahun 1840an.[1]
Telegraf adalah teknologi pertama yang mengirimkan data yang dikodekan dengan kecepatan mendekati cahaya dalam jarak jauh. Ini menandai lahirnya industri telekomunikasi. Internet, meskipun skalanya lebih besar, kontennya lebih kaya, dan many-to-many, bukan one-to-one, pada dasarnya masih merupakan teknologi telekomunikasi.
Baik telegraf maupun internet bergantung pada model bisnis di mana perusahaan mengerahkan modal untuk membangun jaringan fisik dan kemudian membebankan biaya kepada pengguna untuk mengirim pesan melalui jaringan ini. Jaringan AT&T secara historis mengirimkan telegram, panggilan telepon, paket TCP/IP, pesan teks, dan sekarang TikTok.
Transformasi masyarakat melalui telekomunikasi telah menghasilkan kebebasan yang lebih besar namun juga sentralisasi yang lebih besar. Internet telah meningkatkan jangkauan jutaan pembuat konten dan usaha kecil, namun juga memperkuat jangkauan perusahaan, otoritas pusat, dan lembaga lain yang memiliki posisi yang cukup baik untuk memantau dan memanipulasi aktivitas online.
Namun Bitcoin bukanlah akhir dari transformasi apa pun—ini adalah awal dari sebuah transformasi. Seperti halnya telekomunikasi, Bitcoin akan mengubah kebiasaan umat manusia dan kehidupan sehari-harinya. Memprediksi seluruh cakupan perubahan saat ini sama dengan membayangkan internet saat hidup di era telegraf.
Seri ini mencoba membayangkan masa depan dengan memulai dari masa lalu. Artikel awal ini menelusuri sejarah mata uang digital sebelum Bitcoin. Hanya dengan memahami kegagalan proyek-proyek sebelumnya, kita dapat memahami apa yang membuat Bitcoin berhasil—dan bagaimana hal itu menyarankan metodologi untuk membangun sistem desentralisasi di masa depan.
Daftar isi
- Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
- Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
- Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
- Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
- Kesimpulan
Klaim utama dari artikel ini adalah bahwa Bitcoin dapat dianggap sebagai adaptasi dari proyek B-money Dai yang menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menciptakan uang. Hanya beberapa minggu setelah artikel ini pertama kali diterbitkan, email baru muncul di mana Satoshi mengaku tidak terbiasa dengan B-money, namun mengakui bahwa Bitcoin dimulai “tepat dari titik itu.” Mengingat bukti baru ini, kami yakin klaim utama ini, meskipun tidak akurat secara historis, masih merupakan cara yang bermakna dan bermanfaat untuk memikirkan asal usul Bitcoin.
Bagaimana Satoshi Nakamoto Memikirkan Bitcoin?
Satoshi memang cerdas, tetapi Bitcoin tidak muncul begitu saja.
Bitcoin mengulangi pekerjaan yang ada di bidang kriptografi, sistem terdistribusi, ekonomi, dan filsafat politik. Konsep proof-of-work sudah ada jauh sebelum digunakan dalam uang dan cypherpunk sebelumnya seperti Nick Szabo, Wei Dai, & Hal Finney mengantisipasi dan memengaruhi desain Bitcoin dengan proyek-proyek seperti bit gold, B-money, dan RPoW. Pertimbangkan bahwa, pada tahun 2008, ketika Satoshi menulis white paper Bitcoin[2], banyak ide penting Bitcoin telah diusulkan dan/atau diimplementasikan:
- Mata uang digital harus berupa jaringan P2P
- Proof-of-work adalah dasar penciptaan uang
- Uang diciptakan melalui lelang
- Kunci publik kriptografi digunakan untuk menentukan kepemilikan dan transfer koin
- Transaksi dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa blok
- Blok dirangkai bersama melalui proof-of-work
- Semua blok disimpan oleh semua peserta
Bitcoin memanfaatkan semua konsep ini, tetapi Satoshi tidak menciptakan satu pun konsep tersebut. Untuk lebih memahami kontribusi Satoshi, kita harus menentukan prinsip Bitcoin mana yang tidak ada dalam daftar.
Beberapa kandidat yang jelas adalah persediaan Bitcoin yang terbatas, konsensus Nakamoto, dan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan. Tapi apa yang mendorong Satoshi pada ide ini?
Artikel ini mengeksplorasi sejarah mata uang digital dan menyatakan bahwa fokus Satoshi pada kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah hal yang menyebabkan Bitcoin mengatasi tantangan yang mengalahkan proyek-proyek sebelumnya seperti bit gold dan B-money.
Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
Bitcoin sering digambarkan sebagai sistem terdesentralisasi atau terdistribusi. Sayangnya, kata “desentralisasi” dan “terdistribusi” sering kali membingungkan. Ketika diterapkan pada sistem digital, kedua istilah tersebut mengacu pada cara aplikasi monolitik dapat didekomposisi menjadi jaringan bagian-bagian yang berkomunikasi.
Untuk tujuan kita, perbedaan utama antara sistem terdesentralisasi dan terdistribusi bukanlah topologi diagram jaringannya, namun cara mereka menegakkan aturan. Kami meluangkan waktu di bagian berikut untuk membandingkan sistem terdistribusi dan desentralisasi dan memotivasi gagasan bahwa sistem desentralisasi yang kuat adalah pasar.
Sistem Terdistribusikan Bergantung pada Otoritas Pusat
Dalam hal ini, kami mengartikan “terdistribusi” sebagai sistem apa pun yang telah dipecah menjadi beberapa bagian (sering disebut sebagai "node") yang harus berkomunikasi, biasanya melalui jaringan.
Insinyur perangkat lunak semakin mahir dalam membangun sistem yang terdistribusi secara global. Internet terdiri dari sistem terdistribusi yang secara kolektif berisi miliaran node. Kita masing-masing memiliki simpul di saku kita yang berpartisipasi dan bergantung pada sistem ini.
Namun hampir semua sistem terdistribusi yang kita gunakan saat ini diatur oleh beberapa otoritas pusat, biasanya administrator sistem, perusahaan, atau pemerintah yang saling dipercaya oleh semua node dalam sistem.
Otoritas pusat memastikan semua node mematuhi aturan sistem dan menghapus, memperbaiki, atau menghukum node yang gagal mematuhinya. Mereka dipercaya untuk melakukan koordinasi, menyelesaikan konflik, dan mengalokasikan sumber daya bersama. Seiring waktu, otoritas pusat mengelola perubahan pada sistem, memperbarui atau menambahkan fitur, dan memastikan bahwa node yang berpartisipasi mematuhi perubahan tersebut.
Manfaat yang diperoleh sistem terdistribusi karena mengandalkan otoritas pusat juga disertai dengan biaya. Meskipun sistem ini kuat terhadap kegagalan node-nodenya, kegagalan otoritas pusat dapat menyebabkan sistem berhenti berfungsi secara keseluruhan. Kemampuan otoritas pusat untuk mengambil keputusan secara sepihak berarti menumbangkan atau menghilangkan otoritas pusat sudah cukup untuk mengendalikan atau menghancurkan keseluruhan sistem.
Terlepas dari adanya trade-off ini, jika ada persyaratan bahwa satu partai atau koalisi harus mempertahankan otoritas pusat, atau jika peserta dalam sistem tersebut puas dengan mengandalkan otoritas pusat, maka sistem terdistribusi tradisional adalah solusi terbaik. Tidak diperlukan blockchain, token, atau sistem desentralisasi serupa.
Secara khusus, kasus VC atau mata uang kripto yang didukung oleh pemerintah, dengan persyaratan bahwa satu pihak dapat memantau atau membatasi pembayaran dan membekukan akun, adalah kasus penggunaan yang sempurna untuk sistem terdistribusi tradisional.
Sistem Desentralisasi Tidak Memiliki Otoritas Pusat
Kami menganggap “desentralisasi” memiliki arti yang lebih kuat daripada “terdistribusi”: sistem desentralisasi adalah bagian dari sistem terdistribusi yang tidak memiliki otoritas pusat. Sinonim yang mirip dengan “desentralisasi” adalah “peer-to-peer” (P2P).
Menghapus otoritas pusat memberikan beberapa keuntungan. Sistem terdesentralisasi:
- Tumbuh dengan cepat karena tidak ada hambatan untuk masuk—siapa pun dapat mengembangkan sistem hanya dengan menjalankan node baru, dan tidak ada persyaratan untuk registrasi atau persetujuan dari otoritas pusat.
- Kuat karena tidak ada otoritas pusat yang kegagalannya dapat membahayakan berfungsinya sistem. Semua node adalah sama, jadi kegagalan bersifat lokal dan jaringan merutekan sekitar kerusakan.
- Sulit untuk ditangkap, diatur, dikenakan pajak, atau diawasi karena tidak adanya titik kendali terpusat yang dapat ditumbangkan oleh pemerintah.
Kekuatan inilah yang menjadi alasan Satoshi memilih desain Bitcoin yang terdesentralisasi dan peer-to-peer:
“Pemerintah pandai memotong… jaringan yang dikendalikan secara terpusat seperti Napster, namun jaringan P2P murni seperti Gnutella dan Tor tampaknya masih mampu bertahan.” - Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008
Namun kekuatan ini juga disertai dengan kelemahan. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi bisa menjadi kurang efisien karena setiap titik harus memikul tanggung jawab tambahan untuk koordinasi yang sebelumnya diambil alih oleh otoritas pusat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi juga sering dilanda perilaku yang bersifat penipuan dan bertentangan. Terlepas dari persetujuan Satoshi terhadap Gnutella, siapa pun yang menggunakan program berbagi file P2P untuk mengunduh file yang ternyata kotor atau berbahaya memahami alasan mengapa berbagi file P2P tidak pernah menjadi model utama untuk transfer data online.
Satoshi tidak menyebutkannya secara eksplisit, namun email adalah sistem terdesentralisasi lainnya yang menghindari kendali pemerintah. Dan email juga terkenal sebagai spam.
Sistem Desentralisasi diatur Melalui Insentif
Akar masalahnya, dalam semua kasus ini adalah, bahwa perilaku kejahatan (menyebarkan file buruk, mengirim email spam) tidak dihukum, dan perilaku kooperatif (menyebarkan file bagus, hanya mengirim email berguna) tidak dihargai. Sistem desentralisasi yang mengandalkan partisipannya untuk menjadi aktor yang baik gagal untuk berkembang karena sistem tersebut tidak dapat mencegah aktor jahat untuk ikut berpartisipasi.
Tanpa memaksakan otoritas pusat, satu-satunya cara untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini adalah dengan menggunakan insentif ekonomi. Aktor yang baik, menurut definisinya, bermain sesuai aturan karena mereka secara inheren termotivasi untuk melakukannya. Pelaku kejahatan, menurut definisinya, adalah orang yang egois dan licik, namun insentif ekonomi yang tepat dapat mengarahkan perilaku buruk mereka ke arah kebaikan bersama. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi melakukan hal ini dengan memastikan bahwa perilaku kooperatif menguntungkan dan perilaku kejahatan merugikan.
Cara terbaik untuk menerapkan layanan terdesentralisasi yang kuat adalah dengan menciptakan pasar di mana semua pelaku, baik dan buruk, dibayar untuk menyediakan layanan tersebut. Kurangnya hambatan masuk bagi pembeli dan penjual di pasar yang terdesentralisasi mendorong skala dan efisiensi. Jika protokol pasar dapat melindungi partisipan dari penipuan, pencurian, dan penyalahgunaan, maka pelaku kejahatan akan merasa lebih menguntungkan untuk mengikuti aturan atau menyerang sistem lain.
Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
Namun pasar itu rumit. Mereka harus memberi pembeli dan penjual kemampuan untuk mengirimkan penawaran dan permintaan serta menemukan, mencocokkan, dan menyelesaikan pesanan. Kebijakan tersebut harus adil, memberikan konsistensi yang kuat, dan menjaga ketersediaan meskipun terjadi masa-masa yang tidak menentu.
Pasar global saat ini sangat mumpuni dan canggih, namun menggunakan barang-barang tradisional dan jaringan pembayaran untuk menerapkan insentif di pasar yang terdesentralisasi bukanlah hal yang baru. Setiap penggabungan antara sistem desentralisasi dan uang fiat, aset tradisional, atau komoditas fisik akan menimbulkan kembali ketergantungan pada otoritas pusat yang mengontrol pemroses pembayaran, bank, dan bursa.
Sistem terdesentralisasi tidak dapat mentransfer uang tunai, mencari saldo rekening perantara, atau menentukan kepemilikan properti. Barang-barang tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi. Hal sebaliknya tidak benar—sistem tradisional dapat berinteraksi dengan Bitcoin semudah aktor lainnya (begitu mereka memutuskan ingin melakukannya). Batasan antara sistem tradisional dan desentralisasi bukanlah sebuah tembok yang tidak dapat dilewati, melainkan sebuah membran semi-permeabel.
Ini berarti bahwa sistem yang terdesentralisasi tidak dapat melaksanakan pembayaran dalam mata uang barang tradisional apa pun. Mereka bahkan tidak dapat menentukan saldo rekening yang didominasi fiat atau kepemilikan real estat atau barang fisik. Seluruh perekonomian tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi.
Menciptakan pasar yang terdesentralisasi membutuhkan perdagangan barang-barang baru yang terdesentralisasi yang dapat dibaca dan ditransfer dalam sistem yang terdesentralisasi.
Komputasi Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang Pertama
Contoh pertama dari “barang terdesentralisasi” adalah kelas komputasi khusus yang pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1993 oleh Cynthia Dwork dan Moni Naor.[3]
Karena adanya hubungan mendalam antara matematika, fisika, dan ilmu komputer, komputasi ini memerlukan energi dan sumber daya perangkat keras di dunia nyata—hal ini tidak dapat dipalsukan. Karena sumber daya di dunia nyata langka, komputasi ini juga langka.
input untuk komputasi ini dapat berupa data apa pun. Keluaran yang dihasilkan adalah “bukti” digital bahwa pengkomputasian telah dilakukan pada data input yang diberikan. Pembuktian mengandung “kesulitan” tertentu yang merupakan bukti (statistik) dari sejumlah pekerjaan komputasi tertentu. Yang terpenting, hubungan antara data input, pembuktian, dan pekerjaan komputasi asli yang dilakukan dapat diverifikasi secara independen tanpa perlu mengajukan banding ke otoritas pusat mana pun.
Gagasan untuk menyebarkan beberapa data input bersama dengan bukti digital sebagai bukti kerja komputasi dunia nyata yang dilakukan pada input tersebut sekarang disebut “proof-of-work”.[4] Proof-of-work adalah, jika menggunakan ungkapan Nick Szabo, “biaya yang tidak dapat ditiru”. Karena proof-of-work dapat diverifikasi oleh siapa pun, maka proof-of-work merupakan sumber daya ekonomi yang dapat dibaca oleh semua peserta dalam sistem desentralisasi. Proof-of-work mengubah penghitungan data menjadi barang yang terdesentralisasi. Dwork & Naor mengusulkan penggunaan komputasi untuk membatasi penyalahgunaan sumber daya bersama dengan memaksa peserta untuk memberikan proof-of-work dengan tingkat kesulitan minimum tertentu sebelum mereka dapat mengakses sumber daya:
“Dalam makalah ini kami menyarankan pendekatan komputasi untuk memerangi penyebaran surat elektronik. Secara umum, kami telah merancang mekanisme kontrol akses yang dapat digunakan kapan pun diinginkan untuk membatasi, namun tidak melarang, akses ke sumber daya.” - Dwoak & Naor, 1993
Dalam proposal Dwork & Naor, administrator sistem email akan menetapkan tingkat kesulitan bukti kerja minimum untuk mengirimkan email. Pengguna yang ingin mengirim email perlu melakukan sejumlah komputasi yang sesuai dengan email tersebut sebagai data input. Bukti yang dihasilkan akan dikirimkan ke server bersamaan dengan permintaan pengiriman email.
Dwork & Naor menyebut kesulitan proof-of-work sebagai “fungsi penetapan harga” karena, dengan menyesuaikan kesulitan tersebut, “otoritas penetapan harga” dapat memastikan bahwa sumber daya bersama tetap murah untuk digunakan bagi pengguna yang jujur dan rata-rata, namun mahal bagi pengguna yang mencari untuk mengeksploitasinya. Di pasar pengiriman email, administrator server adalah otoritas penetapan harga; mereka harus memilih “harga” untuk pengiriman email yang cukup rendah untuk penggunaan normal namun terlalu tinggi untuk spam.
Meskipun Dwork & Naor membingkai proof-of-work sebagai disinsentif ekonomi untuk memerangi penyalahgunaan sumber daya, nomenklatur “fungsi penetapan harga” dan “otoritas penetapan harga” mendukung interpretasi yang berbeda dan berbasis pasar: pengguna membeli akses ke sumber daya dengan imbalan komputasi pada tingkat yang sama. harga yang ditetapkan oleh pengontrol sumber daya.
Dalam interpretasi ini, jaringan pengiriman email sebenarnya adalah pengiriman email perdagangan pasar yang terdesentralisasi untuk komputasi. Kesulitan minimum dari proof-of-work adalah harga yang diminta untuk pengiriman email dalam mata uang komputasi.
Mata Uang Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang kedua
Namun komputasi bukanlah mata uang yang baik.
Bukti yang digunakan untuk “memperdagangkan” komputasi hanya valid untuk input yang digunakan dalam komputasi tersebut. Hubungan yang tidak dapat dipecahkan antara bukti spesifik dan input tertentu berarti bahwa proof-of-work untuk satu input tidak dapat digunakan kembali untuk input yang berbeda.
Proof-of-work awalnya diusulkan sebagai mekanisme kontrol akses untuk membatasi email spam. Pengguna diharapkan memberikan bukti kerja bersama email apa pun yang ingin mereka kirim. Mekanisme ini juga dapat dianggap sebagai pasar di mana pengguna membeli pengiriman email dengan komputasi pada harga yang dipilih oleh penyedia layanan email.
Batasan ini berguna – dapat digunakan untuk mencegah pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh satu pembeli di pasar kemudian dibelanjakan kembali oleh pembeli lain. Misalnya, HashCash, implementasi nyata pertama dari pasar pengiriman email, menyertakan metadata seperti stempel waktu saat ini dan alamat email pengirim dalam data masukan untuk penghitungan bukti kerja. Bukti yang dihasilkan oleh pengguna tertentu untuk email tertentu, tidak dapat digunakan untuk email yang berbeda.
Namun ini juga berarti bahwa komputasi bukti kerja adalah barang yang dipesan lebih dahulu. Dana tersebut tidak dapat dipertukarkan, tidak dapat dibelanjakan kembali,[5] dan tidak memecahkan masalah kebutuhan yang terjadi secara kebetulan. Properti moneter yang hilang ini mencegah komputasi menjadi mata uang. Terlepas dari namanya, tidak ada insentif bagi penyedia pengiriman email untuk ingin mengakumulasikan HashCash, karena akan ada uang tunai sebenarnya.
Adam Back, penemu HashCash, memahami masalah berikut:
"Hashcash tidak dapat ditransfer secara langsung karena untuk membuatnya didistribusikan, setiap penyedia layanan hanya menerima pembayaran dalam bentuk tunai yang dibuat untuk mereka. Anda mungkin dapat menyiapkan pencetakan gaya digicash (dengan chaumian ecash) dan meminta bank hanya mencetak uang tunai pada penerimaan tabrakan hash yang ditangani. Namun ini berarti Anda harus mempercayai bank untuk tidak mencetak uang dalam jumlah tak terbatas untuk digunakan sendiri." - Adam Back, 1997
Kita tidak ingin menukar komputasi yang dibuat khusus untuk setiap barang atau jasa yang dijual dalam perekonomian yang terdesentralisasi. Kita menginginkan mata uang digital serba guna yang dapat langsung digunakan untuk mengoordinasikan pertukaran nilai di pasar mana pun.
Membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi namun tetap terdesentralisasi merupakan tantangan yang signifikan. Mata uang membutuhkan unit yang dapat dipertukarkan dengan nilai yang sama yang dapat ditransfer antar pengguna. Hal ini memerlukan model penerbitan, definisi kriptografi kepemilikan dan transfer, proses penemuan dan penyelesaian transaksi, dan buku besar historis. Infrastruktur ini tidak diperlukan ketika bukti kerja hanya dianggap sebagai “mekanisme kontrol akses”.
Terlebih lagi, sistem desentralisasi adalah pasar, jadi semua fungsi dasar mata uang ini harus disediakan melalui penyedia layanan berbayar… dalam satuan mata uang yang sedang dibuat!
Seperti mengkompilasi compiler pertama, permulaan jaringan listrik yang gelap, atau evolusi kehidupan itu sendiri, pencipta mata uang digital dihadapkan pada masalah bootstrapping: bagaimana mendefinisikan insentif ekonomi yang mendasari mata uang yang berfungsi tanpa memiliki mata uang yang berfungsi di dalamnya yang akan mendenominasikan atau membayar insentif tersebut.
Komputasi dan mata uang adalah barang pertama dan kedua di pasar yang terdesentralisasi. Proof-of-work sendiri memungkinkan pertukaran komputasi tetapi mata uang yang berfungsi memerlukan lebih banyak infrastruktur. Butuh waktu 15 tahun bagi komunitas cypherpunk untuk mengembangkan infrastruktur tersebut.
Pasar Terdesentralisasi Pertama harus Memperdagangkan Komputasi untuk Mata Uang
Kemajuan dalam masalah bootstrapping ini berasal dari penyusunan batasan yang tepat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi harus menjadi pasar. Pasar terdiri dari pembeli dan penjual yang saling bertukar barang. Pasar terdesentralisasi untuk mata uang digital hanya memiliki dua barang yang dapat dibaca di dalamnya:
- Komputasi melalui proof-of-work
- Unit mata uang yang kita coba bangun
Oleh karena itu, satu-satunya perdagangan pasar yang memungkinkan adalah antara kedua barang tersebut. Komputasi harus dijual untuk satuan mata uang atau setara dengan satuan mata uang harus dijual untuk komputasi. Menyatakan hal ini sangatlah mudah—bagian tersulitnya adalah menata pasar ini sehingga sekadar menukar mata uang untuk komputasi akan mem-bootstrap semua kemampuan mata uang itu sendiri!
Seluruh sejarah mata uang digital yang berpuncak pada white paper Satoshi tahun 2008 adalah serangkaian upaya yang semakin canggih dalam menata pasar ini. Bagian berikut mengulas proyek-proyek seperti bit gold milik Nick Szabo dan B-money milik Wei Dai. Memahami bagaimana proyek-proyek ini menyusun pasar mereka dan mengapa mereka gagal akan membantu kita memahami mengapa Satoshi dan Bitcoin berhasil.
Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi Dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
Fungsi utama pasar adalah penemuan harga. Oleh karena itu, komputasi perdagangan pasar untuk mata uang harus menemukan harga komputasi itu sendiri, dalam satuan mata uang tersebut.
Kita biasanya tidak memberikan nilai moneter pada komputasi. Kita biasanya menghargai kapasitas untuk melakukan komputasi karena kita menghargai output dari komputasi, bukan komputasi itu sendiri. Jika keluaran yang sama dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efisien, dengan komputasi yang lebih sedikit, hal ini biasanya disebut “kemajuan”.
Proof-of-work mewakili komputasi spesifik yang keluarannya hanya berupa bukti bahwa komputasi tersebut telah dilakukan. Menghasilkan bukti yang sama dengan melakukan lebih sedikit komputasi dan lebih sedikit pekerjaan tidak akan menghasilkan kemajuan—hal ini akan menjadi bug. Oleh karena itu, komputasi yang terkait dengan Proof-of-work merupakan hal yang aneh dan baru untuk dicoba dihargai.
Ketika bukti kerja dianggap sebagai disinsentif terhadap penyalahgunaan sumber daya, maka bukti kerja tidak perlu dinilai secara tepat dan konsisten. Yang terpenting adalah penyedia layanan email menetapkan tingkat kesulitan yang cukup rendah sehingga tidak terlihat oleh pengguna yang sah, namun cukup tinggi sehingga menjadi penghalang bagi pelaku spam. Oleh karena itu, terdapat beragam “harga” yang dapat diterima dan setiap peserta bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga mereka sendiri, dengan menerapkan fungsi penetapan harga lokal.
Namun satuan mata uang dimaksudkan agar dapat dipertukarkan, masing-masing memiliki nilai yang sama. Karena perubahan teknologi dari waktu ke waktu, dua unit mata uang yang dibuat dengan tingkat kesulitan proof-of-work yang sama—yang diukur dengan jumlah komputasi yang sesuai—mungkin memiliki biaya produksi yang sangat berbeda di dunia nyata, yang diukur dengan waktu, energi, dan/atau modal untuk melakukan komputasi tersebut. Ketika komputasi dijual dengan menggunakan mata uang, dan biaya produksi yang mendasarinya bervariasi, bagaimana pasar dapat memastikan harga yang konsisten?
Nick Szabo dengan jelas mengidentifikasi masalah harga ini ketika menjelaskan bit gold:
"Masalah utamanya...adalah bahwa skema pembuktian kerja bergantung pada arsitektur komputer, bukan hanya matematika abstrak yang didasarkan pada "siklus komputasi" abstrak. ...Jadi, ada kemungkinan untuk menjadi produsen berbiaya sangat rendah (dengan beberapa kali lipat besarnya) dan membanjiri pasar dengan bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Mata uang terdesentralisasi yang diciptakan melalui proof-of-work akan mengalami kelebihan pasokan dan penurunan pasokan seiring dengan perubahan pasokan komputasi seiring waktu. Untuk mengakomodasi volatilitas ini, jaringan harus belajar menghitung harga secara dinamis.
Mata uang digital awal mencoba memberi harga pada komputasi dengan mencoba mengukur “biaya komputasi” secara kolektif. Wei Dai, misalnya, mengusulkan solusi praktis berikut dalam B-money:
"Jumlah unit moneter yang diciptakan sama dengan biaya upaya komputasi dalam sekeranjang komoditas standar. Sebagai contoh, jika sebuah masalah memerlukan waktu 100 jam untuk diselesaikan pada komputer yang dapat menyelesaikannya dengan cara yang paling ekonomis, dan diperlukan 3 keranjang standar untuk membeli 100 jam waktu komputasi pada komputer tersebut di pasar terbuka, maka setelah solusi terhadap masalah tersebut disiarkan, setiap orang mengkredit rekening penyiar sebanyak 3 unit." - Dai, 1998
Sayangnya, Dai tidak menjelaskan bagaimana pengguna dalam sistem yang seharusnya terdesentralisasi seharusnya menyetujui definisi “keranjang standar”, komputer mana yang memecahkan masalah tertentu “paling ekonomis”, atau biaya komputasi di “pasar terbuka”. Mencapai konsensus di antara semua pengguna mengenai kumpulan data bersama yang berubah-ubah terhadap waktu adalah masalah penting dalam sistem desentralisasi!
Agar adil bagi Dai, dia menyadari hal ini:
“Salah satu bagian yang lebih bermasalah dalam protokol B-money adalah penciptaan uang. Bagian dari protokol ini mengharuskan semua [pengguna] memutuskan dan menyetujui biaya perhitungan tertentu. Sayangnya karena teknologi komputasi cenderung berkembang pesat dan tidak selalu bersifat publik, informasi ini mungkin tidak tersedia, tidak akurat, atau ketinggalan jaman, yang semuanya akan menyebabkan masalah serius pada protokol." - Dai, 1998
Dai kemudian mengusulkan mekanisme penetapan harga berbasis lelang yang lebih canggih yang kemudian dikatakan Satoshi sebagai titik awal idenya. Kita akan kembali ke skema lelang di bawah ini, tapi pertama-tama mari kita beralih ke bit gold, dan pertimbangkan wawasan Szabo tentang masalahnya.
Gunakan Pasar Eksternal
Szabo mengklaim bahwa proof-of-work harus “diberi stempel waktu dengan aman”:
"Bukti kerja diberi stempel waktu yang aman. Ini harus bekerja secara terdistribusi, dengan beberapa layanan stempel waktu berbeda sehingga tidak ada layanan stempel waktu tertentu yang perlu diandalkan secara substansial." - Szabo, 2005
Szabo tertaut ke halaman sumber daya tentang protokol penandaan waktu yang aman tetapi tidak menjelaskan algoritme spesifik apa pun untuk penandaan waktu yang aman. Ungkapan “aman” dan “fesyen terdistribusi” mempunyai pengaruh yang besar di sini, sehingga dapat mengatasi kerumitan dalam mengandalkan satu (atau banyak) layanan “di luar sistem” untuk penandaan waktu.[6]
Waktu pembuatan unit mata uang digital penting karena menghubungkan komputasi yang dilakukan dengan biaya produksi di dunia nyata.
Terlepas dari ketidakjelasan implementasi, Szabo benar—waktu pembuatan proof-of-work merupakan faktor penting dalam menentukan harga karena terkait dengan biaya komputasi:
"…Namun, karena bit gold diberi stempel waktu, waktu yang dibuat serta tingkat kesulitan matematis dari pekerjaan tersebut dapat dibuktikan secara otomatis. Dari sini, biasanya dapat disimpulkan berapa biaya produksi selama periode waktu tersebut..." - Szabo, 2005
"Menyimpulkan" biaya produksi adalah hal yang penting karena bit gold tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat bit gold dengan melakukan perhitungan yang sesuai. Tanpa kemampuan untuk mengatur penerbitan, bit gold sama dengan barang koleksi:
"…Tidak seperti atom emas yang dapat dipertukarkan, tetapi seperti halnya barang-barang kolektor, pasokan dalam jumlah besar selama jangka waktu tertentu akan menurunkan nilai barang-barang tersebut. Dalam hal ini, emas kecil bertindak lebih seperti barang-barang kolektor daripada seperti emas..." - Szabo, 2005
Bit gold memerlukan proses eksternal tambahan untuk menciptakan unit mata uang yang sepadan:
“…[B]it Gold tidak dapat dipertukarkan berdasarkan fungsi sederhana, misalnya, panjang tali. Sebaliknya, untuk membuat unit yang dapat dipertukarkan, dealer harus menggabungkan potongan-potongan bit gold dengan nilai berbeda ke dalam satuan yang lebih besar kira-kira dengan nilai yang sama. Hal ini serupa dengan apa yang dilakukan banyak pedagang komoditas saat ini untuk memungkinkan pasar komoditas bekerja. Kepercayaan masih terdistribusi karena perkiraan nilai dari kumpulan tersebut dapat diverifikasi secara independen oleh banyak pihak lain dengan cara yang sebagian besar atau seluruhnya otomatis." - Szabo, 2005
Mengutip Szabo, “untuk menguji nilai… bit gold, dealer memeriksa dan memverifikasi tingkat kesulitan, masukan, dan stempel waktu”. Dealer yang mendefinisikan “unit yang lebih besar dengan nilai yang kira-kira sama” menyediakan fungsi penetapan harga yang serupa dengan “keranjang komoditas standar” Dai. Unit yang dapat dipertukarkan tidak dibuat dalam bentuk bit gold ketika bukti kerja diproduksi, hanya kemudian ketika bukti tersebut digabungkan menjadi “unit yang kira-kira bernilai sama” oleh dealer di pasar di luar jaringan.
Yang patut disyukuri, Szabo mengakui kelemahan ini:
"…Potensi kelebihan pasokan yang awalnya tersembunyi karena inovasi tersembunyi dalam arsitektur mesin adalah potensi kelemahan dalam bit gold, atau setidaknya ketidaksempurnaan yang harus diatasi oleh lelang awal dan pertukaran ex post bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Sekali lagi, meskipun belum sampai pada (yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai) solusinya, Szabo menunjukkan solusinya: karena biaya komputasi berubah seiring waktu, jaringan harus merespons perubahan pasokan komputasi dengan menyesuaikan harga uang.
Gunakan Pasar Internal
Dealer Szabo akan menjadi pasar eksternal yang menentukan harga (bundel dari) bit gold setelah penciptaannya. Apakah mungkin menerapkan pasar ini di dalam sistem dan bukan di luar sistem?
Mari kita kembali ke Wei Dai dan B-money. Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, Dai mengusulkan model alternatif berbasis lelang untuk pembuatan B-money. Desain Satoshi untuk Bitcoin meningkat secara langsung pada model lelang B-money[7]:
“Jadi saya mengusulkan subprotokol penciptaan uang alternatif, di mana [pengguna]… memutuskan dan menyetujui jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat setiap periode, dengan biaya pembuatan uang tersebut ditentukan melalui lelang. Setiap periode pembuatan uang adalah dibagi menjadi empat tahap, sebagai berikut:
Planning. Para [pengguna] menghitung dan bernegosiasi satu sama lain untuk menentukan peningkatan jumlah uang beredar yang optimal untuk periode berikutnya. Apakah [jaringan] dapat mencapai konsensus atau tidak, mereka masing-masing menyiarkan kuota penciptaan uang mereka dan komputasi makroekonomi apa pun yang dilakukan untuk mendukung angka tersebut.
Bidding. Siapapun yang ingin membuat B-money menyiarkan tawaran dalam bentuk dimana x adalah banyaknya B-money yang ingin dibuatnya, dan y adalah soal yang belum terselesaikan dari kelas soal yang telah ditentukan. Setiap masalah di kelas ini harus memiliki biaya nominal (katakanlah dalam MIPS-years) yang disetujui secara publik.
Computation. Setelah melihat penawaran, pihak yang mengajukan penawaran pada tahap penawaran sekarang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dalam penawarannya dan menyiarkan solusinya. Penciptaan uang.
Money creation. Setiap [pengguna] menerima tawaran tertinggi (di antara mereka yang benar-benar menyiarkan solusi) dalam hal biaya nominal per unit B-money yang dibuat dan memberikan kredit kepada akun penawar sesuai dengan itu."
- Dai, 1998B-money membuat kemajuan signifikan menuju struktur pasar yang tepat untuk mata uang digital. Ini berupaya untuk menghilangkan dealer eksternal Szabo dan memungkinkan pengguna untuk terlibat dalam penemuan harga dengan menawar satu sama lain secara langsung.
Namun menerapkan proposal Dai seperti yang tertulis akan menjadi sebuah tantangan:
- Dalam fase "Planning”, pengguna menanggung beban menegosiasikan “peningkatan optimal jumlah uang beredar untuk periode berikutnya”. Bagaimana “optimal” harus didefinisikan, bagaimana pengguna harus bernegosiasi satu sama lain, dan bagaimana hasil negosiasi tersebut dibagikan tidak dijelaskan.
- Terlepas dari apa yang direncanakan, fase “Bidding” memungkinkan siapa saja untuk mengajukan “tawaran” untuk membuat B-money. Tawaran mencakup jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat serta jumlah bukti kerja yang sesuai sehingga setiap penawaran adalah harga, jumlah perhitungan yang bersedia dilakukan oleh penawar tertentu untuk membeli sejumlah tertentu. dari B-money.
- Setelah penawaran diserahkan, fase “Computation” terdiri dari peserta lelang yang melakukan proof-of-work yang mereka tawarkan dan menyiarkan solusi. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencocokkan penawar dengan solusi yang disediakan. Yang lebih problematis adalah tidak jelasnya bagaimana pengguna dapat mengetahui bahwa semua penawaran telah diajukan – kapan fase “Bidding” berakhir dan fase “Computation” dimulai?
- Masalah-masalah ini berulang dalam fase “Money creation”. Karena sifat proof-of-work, pengguna dapat memverifikasi bahwa bukti yang mereka terima dalam solusi adalah asli. Namun bagaimana pengguna dapat secara kolektif menyepakati serangkaian “tawaran tertinggi”? Bagaimana jika pengguna yang berbeda memilih set yang berbeda, baik karena preferensi atau latensi jaringan?
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi kesulitan dalam melacak data dan membuat pilihan secara konsisten, namun B-money memerlukan pelacakan tawaran dari banyak pengguna dan membuat pilihan konsensus di antara mereka. Kompleksitas ini menghalangi penerapan B-money.
Akar dari kompleksitas ini adalah keyakinan Dai bahwa tingkat “optimal” penciptaan B-money harus berfluktuasi seiring waktu berdasarkan “perhitungan makroekonomi” penggunanya. Seperti bit gold, B-money tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat unit B-money dengan menyiarkan tawaran dan kemudian melakukan proof-of-work yang sesuai.
Baik Szabo maupun Dai mengusulkan penggunaan pasar pertukaran mata uang digital untuk komputasi, namun baik bit gold maupun B-money tidak menentukan kebijakan moneter untuk mengatur pasokan mata uang di pasar ini.
Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
Sebaliknya, kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah salah satu tujuan utama Satoshi dalam proyek Bitcoin. Dalam postingan milis pertama tempat Bitcoin diumumkan, Satoshi menulis:
“Akar permasalahan mata uang konvensional adalah kepercayaan yang diperlukan agar mata uang tersebut dapat berfungsi. Bank sentral harus dipercaya untuk tidak merendahkan mata uang tersebut, namun sejarah mata uang fiat penuh dengan pelanggaran terhadap kepercayaan tersebut.” - Satoshi, 2009
Satoshi selanjutnya menjelaskan masalah lain dengan mata uang fiat seperti perbankan cadangan fraksional yang berisiko, kurangnya privasi, pencurian & penipuan yang merajalela, dan ketidakmampuan melakukan pembayaran mikro. Namun Satoshi memulai dengan isu penurunan nilai oleh bank sentral—dengan kekhawatiran mengenai kebijakan moneter.
Satoshi ingin Bitcoin pada akhirnya mencapai pasokan sirkulasi terbatas yang tidak dapat terdilusi seiring waktu. Tingkat penciptaan Bitcoin yang “optimal”, bagi Satoshi, pada akhirnya akan menjadi nol.
Tujuan kebijakan moneter ini, lebih dari karakteristik lain yang mereka miliki secara pribadi (atau kolektif!), adalah alasan Satoshi “menemukan” Bitcoin, blockchain, konsensus Nakamoto, dll. —dan bukan orang lain. Ini adalah jawaban singkat atas pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam judul artikel ini: Satoshi memikirkan Bitcoin karena mereka fokus pada penciptaan mata uang digital dengan persediaan terbatas.
Pasokan Bitcoin yang terbatas bukan hanya tujuan kebijakan moneter atau meme bagi para Bitcoiner untuk berkumpul. Penyederhanaan teknis penting inilah yang memungkinkan Satoshi membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi sementara B-money Dai tetap menjadi postingan web yang menarik.
Bitcoin adalah B-money dengan persyaratan tambahan berupa kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan. Seperti banyak penyederhanaan teknis lainnya, pembatasan kebijakan moneter memungkinkan kemajuan dengan mengurangi ruang lingkup. Mari kita lihat bagaimana masing-masing fase pembuatan B-money disederhanakan dengan menerapkan batasan ini.
Semua Pasokan 21 Juta Bitcoin Sudah Ada
Dalam b-money, setiap “periode penciptaan uang” mencakup fase “Perencanaan”, di mana pengguna diharapkan untuk membagikan “perhitungan makroekonomi” mereka yang membenarkan jumlah b-money yang ingin mereka ciptakan pada saat itu. Tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi yaitu pasokan terbatas dan emisi nol tidak sesuai dengan kebebasan yang diberikan b-money kepada pengguna individu untuk menghasilkan uang. Oleh karena itu, langkah pertama dalam perjalanan dari bmoney ke bitcoin adalah menghilangkan kebebasan ini. Pengguna bitcoin perorangan tidak dapat membuat bitcoin. Hanya jaringan bitcoin yang dapat membuat bitcoin, dan hal ini terjadi tepat sekali, pada tahun 2009 ketika Satoshi meluncurkan proyek bitcoin.
Satoshi mampu menggantikan fase “Perencanaan” b-money yang berulang menjadi satu jadwal yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya di mana 21 juta bitcoin yang dibuat pada tahun 2009 akan dilepaskan ke peredaran. Pengguna secara sukarela mendukung kebijakan moneter Satoshi dengan mengunduh dan menjalankan perangkat lunak Bitcoin Core yang kebijakan moneternya dikodekan secara keras.
Hal ini mengubah semantik pasar bitcoin untuk komputasi. Bitcoin yang dibayarkan kepada penambang bukanlah hal baru yang diterbitkan; itu melainkan baru dirilis ke peredaran dari persediaan yang ada.
Pandangan ini sangat berbeda dari klaim naif bahwa “penambang bitcoin menciptakan bitcoin”. Penambang Bitcoin tidak menciptakan bitcoin, mereka membelinya. Bitcoin tidak berharga karena “bitcoin terbuat dari energi”—tetapi nilai bitcoin didemonstrasikan dengan dijual untuk mendapatkan energi.
Mari kita ulangi sekali lagi: bitcoin tidak dibuat melalui proof-of-work, bitcoin dibuat melalui konsensus.
Desain Satoshi menghilangkan persyaratan untuk fase “Perencanaan” yang berkelanjutan dari b-money dengan melakukan semua perencanaan terlebih dahulu. Hal ini memungkinkan Satoshi untuk membuat kebijakan moneter yang sehat namun juga menyederhanakan penerapan bitcoin.
Bitcoin dihargai Melalui Konsensus
Kebebasan yang diberikan kepada pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang menimbulkan beban yang sesuai bagi jaringan bmoney. Selama fase “Penawaran” jaringan b-money harus mengumpulkan dan membagikan “tawaran” pembuatan uang dari banyak pengguna yang berbeda.
Menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menghasilkan uang akan meringankan beban jaringan bitcoin. Karena seluruh 21 juta bitcoin sudah ada, jaringan tidak perlu mengumpulkan tawaran dari pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang, jaringan hanya perlu menjual bitcoin sesuai jadwal Satoshi yang telah ditentukan.
Jaringan bitcoin dengan demikian menawarkan konsensus harga permintaan untuk bitcoin yang dijualnya di setiap blok. Harga tunggal ini dihitung oleh setiap node secara independen menggunakan salinan blockchainnya. Jika node memiliki konsensus pada blockchain yang sama (poin yang akan kita bahas nanti) mereka semua akan menawarkan harga permintaan yang sama di setiap blok.[8]
Bagian pertama kalkulasi harga konsensus menentukan berapa banyak bitcoin yang akan dijual. Hal ini diperbaiki oleh jadwal rilis Satoshi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung jumlah yang sama untuk blok tertentu:
$ bitcoin-cli getblockstats
{... "subsidy": 6250000000, ... } # 6.25 BTC Bagian kedua dari harga yang diminta secara konsensus adalah jumlah komputasi yang akan menjual subsidi saat ini. Sekali lagi, semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung nilai yang sama (kita akan meninjau kembali kalkulasi tingkat kesulitan ini di bagian berikutnya):
$ bitcoin-cli getdifficulty {... "result": 55621444139429.57, ... }
Bersama-sama, subsidi dan kesulitan jaringan menentukan permintaan bitcoin saat ini sebagai mata uang komputasi. Karena blockchain berada dalam konsensus, harga ini adalah harga konsensus.
Pengguna b-money juga dianggap memiliki konsensus “blockchain” yang berisi riwayat semua transaksi. Namun Dai tidak pernah memikirkan solusi sederhana berupa konsensus tunggal yang meminta harga untuk pembuatan b-money baru, yang hanya ditentukan oleh data di blockchain tersebut.
Sebaliknya, Dai berasumsi bahwa penciptaan uang harus berlangsung selamanya. Oleh karena itu, pengguna individu perlu diberdayakan untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan moneter – seperti halnya mata uang fiat. Persyaratan yang dirasakan ini membuat Dai merancang sistem penawaran yang mencegah penerapan b-money.
Kompleksitas tambahan ini dihilangkan dengan persyaratan Satoshi mengenai kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.
Waktu Menutup Semua Penyebaran
Dalam fase “Komputasi” b-money, pengguna individu akan melakukan komputasi yang telah mereka lakukan dalam penawaran sebelumnya. Dalam bitcoin, seluruh jaringan adalah penjual – tetapi siapa pembelinya?
Di pasar pengiriman email, pembelinya adalah individu yang ingin mengirim email. Otoritas penetapan harga, penyedia layanan email, akan menetapkan harga yang dianggap murah bagi individu namun mahal bagi pelaku spam. Namun jika jumlah pengguna yang sah bertambah, harganya masih bisa tetap sama karena kekuatan komputasi masing-masing pengguna akan tetap sama.
Di b-money, setiap pengguna yang menyumbangkan tawaran untuk pembuatan uang selanjutnya harus melakukan sendiri jumlah komputasi yang sesuai. Setiap pengguna bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga berdasarkan pengetahuan mereka tentang kemampuan komputasi mereka sendiri.
Jaringan bitcoin menawarkan satu harga yang diminta dalam komputasi subsidi bitcoin saat ini. Namun tidak ada penambang individu yang menemukan blok yang melakukan komputasi sebanyak ini.[9] Blok pemenang penambang individu adalah bukti bahwa semua penambang secara kolektif melakukan jumlah komputasi yang diperlukan. Pembeli bitcoin dengan demikian adalah industri penambangan bitcoin global.
Setelah mencapai konsensus harga yang diminta, jaringan bitcoin tidak akan mengubah harga tersebut sampai lebih banyak blok diproduksi. Blok-blok ini harus berisi proof-of-work dengan harga yang diminta saat ini. Oleh karena itu, industri pertambangan tidak punya pilihan jika ingin “melakukan perdagangan” selain membayar harga yang diminta saat ini dalam komputasi.
Satu-satunya variabel yang dapat dikontrol oleh industri pertambangan adalah berapa lama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi blok berikutnya. Sama seperti jaringan bitcoin yang menawarkan satu harga yang diminta, industri pertambangan juga menawarkan satu penawaran—waktu yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan blok berikutnya yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini.
Untuk mengimbangi peningkatan kecepatan perangkat keras dan minat yang berbeda-beda dalam menjalankan node dari waktu ke waktu, kesulitan proof-of-work ditentukan oleh rata-rata bergerak yang menargetkan jumlah rata-rata blok per jam. Jika dihasilkan terlalu cepat, kesulitannya akan meningkat. - Nakamoto, 2008
Satoshi dengan sederhana menjelaskan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan, yang sering disebut sebagai salah satu ide paling orisinal dalam implementasi bitcoin. Hal ini benar, namun alih-alih berfokus pada daya cipta solusi, mari kita fokus pada mengapa penyelesaian masalah sangat penting bagi Satoshi.
Proyek-proyek seperti bit gold dan b-money tidak perlu membatasi nilai tukar pada saat penciptaan uang karena mereka tidak memiliki pasokan tetap atau kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Periode penciptaan uang yang lebih cepat atau lebih lambat dapat dikompensasikan melalui cara lain, misalnya melalui pajak. Dealer eksternal memasukkan token bit gold ke dalam bundler yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil atau pengguna b-money mengubah tawaran mereka.
Namun tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi mengharuskan bitcoin memiliki tingkat pelepasan bitcoin yang telah ditentukan untuk diedarkan. Membatasi laju (statistik) produksi blok dari waktu ke waktu adalah hal yang wajar dalam bitcoin karena laju produksi blok adalah laju penjualan pasokan awal bitcoin. Menjual 21 juta bitcoin selama 140 tahun adalah proposisi yang berbeda dibandingkan membiarkannya dijual dalam 3 bulan.
Selain itu, bitcoin sebenarnya dapat menerapkan batasan ini karena blockchain adalah “protokol cap waktu aman” milik Szabo. Satoshi menggambarkan bitcoin sebagai yang pertama dan terutama sebagai “server stempel waktu terdistribusi secara peer-to-peer,” dan implementasi awal kode sumber bitcoin menggunakan “rantai waktu” dunia, bukan “blockchain” untuk menggambarkan struktur data bersama yang mengimplementasikan pasar proof-of-work bitcoin.[10]
Tidak seperti bit gold atau b-money, token dalam bitcoin tidak mengalami kelebihan pasokan. Jaringan bitcoin menggunakan penyesuaian kesulitan untuk mengubah harga uang sebagai respons terhadap perubahan pasokan komputasi.
Algoritme penyesuaian ulang kesulitan Bitcoin memanfaatkan kemampuan ini. Blockchain konsensus digunakan oleh peserta untuk menghitung penawaran historis yang dibuat oleh industri pertambangan dan menyesuaikan kembali kesulitan agar bisa mendekati waktu blok target.
Pesanan Terunggul Menciptakan Konsensus
Rantai penyederhanaan yang disebabkan oleh tuntutan kebijakan moneter yang kuat meluas ke fase “penciptaan uang” dari b-money.
Tawaran yang diajukan pengguna di b-money mengalami masalah “tidak ada yang dipertaruhkan”. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencegah pengguna mengajukan tawaran dengan sejumlah besar b-money untuk pekerjaan yang sangat sedikit. Hal ini mengharuskan jaringan untuk melacak tawaran mana yang telah diselesaikan dan hanya menerima “tawaran tertinggi…dalam hal biaya nominal per unit b-money yang dibuat” untuk menghindari tawaran yang mengganggu tersebut. Setiap peserta b-money harus melacak seluruh tawaran senilai buku pesanan, mencocokkan tawaran dengan perhitungan selanjutnya, dan hanya menyelesaikan pesanan yang telah selesai dengan harga tertinggi.
Masalah ini merupakan contoh dari masalah konsensus yang lebih umum dalam sistem desentralisasi, yang juga dikenal sebagai “Byzantine generals” atau terkadang masalah “pembelanjaan ganda” dalam konteks mata uang digital. Berbagi urutan data yang identik di antara semua peserta merupakan suatu tantangan dalam jaringan yang saling bermusuhan dan terdesentralisasi. Solusi yang ada untuk masalah ini – yang disebut “algoritma konsensus Byzantine-fault tolerant (BFT)” – memerlukan koordinasi sebelumnya di antara peserta atau mayoritas (>67%) peserta agar tidak berperilaku bermusuhan.
Bitcoin tidak harus mengelola buku pesanan dalam jumlah besar karena jaringan bitcoin menawarkan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal. Ini berarti node bitcoin dapat menerima blok pertama (valid) yang mereka lihat yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini—tawaran gangguan dapat dengan mudah diabaikan dan merupakan pemborosan sumber daya penambang.
Komputasi harga berdasarkan konsensus memungkinkan pencocokan pesanan beli/jual dalam bitcoin dilakukan secara antusias, dengan sistem siapa cepat dia dapat. Berbeda dengan b-money, pencocokan pesanan yang cepat ini berarti bahwa pasar bitcoin tidak memiliki fase—pasar ini beroperasi terus-menerus, dengan harga konsensus baru dihitung setelah setiap pesanan dicocokkan (blok ditemukan). Untuk menghindari percabangan yang disebabkan oleh latensi jaringan atau perilaku bertentangan, node juga harus mengikuti aturan rantai terberat. Aturan penyelesaian pesanan yang serakah ini memastikan bahwa hanya tawaran tertinggi yang diterima oleh jaringan.
Kombinasi algoritma yang antusias dan serakah ini, dimana node menerima blok valid pertama yang mereka lihat dan juga mengikuti rantai terberat, adalah algoritma BFT baru yang dengan cepat menyatu pada konsensus tentang urutan blok. Satoshi menghabiskan 25% dari white paper bitcoin untuk mendemonstrasikan klaim ini.[11]
Kita telah menetapkan di bagian sebelumnya bahwa harga permintaan konsensus bitcoin itu sendiri bergantung pada konsensus blockchain. Namun ternyata keberadaan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal inilah yang memungkinkan perhitungan pasar untuk mencocokkan pesanan dengan penuh semangat, dan itulah yang pertama-tama mengarah pada konsensus!
Terlebih lagi, “konsensus Nakamoto” yang baru ini hanya mengharuskan 50% peserta untuk tidak bertentangan, sebuah kemajuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebelumnya. Seorang cypherpunk seperti Satoshi membuat terobosan ilmu komputer teoretis ini, dibandingkan dengan akademisi tradisional atau peneliti industri, karena fokus mereka yang sempit pada penerapan uang yang sehat, dibandingkan algoritma konsensus umum untuk komputasi terdistribusi.
Kesimpulan
B-money adalah kerangka kerja yang kuat untuk membangun mata uang digital tetapi tidak lengkap karena tidak memiliki kebijakan moneter. Membatasi b-money dengan jadwal rilis yang telah ditentukan untuk bitcoin mengurangi cakupan dan menyederhanakan implementasi dengan menghilangkan persyaratan untuk melacak dan memilih di antara tawaran pembuatan uang yang diajukan pengguna. Mempertahankan kecepatan sementara dari jadwal rilis Satoshi menghasilkan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan dan memungkinkan konsensus Nakamoto, yang secara luas diakui sebagai salah satu aspek paling inovatif dalam implementasi bitcoin.
Ada lebih banyak hal dalam desain bitcoin daripada aspek yang dibahas sejauh ini. Kita memfokuskan artikel ini pada pasar “utama” dalam bitcoin, pasar yang mendistribusikan pasokan awal bitcoin ke dalam sirkulasi.
Artikel berikutnya dalam seri ini akan mengeksplorasi pasar penyelesaian transaksi bitcoin dan kaitannya dengan pasar pendistribusian pasokan bitcoin. Hubungan ini akan menyarankan metodologi bagaimana membangun pasar masa depan untuk layanan terdesentralisasi selain bitcoin.
Catatan kaki
[1] Judul seri ini diambil dari pesan telegraf pertama dalam sejarah, yang dikirimkan oleh Samuel Morse pada tahun 1844: “What hath God wrought?”.
[2] Bitcoin: Sistem Uang Elektronik Peer-to-Peer, tersedia di: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
[3] Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail oleh Dwork dan Naor. tersedia di:
https://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/../../pvp.pdf[4] Meskipun merupakan pencetus ide tersebut, Dwork & Naor tidak menciptakan “proof-of-work”—julukan tersebut kemudian diberikan pada tahun 1999 oleh Markus Jakobsson dan Ari Juels.
[5] Proyek RPoW Hal Finney adalah upaya untuk menciptakan proof-of-work yang dapat ditransfer, tetapi bitcoin tidak menggunakan konsep ini karena tidak memperlakukan komputasi sebagai mata uang. Seperti yang akan kita lihat nanti ketika kita memeriksa bit gold dan b-money, komputasi tidak dapat berupa mata uang karena nilai komputasi berubah seiring waktu sementara unit mata uang harus memiliki nilai yang sama. Bitcoin bukanlah komputasi, bitcoin adalah mata uang yang dijual untuk komputasi.
[6] Pada saat ini, beberapa pembaca mungkin percaya bahwa saya meremehkan kontribusi Dai atau Szabo karena kontribusi mereka tidak jelas atau tidak jelas dalam beberapa hal. Perasaan saya justru sebaliknya: Dai dan Szabo pada dasarnya benar dan fakta bahwa mereka tidak mengartikulasikan setiap detail seperti yang dilakukan Satoshi tidak mengurangi kontribusi mereka. Sebaliknya, hal ini seharusnya meningkatkan apresiasi kita terhadap hal tersebut, karena hal ini menunjukkan betapa menantangnya munculnya mata uang digital, bahkan bagi para praktisi terbaiknya.
[7] Postingan b-money Dai adalah referensi pertama dalam white paper Satoshi, tersedia di: http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt
[8] Ada dua penyederhanaan yang dilakukan di sini:
- Jumlah bitcoin yang dijual di setiap blok juga dipengaruhi oleh biaya transaksi pasar, yang berada di luar cakupan artikel ini, namun tetap menunggu pekerjaan selanjutnya.
- Kesulitan yang dilaporkan oleh bitcoin bukanlah jumlah perhitungan yang diharapkan; seseorang harus mengalikannya dengan faktor proporsionalitas.
[9] Setidaknya sejak masa lalu yang buruk ketika Satoshi adalah satu-satunya penambang di jaringan.
[10] Bitcoin is Time klasik dari Gigi adalah pengenalan yang bagus tentang hubungan mendalam antara bitcoin dan waktu, tersedia di: https://dergigi.com/2021/01/14/bitcoin-is-time/
[11] Satoshi melakukan kesalahan baik dalam analisis mereka di buku putih maupun implementasi awal bitcoin berikutnya dengan menggunakan aturan “rantai terpanjang” dan bukan aturan “rantai terberat”.
Sumber artikel: HOW DID SATOSHI THINK OF BITCOIN? https://bitcoinmagazine.com/technical/how-did-satoshi-think-of-bitcoin
Diterjemahkan oleh: Abengkris -
@ 5a69e82d:aa41c382
2024-11-05 10:03:26Dhruv Bansal, CSO dan Co-Founder Unchained mengeksplorasi prinsip-prinsip dan sejarah yang mengarah pada penciptaan Bitcoin dan mengajukan pertanyaan: "Apa yang telah dilakukan Satoshi"?
Bitcoin sering dibandingkan dengan internet pada tahun 1990an, namun saya yakin analogi yang lebih baik adalah dengan telegraf pada tahun 1840an.[1]
Telegraf adalah teknologi pertama yang mengirimkan data yang dikodekan dengan kecepatan mendekati cahaya dalam jarak jauh. Ini menandai lahirnya industri telekomunikasi. Internet, meskipun skalanya lebih besar, kontennya lebih kaya, dan many-to-many, bukan one-to-one, pada dasarnya masih merupakan teknologi telekomunikasi.
Baik telegraf maupun internet bergantung pada model bisnis di mana perusahaan mengerahkan modal untuk membangun jaringan fisik dan kemudian membebankan biaya kepada pengguna untuk mengirim pesan melalui jaringan ini. Jaringan AT&T secara historis mengirimkan telegram, panggilan telepon, paket TCP/IP, pesan teks, dan sekarang TikTok.
Transformasi masyarakat melalui telekomunikasi telah menghasilkan kebebasan yang lebih besar namun juga sentralisasi yang lebih besar. Internet telah meningkatkan jangkauan jutaan pembuat konten dan usaha kecil, namun juga memperkuat jangkauan perusahaan, otoritas pusat, dan lembaga lain yang memiliki posisi yang cukup baik untuk memantau dan memanipulasi aktivitas online.
Namun Bitcoin bukanlah akhir dari transformasi apa pun—ini adalah awal dari sebuah transformasi. Seperti halnya telekomunikasi, Bitcoin akan mengubah kebiasaan umat manusia dan kehidupan sehari-harinya. Memprediksi seluruh cakupan perubahan saat ini sama dengan membayangkan internet saat hidup di era telegraf.
Seri ini mencoba membayangkan masa depan dengan memulai dari masa lalu. Artikel awal ini menelusuri sejarah mata uang digital sebelum Bitcoin. Hanya dengan memahami kegagalan proyek-proyek sebelumnya, kita dapat memahami apa yang membuat Bitcoin berhasil—dan bagaimana hal itu menyarankan metodologi untuk membangun sistem desentralisasi di masa depan.
Daftar isi
- Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
- Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
- Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
- Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
- Kesimpulan
Klaim utama dari artikel ini adalah bahwa Bitcoin dapat dianggap sebagai adaptasi dari proyek B-money Dai yang menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menciptakan uang. Hanya beberapa minggu setelah artikel ini pertama kali diterbitkan, email baru muncul di mana Satoshi mengaku tidak terbiasa dengan B-money, namun mengakui bahwa Bitcoin dimulai “tepat dari titik itu.” Mengingat bukti baru ini, kami yakin klaim utama ini, meskipun tidak akurat secara historis, masih merupakan cara yang bermakna dan bermanfaat untuk memikirkan asal usul Bitcoin.
Bagaimana Satoshi Nakamoto Memikirkan Bitcoin?
Satoshi memang cerdas, tetapi Bitcoin tidak muncul begitu saja.
Bitcoin mengulangi pekerjaan yang ada di bidang kriptografi, sistem terdistribusi, ekonomi, dan filsafat politik. Konsep proof-of-work sudah ada jauh sebelum digunakan dalam uang dan cypherpunk sebelumnya seperti Nick Szabo, Wei Dai, & Hal Finney mengantisipasi dan memengaruhi desain Bitcoin dengan proyek-proyek seperti bit gold, B-money, dan RPoW. Pertimbangkan bahwa, pada tahun 2008, ketika Satoshi menulis white paper Bitcoin[2], banyak ide penting Bitcoin telah diusulkan dan/atau diimplementasikan:
- Mata uang digital harus berupa jaringan P2P
- Proof-of-work adalah dasar penciptaan uang
- Uang diciptakan melalui lelang
- Kunci publik kriptografi digunakan untuk menentukan kepemilikan dan transfer koin
- Transaksi dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa blok
- Blok dirangkai bersama melalui proof-of-work
- Semua blok disimpan oleh semua peserta
Bitcoin memanfaatkan semua konsep ini, tetapi Satoshi tidak menciptakan satu pun konsep tersebut. Untuk lebih memahami kontribusi Satoshi, kita harus menentukan prinsip Bitcoin mana yang tidak ada dalam daftar.
Beberapa kandidat yang jelas adalah persediaan Bitcoin yang terbatas, konsensus Nakamoto, dan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan. Tapi apa yang mendorong Satoshi pada ide ini?
Artikel ini mengeksplorasi sejarah mata uang digital dan menyatakan bahwa fokus Satoshi pada kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah hal yang menyebabkan Bitcoin mengatasi tantangan yang mengalahkan proyek-proyek sebelumnya seperti bit gold dan B-money.
Sistem yang Terdesentralisasi Adalah Pasar
Bitcoin sering digambarkan sebagai sistem terdesentralisasi atau terdistribusi. Sayangnya, kata “desentralisasi” dan “terdistribusi” sering kali membingungkan. Ketika diterapkan pada sistem digital, kedua istilah tersebut mengacu pada cara aplikasi monolitik dapat didekomposisi menjadi jaringan bagian-bagian yang berkomunikasi.
Untuk tujuan kita, perbedaan utama antara sistem terdesentralisasi dan terdistribusi bukanlah topologi diagram jaringannya, namun cara mereka menegakkan aturan. Kami meluangkan waktu di bagian berikut untuk membandingkan sistem terdistribusi dan desentralisasi dan memotivasi gagasan bahwa sistem desentralisasi yang kuat adalah pasar.
Sistem Terdistribusikan Bergantung pada Otoritas Pusat
Dalam hal ini, kami mengartikan “terdistribusi” sebagai sistem apa pun yang telah dipecah menjadi beberapa bagian (sering disebut sebagai "node") yang harus berkomunikasi, biasanya melalui jaringan.
Insinyur perangkat lunak semakin mahir dalam membangun sistem yang terdistribusi secara global. Internet terdiri dari sistem terdistribusi yang secara kolektif berisi miliaran node. Kita masing-masing memiliki simpul di saku kita yang berpartisipasi dan bergantung pada sistem ini.
Namun hampir semua sistem terdistribusi yang kita gunakan saat ini diatur oleh beberapa otoritas pusat, biasanya administrator sistem, perusahaan, atau pemerintah yang saling dipercaya oleh semua node dalam sistem.
Otoritas pusat memastikan semua node mematuhi aturan sistem dan menghapus, memperbaiki, atau menghukum node yang gagal mematuhinya. Mereka dipercaya untuk melakukan koordinasi, menyelesaikan konflik, dan mengalokasikan sumber daya bersama. Seiring waktu, otoritas pusat mengelola perubahan pada sistem, memperbarui atau menambahkan fitur, dan memastikan bahwa node yang berpartisipasi mematuhi perubahan tersebut.
Manfaat yang diperoleh sistem terdistribusi karena mengandalkan otoritas pusat juga disertai dengan biaya. Meskipun sistem ini kuat terhadap kegagalan node-nodenya, kegagalan otoritas pusat dapat menyebabkan sistem berhenti berfungsi secara keseluruhan. Kemampuan otoritas pusat untuk mengambil keputusan secara sepihak berarti menumbangkan atau menghilangkan otoritas pusat sudah cukup untuk mengendalikan atau menghancurkan keseluruhan sistem.
Terlepas dari adanya trade-off ini, jika ada persyaratan bahwa satu partai atau koalisi harus mempertahankan otoritas pusat, atau jika peserta dalam sistem tersebut puas dengan mengandalkan otoritas pusat, maka sistem terdistribusi tradisional adalah solusi terbaik. Tidak diperlukan blockchain, token, atau sistem desentralisasi serupa.
Secara khusus, kasus VC atau mata uang kripto yang didukung oleh pemerintah, dengan persyaratan bahwa satu pihak dapat memantau atau membatasi pembayaran dan membekukan akun, adalah kasus penggunaan yang sempurna untuk sistem terdistribusi tradisional.
Sistem Desentralisasi Tidak Memiliki Otoritas Pusat
Kami menganggap “desentralisasi” memiliki arti yang lebih kuat daripada “terdistribusi”: sistem desentralisasi adalah bagian dari sistem terdistribusi yang tidak memiliki otoritas pusat. Sinonim yang mirip dengan “desentralisasi” adalah “peer-to-peer” (P2P).
Menghapus otoritas pusat memberikan beberapa keuntungan. Sistem terdesentralisasi:
- Tumbuh dengan cepat karena tidak ada hambatan untuk masuk—siapa pun dapat mengembangkan sistem hanya dengan menjalankan node baru, dan tidak ada persyaratan untuk registrasi atau persetujuan dari otoritas pusat.
- Kuat karena tidak ada otoritas pusat yang kegagalannya dapat membahayakan berfungsinya sistem. Semua node adalah sama, jadi kegagalan bersifat lokal dan jaringan merutekan sekitar kerusakan.
- Sulit untuk ditangkap, diatur, dikenakan pajak, atau diawasi karena tidak adanya titik kendali terpusat yang dapat ditumbangkan oleh pemerintah.
Kekuatan inilah yang menjadi alasan Satoshi memilih desain Bitcoin yang terdesentralisasi dan peer-to-peer:
“Pemerintah pandai memotong… jaringan yang dikendalikan secara terpusat seperti Napster, namun jaringan P2P murni seperti Gnutella dan Tor tampaknya masih mampu bertahan.” - Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008
Namun kekuatan ini juga disertai dengan kelemahan. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi bisa menjadi kurang efisien karena setiap titik harus memikul tanggung jawab tambahan untuk koordinasi yang sebelumnya diambil alih oleh otoritas pusat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi juga sering dilanda perilaku yang bersifat penipuan dan bertentangan. Terlepas dari persetujuan Satoshi terhadap Gnutella, siapa pun yang menggunakan program berbagi file P2P untuk mengunduh file yang ternyata kotor atau berbahaya memahami alasan mengapa berbagi file P2P tidak pernah menjadi model utama untuk transfer data online.
Satoshi tidak menyebutkannya secara eksplisit, namun email adalah sistem terdesentralisasi lainnya yang menghindari kendali pemerintah. Dan email juga terkenal sebagai spam.
Sistem Desentralisasi diatur Melalui Insentif
Akar masalahnya, dalam semua kasus ini adalah, bahwa perilaku kejahatan (menyebarkan file buruk, mengirim email spam) tidak dihukum, dan perilaku kooperatif (menyebarkan file bagus, hanya mengirim email berguna) tidak dihargai. Sistem desentralisasi yang mengandalkan partisipannya untuk menjadi aktor yang baik gagal untuk berkembang karena sistem tersebut tidak dapat mencegah aktor jahat untuk ikut berpartisipasi.
Tanpa memaksakan otoritas pusat, satu-satunya cara untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini adalah dengan menggunakan insentif ekonomi. Aktor yang baik, menurut definisinya, bermain sesuai aturan karena mereka secara inheren termotivasi untuk melakukannya. Pelaku kejahatan, menurut definisinya, adalah orang yang egois dan licik, namun insentif ekonomi yang tepat dapat mengarahkan perilaku buruk mereka ke arah kebaikan bersama. Sistem yang terdesentralisasi melakukan hal ini dengan memastikan bahwa perilaku kooperatif menguntungkan dan perilaku kejahatan merugikan.
Cara terbaik untuk menerapkan layanan terdesentralisasi yang kuat adalah dengan menciptakan pasar di mana semua pelaku, baik dan buruk, dibayar untuk menyediakan layanan tersebut. Kurangnya hambatan masuk bagi pembeli dan penjual di pasar yang terdesentralisasi mendorong skala dan efisiensi. Jika protokol pasar dapat melindungi partisipan dari penipuan, pencurian, dan penyalahgunaan, maka pelaku kejahatan akan merasa lebih menguntungkan untuk mengikuti aturan atau menyerang sistem lain.
Pasar yang Terdesentralisasi Membutuhkan Barang yang Terdesentralisasi
Namun pasar itu rumit. Mereka harus memberi pembeli dan penjual kemampuan untuk mengirimkan penawaran dan permintaan serta menemukan, mencocokkan, dan menyelesaikan pesanan. Kebijakan tersebut harus adil, memberikan konsistensi yang kuat, dan menjaga ketersediaan meskipun terjadi masa-masa yang tidak menentu.
Pasar global saat ini sangat mumpuni dan canggih, namun menggunakan barang-barang tradisional dan jaringan pembayaran untuk menerapkan insentif di pasar yang terdesentralisasi bukanlah hal yang baru. Setiap penggabungan antara sistem desentralisasi dan uang fiat, aset tradisional, atau komoditas fisik akan menimbulkan kembali ketergantungan pada otoritas pusat yang mengontrol pemroses pembayaran, bank, dan bursa.
Sistem terdesentralisasi tidak dapat mentransfer uang tunai, mencari saldo rekening perantara, atau menentukan kepemilikan properti. Barang-barang tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi. Hal sebaliknya tidak benar—sistem tradisional dapat berinteraksi dengan Bitcoin semudah aktor lainnya (begitu mereka memutuskan ingin melakukannya). Batasan antara sistem tradisional dan desentralisasi bukanlah sebuah tembok yang tidak dapat dilewati, melainkan sebuah membran semi-permeabel.
Ini berarti bahwa sistem yang terdesentralisasi tidak dapat melaksanakan pembayaran dalam mata uang barang tradisional apa pun. Mereka bahkan tidak dapat menentukan saldo rekening yang didominasi fiat atau kepemilikan real estat atau barang fisik. Seluruh perekonomian tradisional sama sekali tidak terbaca dalam sistem desentralisasi.
Menciptakan pasar yang terdesentralisasi membutuhkan perdagangan barang-barang baru yang terdesentralisasi yang dapat dibaca dan ditransfer dalam sistem yang terdesentralisasi.
Komputasi Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang Pertama
Contoh pertama dari “barang terdesentralisasi” adalah kelas komputasi khusus yang pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1993 oleh Cynthia Dwork dan Moni Naor.[3]
Karena adanya hubungan mendalam antara matematika, fisika, dan ilmu komputer, komputasi ini memerlukan energi dan sumber daya perangkat keras di dunia nyata—hal ini tidak dapat dipalsukan. Karena sumber daya di dunia nyata langka, komputasi ini juga langka.
input untuk komputasi ini dapat berupa data apa pun. Keluaran yang dihasilkan adalah “bukti” digital bahwa pengkomputasian telah dilakukan pada data input yang diberikan. Pembuktian mengandung “kesulitan” tertentu yang merupakan bukti (statistik) dari sejumlah pekerjaan komputasi tertentu. Yang terpenting, hubungan antara data input, pembuktian, dan pekerjaan komputasi asli yang dilakukan dapat diverifikasi secara independen tanpa perlu mengajukan banding ke otoritas pusat mana pun.
Gagasan untuk menyebarkan beberapa data input bersama dengan bukti digital sebagai bukti kerja komputasi dunia nyata yang dilakukan pada input tersebut sekarang disebut “proof-of-work”.[4] Proof-of-work adalah, jika menggunakan ungkapan Nick Szabo, “biaya yang tidak dapat ditiru”. Karena proof-of-work dapat diverifikasi oleh siapa pun, maka proof-of-work merupakan sumber daya ekonomi yang dapat dibaca oleh semua peserta dalam sistem desentralisasi. Proof-of-work mengubah penghitungan data menjadi barang yang terdesentralisasi. Dwork & Naor mengusulkan penggunaan komputasi untuk membatasi penyalahgunaan sumber daya bersama dengan memaksa peserta untuk memberikan proof-of-work dengan tingkat kesulitan minimum tertentu sebelum mereka dapat mengakses sumber daya:
“Dalam makalah ini kami menyarankan pendekatan komputasi untuk memerangi penyebaran surat elektronik. Secara umum, kami telah merancang mekanisme kontrol akses yang dapat digunakan kapan pun diinginkan untuk membatasi, namun tidak melarang, akses ke sumber daya.” - Dwoak & Naor, 1993
Dalam proposal Dwork & Naor, administrator sistem email akan menetapkan tingkat kesulitan bukti kerja minimum untuk mengirimkan email. Pengguna yang ingin mengirim email perlu melakukan sejumlah komputasi yang sesuai dengan email tersebut sebagai data input. Bukti yang dihasilkan akan dikirimkan ke server bersamaan dengan permintaan pengiriman email.
Dwork & Naor menyebut kesulitan proof-of-work sebagai “fungsi penetapan harga” karena, dengan menyesuaikan kesulitan tersebut, “otoritas penetapan harga” dapat memastikan bahwa sumber daya bersama tetap murah untuk digunakan bagi pengguna yang jujur dan rata-rata, namun mahal bagi pengguna yang mencari untuk mengeksploitasinya. Di pasar pengiriman email, administrator server adalah otoritas penetapan harga; mereka harus memilih “harga” untuk pengiriman email yang cukup rendah untuk penggunaan normal namun terlalu tinggi untuk spam.
Meskipun Dwork & Naor membingkai proof-of-work sebagai disinsentif ekonomi untuk memerangi penyalahgunaan sumber daya, nomenklatur “fungsi penetapan harga” dan “otoritas penetapan harga” mendukung interpretasi yang berbeda dan berbasis pasar: pengguna membeli akses ke sumber daya dengan imbalan komputasi pada tingkat yang sama. harga yang ditetapkan oleh pengontrol sumber daya.
Dalam interpretasi ini, jaringan pengiriman email sebenarnya adalah pengiriman email perdagangan pasar yang terdesentralisasi untuk komputasi. Kesulitan minimum dari proof-of-work adalah harga yang diminta untuk pengiriman email dalam mata uang komputasi.
Mata Uang Adalah Barang Terdesentralisasi yang kedua
Namun komputasi bukanlah mata uang yang baik.
Bukti yang digunakan untuk “memperdagangkan” komputasi hanya valid untuk input yang digunakan dalam komputasi tersebut. Hubungan yang tidak dapat dipecahkan antara bukti spesifik dan input tertentu berarti bahwa proof-of-work untuk satu input tidak dapat digunakan kembali untuk input yang berbeda.
Proof-of-work awalnya diusulkan sebagai mekanisme kontrol akses untuk membatasi email spam. Pengguna diharapkan memberikan bukti kerja bersama email apa pun yang ingin mereka kirim. Mekanisme ini juga dapat dianggap sebagai pasar di mana pengguna membeli pengiriman email dengan komputasi pada harga yang dipilih oleh penyedia layanan email.
Batasan ini berguna – dapat digunakan untuk mencegah pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh satu pembeli di pasar kemudian dibelanjakan kembali oleh pembeli lain. Misalnya, HashCash, implementasi nyata pertama dari pasar pengiriman email, menyertakan metadata seperti stempel waktu saat ini dan alamat email pengirim dalam data masukan untuk penghitungan bukti kerja. Bukti yang dihasilkan oleh pengguna tertentu untuk email tertentu, tidak dapat digunakan untuk email yang berbeda.
Namun ini juga berarti bahwa komputasi bukti kerja adalah barang yang dipesan lebih dahulu. Dana tersebut tidak dapat dipertukarkan, tidak dapat dibelanjakan kembali,[5] dan tidak memecahkan masalah kebutuhan yang terjadi secara kebetulan. Properti moneter yang hilang ini mencegah komputasi menjadi mata uang. Terlepas dari namanya, tidak ada insentif bagi penyedia pengiriman email untuk ingin mengakumulasikan HashCash, karena akan ada uang tunai sebenarnya.
Adam Back, penemu HashCash, memahami masalah berikut:
"Hashcash tidak dapat ditransfer secara langsung karena untuk membuatnya didistribusikan, setiap penyedia layanan hanya menerima pembayaran dalam bentuk tunai yang dibuat untuk mereka. Anda mungkin dapat menyiapkan pencetakan gaya digicash (dengan chaumian ecash) dan meminta bank hanya mencetak uang tunai pada penerimaan tabrakan hash yang ditangani. Namun ini berarti Anda harus mempercayai bank untuk tidak mencetak uang dalam jumlah tak terbatas untuk digunakan sendiri." - Adam Back, 1997
Kita tidak ingin menukar komputasi yang dibuat khusus untuk setiap barang atau jasa yang dijual dalam perekonomian yang terdesentralisasi. Kita menginginkan mata uang digital serba guna yang dapat langsung digunakan untuk mengoordinasikan pertukaran nilai di pasar mana pun.
Membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi namun tetap terdesentralisasi merupakan tantangan yang signifikan. Mata uang membutuhkan unit yang dapat dipertukarkan dengan nilai yang sama yang dapat ditransfer antar pengguna. Hal ini memerlukan model penerbitan, definisi kriptografi kepemilikan dan transfer, proses penemuan dan penyelesaian transaksi, dan buku besar historis. Infrastruktur ini tidak diperlukan ketika bukti kerja hanya dianggap sebagai “mekanisme kontrol akses”.
Terlebih lagi, sistem desentralisasi adalah pasar, jadi semua fungsi dasar mata uang ini harus disediakan melalui penyedia layanan berbayar… dalam satuan mata uang yang sedang dibuat!
Seperti mengkompilasi compiler pertama, permulaan jaringan listrik yang gelap, atau evolusi kehidupan itu sendiri, pencipta mata uang digital dihadapkan pada masalah bootstrapping: bagaimana mendefinisikan insentif ekonomi yang mendasari mata uang yang berfungsi tanpa memiliki mata uang yang berfungsi di dalamnya yang akan mendenominasikan atau membayar insentif tersebut.
Komputasi dan mata uang adalah barang pertama dan kedua di pasar yang terdesentralisasi. Proof-of-work sendiri memungkinkan pertukaran komputasi tetapi mata uang yang berfungsi memerlukan lebih banyak infrastruktur. Butuh waktu 15 tahun bagi komunitas cypherpunk untuk mengembangkan infrastruktur tersebut.
Pasar Terdesentralisasi Pertama harus Memperdagangkan Komputasi untuk Mata Uang
Kemajuan dalam masalah bootstrapping ini berasal dari penyusunan batasan yang tepat.
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi harus menjadi pasar. Pasar terdiri dari pembeli dan penjual yang saling bertukar barang. Pasar terdesentralisasi untuk mata uang digital hanya memiliki dua barang yang dapat dibaca di dalamnya:
- Komputasi melalui proof-of-work
- Unit mata uang yang kita coba bangun
Oleh karena itu, satu-satunya perdagangan pasar yang memungkinkan adalah antara kedua barang tersebut. Komputasi harus dijual untuk satuan mata uang atau setara dengan satuan mata uang harus dijual untuk komputasi. Menyatakan hal ini sangatlah mudah—bagian tersulitnya adalah menata pasar ini sehingga sekadar menukar mata uang untuk komputasi akan mem-bootstrap semua kemampuan mata uang itu sendiri!
Seluruh sejarah mata uang digital yang berpuncak pada white paper Satoshi tahun 2008 adalah serangkaian upaya yang semakin canggih dalam menata pasar ini. Bagian berikut mengulas proyek-proyek seperti bit gold milik Nick Szabo dan B-money milik Wei Dai. Memahami bagaimana proyek-proyek ini menyusun pasar mereka dan mengapa mereka gagal akan membantu kita memahami mengapa Satoshi dan Bitcoin berhasil.
Bagaimana Sistem Desentralisasi Dapat Menentukan Harga Komputasi?
Fungsi utama pasar adalah penemuan harga. Oleh karena itu, komputasi perdagangan pasar untuk mata uang harus menemukan harga komputasi itu sendiri, dalam satuan mata uang tersebut.
Kita biasanya tidak memberikan nilai moneter pada komputasi. Kita biasanya menghargai kapasitas untuk melakukan komputasi karena kita menghargai output dari komputasi, bukan komputasi itu sendiri. Jika keluaran yang sama dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efisien, dengan komputasi yang lebih sedikit, hal ini biasanya disebut “kemajuan”.
Proof-of-work mewakili komputasi spesifik yang keluarannya hanya berupa bukti bahwa komputasi tersebut telah dilakukan. Menghasilkan bukti yang sama dengan melakukan lebih sedikit komputasi dan lebih sedikit pekerjaan tidak akan menghasilkan kemajuan—hal ini akan menjadi bug. Oleh karena itu, komputasi yang terkait dengan Proof-of-work merupakan hal yang aneh dan baru untuk dicoba dihargai.
Ketika bukti kerja dianggap sebagai disinsentif terhadap penyalahgunaan sumber daya, maka bukti kerja tidak perlu dinilai secara tepat dan konsisten. Yang terpenting adalah penyedia layanan email menetapkan tingkat kesulitan yang cukup rendah sehingga tidak terlihat oleh pengguna yang sah, namun cukup tinggi sehingga menjadi penghalang bagi pelaku spam. Oleh karena itu, terdapat beragam “harga” yang dapat diterima dan setiap peserta bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga mereka sendiri, dengan menerapkan fungsi penetapan harga lokal.
Namun satuan mata uang dimaksudkan agar dapat dipertukarkan, masing-masing memiliki nilai yang sama. Karena perubahan teknologi dari waktu ke waktu, dua unit mata uang yang dibuat dengan tingkat kesulitan proof-of-work yang sama—yang diukur dengan jumlah komputasi yang sesuai—mungkin memiliki biaya produksi yang sangat berbeda di dunia nyata, yang diukur dengan waktu, energi, dan/atau modal untuk melakukan komputasi tersebut. Ketika komputasi dijual dengan menggunakan mata uang, dan biaya produksi yang mendasarinya bervariasi, bagaimana pasar dapat memastikan harga yang konsisten?
Nick Szabo dengan jelas mengidentifikasi masalah harga ini ketika menjelaskan bit gold:
"Masalah utamanya...adalah bahwa skema pembuktian kerja bergantung pada arsitektur komputer, bukan hanya matematika abstrak yang didasarkan pada "siklus komputasi" abstrak. ...Jadi, ada kemungkinan untuk menjadi produsen berbiaya sangat rendah (dengan beberapa kali lipat besarnya) dan membanjiri pasar dengan bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Mata uang terdesentralisasi yang diciptakan melalui proof-of-work akan mengalami kelebihan pasokan dan penurunan pasokan seiring dengan perubahan pasokan komputasi seiring waktu. Untuk mengakomodasi volatilitas ini, jaringan harus belajar menghitung harga secara dinamis.
Mata uang digital awal mencoba memberi harga pada komputasi dengan mencoba mengukur “biaya komputasi” secara kolektif. Wei Dai, misalnya, mengusulkan solusi praktis berikut dalam B-money:
"Jumlah unit moneter yang diciptakan sama dengan biaya upaya komputasi dalam sekeranjang komoditas standar. Sebagai contoh, jika sebuah masalah memerlukan waktu 100 jam untuk diselesaikan pada komputer yang dapat menyelesaikannya dengan cara yang paling ekonomis, dan diperlukan 3 keranjang standar untuk membeli 100 jam waktu komputasi pada komputer tersebut di pasar terbuka, maka setelah solusi terhadap masalah tersebut disiarkan, setiap orang mengkredit rekening penyiar sebanyak 3 unit." - Dai, 1998
Sayangnya, Dai tidak menjelaskan bagaimana pengguna dalam sistem yang seharusnya terdesentralisasi seharusnya menyetujui definisi “keranjang standar”, komputer mana yang memecahkan masalah tertentu “paling ekonomis”, atau biaya komputasi di “pasar terbuka”. Mencapai konsensus di antara semua pengguna mengenai kumpulan data bersama yang berubah-ubah terhadap waktu adalah masalah penting dalam sistem desentralisasi!
Agar adil bagi Dai, dia menyadari hal ini:
“Salah satu bagian yang lebih bermasalah dalam protokol B-money adalah penciptaan uang. Bagian dari protokol ini mengharuskan semua [pengguna] memutuskan dan menyetujui biaya perhitungan tertentu. Sayangnya karena teknologi komputasi cenderung berkembang pesat dan tidak selalu bersifat publik, informasi ini mungkin tidak tersedia, tidak akurat, atau ketinggalan jaman, yang semuanya akan menyebabkan masalah serius pada protokol." - Dai, 1998
Dai kemudian mengusulkan mekanisme penetapan harga berbasis lelang yang lebih canggih yang kemudian dikatakan Satoshi sebagai titik awal idenya. Kita akan kembali ke skema lelang di bawah ini, tapi pertama-tama mari kita beralih ke bit gold, dan pertimbangkan wawasan Szabo tentang masalahnya.
Gunakan Pasar Eksternal
Szabo mengklaim bahwa proof-of-work harus “diberi stempel waktu dengan aman”:
"Bukti kerja diberi stempel waktu yang aman. Ini harus bekerja secara terdistribusi, dengan beberapa layanan stempel waktu berbeda sehingga tidak ada layanan stempel waktu tertentu yang perlu diandalkan secara substansial." - Szabo, 2005
Szabo tertaut ke halaman sumber daya tentang protokol penandaan waktu yang aman tetapi tidak menjelaskan algoritme spesifik apa pun untuk penandaan waktu yang aman. Ungkapan “aman” dan “fesyen terdistribusi” mempunyai pengaruh yang besar di sini, sehingga dapat mengatasi kerumitan dalam mengandalkan satu (atau banyak) layanan “di luar sistem” untuk penandaan waktu.[6]
Waktu pembuatan unit mata uang digital penting karena menghubungkan komputasi yang dilakukan dengan biaya produksi di dunia nyata.
Terlepas dari ketidakjelasan implementasi, Szabo benar—waktu pembuatan proof-of-work merupakan faktor penting dalam menentukan harga karena terkait dengan biaya komputasi:
"…Namun, karena bit gold diberi stempel waktu, waktu yang dibuat serta tingkat kesulitan matematis dari pekerjaan tersebut dapat dibuktikan secara otomatis. Dari sini, biasanya dapat disimpulkan berapa biaya produksi selama periode waktu tersebut..." - Szabo, 2005
"Menyimpulkan" biaya produksi adalah hal yang penting karena bit gold tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat bit gold dengan melakukan perhitungan yang sesuai. Tanpa kemampuan untuk mengatur penerbitan, bit gold sama dengan barang koleksi:
"…Tidak seperti atom emas yang dapat dipertukarkan, tetapi seperti halnya barang-barang kolektor, pasokan dalam jumlah besar selama jangka waktu tertentu akan menurunkan nilai barang-barang tersebut. Dalam hal ini, emas kecil bertindak lebih seperti barang-barang kolektor daripada seperti emas..." - Szabo, 2005
Bit gold memerlukan proses eksternal tambahan untuk menciptakan unit mata uang yang sepadan:
“…[B]it Gold tidak dapat dipertukarkan berdasarkan fungsi sederhana, misalnya, panjang tali. Sebaliknya, untuk membuat unit yang dapat dipertukarkan, dealer harus menggabungkan potongan-potongan bit gold dengan nilai berbeda ke dalam satuan yang lebih besar kira-kira dengan nilai yang sama. Hal ini serupa dengan apa yang dilakukan banyak pedagang komoditas saat ini untuk memungkinkan pasar komoditas bekerja. Kepercayaan masih terdistribusi karena perkiraan nilai dari kumpulan tersebut dapat diverifikasi secara independen oleh banyak pihak lain dengan cara yang sebagian besar atau seluruhnya otomatis." - Szabo, 2005
Mengutip Szabo, “untuk menguji nilai… bit gold, dealer memeriksa dan memverifikasi tingkat kesulitan, masukan, dan stempel waktu”. Dealer yang mendefinisikan “unit yang lebih besar dengan nilai yang kira-kira sama” menyediakan fungsi penetapan harga yang serupa dengan “keranjang komoditas standar” Dai. Unit yang dapat dipertukarkan tidak dibuat dalam bentuk bit gold ketika bukti kerja diproduksi, hanya kemudian ketika bukti tersebut digabungkan menjadi “unit yang kira-kira bernilai sama” oleh dealer di pasar di luar jaringan.
Yang patut disyukuri, Szabo mengakui kelemahan ini:
"…Potensi kelebihan pasokan yang awalnya tersembunyi karena inovasi tersembunyi dalam arsitektur mesin adalah potensi kelemahan dalam bit gold, atau setidaknya ketidaksempurnaan yang harus diatasi oleh lelang awal dan pertukaran ex post bit gold." - Szabo, 2005
Sekali lagi, meskipun belum sampai pada (yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai) solusinya, Szabo menunjukkan solusinya: karena biaya komputasi berubah seiring waktu, jaringan harus merespons perubahan pasokan komputasi dengan menyesuaikan harga uang.
Gunakan Pasar Internal
Dealer Szabo akan menjadi pasar eksternal yang menentukan harga (bundel dari) bit gold setelah penciptaannya. Apakah mungkin menerapkan pasar ini di dalam sistem dan bukan di luar sistem?
Mari kita kembali ke Wei Dai dan B-money. Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, Dai mengusulkan model alternatif berbasis lelang untuk pembuatan B-money. Desain Satoshi untuk Bitcoin meningkat secara langsung pada model lelang B-money[7]:
“Jadi saya mengusulkan subprotokol penciptaan uang alternatif, di mana [pengguna]… memutuskan dan menyetujui jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat setiap periode, dengan biaya pembuatan uang tersebut ditentukan melalui lelang. Setiap periode pembuatan uang adalah dibagi menjadi empat tahap, sebagai berikut:
Planning. Para [pengguna] menghitung dan bernegosiasi satu sama lain untuk menentukan peningkatan jumlah uang beredar yang optimal untuk periode berikutnya. Apakah [jaringan] dapat mencapai konsensus atau tidak, mereka masing-masing menyiarkan kuota penciptaan uang mereka dan komputasi makroekonomi apa pun yang dilakukan untuk mendukung angka tersebut.
Bidding. Siapapun yang ingin membuat B-money menyiarkan tawaran dalam bentuk dimana x adalah banyaknya B-money yang ingin dibuatnya, dan y adalah soal yang belum terselesaikan dari kelas soal yang telah ditentukan. Setiap masalah di kelas ini harus memiliki biaya nominal (katakanlah dalam MIPS-years) yang disetujui secara publik.
Computation. Setelah melihat penawaran, pihak yang mengajukan penawaran pada tahap penawaran sekarang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dalam penawarannya dan menyiarkan solusinya. Penciptaan uang.
Money creation. Setiap [pengguna] menerima tawaran tertinggi (di antara mereka yang benar-benar menyiarkan solusi) dalam hal biaya nominal per unit B-money yang dibuat dan memberikan kredit kepada akun penawar sesuai dengan itu."
- Dai, 1998B-money membuat kemajuan signifikan menuju struktur pasar yang tepat untuk mata uang digital. Ini berupaya untuk menghilangkan dealer eksternal Szabo dan memungkinkan pengguna untuk terlibat dalam penemuan harga dengan menawar satu sama lain secara langsung.
Namun menerapkan proposal Dai seperti yang tertulis akan menjadi sebuah tantangan:
- Dalam fase "Planning”, pengguna menanggung beban menegosiasikan “peningkatan optimal jumlah uang beredar untuk periode berikutnya”. Bagaimana “optimal” harus didefinisikan, bagaimana pengguna harus bernegosiasi satu sama lain, dan bagaimana hasil negosiasi tersebut dibagikan tidak dijelaskan.
- Terlepas dari apa yang direncanakan, fase “Bidding” memungkinkan siapa saja untuk mengajukan “tawaran” untuk membuat B-money. Tawaran mencakup jumlah B-money yang akan dibuat serta jumlah bukti kerja yang sesuai sehingga setiap penawaran adalah harga, jumlah perhitungan yang bersedia dilakukan oleh penawar tertentu untuk membeli sejumlah tertentu. dari B-money.
- Setelah penawaran diserahkan, fase “Computation” terdiri dari peserta lelang yang melakukan proof-of-work yang mereka tawarkan dan menyiarkan solusi. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencocokkan penawar dengan solusi yang disediakan. Yang lebih problematis adalah tidak jelasnya bagaimana pengguna dapat mengetahui bahwa semua penawaran telah diajukan – kapan fase “Bidding” berakhir dan fase “Computation” dimulai?
- Masalah-masalah ini berulang dalam fase “Money creation”. Karena sifat proof-of-work, pengguna dapat memverifikasi bahwa bukti yang mereka terima dalam solusi adalah asli. Namun bagaimana pengguna dapat secara kolektif menyepakati serangkaian “tawaran tertinggi”? Bagaimana jika pengguna yang berbeda memilih set yang berbeda, baik karena preferensi atau latensi jaringan?
Sistem yang terdesentralisasi kesulitan dalam melacak data dan membuat pilihan secara konsisten, namun B-money memerlukan pelacakan tawaran dari banyak pengguna dan membuat pilihan konsensus di antara mereka. Kompleksitas ini menghalangi penerapan B-money.
Akar dari kompleksitas ini adalah keyakinan Dai bahwa tingkat “optimal” penciptaan B-money harus berfluktuasi seiring waktu berdasarkan “perhitungan makroekonomi” penggunanya. Seperti bit gold, B-money tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk membatasi penciptaan uang. Siapapun dapat membuat unit B-money dengan menyiarkan tawaran dan kemudian melakukan proof-of-work yang sesuai.
Baik Szabo maupun Dai mengusulkan penggunaan pasar pertukaran mata uang digital untuk komputasi, namun baik bit gold maupun B-money tidak menentukan kebijakan moneter untuk mengatur pasokan mata uang di pasar ini.
Tujuan Kebijakan Moneter Satoshi Menghasilkan Bitcoin
Sebaliknya, kebijakan moneter yang sehat adalah salah satu tujuan utama Satoshi dalam proyek Bitcoin. Dalam postingan milis pertama tempat Bitcoin diumumkan, Satoshi menulis:
“Akar permasalahan mata uang konvensional adalah kepercayaan yang diperlukan agar mata uang tersebut dapat berfungsi. Bank sentral harus dipercaya untuk tidak merendahkan mata uang tersebut, namun sejarah mata uang fiat penuh dengan pelanggaran terhadap kepercayaan tersebut.” - Satoshi, 2009
Satoshi selanjutnya menjelaskan masalah lain dengan mata uang fiat seperti perbankan cadangan fraksional yang berisiko, kurangnya privasi, pencurian & penipuan yang merajalela, dan ketidakmampuan melakukan pembayaran mikro. Namun Satoshi memulai dengan isu penurunan nilai oleh bank sentral—dengan kekhawatiran mengenai kebijakan moneter.
Satoshi ingin Bitcoin pada akhirnya mencapai pasokan sirkulasi terbatas yang tidak dapat terdilusi seiring waktu. Tingkat penciptaan Bitcoin yang “optimal”, bagi Satoshi, pada akhirnya akan menjadi nol.
Tujuan kebijakan moneter ini, lebih dari karakteristik lain yang mereka miliki secara pribadi (atau kolektif!), adalah alasan Satoshi “menemukan” Bitcoin, blockchain, konsensus Nakamoto, dll. —dan bukan orang lain. Ini adalah jawaban singkat atas pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam judul artikel ini: Satoshi memikirkan Bitcoin karena mereka fokus pada penciptaan mata uang digital dengan persediaan terbatas.
Pasokan Bitcoin yang terbatas bukan hanya tujuan kebijakan moneter atau meme bagi para Bitcoiner untuk berkumpul. Penyederhanaan teknis penting inilah yang memungkinkan Satoshi membangun mata uang digital yang berfungsi sementara B-money Dai tetap menjadi postingan web yang menarik.
Bitcoin adalah B-money dengan persyaratan tambahan berupa kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan. Seperti banyak penyederhanaan teknis lainnya, pembatasan kebijakan moneter memungkinkan kemajuan dengan mengurangi ruang lingkup. Mari kita lihat bagaimana masing-masing fase pembuatan B-money disederhanakan dengan menerapkan batasan ini.
Semua Pasokan 21 Juta Bitcoin Sudah Ada
Dalam b-money, setiap “periode penciptaan uang” mencakup fase “Perencanaan”, di mana pengguna diharapkan untuk membagikan “perhitungan makroekonomi” mereka yang membenarkan jumlah b-money yang ingin mereka ciptakan pada saat itu. Tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi yaitu pasokan terbatas dan emisi nol tidak sesuai dengan kebebasan yang diberikan b-money kepada pengguna individu untuk menghasilkan uang. Oleh karena itu, langkah pertama dalam perjalanan dari bmoney ke bitcoin adalah menghilangkan kebebasan ini. Pengguna bitcoin perorangan tidak dapat membuat bitcoin. Hanya jaringan bitcoin yang dapat membuat bitcoin, dan hal ini terjadi tepat sekali, pada tahun 2009 ketika Satoshi meluncurkan proyek bitcoin.
Satoshi mampu menggantikan fase “Perencanaan” b-money yang berulang menjadi satu jadwal yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya di mana 21 juta bitcoin yang dibuat pada tahun 2009 akan dilepaskan ke peredaran. Pengguna secara sukarela mendukung kebijakan moneter Satoshi dengan mengunduh dan menjalankan perangkat lunak Bitcoin Core yang kebijakan moneternya dikodekan secara keras.
Hal ini mengubah semantik pasar bitcoin untuk komputasi. Bitcoin yang dibayarkan kepada penambang bukanlah hal baru yang diterbitkan; itu melainkan baru dirilis ke peredaran dari persediaan yang ada.
Pandangan ini sangat berbeda dari klaim naif bahwa “penambang bitcoin menciptakan bitcoin”. Penambang Bitcoin tidak menciptakan bitcoin, mereka membelinya. Bitcoin tidak berharga karena “bitcoin terbuat dari energi”—tetapi nilai bitcoin didemonstrasikan dengan dijual untuk mendapatkan energi.
Mari kita ulangi sekali lagi: bitcoin tidak dibuat melalui proof-of-work, bitcoin dibuat melalui konsensus.
Desain Satoshi menghilangkan persyaratan untuk fase “Perencanaan” yang berkelanjutan dari b-money dengan melakukan semua perencanaan terlebih dahulu. Hal ini memungkinkan Satoshi untuk membuat kebijakan moneter yang sehat namun juga menyederhanakan penerapan bitcoin.
Bitcoin dihargai Melalui Konsensus
Kebebasan yang diberikan kepada pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang menimbulkan beban yang sesuai bagi jaringan bmoney. Selama fase “Penawaran” jaringan b-money harus mengumpulkan dan membagikan “tawaran” pembuatan uang dari banyak pengguna yang berbeda.
Menghilangkan kebebasan untuk menghasilkan uang akan meringankan beban jaringan bitcoin. Karena seluruh 21 juta bitcoin sudah ada, jaringan tidak perlu mengumpulkan tawaran dari pengguna untuk menghasilkan uang, jaringan hanya perlu menjual bitcoin sesuai jadwal Satoshi yang telah ditentukan.
Jaringan bitcoin dengan demikian menawarkan konsensus harga permintaan untuk bitcoin yang dijualnya di setiap blok. Harga tunggal ini dihitung oleh setiap node secara independen menggunakan salinan blockchainnya. Jika node memiliki konsensus pada blockchain yang sama (poin yang akan kita bahas nanti) mereka semua akan menawarkan harga permintaan yang sama di setiap blok.[8]
Bagian pertama kalkulasi harga konsensus menentukan berapa banyak bitcoin yang akan dijual. Hal ini diperbaiki oleh jadwal rilis Satoshi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung jumlah yang sama untuk blok tertentu:
$ bitcoin-cli getblockstats
{... "subsidy": 6250000000, ... } # 6.25 BTC Bagian kedua dari harga yang diminta secara konsensus adalah jumlah komputasi yang akan menjual subsidi saat ini. Sekali lagi, semua node bitcoin di jaringan menghitung nilai yang sama (kita akan meninjau kembali kalkulasi tingkat kesulitan ini di bagian berikutnya):
$ bitcoin-cli getdifficulty {... "result": 55621444139429.57, ... }
Bersama-sama, subsidi dan kesulitan jaringan menentukan permintaan bitcoin saat ini sebagai mata uang komputasi. Karena blockchain berada dalam konsensus, harga ini adalah harga konsensus.
Pengguna b-money juga dianggap memiliki konsensus “blockchain” yang berisi riwayat semua transaksi. Namun Dai tidak pernah memikirkan solusi sederhana berupa konsensus tunggal yang meminta harga untuk pembuatan b-money baru, yang hanya ditentukan oleh data di blockchain tersebut.
Sebaliknya, Dai berasumsi bahwa penciptaan uang harus berlangsung selamanya. Oleh karena itu, pengguna individu perlu diberdayakan untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan moneter – seperti halnya mata uang fiat. Persyaratan yang dirasakan ini membuat Dai merancang sistem penawaran yang mencegah penerapan b-money.
Kompleksitas tambahan ini dihilangkan dengan persyaratan Satoshi mengenai kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.
Waktu Menutup Semua Penyebaran
Dalam fase “Komputasi” b-money, pengguna individu akan melakukan komputasi yang telah mereka lakukan dalam penawaran sebelumnya. Dalam bitcoin, seluruh jaringan adalah penjual – tetapi siapa pembelinya?
Di pasar pengiriman email, pembelinya adalah individu yang ingin mengirim email. Otoritas penetapan harga, penyedia layanan email, akan menetapkan harga yang dianggap murah bagi individu namun mahal bagi pelaku spam. Namun jika jumlah pengguna yang sah bertambah, harganya masih bisa tetap sama karena kekuatan komputasi masing-masing pengguna akan tetap sama.
Di b-money, setiap pengguna yang menyumbangkan tawaran untuk pembuatan uang selanjutnya harus melakukan sendiri jumlah komputasi yang sesuai. Setiap pengguna bertindak sebagai otoritas penetapan harga berdasarkan pengetahuan mereka tentang kemampuan komputasi mereka sendiri.
Jaringan bitcoin menawarkan satu harga yang diminta dalam komputasi subsidi bitcoin saat ini. Namun tidak ada penambang individu yang menemukan blok yang melakukan komputasi sebanyak ini.[9] Blok pemenang penambang individu adalah bukti bahwa semua penambang secara kolektif melakukan jumlah komputasi yang diperlukan. Pembeli bitcoin dengan demikian adalah industri penambangan bitcoin global.
Setelah mencapai konsensus harga yang diminta, jaringan bitcoin tidak akan mengubah harga tersebut sampai lebih banyak blok diproduksi. Blok-blok ini harus berisi proof-of-work dengan harga yang diminta saat ini. Oleh karena itu, industri pertambangan tidak punya pilihan jika ingin “melakukan perdagangan” selain membayar harga yang diminta saat ini dalam komputasi.
Satu-satunya variabel yang dapat dikontrol oleh industri pertambangan adalah berapa lama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi blok berikutnya. Sama seperti jaringan bitcoin yang menawarkan satu harga yang diminta, industri pertambangan juga menawarkan satu penawaran—waktu yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan blok berikutnya yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini.
Untuk mengimbangi peningkatan kecepatan perangkat keras dan minat yang berbeda-beda dalam menjalankan node dari waktu ke waktu, kesulitan proof-of-work ditentukan oleh rata-rata bergerak yang menargetkan jumlah rata-rata blok per jam. Jika dihasilkan terlalu cepat, kesulitannya akan meningkat. - Nakamoto, 2008
Satoshi dengan sederhana menjelaskan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan, yang sering disebut sebagai salah satu ide paling orisinal dalam implementasi bitcoin. Hal ini benar, namun alih-alih berfokus pada daya cipta solusi, mari kita fokus pada mengapa penyelesaian masalah sangat penting bagi Satoshi.
Proyek-proyek seperti bit gold dan b-money tidak perlu membatasi nilai tukar pada saat penciptaan uang karena mereka tidak memiliki pasokan tetap atau kebijakan moneter yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Periode penciptaan uang yang lebih cepat atau lebih lambat dapat dikompensasikan melalui cara lain, misalnya melalui pajak. Dealer eksternal memasukkan token bit gold ke dalam bundler yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil atau pengguna b-money mengubah tawaran mereka.
Namun tujuan kebijakan moneter Satoshi mengharuskan bitcoin memiliki tingkat pelepasan bitcoin yang telah ditentukan untuk diedarkan. Membatasi laju (statistik) produksi blok dari waktu ke waktu adalah hal yang wajar dalam bitcoin karena laju produksi blok adalah laju penjualan pasokan awal bitcoin. Menjual 21 juta bitcoin selama 140 tahun adalah proposisi yang berbeda dibandingkan membiarkannya dijual dalam 3 bulan.
Selain itu, bitcoin sebenarnya dapat menerapkan batasan ini karena blockchain adalah “protokol cap waktu aman” milik Szabo. Satoshi menggambarkan bitcoin sebagai yang pertama dan terutama sebagai “server stempel waktu terdistribusi secara peer-to-peer,” dan implementasi awal kode sumber bitcoin menggunakan “rantai waktu” dunia, bukan “blockchain” untuk menggambarkan struktur data bersama yang mengimplementasikan pasar proof-of-work bitcoin.[10]
Tidak seperti bit gold atau b-money, token dalam bitcoin tidak mengalami kelebihan pasokan. Jaringan bitcoin menggunakan penyesuaian kesulitan untuk mengubah harga uang sebagai respons terhadap perubahan pasokan komputasi.
Algoritme penyesuaian ulang kesulitan Bitcoin memanfaatkan kemampuan ini. Blockchain konsensus digunakan oleh peserta untuk menghitung penawaran historis yang dibuat oleh industri pertambangan dan menyesuaikan kembali kesulitan agar bisa mendekati waktu blok target.
Pesanan Terunggul Menciptakan Konsensus
Rantai penyederhanaan yang disebabkan oleh tuntutan kebijakan moneter yang kuat meluas ke fase “penciptaan uang” dari b-money.
Tawaran yang diajukan pengguna di b-money mengalami masalah “tidak ada yang dipertaruhkan”. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk mencegah pengguna mengajukan tawaran dengan sejumlah besar b-money untuk pekerjaan yang sangat sedikit. Hal ini mengharuskan jaringan untuk melacak tawaran mana yang telah diselesaikan dan hanya menerima “tawaran tertinggi…dalam hal biaya nominal per unit b-money yang dibuat” untuk menghindari tawaran yang mengganggu tersebut. Setiap peserta b-money harus melacak seluruh tawaran senilai buku pesanan, mencocokkan tawaran dengan perhitungan selanjutnya, dan hanya menyelesaikan pesanan yang telah selesai dengan harga tertinggi.
Masalah ini merupakan contoh dari masalah konsensus yang lebih umum dalam sistem desentralisasi, yang juga dikenal sebagai “Byzantine generals” atau terkadang masalah “pembelanjaan ganda” dalam konteks mata uang digital. Berbagi urutan data yang identik di antara semua peserta merupakan suatu tantangan dalam jaringan yang saling bermusuhan dan terdesentralisasi. Solusi yang ada untuk masalah ini – yang disebut “algoritma konsensus Byzantine-fault tolerant (BFT)” – memerlukan koordinasi sebelumnya di antara peserta atau mayoritas (>67%) peserta agar tidak berperilaku bermusuhan.
Bitcoin tidak harus mengelola buku pesanan dalam jumlah besar karena jaringan bitcoin menawarkan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal. Ini berarti node bitcoin dapat menerima blok pertama (valid) yang mereka lihat yang memenuhi harga yang diminta jaringan saat ini—tawaran gangguan dapat dengan mudah diabaikan dan merupakan pemborosan sumber daya penambang.
Komputasi harga berdasarkan konsensus memungkinkan pencocokan pesanan beli/jual dalam bitcoin dilakukan secara antusias, dengan sistem siapa cepat dia dapat. Berbeda dengan b-money, pencocokan pesanan yang cepat ini berarti bahwa pasar bitcoin tidak memiliki fase—pasar ini beroperasi terus-menerus, dengan harga konsensus baru dihitung setelah setiap pesanan dicocokkan (blok ditemukan). Untuk menghindari percabangan yang disebabkan oleh latensi jaringan atau perilaku bertentangan, node juga harus mengikuti aturan rantai terberat. Aturan penyelesaian pesanan yang serakah ini memastikan bahwa hanya tawaran tertinggi yang diterima oleh jaringan.
Kombinasi algoritma yang antusias dan serakah ini, dimana node menerima blok valid pertama yang mereka lihat dan juga mengikuti rantai terberat, adalah algoritma BFT baru yang dengan cepat menyatu pada konsensus tentang urutan blok. Satoshi menghabiskan 25% dari white paper bitcoin untuk mendemonstrasikan klaim ini.[11]
Kita telah menetapkan di bagian sebelumnya bahwa harga permintaan konsensus bitcoin itu sendiri bergantung pada konsensus blockchain. Namun ternyata keberadaan harga permintaan konsensus tunggal inilah yang memungkinkan perhitungan pasar untuk mencocokkan pesanan dengan penuh semangat, dan itulah yang pertama-tama mengarah pada konsensus!
Terlebih lagi, “konsensus Nakamoto” yang baru ini hanya mengharuskan 50% peserta untuk tidak bertentangan, sebuah kemajuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebelumnya. Seorang cypherpunk seperti Satoshi membuat terobosan ilmu komputer teoretis ini, dibandingkan dengan akademisi tradisional atau peneliti industri, karena fokus mereka yang sempit pada penerapan uang yang sehat, dibandingkan algoritma konsensus umum untuk komputasi terdistribusi.
Kesimpulan
B-money adalah kerangka kerja yang kuat untuk membangun mata uang digital tetapi tidak lengkap karena tidak memiliki kebijakan moneter. Membatasi b-money dengan jadwal rilis yang telah ditentukan untuk bitcoin mengurangi cakupan dan menyederhanakan implementasi dengan menghilangkan persyaratan untuk melacak dan memilih di antara tawaran pembuatan uang yang diajukan pengguna. Mempertahankan kecepatan sementara dari jadwal rilis Satoshi menghasilkan algoritma penyesuaian kesulitan dan memungkinkan konsensus Nakamoto, yang secara luas diakui sebagai salah satu aspek paling inovatif dalam implementasi bitcoin.
Ada lebih banyak hal dalam desain bitcoin daripada aspek yang dibahas sejauh ini. Kita memfokuskan artikel ini pada pasar “utama” dalam bitcoin, pasar yang mendistribusikan pasokan awal bitcoin ke dalam sirkulasi.
Artikel berikutnya dalam seri ini akan mengeksplorasi pasar penyelesaian transaksi bitcoin dan kaitannya dengan pasar pendistribusian pasokan bitcoin. Hubungan ini akan menyarankan metodologi bagaimana membangun pasar masa depan untuk layanan terdesentralisasi selain bitcoin.
Catatan kaki
[1] Judul seri ini diambil dari pesan telegraf pertama dalam sejarah, yang dikirimkan oleh Samuel Morse pada tahun 1844: “What hath God wrought?”.
[2] Bitcoin: Sistem Uang Elektronik Peer-to-Peer, tersedia di: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
[3] Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail oleh Dwork dan Naor. tersedia di:
https://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/../../pvp.pdf[4] Meskipun merupakan pencetus ide tersebut, Dwork & Naor tidak menciptakan “proof-of-work”—julukan tersebut kemudian diberikan pada tahun 1999 oleh Markus Jakobsson dan Ari Juels.
[5] Proyek RPoW Hal Finney adalah upaya untuk menciptakan proof-of-work yang dapat ditransfer, tetapi bitcoin tidak menggunakan konsep ini karena tidak memperlakukan komputasi sebagai mata uang. Seperti yang akan kita lihat nanti ketika kita memeriksa bit gold dan b-money, komputasi tidak dapat berupa mata uang karena nilai komputasi berubah seiring waktu sementara unit mata uang harus memiliki nilai yang sama. Bitcoin bukanlah komputasi, bitcoin adalah mata uang yang dijual untuk komputasi.
[6] Pada saat ini, beberapa pembaca mungkin percaya bahwa saya meremehkan kontribusi Dai atau Szabo karena kontribusi mereka tidak jelas atau tidak jelas dalam beberapa hal. Perasaan saya justru sebaliknya: Dai dan Szabo pada dasarnya benar dan fakta bahwa mereka tidak mengartikulasikan setiap detail seperti yang dilakukan Satoshi tidak mengurangi kontribusi mereka. Sebaliknya, hal ini seharusnya meningkatkan apresiasi kita terhadap hal tersebut, karena hal ini menunjukkan betapa menantangnya munculnya mata uang digital, bahkan bagi para praktisi terbaiknya.
[7] Postingan b-money Dai adalah referensi pertama dalam white paper Satoshi, tersedia di: http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt
[8] Ada dua penyederhanaan yang dilakukan di sini:
- Jumlah bitcoin yang dijual di setiap blok juga dipengaruhi oleh biaya transaksi pasar, yang berada di luar cakupan artikel ini, namun tetap menunggu pekerjaan selanjutnya.
- Kesulitan yang dilaporkan oleh bitcoin bukanlah jumlah perhitungan yang diharapkan; seseorang harus mengalikannya dengan faktor proporsionalitas.
[9] Setidaknya sejak masa lalu yang buruk ketika Satoshi adalah satu-satunya penambang di jaringan.
[10] Bitcoin is Time klasik dari Gigi adalah pengenalan yang bagus tentang hubungan mendalam antara bitcoin dan waktu, tersedia di: https://dergigi.com/2021/01/14/bitcoin-is-time/
[11] Satoshi melakukan kesalahan baik dalam analisis mereka di buku putih maupun implementasi awal bitcoin berikutnya dengan menggunakan aturan “rantai terpanjang” dan bukan aturan “rantai terberat”.
Sumber artikel: HOW DID SATOSHI THINK OF BITCOIN? https://bitcoinmagazine.com/technical/how-did-satoshi-think-of-bitcoin
Diterjemahkan oleh: Abengkris -
@ 6bae33c8:607272e8
2024-11-05 09:21:23I thought I needed the Bucs to cover, but it turns out the two guys one game behind me in my pool also had them, so I had the double week won anyway. It would be like thinking you needed a particular swing state to win, but had already picked up enough other states that it was irrelevant, but won that state anyway for good measure.
That’s $140, plus $70 I won earlier, for a $130 entry with nine weeks to go and an overall prize. Small potatoes, but I like winning.
I had Patrick Mahomes in my dynasty league which was good, but also Xavier Worthless which was not. I needed a little more from Harrison Butker too in the Primetime, but seven points isn’t terrible.
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The big story of the game (assuming Mahomes is fine) was DeAndre Hopkins who now looks like a top-10 WR with half the league out for the year. He’s a perfect Chief — old, slow but reliable and able to move the chains. Mahomes finally put up a good fantasy line too.
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Travis Kelce is all the way back to being TE1 again. He’s old, full of mRNA poison (who knows if he really gets high on his own supply?), but still effective, lost fumble notwithstanding. The volume came back a few weeks ago, and Hopkins’ presence on the outside only seemed to make it easier.
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Kareem Hunt is another perfect Chief — old, tough, slow and steady.
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The Bucs have Cade Otton, Sterling Shepard suddenly (though as a Giants fan, trust me when I say he won’t stay healthy) and not much else. The three-headed monster at running back isn’t helping fantasy owners, either, though the Chiefs were a particularly tough matchup. Otton is a top-five TE for now, but we’ll see what happens when Mike Evans comes back.
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Baker Mayfield played well, driving the Bucs back to force overtime against a tough defense, minus his top two targets.
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I’m biased toward based Todd Bowles, but there was some criticism about his going for the PAT to tie at the end rather then for two to win it. I’ll defend his decision. There were 27 seconds left. If they fail on the two, it’s a guaranteed loss, but if they make it, it forces the Chiefs into aggressive, go-for-broke mode rather than hope to get a good gain on first down and take a knee if it’s tied. And Butker has a big leg (thanks to being well nourished by his wife’s dutiful work in the kitchen), and a FG beats you. Finally, the Chiefs have a stout front, and you’re missing your fade target in Evans. Of course, the Chiefs got the ball and won in overtime, so he turned out to be the wrong, but who gets the ball in overtime is really a coin flip. Like literally.
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@ a012dc82:6458a70d
2024-11-05 09:14:00Table Of Content
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The Volatility Factor
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Regulatory Concerns
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Shifting Investor Sentiment
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Conclusion
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FAQ
Bitcoin, once a symbol of hope and financial revolution, is experiencing a significant shakeout in the market. Investor confidence, once soaring high, is fading, and funds dedicated to cryptocurrencies are facing challenging times. In this article, we will explore the factors behind this phenomenon and shed light on the reasons for the current state of the Bitcoin market. From market volatility and regulatory concerns to shifting investor sentiment, we will examine the forces at play in this great Bitcoin shakeout.
The Volatility Factor
Volatility and its Impact on Investor Confidence
Bitcoin's notorious price volatility has always been a characteristic of the cryptocurrency market. However, recent extreme price swings have tested the nerves of even the most seasoned investors. Sudden price drops and rapid recoveries have created an atmosphere of uncertainty, leading to a loss of investor confidence. The fear of losing substantial amounts of money in a short period has caused many to question the stability and long-term viability of Bitcoin.
Market Manipulation and Whales
The Bitcoin market is not immune to manipulation. Large investors, often referred to as "whales," hold significant amounts of Bitcoin and have the power to influence market trends. Their actions, such as massive sell-offs or coordinated buying, can create artificial price movements and exacerbate market volatility. Such manipulation further erodes investor confidence and undermines the perception of a fair and transparent market.
Regulatory Concerns
Uncertainty Surrounding Regulations
Bitcoin operates in a regulatory gray area in many jurisdictions. Governments around the world are still grappling with how to classify and regulate cryptocurrencies effectively. This regulatory uncertainty creates unease among investors, as sudden changes in regulations or unfavorable policies could impact the value and accessibility of Bitcoin. Concerns about potential bans, restrictions, or stringent reporting requirements add another layer of risk and deter institutional investors from entering the market.
Investor Protection and Fraud Prevention
Regulatory efforts are driven by the need to protect investors and prevent fraudulent activities in the cryptocurrency space. While these efforts are necessary for the long-term health of the market, increased regulatory scrutiny can also contribute to a decline in investor confidence. Striking the right balance between consumer protection and fostering innovation remains a challenge, but it is crucial for the market's growth and stability.
Shifting Investor Sentiment
Overhyped Expectations and Disillusionment
During the cryptocurrency boom of 2017, Bitcoin reached unprecedented levels of media coverage and public attention. The rapid rise in value fueled unrealistic expectations, with some predicting astronomical prices for Bitcoin in the future. However, as the market corrected and entered a prolonged bearish phase, many investors became disillusioned. The prolonged period of price stagnation and the failure to meet exaggerated expectations have contributed to waning investor sentiment and a sense of disillusionment.
Lack of Understanding and Education
Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, in general, remain relatively complex and unfamiliar concepts for many individuals. The lack of understanding about the technology, its potential, and the underlying market dynamics can lead to irrational decision-making and increased vulnerability to market volatility. Without proper education and knowledge, investors may succumb to panic selling or fall victim to scams, further damaging their confidence in the market.
Conclusion
The great Bitcoin shakeout is a culmination of various factors, including market volatility, regulatory concerns, and shifting investor sentiment. The extreme price swings, manipulation by whales, and regulatory uncertainties have led to a fading investor confidence in the Bitcoin market. Additionally, overhyped expectations and a lack of understanding have contributed to disillusionment among investors. However, it's important to note that market shakeouts are not uncommon in the cryptocurrency space, and Bitcoin has shown resilience in the face of adversity before. As the market continues to evolve and regulatory frameworks become clearer, it is possible that investor confidence will be restored, paving the way for a more mature and sustainable Bitcoin market.
FAQ
Why is investor confidence fading in the Bitcoin market? Investor confidence in the Bitcoin market is fading due to factors such as extreme price volatility, market manipulation by large investors, regulatory uncertainties, and overhyped expectations that were not met.
How does market volatility affect investor confidence? Market volatility, characterized by sudden price drops and rapid recoveries, creates uncertainty and can lead to a loss of investor confidence. The fear of losing substantial amounts of money in a short period undermines the perception of stability in the Bitcoin market.
What role do whales play in the Bitcoin market? Whales, referring to large investors who hold significant amounts of Bitcoin, have the power to influence market trends through their actions. Their massive sell-offs or coordinated buying can create artificial price movements and exacerbate market volatility, impacting investor confidence.
How do regulatory concerns affect the Bitcoin market? Regulatory uncertainties surrounding Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies contribute to a decline in investor confidence. The lack of clear regulations and potential changes in policies or restrictions create unease and deter institutional investors from entering the market.
That's all for today
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DISCLAIMER: None of this is financial advice. This newsletter is strictly educational and is not investment advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any assets or to make any financial decisions. Please be careful and do your own research.
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@ a367f9eb:0633efea
2024-11-05 08:48:41Last week, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Chinese researchers have been using open-source AI tools to build nefarious-sounding models that may have some military application.
The reporting purports that adversaries in the Chinese Communist Party and its military wing are taking advantage of the liberal software licensing of American innovations in the AI space, which could someday have capabilities to presumably harm the United States.
In a June paper reviewed by Reuters, six Chinese researchers from three institutions, including two under the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) leading research body, the Academy of Military Science (AMS), detailed how they had used an early version of Meta’s Llama as a base for what it calls “ChatBIT”.
The researchers used an earlier Llama 13B large language model (LLM) from Meta, incorporating their own parameters to construct a military-focused AI tool to gather and process intelligence, and offer accurate and reliable information for operational decision-making.
While I’m doubtful that today’s existing chatbot-like tools will be the ultimate battlefield for a new geopolitical war (queue up the computer-simulated war from the Star Trek episode “A Taste of Armageddon“), this recent exposé requires us to revisit why large language models are released as open-source code in the first place.
Added to that, should it matter that an adversary is having a poke around and may ultimately use them for some purpose we may not like, whether that be China, Russia, North Korea, or Iran?
The number of open-source AI LLMs continues to grow each day, with projects like Vicuna, LLaMA, BLOOMB, Falcon, and Mistral available for download. In fact, there are over one million open-source LLMs available as of writing this post. With some decent hardware, every global citizen can download these codebases and run them on their computer.
With regard to this specific story, we could assume it to be a selective leak by a competitor of Meta which created the LLaMA model, intended to harm its reputation among those with cybersecurity and national security credentials. There are potentially trillions of dollars on the line.
Or it could be the revelation of something more sinister happening in the military-sponsored labs of Chinese hackers who have already been caught attacking American infrastructure, data, and yes, your credit history?
As consumer advocates who believe in the necessity of liberal democracies to safeguard our liberties against authoritarianism, we should absolutely remain skeptical when it comes to the communist regime in Beijing. We’ve written as much many times.
At the same time, however, we should not subrogate our own critical thinking and principles because it suits a convenient narrative.
Consumers of all stripes deserve technological freedom, and innovators should be free to provide that to us. And open-source software has provided the very foundations for all of this.
Open-source matters When we discuss open-source software and code, what we’re really talking about is the ability for people other than the creators to use it.
The various licensing schemes – ranging from GNU General Public License (GPL) to the MIT License and various public domain classifications – determine whether other people can use the code, edit it to their liking, and run it on their machine. Some licenses even allow you to monetize the modifications you’ve made.
While many different types of software will be fully licensed and made proprietary, restricting or even penalizing those who attempt to use it on their own, many developers have created software intended to be released to the public. This allows multiple contributors to add to the codebase and to make changes to improve it for public benefit.
Open-source software matters because anyone, anywhere can download and run the code on their own. They can also modify it, edit it, and tailor it to their specific need. The code is intended to be shared and built upon not because of some altruistic belief, but rather to make it accessible for everyone and create a broad base. This is how we create standards for technologies that provide the ground floor for further tinkering to deliver value to consumers.
Open-source libraries create the building blocks that decrease the hassle and cost of building a new web platform, smartphone, or even a computer language. They distribute common code that can be built upon, assuring interoperability and setting standards for all of our devices and technologies to talk to each other.
I am myself a proponent of open-source software. The server I run in my home has dozens of dockerized applications sourced directly from open-source contributors on GitHub and DockerHub. When there are versions or adaptations that I don’t like, I can pick and choose which I prefer. I can even make comments or add edits if I’ve found a better way for them to run.
Whether you know it or not, many of you run the Linux operating system as the base for your Macbook or any other computer and use all kinds of web tools that have active repositories forked or modified by open-source contributors online. This code is auditable by everyone and can be scrutinized or reviewed by whoever wants to (even AI bots).
This is the same software that runs your airlines, powers the farms that deliver your food, and supports the entire global monetary system. The code of the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin is also open-source, which has allowed thousands of copycat protocols that have revolutionized how we view money.
You know what else is open-source and available for everyone to use, modify, and build upon?
PHP, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, MySQL, Python, Git, Docker, and WordPress. All protocols and languages that power the web. Friend or foe alike, anyone can download these pieces of software and run them how they see fit.
Open-source code is speech, and it is knowledge.
We build upon it to make information and technology accessible. Attempts to curb open-source, therefore, amount to restricting speech and knowledge.
Open-source is for your friends, and enemies In the context of Artificial Intelligence, many different developers and companies have chosen to take their large language models and make them available via an open-source license.
At this very moment, you can click on over to Hugging Face, download an AI model, and build a chatbot or scripting machine suited to your needs. All for free (as long as you have the power and bandwidth).
Thousands of companies in the AI sector are doing this at this very moment, discovering ways of building on top of open-source models to develop new apps, tools, and services to offer to companies and individuals. It’s how many different applications are coming to life and thousands more jobs are being created.
We know this can be useful to friends, but what about enemies?
As the AI wars heat up between liberal democracies like the US, the UK, and (sluggishly) the European Union, we know that authoritarian adversaries like the CCP and Russia are building their own applications.
The fear that China will use open-source US models to create some kind of military application is a clear and present danger for many political and national security researchers, as well as politicians.
A bipartisan group of US House lawmakers want to put export controls on AI models, as well as block foreign access to US cloud servers that may be hosting AI software.
If this seems familiar, we should also remember that the US government once classified cryptography and encryption as “munitions” that could not be exported to other countries (see The Crypto Wars). Many of the arguments we hear today were invoked by some of the same people as back then.
Now, encryption protocols are the gold standard for many different banking and web services, messaging, and all kinds of electronic communication. We expect our friends to use it, and our foes as well. Because code is knowledge and speech, we know how to evaluate it and respond if we need to.
Regardless of who uses open-source AI, this is how we should view it today. These are merely tools that people will use for good or ill. It’s up to governments to determine how best to stop illiberal or nefarious uses that harm us, rather than try to outlaw or restrict building of free and open software in the first place.
Limiting open-source threatens our own advancement If we set out to restrict and limit our ability to create and share open-source code, no matter who uses it, that would be tantamount to imposing censorship. There must be another way.
If there is a “Hundred Year Marathon” between the United States and liberal democracies on one side and autocracies like the Chinese Communist Party on the other, this is not something that will be won or lost based on software licenses. We need as much competition as possible.
The Chinese military has been building up its capabilities with trillions of dollars’ worth of investments that span far beyond AI chatbots and skip logic protocols.
The theft of intellectual property at factories in Shenzhen, or in US courts by third-party litigation funding coming from China, is very real and will have serious economic consequences. It may even change the balance of power if our economies and countries turn to war footing.
But these are separate issues from the ability of free people to create and share open-source code which we can all benefit from. In fact, if we want to continue our way our life and continue to add to global productivity and growth, it’s demanded that we defend open-source.
If liberal democracies want to compete with our global adversaries, it will not be done by reducing the freedoms of citizens in our own countries.
Last week, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Chinese researchers have been using open-source AI tools to build nefarious-sounding models that may have some military application.
The reporting purports that adversaries in the Chinese Communist Party and its military wing are taking advantage of the liberal software licensing of American innovations in the AI space, which could someday have capabilities to presumably harm the United States.
In a June paper reviewed by Reuters, six Chinese researchers from three institutions, including two under the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) leading research body, the Academy of Military Science (AMS), detailed how they had used an early version of Meta’s Llama as a base for what it calls “ChatBIT”.
The researchers used an earlier Llama 13B large language model (LLM) from Meta, incorporating their own parameters to construct a military-focused AI tool to gather and process intelligence, and offer accurate and reliable information for operational decision-making.
While I’m doubtful that today’s existing chatbot-like tools will be the ultimate battlefield for a new geopolitical war (queue up the computer-simulated war from the Star Trek episode “A Taste of Armageddon“), this recent exposé requires us to revisit why large language models are released as open-source code in the first place.
Added to that, should it matter that an adversary is having a poke around and may ultimately use them for some purpose we may not like, whether that be China, Russia, North Korea, or Iran?
The number of open-source AI LLMs continues to grow each day, with projects like Vicuna, LLaMA, BLOOMB, Falcon, and Mistral available for download. In fact, there are over one million open-source LLMs available as of writing this post. With some decent hardware, every global citizen can download these codebases and run them on their computer.
With regard to this specific story, we could assume it to be a selective leak by a competitor of Meta which created the LLaMA model, intended to harm its reputation among those with cybersecurity and national security credentials. There are potentially trillions of dollars on the line.
Or it could be the revelation of something more sinister happening in the military-sponsored labs of Chinese hackers who have already been caught attacking American infrastructure, data, and yes, your credit history?
As consumer advocates who believe in the necessity of liberal democracies to safeguard our liberties against authoritarianism, we should absolutely remain skeptical when it comes to the communist regime in Beijing. We’ve written as much many times.
At the same time, however, we should not subrogate our own critical thinking and principles because it suits a convenient narrative.
Consumers of all stripes deserve technological freedom, and innovators should be free to provide that to us. And open-source software has provided the very foundations for all of this.
Open-source matters
When we discuss open-source software and code, what we’re really talking about is the ability for people other than the creators to use it.
The various licensing schemes – ranging from GNU General Public License (GPL) to the MIT License and various public domain classifications – determine whether other people can use the code, edit it to their liking, and run it on their machine. Some licenses even allow you to monetize the modifications you’ve made.
While many different types of software will be fully licensed and made proprietary, restricting or even penalizing those who attempt to use it on their own, many developers have created software intended to be released to the public. This allows multiple contributors to add to the codebase and to make changes to improve it for public benefit.
Open-source software matters because anyone, anywhere can download and run the code on their own. They can also modify it, edit it, and tailor it to their specific need. The code is intended to be shared and built upon not because of some altruistic belief, but rather to make it accessible for everyone and create a broad base. This is how we create standards for technologies that provide the ground floor for further tinkering to deliver value to consumers.
Open-source libraries create the building blocks that decrease the hassle and cost of building a new web platform, smartphone, or even a computer language. They distribute common code that can be built upon, assuring interoperability and setting standards for all of our devices and technologies to talk to each other.
I am myself a proponent of open-source software. The server I run in my home has dozens of dockerized applications sourced directly from open-source contributors on GitHub and DockerHub. When there are versions or adaptations that I don’t like, I can pick and choose which I prefer. I can even make comments or add edits if I’ve found a better way for them to run.
Whether you know it or not, many of you run the Linux operating system as the base for your Macbook or any other computer and use all kinds of web tools that have active repositories forked or modified by open-source contributors online. This code is auditable by everyone and can be scrutinized or reviewed by whoever wants to (even AI bots).
This is the same software that runs your airlines, powers the farms that deliver your food, and supports the entire global monetary system. The code of the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin is also open-source, which has allowed thousands of copycat protocols that have revolutionized how we view money.
You know what else is open-source and available for everyone to use, modify, and build upon?
PHP, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, MySQL, Python, Git, Docker, and WordPress. All protocols and languages that power the web. Friend or foe alike, anyone can download these pieces of software and run them how they see fit.
Open-source code is speech, and it is knowledge.
We build upon it to make information and technology accessible. Attempts to curb open-source, therefore, amount to restricting speech and knowledge.
Open-source is for your friends, and enemies
In the context of Artificial Intelligence, many different developers and companies have chosen to take their large language models and make them available via an open-source license.
At this very moment, you can click on over to Hugging Face, download an AI model, and build a chatbot or scripting machine suited to your needs. All for free (as long as you have the power and bandwidth).
Thousands of companies in the AI sector are doing this at this very moment, discovering ways of building on top of open-source models to develop new apps, tools, and services to offer to companies and individuals. It’s how many different applications are coming to life and thousands more jobs are being created.
We know this can be useful to friends, but what about enemies?
As the AI wars heat up between liberal democracies like the US, the UK, and (sluggishly) the European Union, we know that authoritarian adversaries like the CCP and Russia are building their own applications.
The fear that China will use open-source US models to create some kind of military application is a clear and present danger for many political and national security researchers, as well as politicians.
A bipartisan group of US House lawmakers want to put export controls on AI models, as well as block foreign access to US cloud servers that may be hosting AI software.
If this seems familiar, we should also remember that the US government once classified cryptography and encryption as “munitions” that could not be exported to other countries (see The Crypto Wars). Many of the arguments we hear today were invoked by some of the same people as back then.
Now, encryption protocols are the gold standard for many different banking and web services, messaging, and all kinds of electronic communication. We expect our friends to use it, and our foes as well. Because code is knowledge and speech, we know how to evaluate it and respond if we need to.
Regardless of who uses open-source AI, this is how we should view it today. These are merely tools that people will use for good or ill. It’s up to governments to determine how best to stop illiberal or nefarious uses that harm us, rather than try to outlaw or restrict building of free and open software in the first place.
Limiting open-source threatens our own advancement
If we set out to restrict and limit our ability to create and share open-source code, no matter who uses it, that would be tantamount to imposing censorship. There must be another way.
If there is a “Hundred Year Marathon” between the United States and liberal democracies on one side and autocracies like the Chinese Communist Party on the other, this is not something that will be won or lost based on software licenses. We need as much competition as possible.
The Chinese military has been building up its capabilities with trillions of dollars’ worth of investments that span far beyond AI chatbots and skip logic protocols.
The theft of intellectual property at factories in Shenzhen, or in US courts by third-party litigation funding coming from China, is very real and will have serious economic consequences. It may even change the balance of power if our economies and countries turn to war footing.
But these are separate issues from the ability of free people to create and share open-source code which we can all benefit from. In fact, if we want to continue our way our life and continue to add to global productivity and growth, it’s demanded that we defend open-source.
If liberal democracies want to compete with our global adversaries, it will not be done by reducing the freedoms of citizens in our own countries.
Originally published on the website of the Consumer Choice Center.
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@ a10260a2:caa23e3e
2024-11-05 06:21:10TIL Google Authenticator can potentially collect a lot of data, more than some of the other popular 2FA apps^1.
Whether it does or it doesn’t, if you’re like me, you don’t turn down an opportunity to remove some Google from your life and add in some open-source.
Here’s a quick overview of the migration process.
Step 1: Download 2FAS
Step 2: Export accounts from Authenticator
This can be done via “Transfer accounts” in the sidebar. If you’re transferring on the same phone, take a screenshot of the QR code.
Step 3: Import accounts into 2FAS
During the setup process for 2FAS, you’ll be given the option to import existing tokens from Google. This is where you’ll tap “Choose QR Code” and select the screenshot you took in step 2.
Note that when you tap continue after importing the tokens, you’ll be taken back to the same screen as above. I think it should take you to your list of accounts after. Either way, don’t think the import failed. Just tap cancel, and you’ll be taken there.
If you’re on Android, check out Aegis. 🫡
originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/753472
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@ bf7973ed:841ad12a
2024-11-05 04:32:15Day two of replacing bad habits with good habits.
I've also created shortcuts on my phone (iPhone) to limit the use of social media today. This will lock my phone after 5 minutes of social media.
Some bad habits can also affect our relationships with people, I'm working on these from the inside out. I've identified some of these habits and am now working on breaking them or replacing them.
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@ 472f440f:5669301e
2024-11-05 04:24:47All eyes are, unsurprisingly, on the US Presidential election. Tomorrow is the big day. I don't want to come off as preachy, however it is pretty clear to me that if you are an American citizen who cares about bitcoin and would like to live under an administration that is eager to embrace the industry as opposed to an administration that is actively hostile toward bitcoin there is only one candidate who deserves your vote; Donald J. Trump. I think he's a better candidate for other reasons, but if you've read this rag for long enough you probably already know what those are. Instead of writing a screed about why I am voting for Trump, let's highlight some things outside of the election that you should be paying attention to this week.
First up, there are two Treasury auctions; $42B of 10-Year notes tomorrow and $25B 30-Year bonds on Wednesday.
It will be interesting to see what the demand for these auctions is and how they affect rates. The long end of the yield curve has been pumping since the Fed's rate cut in the middle of September, which is the market signaling that it does not believe inflation has been appropriately tamed. Yields came down today, but as you can see from the charts things are trending in the wrong direction.
As the Treasury issues new debt at higher rates, the interest expense on that debt, naturally, drifts higher. If the long end of the yield curve doesn't come down aggressively over the course of the next year this is going to be a big problem. There are trillions of dollars worth of Treasury debt that needs the be rolled over in the next few years and it would be advantageous for the Treasury if that debt wasn't being rolled over with yields as high as they are. With the amount of debt the country has accrued in recent decades, every incremental dollar of debt that gets issued and/or rolled over at higher interest rates exacerbates the problem. We are approaching the territory of runaway exponentials, as evidenced by this chart. The growth slope gets steeper and steeper
This debt problem is the elephant in the room that needs to be addressed as quickly as possible. The national debt hit $1.2T in early 1983. It then took 26 years to 10x from $1.2T to $12T in late 2009 and has only taken another 15 years to triple from there to $36T or 30x from the arbitrary base I picked out (Q1 1983).
With this in mind, keep an eye out for these auctions tomorrow and Wednesday, where rates end at the end of trading on Wednesday, and whether or not we officially push over $36T. Regardless of who wins the election tomorrow, this is a problem that needs to be confronted. Whether or not it can be solved at all is up for debate. I don't see how what can be done to reel in this runaway train at this point. However, at the very least, we should acknowledge that we're in the realm of exponentials and have people prepare accordingly by accumulating hard assets that cannot be debased (bitcoin).
The other thing to pay attention to is the FOMC meeting on Wednesday and the announcement of the results of the meeting on Thursday. Will Jerome and the other Fed board members to keep rates where they are, cut, or raise rates? Raising rates seems to be out of the question despite the fact that many believe it would be the most prudent move considering how the long end of the yield curve reacted to the 50bps cut in September. If they decide to cut rates, by how much will they cut them? Will they slow the pace with a 25bps cut or continue at the 50bps clip established in September?
We'll find toward the end of this week. Don't lose sight of these events while the world is enthralled with the elections in the US.
I don't know about you freaks, but I couldn't feel more fortunate that bitcoin exists at a time like this. Having access to a distributed peer-to-peer digital cash system with a fixed supply during a time of incredible political divisiveness and out-of-control runaway sovereign debt feels like a Godsend.
Stay sane out there.
Final thought...
We're going to win.
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@ 9349d012:d3e98946
2024-11-05 00:42:37Chef's notes
2 cups pureed pumpkin 2 cups white sugar 3 eggs, beaten 1/2 cup olive oil 1 tablespoon cinnamon 1 1/2 teaspoon baking powder 1 teaspoon baking soda 1/2 teaspoon salt 2 1/4 cups flour 1/4 cup chopped pecans
Preheat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Coat a bread pan with olive oil. Mix all ingredients minus nuts, leaving the flour for last, and adding it in 2 parts. Stir until combined. Pour the batter into the bread pan and sprinkle chopped nuts down the middle of the batter, lenghtwise. Bake for an hour and ten minutes or until a knife insert in the middle of the pan comes out clean. Allow bread to cool in the pan for five mintes, then use knife to loosen the edges of the loaf and pop out of the pan. Rest on a rack or plate until cool enough to slice. Spread bread slices with Plugra butter and serve.
https://cookeatloveshare.com/pumpkin-bread/
Details
- ⏲️ Prep time: 30 minutes
- 🍳 Cook time: 1 hour and ten minutes
- 🍽️ Servings: 6
Ingredients
- See Chef's Notes
Directions
- See Chef's Notes
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@ c7c26cb9:7525bb8d
2024-11-04 23:35:32Quem não os conhece? Os vampiros sugadores de sangue, os mortos-vivos sinistros, imortalizados em incontáveis filmes e inspirados principalmente no romance “Drácula” de Bram Stoker (1897). Pense em filmes icônicos como o mudo “Nosferatu – Uma Sinfonia do Horror” (1922), “Drácula” (1958) com Christopher Lee, a paródia de Roman Polanski “A Dança dos Vampiros” (1967) ou “Nosferatu – O Vampiro da Noite” (1979), estrelando Klaus Kinski como o Conde Drácula.
Vampiros são demônios que saem de seus túmulos à noite, buscando drenar o sangue de vítimas inocentes. Não apenas roubam a força vital que os sustenta, mas também espalham sua maldição. Muitas vítimas, ao serem mordidas, também “se tornam” mortas-vivas, juntando-se ao domínio sombrio do vampiro.
Os inimigos e caçadores de vampiros enfrentam um desafio formidável: os vampiros podem se disfarçar, transformando-se em criaturas como lobos ou morcegos, e geralmente possuem uma força sobre-humana. Só podem ser repelidos por defesas tradicionais — dentes de alho, rosários, água benta ou a cruz cristã. Mas destruí-los de fato exige decapitação, uma estaca de madeira no coração, ou a luz do sol, que os transforma em pó.
O vampiro é um mito antigo e difundido. A imagem de uma criatura morta-viva sugadora de sangue, ou conceitos semelhantes, existe em várias culturas. Esse demônio personifica a superstição — atuando como uma projeção de medos primordiais, do inexplicável e do mal como o contraponto do bem. A ideia de uma criatura que emerge à noite, drena o sangue de suas vítimas e as puxa da luz para a escuridão é, sem dúvida, profundamente ameaçadora.
Quando refletimos um pouco mais sobre a história de terror do demônio vampiro, inevitavelmente começamos a ver paralelos (ou pelo menos pontos de contato) com o sistema de moeda fiat que existe mundialmente hoje.
Sob o Manto da Escuridão
Isso ocorre sob o manto da escuridão: é justo dizer que a grande maioria das pessoas não sabe como o sistema de moeda fiat de hoje é estruturado, como funciona ou quais são seus efeitos. Nas escolas e universidades, os alunos são, na maioria das vezes, deixados no escuro sobre o assunto, e as consequências do sistema fiat surpreendem a maioria das pessoas — despreparadas e sem piedade. Quantas pessoas sabem que o sistema atual é um sistema em que o banco central do estado possui um monopólio coercitivo sobre a criação de dinheiro fiat, enquanto os bancos comerciais emitem seu próprio dinheiro fiat com base no dinheiro fiat do banco central?
Quem sabe que o dinheiro fiat é literalmente criado do nada, representando uma forma de criação de dinheiro que não tem conexão alguma com “poupança real”? E quem explica para as pessoas que, do ponto de vista econômico, a expansão da oferta de moeda fiat é inflacionária, resultando em preços mais altos para bens e serviços em comparação a uma situação onde a oferta de dinheiro não tivesse sido aumentada? Poucos sabem também que a emissão de moeda fiat via mercado de crédito causa uma má alocação de capital, inicialmente desencadeando um boom, seguido por uma recessão; que leva as economias a um endividamento excessivo; e que permite ao estado crescer cada vez mais às custas das liberdades dos cidadãos e empreendedores.
Em resumo, para a maioria das pessoas, os danos causados pela moeda fiat são desconhecidos; eles se aproximam furtivamente sob o manto da escuridão, como um vampiro.
Vítimas Vulneráveis & Vida Sugada
As vítimas são muitas vezes indefesas e inconscientes, com os frutos de seu trabalho sendo efetivamente sugados. A moeda fiat tem algo de vampírico, permitindo que um grupo (aqueles autorizados a criar dinheiro fiat) viva às custas de outros (aqueles forçados a usar o dinheiro monopolizado). Os primeiros a receber o novo dinheiro fiat são os beneficiários. Eles podem usá-lo para comprar bens e serviços cujos preços ainda não subiram, enriquecendo-se.
Conforme o dinheiro troca de mãos, ele aumenta a demanda e os preços dos bens sobem. Como resultado, os últimos a receberem o novo dinheiro só podem comprar bens a preços mais altos, ficando em desvantagem. Os primeiros beneficiários melhoram sua posição às custas dos últimos. Os mais gravemente afetados são aqueles que não recebem nada do suprimento de novo dinheiro — eles são, efetivamente, os “sugados até secarem.”
O efeito redistributivo vampírico da moeda fiat, que opera nas sombras, beneficia especialmente os bancos comerciais que criam dinheiro fiat, bem como aqueles em posição de tomar novos empréstimos bancários em moeda fiat.
Primeiro e principalmente, é o estado e aqueles que dele se beneficiam que são os maiores vencedores do sistema de dinheiro fiat vampiresco. O estado financia uma parte significativa de seus gastos com a moeda fiat recém-criada, usando-a para pagar seus representantes, funcionários e suas aposentadorias, bem como as empresas das quais compra bens e serviços. O estado e seus beneficiários estão entre os primeiros a receber o novo dinheiro fiat, tornando-se os principais beneficiários em detrimento de muitos que não estão diretamente ligados ao estado.
Poder-se-ia argumentar que uma redistribuição de renda e riqueza, provocada pelo aumento de moeda fiat, também ocorreria em um sistema de moeda-mercadoria ou metais preciosos. Isso é verdade em princípio, mas o aumento em um sistema de moeda lastreada em ouro, por exemplo, seria menos pronunciado do que em um sistema de moeda fiat. O fato é que este último foi escolhido deliberadamente por sua natureza vampiresca. Ele beneficia o estado, os bancos e as grandes empresas às custas da população em geral, mantendo-a aquém de seu potencial econômico.
Criando Servos
Como um vampiro, a moeda fiat infecta suas vítimas, tornando-as cúmplices do sistema de dinheiro fiat. A moeda fiat literalmente escraviza seus usuários, tornando-os dependentes. Por exemplo, ela incentiva empresas e famílias a contrair dívidas e viver além de suas possibilidades, algo viabilizado pelas taxas de juros artificialmente baixas. As pessoas também são incentivadas a investir em ativos (como casas e empresas) porque a natureza cronicamente inflacionária da moeda fiat garante uma elevação contínua dos preços dos ativos. Uma vez atraídas pela moeda fiat, o bem-estar econômico e financeiro das pessoas torna-se dependente da continuação do sistema de moeda fiat inflacionário e de seu “resgate” pelo estado e pelo banco central em tempos de crise — mesmo que isso ocorra às custas de quem não se beneficia do sistema, ou que beneficia muito pouco.
Políticos, burocratas, funcionários bancários e empresas que recebem contratos do governo desenvolvem um interesse em manter o sistema de moeda fiat. Nesse sentido, eles se tornam servos vampiros do dinheiro fiat, alimentando-se do sangue daqueles que trabalham produtivamente ao reivindicar uma parte de sua renda.
Além disso, os detentores de dinheiro fiat perdem, pois ele continuamente perde poder de compra. No sistema de moeda fiat, o banco central mantém as taxas de juros artificialmente baixas — muitas vezes negativas quando ajustadas pela inflação —, de modo que as poupanças em depósitos a prazo, contas de poupança e títulos são efetivamente corroídas.
Aversão à Luz
O vampiro e o sistema de dinheiro fiat não suportam a luz do dia; ambos se desintegram em pó quando expostos ao sol. Se as pessoas realmente entendessem os efeitos negativos da moeda fiat e os danos que ela causa ao mundo, provavelmente a rejeitariam — junto com as estruturas de produção e emprego que ela cria. Provavelmente é por isso que tão pouco é ensinado sobre a moeda fiat em escolas e universidades. Seus aspectos mais sombrios são ocultados, com o sistema educacional estatal garantindo que o brilho do conhecimento não ilumine o sistema de moeda fiat.
Lembre-se de que os conselhos dos bancos centrais são geralmente chamados de “os guardiões da moeda” e que eles “combatem” a inflação. Nada poderia estar mais longe da verdade — como um vampiro que recebe seus convidados e conversa com inteligência, sem revelar sua verdadeira natureza. Assim como a luz solar mata um vampiro, o conhecimento econômico sólido destruiria o sistema de moeda fiat, especialmente se combinado com uma ética simples e bem compreendida como “faça aos outros o que você gostaria que fizessem a você.”
Até que esse dia chegue, os investidores devem estar cientes dos sérios defeitos econômicos e éticos da moeda fiat. A verdade incômoda é que a prosperidade e a paz de longo prazo não podem ser sustentadas sob um sistema de moeda fiat. Portanto, é do interesse de todos que a luz da verdade exponha e, assim, acabe com o sistema de moeda fiat. Como isso pode ser alcançado?
Informando proativamente e honestamente as pessoas sobre os males do dinheiro fiat; aconselhando-as a reduzir sua dependência dele, tanto em suas vidas quanto em suas economias; e promovendo um mercado livre para o dinheiro, incentivando inovações tecnológicas na esfera monetária que estejam além do controle do estado. Juntas, essas ações agirão como um raio de sol sobre o sistema de moeda fiat vampires.
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@ c2827524:5f45b2f7
2024-11-04 23:01:31# Milano🏴 esterno notte
Sul balcone a contemplare la #scighera e per ascoltare il gocciolio della nebbia che cade sulle foglie, fumando l'ultima sigaretta di oggi. O la prima di domani, dipende.
Qualche #woke del palazzo di fronte chiama #deliveroo per lo spuntino di mezzanotte.
Immancabile si presenta Anacleto pedalante, che citofona per la consegna, col solito biciclo elettrico che Tesla scansati. Deve andare alla "scala D" e chiede 4 volte se la D è la prima che trova.
Pheega! Ma l'alfabeto! La D può mai essere la prima?
egnente
3 minuti buoni per capire che... no mannaggialaputtana: la D è come nell'alfabeto, la quarta!
Ci saranno sì e no 8 gradi, lo spuntino di mezzanotte è giusto giusto da scongelare per domani semmai, Anacleto-Analfabeto fa la consegna e se ne va in contro mano.
Niente male per uno che dovrebbe pagare le pensioni agli idagliANI. Leggere e scrivere: no. Codice della strada: no Lavoro di merda? sì. Perfettamente integrato, quasi mimetizzato, nella città più qualunque e socialista della penisola a forma di piede.
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@ f42176a1:0ed621ae
2024-11-04 22:13:07The cost of government nanny state:
Assume a person at age 22 gets a job earning $30,000 a year. They never get a raise. Retire at age 65. This gives them an investing time horizon of 43 years. However, instead of having 15.3% paid in FICA tax, they get 15.3% of their income put into the S&P 500. (let's ignore the potential and promise of bitcoin for this example).
- 15.3% of $30,000 = $4,590 per year
- Assume annual rate of return of 9.65% (slightly less than historical S&P return)
- After 43 years they'll have $2,450,000 in their account.
- Using the "4% rule" would provide a retirement income of $98,000 a year or a little over $8,000 per month income for the rest of their life.
According to a CNBC article in 2020 https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/20/how-much-can-you-get-from-social-security-if-you-make-30000-a-year.html Someone making $30,000 year on average in their lifetime will receive $1,357 per month at their full retirement age. This gives a net shortfall of $6,643 we all lose in our current system.
Now of course FICA is social security AND Medicare, but Social Security is 12.4% and Medicare is the remaining 2.9% of the total 15.3% in payroll tax. This equates to something like $317 per month in Medicare benefit, vastly short of the $6,643 remainder on the "privatized social security" account funded with the exact same amount of capital.
Now, the true "kicker" is in the unfortunate scenario of an untimely death. Say you die the day you'd start social security. In our current system you heirs get $255 death benefit (not a typo), in our new scenario they get $2,450,000.
To say that social security is a bad deal may be the understatement of the century. It is beyond time to revamp the system. I prefer no compulsion, but even if compulsion remains it is vastly superior to put this money in your own account you own and not contribute to the ponzi scheme we have now.
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@ a3aa0a88:ed2fb51d
2024-11-04 21:37:25The story of Peanut’s seizure has sparked criticism of government overreach, as the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) obtained warrants to raid Mark Longo’s home over a period of five hours to seize Peanut and a raccoon. Many see this prolonged operation—carried out in response to complaints about unlawfully possessed wildlife—as excessive.
https://i.ibb.co/Tb7TBfK/image.png
Supporters argue that Peanut was neither a safety risk nor a health hazard, and question whether state resources could have been better allocated. The incident raises broader concerns over regulations and individual rights.
RIP Peanut
https://i.ibb.co/416zLVR/image.png
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@ 45bda953:bc1e518e
2024-11-04 20:11:333 standard cycles later.
Albin was lying on a two meter high rock outcropping. It was warm from Ceb light but he dared not move. His adrenalin was pumping but he could scarcely take a breath for fear of being heard. His thumping heart was so loud it made him paranoid. He crawled forward and peeked over the edge of the low precipice. A dangerous and savage escaped slave was on his trail, ready to scalp and gut him. If only he could flee to his safe zone. He heard a long low whistle from across the valley. A light flashed from amongst some dense shrubbery at an estimated two hundred metres away. He pulled a mirror from his pocket preparing to return the signal. “This increases my chances.” He thought to himself. He knew that their common enemy was behind him and could not possibly see the reflection of Ceb light if he directed said light perpendicularly away from the hunter. He flashed with his mirror five times towards his ally, two second counts between each flash. No immediate response... he waited. Light flashed from the shrubbery and immediately he became aware of movement in the tall grass behind him. He resisted the urge to look back over his shoulder. The sweat exploded off his forehead. He remained still. It seemed like minutes though it was only a few seconds. Light flashed again.
Grassy movement sounds recurred, heart now racing. Third flash. A burst of movement from the rear left at around eight O clock. Albin turned his head and pressed his right cheek against the cooking rock. A tanned thirteen year old youth raced past below him at unbelievable speed. Scruff cloth pants, barefoot with no shirt and a trailing headband. Albin pushed himself up to his hands and knees. “If there is fifty meters distance between us I could risk running for the manor.” The shrubs on the other side of the valley started to rock violently and birthed a boy in a buttoned up shirt with leather shoes and woven short breeches all tailor made. The boy ran with all his might towards the Domitian manor. “This is my chance.” Albin scrambled off the rock and sprinted towards the manor jumping and dodging the hindering bushes and stones. The other party moving parallel to him across the valley. Seth caught sight of Albin but did not change target and kept course. He held a small blunt wooden object caught up to his first victim and proceeded to stab his prey in the back with it. “Ha, you're dead!” Seth exclaimed while immediately changing course to intersect his secondary target before he gets inside the safe zone. “Not fair. It’s not fair you cheat!” The belligerent player cried dismally. Seth did not care for the accusation in spite of not realising that Albin actually sacrificed his ally to gain a tactical advantage. He was determined to get both kills and be victorious. Albin felt less secure in his current situation and began to doubt his previous assessment of fifty meters and thought that an earlier head start might have been a more favourable risk assessment. “Don't panic Albin, focus.” He reproved himself. Recalculating his speed in comparison to the speed of his hunter, estimated the future point of contact. Veering to the right he sagaciously aimed for the far corner of the estate gardens, increasing the distance of his run to the demarcated safe zone considerably more for his rival than for himself. The race became more intense with the hunter closing in... “I’m alive!” Was the triumphant breathless utterance as the knife swiped past the back of his neck mere centimetres. Albin fell on the trimmed lawn panting. Looking back he saw Seth in a similar condition of respiratory suffering. The loser was still far away grumbling and kicking at the weeds. Seth grinned, “I almost had you.” Albin just nodded in agreement. “I'm thirsty... water, milk or wattle gum juice.” “Wattle gum juice!” Seth exclaimed without hesitation. Albin knew that the slave would never say no to the delicacies and confections of the common people but gave him the option to choose either way. He brushed the grass clippings off his clothes and entered through the back door of the manor. In the kitchen he poured juice into three demure clay mugs whilst noticing emanations of a heated conversation from the foyer. His curiosity bested him. Albin went in and sat himself down on the staircase and gulped at his beverage. The adults scarcely noticed him. “The people are ready to accrue for themselves better prospects in the colony!” The tradesman appealed with fervour. “Your proposals would be sensible under normal circumstances but colonial expansion is best suited for peacetime.” Domitius riposted. “This war has been going for almost III standard cycles, are the people supposed to pause their dreams and ambitions for some vaguely defined purpose. Please consider that an expansion program will be beneficial to the war effort eventually.” Domitius knew that he was being evasive and dishonest. He was finding it more difficult to guide the colony according to his vision, their growing despondency was worsened by his deflecting their requests with indirect excuses. Domitius did not want to rule with force, his exerting authoritarian command would only foster resentment towards him among the Kaspian landowners. “We do not have a militia. How would we keep an influx off world slaves servile if the war seems to tilt against the Empire?” Domitius replied with rhetoric. “It is a valid concern. Mechanical labour is the solution. We should convene a council to address these issues and come to consensus.” The traders uncompromising insistence triggered Domitius past the limit of his patience. “This will not turn into a democracy! Tell me what you require and I will consider it, if I do not agree with you I will annul it and appoint an inquisitor to judge and punish all who dissent!” The tradesman lost his composure and shrunk back. “My lord, I am reluctant to admit... there are no requests.” “No requests?” “Yes my lord.” Domitius was puzzled. The tradesman’s son came into the room with his cup of wattle juice and sat down next to Albin. “Father Ecknard very recently informed me of the news... I had applied for a licence half a cycle previously.” Domitius felt uneasy. “What news?” “... A licence has been issued from Kaspa Prime... they are sending extractors to Hithe III.” Domitius went pale. Thousands of implications flooded his mind. Economic problems, ecological issues and a very much more complex political situation. He remained unresponsive for a moment. “I understand. Isidor, you may go.” The tradesman bowed lower than was required of him then reached towards his son. “I apologise for my insolence.” Domitius ignored the man who quickly left the premises. Domitius looked at his son. “Never become too familiar with your subjects, they become derisive. Damn it! He has created more problems for us than he could comprehend.” “Yes pappa.” He agreed with his father instinctively. “Pappa? Are we going to see real space ships!”
“We are...” Domitius appreciated his son's innocence. “big ones.” He smiled with all but his eyes.
Juela Prime - Capitol
Emilien was waiting patiently in the office lobby of a towering high rise structure. One of thousands of competing banks on the Juel Capitol. He had a valid appointment and felt annoyed by the guard hanging around near him and kept noticing the suspicious glances. “What are you looking at.” he hissed from under his hood. “You a spacer?” “Maybe.” The guard did not follow up on his question, he did not leave either. The door slid open and a impeccably well groomed secretary beckoned at him. “Mr Dierre is ready for you.” “Thank you sweetheart.” He brushed past her sticking a pernicious grin right in her face, she gagged. “Welcome Mr Emilien, I hope you had a good trip.” The bank chief executive greeted with outstretched arms. “Nice suit, I always have good trips. Is it very expensive?” The spacer gestured toward the fabric while looking around and sizing up the situation. “More than you know.” The executive smugly responded and proceeded to open a cabinet containing differently labelled flasks filled with various hues of alcohol. “I know quite a lot.” Emilien licked his lips. The banker hesitantly offered a serving which was accepted without vacillation. “I always thought that you void jumpers would be more reluctant accepting unverified consumables?” Dierre smiled a questioning look. Emilien swallowed the strong fluid and inhaled deeply. “I have a clone ready. And an implant that up links me directly to my pod. Don't think that if I have to wake up in a fresh body that I won't remember this place, including your mug.” Emilien tapped lightly on his temple seeming threatening and postured while he spoke. The banker nodded in uneasy amusement. “Excellent, excellent. Ahem, The reason we contacted you Mr Emilien, is because we are in business...” He promptly helped himself to a second glass of... whatever alcohol it was, anticipating a speech and a job description. “...the business of war. Currently we are supplying arms to the Juela fleet, who are at war with the Magarrian Empire. They are for the most part, boycotting our factories... which is a shame really, but understandably so. The Shiv Unity are supporting our enemy logistically yet have not joined them in active combat." He walked around his desk swirling the brown liquid round and round as he talked. "We are trying to coax Osteri aggression, but they have occupied themselves in... other endeavours and don't seem as willing as usual to assault Magar territories.” The spacer frowned and feigned curiosity. “Why would you suppose that be?” He interjected. “We are not sure... don't interrupt me, you break my train of thought.” The banker lied and it did not escape his attention. “Continue by all means.” He waved a bottle at the executive leaning back into a comfy black leather chair. “If we get the upper hand in this war we could control vital Magar territories, the profits our companies could absorb from the moons and planets would be virtually tax free and help to continue fund the war effort...” Emilien cut him off with a snide sarcasm. “How philanthropic. I watch your news propaganda...” Emilien slowly sat upright and uncannily performed like a popular Juel news anchor. “Breaking news. The Magar Empire are allegedly oppressing... slaves, it is reported that the war has driven them to desperation and are driving their labour forces harder than what is... morally justifiable. Any petitions made or pleas for leniency, no matter how trivial is met with... corporal punishment. We must be vocal about their plight and fight for... freedom and liberty. You are with The Report. See you next time, and remember, peace everywhere for all.” He mockingly mimics a news anchor's plastic monotone while folding up and shifting around imaginary papers. The secretary sniggered softly from behind her desk, Dierre frowned. Emilien slouched back into his chair. “What would you have me do boss?” The banker remained silent. “Excuse me one moment.” Dierre touched a pad on his desk, privacy panels slid up separating Dierre from his guest and the lady. He opened comms to an unknown voice. Emilien auto tuned up his sonic receptors slightly and closed his eyes listening in uninvited but inconspicuously. "Yes Dierre, make it quick." “Right, good afternoon sir. I am not sure about this character, Mr Emilien, should we not rather employ one of our own for this contract.” “What? No! There is no one else with the expertise and or reputation required for this investment. He has no prior affiliation to us no, no record. Dierre, just hire the man and stop whining like a little bitch! I don't need this type of crap. This was prearranged, what I don’t need is uncalled for opinionated inputs. We have made the decision and you, you explain what we require of them. So explain to the space clone what we need him to do and how much we are going to pay him for it!” The silence was awkward. “Wh... Yes sir.” The banker was keeping good composure under the condescending circumstances. Emilien smiled, a sly joy filling his soulless being. The comms line closed and the privacy panels retreated into the floor to reveal to the banker Emilien, sitting there grinning like an idiot. “How much are you going to pay me?” “Don't you want to know details of the job concerned?” “No. Just show me the figures in sat.” The director handed him a pad. Emilien looked at the glowing screen, his smiled recurred. “I accept this mission.” He glanced over at the secretary who was unassumingly recording minutes at her desk. “Doing anything tonight sweetheart?” She grimaced. Emilien stood up, “Dierre my good fellow I have to go, need to prepare for whatever it is you corpo scumbags are going to make me do.” “Don't you want to know the details involved?” “Send the info to my pod.” “It is sensitive information.” Emilien indifferently stared at Dierre. “I have a secure line... bitch.” Disbelief shot across his face.
He walked out of the room, looked back grinning an impossibly large grin and winked at the lady. “See you later sweetheart.” She quickly had the door slide closed. "That was unsettling." She mumbled to herself.
...
scifi
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@ 59df1288:92e1744f
2024-11-04 17:32:39Hey, fellow Nostr voyagers! 🎉 Light those comment sections on fire because this week's round-up is chock-full of celebrity drama juicier than any tabloid, squirrel saboteurs plotting under flickering streetlights 🐿️, and caffeine-fueled chats with a dash of existential confusion. Taylor Swift somehow found herself the poster child of economic debate, while somewhere else entirely, people are pondering if Ryan Holiday could possibly be a lizard—or, you know, just very good at marketing. 😂 And let’s not ignore the philosophical musings comparing AI's decision-making prowess to a slightly tipsy slot machine. So buckle up, and prepare for a wild ride through the quirkiest streets of Nostreland! 🚀
Celebrity Love Drama, Richer Than a Swift Tune 🎶
So, Rabble kicked off a hilarious yet thought-provoking convo about the dynamics between NFL star and pop queen, Taylor Swift. They were questioning the whole hullabaloo about gender and money in their seemingly super-straight relationship.
npub1k50rpvrwcdx4wg69zp38ln7nftt2gsqrr99d4lwqp9hk65asgl4ska95xh weighed in with that classic snark, calling the controversy "small dick energy" – brutal but kinda funny! 😂 Cracks like that don’t leave you winning any brownie points!
npub1qyxlpj2gl6dt2nfvkl4yyrl6pr2hjkycrdh2dr5r42n7ktwn7pdqrdmu7u chimed in on how both political wings act the fool sometimes... Looks like no one's off the hook in this messy media circus!
npub1ym56klev354vx7gr47gtu2s6aahj4j7kn860ykw243adx0fqqrqsf6pdvw hit us with a reality check about 2025—people liking who they like shouldn’t be up for debate, right? They threw shade at bearded dudes getting salty over TayTay’s life choices. Their hashtag game is strong, and they also dropped some major love for #Chappell #Roan on SNL. Cats in pajamas? Yasss, Queen! 🐈⬛
npub192klhzk86sav5mgkfmveyjq50ygqfqnfvq0lvr2yv0zdtvatlhxskg43u7 ended with a solid rant about how people should just let folks date whomever without judgment. Seriously, preach! Anyone else feel like popcorn when they dive into those Bible debates? 🍿 #TruthBombs
Check out the full convo here
Words and Woes: A Spicy Chat
So there was some pretty fiery talk in the Nostr crew today! 🔥 AaNon 🤔 kicked things off with a chat about how certain words were used back in the day, throwing in a bit of a high school nostalgia vibe. npub18ams6ewn5aj2n3wt2qawzglx9mr4nzksxhvrdc4gzrecw7n5tvjqctp424 kept it straight with some classic political banter about MAGAs and their dislike. npub10v39t5zaz06g7g5cees3phg53hllvy7xzaa97gz2sd4dldeyh68q6vzvup dived in with a sneaky jab at Travis Kelce and Taylor Swift, questioning their mainstream appeal. Meanwhile, Rabble dropped some knowledge on slur dynamics, making everyone think twice. The convo took a charmingly chaotic turn with npub192klhzk86sav5mgkfmveyjq50ygqfqnfvq0lvr2yv0zdtvatlhxskg43u7 admitting to being a little high school giddy while sharing meme-worthy gifs. 😂
Check out the full convo here
Alien Theories and Stoic Stories
Over in another universe of ideas, inpc sparked a wild discussion about Ryan Holiday being possibly wrong, or maybe even a lizard—a real conspiratorial flavor, right? 👽 S!ayer came in hot questioning who Ryan even is, which got them up to speed with a nod to his stoic marketing jazz. And of course, no thread is complete without an added "shill" label for good measure 🎤. The back-and-forth was peppered with laughs and a bit of an "agree to disagree" sentiment as CarlBMenger threw in some shade at the group's understanding of the post, stirring the pot just right. 🍵
Check out the full convo here
Philosophical Refreshments 🍵 vs. AI Nostradamus 🤖
Looks like CarlBMenger and the crew are debating life choices like picking a coke over water! S!ayer is going full Sherlock, diving into source material and judging books by more than their covers. S!ayer has got that "to each their own" vibe on lock! 🕵️♂️
Meanwhile, over in Good Morningville, inpc is spreading those early-day vibes, and everyone's jumping in! Padoc2robert is all about that caffeine life with "GM☕️☕️💜", while quentin gives a cheerful wave with "Good morning 😃". You know it's a sunny day when everyone’s feeling chatty!
And then there's the AI chatter. Rabble is concerned about us handing over our decision-making to AI overlords. npub1wzt7ynrxssfv8gktqhr2czezw9pv3d5yl556yk247pmjw9ucrgsqw8jn3m isn't buying any of it though, dropping classic wisdom like “not the sharpest tool in the shed.” 📚🛠️ npub1a6we08n7zsv2na689whc9hykpq4q6sj3kaauk9c2dm8vj0adlajq7w0tyc reckons AI is just slightly better than fortune tellers anyway.
Check out the full convo here
AI and the Art of Dodging Decisions
So, in the latest gabfest, npub1hjlev3xn736aqr4ecmjxwwzuu9k523kp5fpz9n862s4lwah2h22sm2zg68 was musing about how most people don't think much anyway, and npub10jnx6stxk9h4fgtgdqv3hgwx8p4fwe3y73357wykmxm8gz3c3j3sjlvcrd chimed in that these folks are becoming the new "midwit" class. Then, npub1j04j8tgajf6w8c5yh2lp65rl9jqdr6kz70h4f95nvx52r7fxekhsvafxku threw in a spicy take comparing AI to vices like alcohol and slot machines when it comes to decision-making. Lots of nodding along from anyone who's felt stressed and decision-fatigued! 🤔
Check out the full convo here
Risky Business or Passive Daydreams?
inpc sparked some curiosity about passive incomes with a cheeky "What could go wrong?" as they shared a mysterious pic. Padoc2robert wasn't shy, admitting they've done worse and are game to try. Meanwhile, hit with a hint of s seemed a bit lost, asking about the whole passive income buzz. 😅
Check out the full convo here
Autumn Vibes and Social Butterflies
Picture this: a crisp autumn morning shared by BTCPhoto — and of course, everyone jumped in with their morning greetings. npub1upmh82f2vy9z3k3qwj8amx9lkkhkjjcv45y9yfyqzfj4jj5czz9qhsg8fq flashes a simple "GM!" while Padoc2robert goes all-in with coffee, hearts, and autumn leaves. Meanwhile, npub16t5h7ueq248pxp54rf72a0svt2tzc3jdz5fjfmykqe2m8656f5dszdspn0 jumps in with a pitch on reaching them for investment tips. Gotta love these digital morning vibes! 🌅☕️🍂
Check out the full convo here
Do Squirrels Have a Nefarious Agenda?
Last but not least, inpc sparked a hilarious debate by wondering out loud if squirrels are out to get us! No one seems sure, but it definitely got some laughs and head scratches. I mean, who knew squirrels could have such big plans? 😆🐿️
Check out the full convo here
Squirrels, Surveillance, and Some Steamy Brews
Hey there! So, there's been some drama on Nostr lately! It all kicked off with Cyph3rp9nk sharing a wild story about the American government confiscating and killing a man's pet squirrel! 😱 Things got intense quick with inpc dropping a spicy comment about it being a change from other injustices. Then npub14lw90lanf80rkpzv2p5s4hau5yz0gls5mthd7kjvq5aet42t47esx9tsvd chimed in comparing the furry friend's fate to more serious crimes. Drama, huh? 🐿️💥
Then, over in the tech corner, Rabble was digging into the whole surveillance issue with police—not exactly solving crime, right? 😬 npub170lcuam5uwe6shz5qsdl6uakp73txthpchwrz6sa2eprg4fpzmvshhuy0v got technical, mentioning the rights (or lack thereof) on public roads. Meanwhile, npub1vyrx2prp0mne8pczrcvv38ahn5wahsl8hlceeu3f3aqyvmu8zh5s7kfy55 took a shot at big tech and their cozy relationship with the Feds. And npub12rv5lskctqxxs2c8rf2zlzc7xx3qpvzs3w4etgemauy9thegr43sf485vg wasn't having it—just gave a straight-up "wrong." 🤷♂️
JSTR had everyone buzzing about the quality of hotel coffee! ☕ Seems Sergio thinks it tastes better when paired with some freedom—and check out that America gif they shared! 🇺🇸
Last but not least, BTCPhoto had a fun little exchange about tsipouro. nami gave it a thumbs up, and it's safe to say BTCPhoto is loving it too. 🍇🥂
Check out the full convo here
Rain or Shine, São Paulo's Got It! ☔
So, vikingbitcoin kicks off saying, “It can't rain all the time...” 🌧️, and guess what? Global Sports Central jumps right in with a crack about São Paulo with, “São Paulo yes it can” 😜. Classic back-and-forth between these two—sounds like a typical day with unpredictable São Paulo weather!
Check out the full convo here
Saints in Hot Water: Drama Alert! 🏈
Ooh, spicy sports update from Global Sports Central who let us know that the New Orleans Saints have kicked Dennis Allen to the curb after yet another loss. They've been in a bit of a rut with a 2-7 season so far. npub1mms49j83r79y45rj7d0sggyc2690jgt0v7zjr6ugk4y40qju3wzqn0kxn4 seems to be loving the chaos with a cheeky “love to see that franchise in disarray” 😂. Drama, drama, drama!
Check out the full convo here
Quick Hellos! 👋
Just a small shout-out from inpc yelling a friendly "Eh yo! 👊🏼" which was answered warmly by enjoytheride with a big virtual wave and smile 🙋♂️🙂. It's the little things that make the community feel cozy!
Check out the full convo here
TV News with a Twist 📺
archjourney dropped a hilarious video about how they see TV newscasters, teetering on that 'freaky' line according to npub13jp20qere0ue3r2795kz8el6w6cnp9gct43s56z9qu6dnsg989yq7qzq2a dropping a “Freaaaky” in response. Makes election coverage somehow a bit more entertaining! 😆
Check out the full convo here
Grid Confusion at F1! 🏎️
Global Sports Central mentions some hilarious confusion on the F1 grid where Norris thought it was another Formation Lap while others were just... waiting. It was all a bit of a shuffle with mechanics joining the party late. Sounds like quite the spectacle 🤦♂️ and npub1yj69jq9f977y2f7vl96m6stf3rjyf3hym8ekf3g4senlqamz8l3qfsvhk7 can't help but take back something they might have said!
Check out the full convo here
Chomsky's Take on Democracy 🗽
Chomsky hits us with a heavy discussion from Noam Chomsky about Republicans and democracy from back in June 2021. Always interesting with those socio-political takes!
(Conversation Link Missing)
Hot Topics and Morning Vibes 🌞
So, here's the latest from our Nostr crew! This week, npub1ducpqhx6zuf64gjgevvtp7geghr2yd6ur3cau84ealfnrgea5mpq8ptpxc dropped a thought-provoking take on critical race theory, and it's sparking conversation. They noted how it's being used as a scare phrase and critiqued how history is often presented in schools. npub1ducpqhx6zuf64gjgevvtp7geghr2yd6ur3cau84ealfnrgea5mpq8ptpxc chimed in, claiming Republicans have turned more 'Trumpista' than anything else 😂.
Meanwhile, [BTCPhoto](npub1vjl6n2llukcc6pe3am2hkwqh8twzh2ymlp7pdrdfq5tlqg08y26sd7ygzx) treated everyone to a gorgeous pic of Ibiza, like a little morning postcard to make us all jealous. npub1ckp277xl73p8qrk9ncshsefj5ur5cq973da3atycnwlky6vqd8xq5r7tnx gave it a sunny thumbs-up with a friendly 'Good morning' and a heart emoji.
On a serious note, [xdamman](npub1xsp9fcq340dzaqjctjl7unu3k0c82jdxc350uqym70k8vedzuvdst562dr) had some deep thoughts on political representation, reminding us that most governments still only represent a minority. npub1etctwmz7lnpynz7h02erex3lf3jtz0me48xhvv7wpr742muvffps7vcr6n brought in a bit of cheeky cynicism with a clown emoji, noting the blame game on citizens for not voting. 🤡
Lastly, a bit of dark humor in play with [inpc](npub1q33jywkl8r0e5g48lvrenxnr3lw59kzrw4e7p0cecslqzwc56eesjymqu0) talking about societal shifts away from violence, and npub14lw90lanf80rkpzv2p5s4hau5yz0gls5mthd7kjvq5aet42t47esx9tsvd had a witty retort about a squirrel bringing a change from typical narratives.
There's lots of fun and witty discussions happening, so don't miss out!
Check out the full convo here
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@ a4a6b584:1e05b95b
2024-11-04 17:27:441. Tides Exist Because of the Moon’s Gravitational Pull
- The tides we see every day are caused by the moon’s gravitational influence on Earth’s oceans. This undeniable, observable phenomenon lines up perfectly with Earth’s rotation and spherical shape. On a flat Earth, you wouldn’t get these reliable tidal shifts. Ignoring this fact requires either not paying attention or just not caring about the truth.
2. Satellites Don’t “Float on Balloons”
- Every single day, satellites orbit Earth, allowing us GPS, global internet, and instant communication worldwide. Their paths follow predictable orbits only possible because Earth is round. The idea that these are “ballooned” is laughable nonsense—without orbits, we’d have no satellite data at all. If you think thousands of satellites are held up by helium balloons, then you’re blind to reality.
3. Star Movements in the Hemispheres Prove a Round Earth
- If you live in the northern hemisphere, stars appear to rotate counterclockwise around the North Star; in the southern hemisphere, they rotate clockwise around the Southern Cross. This is real, observable, and doesn’t happen on a flat Earth map. Pretending otherwise is just lying to yourself.
4. Eclipses and Shadows Don’t Lie
- During a lunar eclipse, Earth’s round shadow crosses the moon. Period. It’s visible, predictable, and impossible to deny unless you’re just making things up. Solar eclipses happen at specific times and locations based on Earth’s spherical geometry—events no “flat map” could ever explain.
5. Radio Waves Hit the Horizon, End of Story
- Radio waves, particularly in the VHF range, travel in straight lines, which means they get blocked by Earth’s curvature. That’s why radio towers can only broadcast within a limited range before the signals are cut off by the horizon. You won’t get this on a flat plane—period. Denying it means ignoring science altogether.
6. Airplanes Lit from Below Prove Curvature
- Watch an airplane at sunset, and you’ll see it lit from underneath as the sun dips below the horizon. On a flat Earth, that would be impossible. The only way this works is if Earth has curvature. If you can’t see that, you’re deliberately closing your eyes.
7. Long-Distance Sailing Doesn’t Work on a Flat Map
- Navigating around Antarctica aligns perfectly with Earth’s spherical geometry. Every mile sailed, every route taken around the globe fits. A flat map would leave distances skewed, rendering long-distance voyages chaotic and inaccurate. Flat Earth “theorists” can’t answer this without throwing logic out the window.
8. 24-Hour Sunlight at the Poles Proves We’re on a Globe
- During the summer, Antarctica experiences continuous sunlight for 24 hours. This is a direct result of Earth’s tilt and spherical shape. There’s no explanation for this on a flat Earth. Refusing to acknowledge this is pure ignorance.
9. The International Space Station (ISS) Exists and Is Visible
- Thousands of people watch the ISS pass overhead. It’s visible from Earth and matches the orbital mechanics that only a spherical Earth can support. If you’re arguing it doesn’t exist or is faked, then you’re living in a fantasy, disconnected from real life.
10. Space Observations Show Earth’s Curvature
- High-altitude photos, seen from commercial flights and even higher from orbit, show Earth’s curvature. People around the world have seen it with their own eyes. Denying this is as absurd as denying the sky is blue.
11. Sea Level Exists Because of Gravity and Curvature
- “Sea level” is about equilibrium, meaning water aligns with Earth’s gravitational pull, which forms a spherical shape. This isn’t “flat” like a table; it’s balanced by gravity. Trying to twist this into evidence for a flat Earth just shows a complete misunderstanding of basic physics.
12. The Sun Moves Predictably Across the Sky Due to Earth’s Tilt
- In the southern hemisphere, the sun’s arc follows a path that only makes sense on a round Earth. The flat Earth model can’t account for this. Ignoring it requires some serious mental gymnastics.
13. Solar Eclipses Only Make Sense on a Globe
- Solar eclipses happen on a predictable path. Only a spherical Earth can account for this kind of accuracy. Flat Earth theory can’t explain it—full stop. Denying it is absurd.
14. Gravity Exists, and It’s Consistent Around the Globe
- Gravity pulls consistently toward Earth’s center. That’s why water “finds its level” in a way that conforms to Earth’s curved surface, not a flat plane. Pretending otherwise is just ignorant.
15. SpaceX and Starlink Technology Work with Earth’s Orbital Mechanics
- SpaceX launches are observed worldwide, and satellites like Starlink provide global internet by orbiting Earth. This technology relies on understanding Earth’s curvature. Claiming this doesn’t prove a round Earth is ludicrous.
16. Basic Observation Debunks Flat Earth Claims
- From the horizon line to ships disappearing as they move away, basic observation of the world around us debunks flat Earth nonsense. Flat Earthers choose to ignore obvious facts, invent conspiracies, and cling to ideas that insult human intelligence.
The flat Earth idea isn’t just false; it’s willfully ignorant, rejecting the most basic principles of science and observation. It requires ignoring a mountain of evidence, twisting facts, and inventing wild conspiracies to make sense. It’s a belief that exists because of intellectual dishonesty, not because of reality.
Flat Earth is a failed idea that belongs in the trash heap of discredited pseudoscience. The Earth is a globe. Deal with it.
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@ 59df1288:92e1744f
2024-11-04 16:21:27Hey there, fellow Nostriches! Grab your metaphorical popcorn because the Nostr neighborhood has been anything but dull lately. From the high-stakes thriller of world politics, where everyone's pointing fingers and debating U.S. elections amidst Gaza conflict chatter (and someone might have mentioned dropping aid, no biggie, right?), to our very own live-stream detective hunt at #LaBitConf—let's just say streaming isn't as instant as our ramen. And speaking of food for thought, how about those blasts from the cryptocurrency past, imagining Bitcoin cosying up to the military-industrial complex? Nostr really knows how to mix serious debate with sensational drama, just like a chirpy DJ might effortlessly remix Tidal tunes with some on-platform vibes. Curious? Dive into the juicy rundown and find out what’s stirring our digital pot of narratives! 🍿🔗
The Nostr Debate & Hot Takes About World Politics 🌍
Hey there! So, Rabble sparked a fiery debate with a post about the US elections and their ties to the Gaza conflict. It's got everyone buzzing! 🐝 npub15dnln6cukw3yrflnv3hnrntdt9amh0uw466u6tns05ymqp3nal4qzz3lfc didn’t hold back, suggesting the US drop aid to Israel. Talk about a conversation starter! 🤔
npub1utx00neqgqln72j22kej3ux7803c2k986henvvha4thuwfkper4s7r50e8 chimed in, critiquing US military actions in the Middle East with a spicy take on the military-industrial complex. Apparently, it's not about who’s in charge—just that cash keeps flowing!
npub1fvxn0kn8ecg8vh4h9q83t9d7ga2zh0xqpxhr3t5alszqfeg3akasxkmrnu sarcastically went along, pondering the irony of voting for peace yet supporting war. Meanwhile, the axiom teased some with, “so you are a trumpist now?” 😆
npub1ne57gg8xphmfek292yyg9nlyfkgh273vtrguy8qz0fuh05frvrpqn2t7zd reminded everyone that evil thrives regardless of currency type. Oof, deep! And in true mic-drop fashion, npub1r0rs5q2gk0e3dk3nlc7gnu378ec6cnlenqp8a3cjhyzu6f8k5sgs4sq9ac chimed in bluntly, agreeing that presidents are just temporary players in a perpetual game.
npub1hk9w6k87u3lxg5swcfgtwrhaye95j67rlrp9v0pxczuy8jcumdfsa3ppcr couldn’t help but laugh along (literally with, “THIS 👆”). Meanwhile, npub18kzz4lkdtc5n729kvfunxuz287uvu9f64ywhjz43ra482t2y5sks0mx5sz is just over here trying to make sense of it all.
Catch all the action and dive into the hot debate vibes! 🔥 Check out the full convo here.
Bitcoin, War, and Gold: Nostr's Hot Take!
Okay, so things got pretty heated when someone threw out the political debate bomb. 😮 Basically, if you're voting third-party, you're "part of the problem," but not everyone buys that. npub1u87g378r0puytp7zxdl5awg2gmqvqc3vgtnh6a0vfgm4y8es7c3qam93f7 was quick to dive into how gold's physicality made violence profitable, but Bitcoin flips the game. Then npub1h4lrzqnrne72xj00yl3zzr0k6qn93cqe5g4vvkfechs6mn89mwyqfa2jcm noted that gold wasn't everyone's cup of tea – not democratic enough! Bitcoin, though? A whole other story.
npub1fjqqy4a93z5zsjwsfxqhc2764kvykfdyttvldkkkdera8dr78vhsmmleku threw in, "Pentagon and bureaucracy need wars," and npub1ne57gg8xphmfek292yyg9nlyfkgh273vtrguy8qz0fuh05frvrpqn2t7zd jumped in on the Bitcoin train, saying even defense bigwigs might cozy up to Bitcoin. Someone's gotta pay those war companies, as npub1u87g378r0puytp7zxdl5awg2gmqvqc3vgtnh6a0vfgm4y8es7c3qam93f7 quipped, right? The convo closed on an entertaining note with npub1h4lrzqnrne72xj00yl3zzr0k6qn93cqe5g4vvkfechs6mn89mwyqfa2jcm lamenting the plight of the peasant getting paid in anything but gold. Classic stuff!
Check out the full convo here.
Tunes and Tech: Nostr's Tidal Wave 🌊
Rabble kicked off a chat on why Nostr and Tidal aren’t more of a thing together. They’re saying it launched in June and needs some love, like sharing songs or auto-login with a nsec—hello, convenience! npub15mnm7whul7h7jn6ejnhnpl5n9tp69y8w28jh3vefz4mmxszfldzqwuett7 totally backed this and is a Tidal fan!
npub1wzt7ynrxssfv8gktqhr2czezw9pv3d5yl556yk247pmjw9ucrgsqw8jn3m chimed in saying everyone’s assuming npub1sg6plzptd64u62a878hep2kev88swjh3tw00gjsfl8f237lmu63q0uf63m has a sneaky master plan. npub1nl8r463jkdtr0qu0k3dht03jt9t59cttk0j8gtxg9wea2russlnq2zf9d0 said Tidal should just join the Nostr party too. Sounds like a jam session in the making, doesn't it? 🎶
Check out the full convo here.
🎧 Tune In to the Tidal Tattle!
So, the crew was all buzzing about music and Nostr connections! npub1csamkk8zu67zl9z4wkp90a462v53q775aqn5q6xzjdkxnkvcpd7srtz4x9 kicked things off saying they would totally dig Tidal more if it played nice with Nostr. Enter npub1raustrrh5gjwt03zdj8syn9vmt2dwsv9t467m8c3gua636uxu89svgdees with a hot take on platforms being all about those intellectual property rents. the axiom chimes in, reminiscing about when Coracle did a Tidal crossover - sounds like a tech fairy tale, right? 😂
Meanwhile, npub1n0pdxnwa4q7eg2slm5m2wjrln2hvwsxmyn48juedjr3c85va99yqc5pfp6 wonders if they could DJ on zap.streams with Tidal - an epic mashup in the making? elsat suggests Tidal should pony up resources to smoothen this collab - like, why not! And the convo wouldn't be complete without npub1csamkk8zu67zl9z4wkp90a462v53q775aqn5q6xzjdkxnkvcpd7srtz4x9 declaring "based coracle" - a new mantra, maybe?
Check out the full convo here.
🏈 Is This the Straightest Relationship Ever?
Rabble stirred the pot with a spicy question about a celeb couple. They're perplexed about the buzz on an NFL superstar dating a pop icon – isn't that, like, the epitome of hetero? 🙃 People were quick to jump in, debating if it's the money, the success, or simply the sheer fame that's got people talking.
From debates about gender roles to who holds the purse strings, this convo's colorful with no dull moment in sight. It's like a red carpet chat turned philosophical! 😂
Check out the full convo here.
What's Good, Drama Crew?! 😄
Hey there! So, the gang's been getting pretty lively on Nostr lately! Here's the scoop:
-
AaNon 🤔 kicked things off, reminiscing about high school and how some words were tossed around as insults. Classic high school throwback vibes there. 📚
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laanwj kept it cheeky with a zing about dating the same species. Always the comedian! 😂
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npub192klhzk86sav5mgkfmveyjq50ygqfqnfvq0lvr2yv0zdtvatlhxskg43u7 went full-on social justice warrior, talking about relationships, patriarchy, and the joys of midwestern arguing. Also, major shoutout to Chappell Roan for being amazing on SNL—a fan in the house! 🙌
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Derek Ross and npub18dmnnurjmuxnwxj38c029wt8e36naeqvder00k437ry876tf77kqukzep6 spiced things up with political drama, mixing in Trump and MAGAs with some serious shade. 🥶
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npub1qyxlpj2gl6dt2nfvkl4yyrl6pr2hjkycrdh2dr5r42n7ktwn7pdqrdmu7u popped in with some commentary on property damage versus politics, stirring the pot, as always. Stir it up! 🥄
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npub1ym56klev354vx7gr47gtu2s6aahj4j7kn860ykw243adx0fqqrqsf6pdvw summed it up with a classic facepalm. Haters gonna hate, right? 🤦🏽♂️
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npub1k50rpvrwcdx4wg69zp38ln7nftt2gsqrr99d4lwqp9hk65asgl4ska95xh threw in some sass about "small dick energy"—yikes, burn! 😂🔥
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And last but not least, npub10v39t5zaz06g7g5cees3phg53hllvy7xzaa97gz2sd4dldeyh68q6vzvup wrapped it up but wasn't too impressed by the earlier comments. Always the hard one to please!
That's the latest from our Nostr fam—never a dull moment!
Check out the full convo here.
Words and Whirlwinds 🌀
Hey there! Man, things have been buzzing on Nostr. The chat got a little heated and thought-provoking when some folks pulled out the big guns on language and slurs. Rabble rolled in with some wisdom, pointing out how slurs hold their bite through inherent homophobia. It ended on an agreeable note with npub1n4st260vuvdsdev4tjm6t80fesld26dvv93ndvvkcah3lqfax7hqse4mvu giving a nod, saying, "it makes sense." Meanwhile, npub192klhzk86sav5mgkfmveyjq50ygqfqnfvq0lvr2yv0zdtvatlhxskg43u7 was having a throwback to high school days, spicing up the chat with a little confusion and laughter! 😂
Check out the full convo here
G’day, Down Under 🌏
Big news! nos.social dropped a bombshell announcement about Nostr being live in Australia and New Zealand. It's all about making things smoother for newbies, like a fancy new onboarding flow. Folks were stoked, especially npub1ajt9gp0prf4xrp4j07j9rghlcyukahncs0fw5ywr977jccued9nqrcc0cs, who can’t wait to share it with their Kiwi pals! 🥝
tyiu found a neat tweak for better performance, which got a shoutout from montzstar. 阿甘 pointed out a handy update on blocked user visibility.
Check out the full convo here
Art Discoveries and Nostr Revelations 🎨✨
So, @colincz was feeling a little left out, lamenting how they and @noicemag weren't popping up in the art discover tab. 😔 Meanwhile, nostr:npub1ym56klev354vx7gr47gtu2s6aahj4j7kn860ykw243adx0fqqrqsf6pdvw popped in with a cheeky "#ZAP?" 😂
The convo heated up when @Josh Brown praised some amazing work that @montzstar did. Apparently, they made some outstanding improvements that got loads of attention. 🤩
There was a little technical confusion corrected by @mplorentz, which clarified some spooky hidden notes. And shoutout to nostr:npub1cks0cex96uww2ftvjj0l35m9a0vj0wxaqvz6psmnza2v5mc95a4s2m46kh for confirming that our buddy @noicemag is shining in there after all! 🌟
@tyiu admitted to making some changes for type safety but promised to pull back for the good of Comingle. And in the end, @colincz was just all eyes, apparently excited about these updates. 👀
Check out the full convo here.
Bluesky Elation and Token Banter ☁️💰
Over in the Bluesky scene, @Rabble dropped some big news: Bluesky bagged $15 million with a new partner from Blockchain Capital on the board! 💸🎉
nostr:npub1cdak4q4f3h3k3sgyh0rd5dj4w8k95f3mquzh6z3ew76vqkh60e3slyczgz was all cheers, glad they might replace Jack. Meanwhile, nostr:npub160cxmqcwxwf87s30n5qv2xqtdgr3lrszg4eut2k4ck3lzll48hpsqupad5 wasn't as optimistic, throwing out a quick "NGMI" (Not Gonna Make It). 😂
Then nostr:npub10mxnle348mzv2dnj0ylgz3zu9gceenc29x9fr4m6mnars66j7vxsnkn8mj predicted a token launch soon, which is always spicy in the cryptosphere! Finally, nostr:npub1pgwm722vrkfaq8245wgu39c6kn69hrsl53hnmnpqhfn5p2ve2xrqmnks7n shared a little inside scoop about a missed investment opportunity but vouched for Blockchain Cap’s professionalism. 💼
Take a peek at the full convo here.
BlueSky and the Big Money Dilemma 🌐💸
Hey! So, everyone was buzzing about Kinjal and her ambitious, open approach to long-term projects like building a social network. There's this thought that many of the successful Nostr devs have made their cash and built strong ties in Bitcoin or Web 2.0, which sets them up for these long-haul gigs. But Kinjal? Maybe not so much yet. 🤔
npub1r0rs5q2gk0e3dk3nlc7gnu378ec6cnlenqp8a3cjhyzu6f8k5sgs4sq9ac dropped in with a simple, "And how do we feel about that?" which kind of set the tone for a deep dive.
npub1jp5hag5r7rn2nh9v5m2n5jjyyrmgfr89jgpt6hd5n2hjmx3s7thq6hu6ua gave a nod to the crypto tipping scene, saying, "Bluesky is cool, but Nostr and others do better justice for content posters." So if you want that Twitter-like vibe but aren’t into Bitcoin, BlueSky might be your jam.
npub18nagz6a53yh6d05e8trj487dhvyfhh4qchvsz87jqng4g4zl5tvs825evl had some serious questions about how BlueSky handles content moderation, hinting that Nostr's wild, free nature is both its strength and potential headache.
Jumping into the fray, laanwj chimed in about VC money messing with the decentralization dream, and npub16zf05np625wqzz80euvyc2r37y6r2vfwcatj80k4rdjlyqq3sals5e8sln summed it up with a pithy "the great enshittification continues." Classic, right? 😂
Oh, and npub1dskk3wspds53g9larr48cp4hxlkpg0ma2mtclh2y5key3pr9yhkqjvjuc2 kept it light with a popcorn GIF—he's definitely seen this show before.
Finally, npub10dpmrjay77xcu6z2sxsv7h7dfl6puzcxgyd6ssxkwh9th8sdgk3sj39zws suggested a crowd-funding idea for Nostr development: even pitched devs to draft a roadmap. 🚀 npub1njst6azswskk5gp3ns8r6nr8nj0qg65acu8gaa2u9yz7yszjxs9s6k7fqx wrapped it up with, "They're going to love that lol," which sounds like a cheeky way to cap off the convo!
Check out the full convo here.
Why Musk Thinks He'll Be F*cked If...
So there was some juicy chatter about Musk on Nostr recently! It all kicked off with npub1n7pcd890elndxn3s63syf0ypm5jqsk9jng0khufwgnhu33k4xanq2a9qu4 just dropping a "Why?" — which, let's be honest, is the perfect way to dive into Musk drama. Then, npub1xm0rvnpw52nh7tk59ntly55w74rmd2cqvt3kg5zxrzz3rlssvspsk0gs6s threw some shade linking Trump and Musk together. Now, npub170lcuam5uwe6shz5qsdl6uakp73txthpchwrz6sa2eprg4fpzmvshhuy0v felt bad for the people working for Musk, making us all think 🤔. But things got spicy when Spyre decided to vent about jealousy and mediocrity — ouch, right?
And npub1sgx8tkmn2gm4s788tssy5kgx0qjw9q8efda7wmg4afuyx2smdcjq2q7wnj threw in a sarcastic comment about TDS with that classic 😬 emoji, adding some humor to the convo. Meanwhile, npub1mlru0pflddcmdv7xk5nhv7stnr0vugcm5jj64wlwevhqxnpuv96qexgrpv seemed to find it all entertaining, admitting they'd love to see it play out either way!
Then npub1f48mtlc2lwxqfekxuql4z2qmvezhd7v9uk7rfga8accs585zrars56lpgj predicted some consequences for Musk if Trump wins, sparking more predictions. And npub134u08yp6rdcgcamfdcra9aysvhne9wpssft8ntm9qvfu95erxdcqx9qjkm dunked on someone else's takes, not holding back with the critique! Meanwhile, jack just chimed in with agreement, keeping it simple and sassy.
Oh, and just to wrap up, npub1vyrx2prp0mne8pczrcvv38ahn5wahsl8hlceeu3f3aqyvmu8zh5s7kfy55 popped back in with another jab at someone's moneymaking tactics. Classic Internet banter!
Check out the full convo here
Dystopian Vibes!
Over in the tech corner, Rabble stirred up some thoughts on how weird it is that websites charge you to download your own uploads. Like, what kind of wild world are we living in, right? 😳
npub1r3g2jscks7ax4zetlz42azu5sptesfnkxzg8mj0ht897p77erd2sykzdkk totally vibed with the outrage, calling out the "cage we all live in." Heavy stuff 🧠. Meanwhile, npub1wyjax4yl0ss550xjjsjz4vhntrn4pj9kkza99lq8s970gkts66wq5kq8se just hit us with a shocked emoji — because sometimes, that's all you need to say. Can't wait to see where this convo goes next!
Check out the full convo here
Subscriptions: Too Many or Just Right? 🤔💸
So, the chat kicked off with jack ranting about all the subscriptions they’re drowning in these days—can you believe it? Apps are charging left and right, and npub1s6z7hmmx2vud66f3utxd70qem8cwtggx0jgc7gh8pqwz2k8cltuqrdwk4c is right there with them, having just ditched their account over it. Then The: Daniel⚡️ jumps in to say they're cool with paying some sats for a one-time deal but are so over monthly charges. 💸
But wait—Rabble, ever the devil's advocate, says these subscriptions are part of a sustainable biz model! They also roasted about Nostr's lack of subscription features and even got into a mini-spat about selling back their own content—talk about throwing shade! ☁️🙃 laanwj tried to bring in a more practical angle with BOLT-12 talk, hinting at potential innovations. Keep an eye on that one! 👀
Check out the full convo here.
Spanish Explainer: Aquí to Allá 📚🌎
Rabble decided to take us on a lil’ Spanish journey, sharing insights on the differences between "aquí" and "allá." Super educational! 🤓👍 Then npub1p3rfw7wscmzfn9z3fa74nzgyqe70p57j8mws0e88dh7awjepmzcq7jgxl9 gave us the scoop from Paraguay, saying the terms are totally interchangeable, especially among South American neighbors. Gotta love those cultural tidbits!
Meanwhile, npub1mwkpvd2snl2tlxtmtgvrj2vr5mwf2nmuynua4a0jmzgtkvwt93rq8pd09j shared their experience from Spain, claiming the pronunciation is basically the same. But then PABLOF7z dropped a hilarious truth bomb: in Buenos Aires, if you use "aquí" or "allí," you might just get charged double! 😂 Classic Argentinian humor.
Check out the full convo here.
Linguistic Lols and Newbie Nostr Troubles
Hey! You've got to check out this fun little back-and-forth over on Nostr. It all started when npub16d8gxt2z4k9e8sdpc0yyqzf5gp0np09ls4lnn630qzxzvwpl0rgq5h4rzv dropped a comment about regional language differences. Obviously, it sparked quite the convo! 😄 npub1p3rfw7wscmzfn9z3fa74nzgyqe70p57j8mws0e88dh7awjepmzcq7jgxl9 threw in a YouTube link with a classic "😂"—you know it’s gonna be funny when they use that emoji! And npub107xyuzq67hf8qxafwr5sprscju20pzxmuhgg6lkkwdwa63qce8xq4zyq7u joined with a “Jajajaj”, because why not, right?
Rabble was joking about how they never say "aquí", but only "acá". Then npub1nccwjspr3nv7h67xx2qhdh2dzzvpyy55gte2dsu8yl7xd7n74y9qydz7mj jumped in with some wisdom on the "acá" vs. "allá" debate, and npub1xrs2z2tqvur2tsg9xq3ye2uy7nmxyjclrwzp3tr9r3g4dnewqx2qtz2hzv summed it up with, "Bro, that is a good demonstration for the usage of these words." Pretty insightful, huh?
Meanwhile, Rabble kicked off another chat about a newcomer getting overwhelmed by Bitcoin enthusiasts. Derek Ross was bummed, saying it’s a loss for Nostr since the newcomer didn’t get how to navigate to what they loved—like music or photography! elsat thinks it's more about BigCo social media's influence than the Bitcoin crowd. Maybe Nostr needs better onboarding advice, ya know?
Lastly, npub1l5sga6xg72phsz5422ykujprejwud075ggrr3z2hwyrfgr7eylqstegx9z wondered which app led to this Bitcoin overwhelm and suggested maybe spicing up those default relays a bit! It ended on a thought from Rabble about how the vibe wasn’t necessarily unfriendly, it’s just the newcomer's mismatch.
Catch up on all the threads and have a chuckle or two! 🤗
Check out the full convo here
Nostr Newbie Vibes and User-Friendly Feels 🛠️✨
So, bro, there was this whole interesting talk going down about how Nostr can sometimes feel like an exclusive club of tech nerds (guilty! 😂) and how we might need to take a beat. Linda was like, "Hey, maybe we need to be more welcoming and not assume everyone’s into Bitcoin, okay?" Preach! 🙌 It's like, just chill and get to know the newbies a bit better, ya know?
The homie npub1fd0t73r8vn3nqezdg93fyj5x5u79zucf3jaspkc2dy9sjuqx5z8qftjal4 chimed in with a shoutout to nostr algorithms. Meanwhile, jack mentioned how Nostr is actually super easy to hop onto, no phone or email drama needed. But hey, maybe a bit of a “setup wizard” wouldn’t hurt, right?
elsat gets it too, backing up that idea with a 💯 emoji and tossing in some future testing thoughts. I mean, who doesn't love a good wizard? 🧙♂️
And then there’s another thread with our buddy Rabble stirring the pot about Bluesky and its corporate ties. The reply section was buzzing, I tell ya. 🤔
Check out the full convo here
🎭 The Bluesky Drama and Decentralization Debate
Hey there! So let me tell you about this spicy convo everyone’s buzzing over on Nostr. Our buddy Sebastix kicked things off with a comment about all the chatter on Bluesky – it's like everyone’s talking platform, not protocol! Then BITKARROT swooped in with some truth bombs about VCs wrecking potential greats. Ouch! 😅
Enter npub1jp5hag5r7rn2nh9v5m2n5jjyyrmgfr89jgpt6hd5n2hjmx3s7thq6hu6ua, who took a jab at DeSo’s founder, saying SEC called them out while playing a decentralization charade. It's turning into a showdown! 🚀 Meanwhile, npub17xu3rtcu0ftqw03mswa8a2ngz3nsgrs0h0wjv4z942qwvhp8fs3qzcadls had a wise take – fix the funding, fix the world.
npub1j04j8tgajf6w8c5yh2lp65rl9jqdr6kz70h4f95nvx52r7fxekhsvafxku dropped some history knowledge bombs about the web’s early days and how we swung from non-profit roots to the VC-fueled chaos of today. There's definitely some food for thought there, huh? 🤔
Oh, and we’ve got npub1qqqqqqyz0la2jjl752yv8h7wgs3v098mh9nztd4nr6gynaef6uqqt0n47m throwing in some cryptic vibes with "did:bake:perverse-incentives." The plot thickens!
Sounds like a whirlwind, right? Dive into the full convo here to catch every twist and turn! 🍿
Bluesky Talk: Dreaming of a Permissionless Protocol 🌌
Alright, so over in Nostr land, there's been a pretty heated debate simmering around the whole ATprotocol and Bluesky thing. Our buddy over at npub1zjhuw98f8f2dk2446eg0j4rr827kpje60uljwfe22nyjna6emjxqa646su kicked things off with a deep dive into the nitty-gritty of building open vs. constrained platforms, pointing to Twitter as a cautionary tale! 😮
laanwj hit the nail on the head with, "a certain form of organization inherently can only build a certain kind of thing." Don't get him started on Bluesky’s user base—they're all about that moderation life, apparently. 😂
npub1ytg0nw4mdx3sgtemsvxqx7kymqdlhvaedt2fp0y39j8acd0704hsy5ws69 jumped in with a suggestion that moderation should maybe be on an independent platform? Hmm. 🤔 npub1npm9jsmmgy08fvjlsj8ep50pzpj92k8q5q68d32x3t733e79fd0sg5yfdc agreed, calling out Bluesky’s dual role as a client and data host. Basically, they’re like, "watch out guys, there's a lot of interests stirring the pot here."
And omg, melvincarvalho is all about creating this super open internet—kind of like mixing up the best parts of Nostr, Bluesky, and Solid into one dreamy platform. 🌼 Such a rose-colored vision, right?
Then npub1zkheuq5dhyh9p42x9l6cxlke2t2p4x79y9ylhh4yt07qmnxhcmvsqfqqcm threw in a classic gif and stressed how hard it really is to build a protocol without it turning into some full-on platform instead. Respect to those protocol builders! 🙌
Finally, Rabble mentioned that both user base expectations and funding seem to be huge issues, implying that people might not even want an open protocol at all.
Check out the full convo here
🎉 AI or Nay? What's Old is New Again! 🤔
Hey! So, our buddy Rabble shared an interesting thought about people letting AI take over their decision-making—kinda like saying it's inevitable. I mean, are we ready to become AI-navigated zombies? 😜
npub1wzt7ynrxssfv8gktqhr2czezw9pv3d5yl556yk247pmjw9ucrgsqw8jn3m wasn't having it and called out the “not the sharpest tool in the shed” peeps for being intellectually lazy. Ouch, but fair point!
Then, npub1a6we08n7zsv2na689whc9hykpq4q6sj3kaauk9c2dm8vj0adlajq7w0tyc chimed in with a spicy jab, saying AI might as well be on par with horoscopes and fortune tellers. 😂
npub1hmmjfah37m94fycvyw42y0mrnw96ke73948n03fmfr5gj2fs77xq0juy2s threw in a Darwinian twist, suggesting that maybe AI will separate the smart ones from the rest. Survival of the smartest, huh? 🤓
npub1hjlev3xn736aqr4ecmjxwwzuu9k523kp5fpz9n862s4lwah2h22sm2zg68 was a bit savage, hinting that most people don't think anyway, so… maybe AI will upgrade the human race? 🙈
To wrap it up, npub10jnx6stxk9h4fgtgdqv3hgwx8p4fwe3y73357wykmxm8gz3c3j3sjlvcrd reckons those who rely on AI might become the "midwit" class. Burn! 🔥 And npub1j04j8tgajf6w8c5yh2lp65rl9jqdr6kz70h4f95nvx52r7fxekhsvafxku brought it home with a real-life analogy of stressed-out folks seeking relief—be it AI or other vices. Been there, can relate!
Check out the full convo here
🌍 Hola Montevideo, What's Happening Here? 🌐
Rabble greeted Montevideo with a casual "Hola," sparking some travel vibes among the group! ✈️ Maybe they're globe-trotting or just dreaming of it, who knows?
the axiom isn't about to miss a chance to plug nos.social while npub1hem398ca067g8nq8xs2t3sf05gzk09chvu7hfqy5wda7slj6kqcsmkwsrn got skeptical over a mysterious bin file. Malware scare? Nah, just the Nostr world keeping us on our toes! 😅
Meanwhile, Negr0 noticed how close they are to Argentina and dropped a friendly reminder about their whereabouts. It's a small world after all! 🌍
Check out the full convo here
Nostr Adventures and Ramen Cravings
So, Rabble has been quite the globetrotter, hinting at some secret plans about "jumping over the pond," whatever that means! 🌍 Everyone's buzzing about a get-together at "la crypta" with Negr0 planning to join the fun too. 🎉
And there's some tech drama going on—apparently, the new note button in the Nos dev build is kaput, so Rabble had to switch to Primal. But they seem to be handling it like a champ! 😄
Meanwhile, in the ramen department, seems like everyone's drooling over some delicious noodle action! 🍜 Josh Brown and npub1x2jfa9zvrr9hszwhq368lc2dupefnx8mk592tvgyur8rw2mkxvks27ggyl are particularly excited about how tasty it looks. Coconut milk, anyone? npub1uw6lgv5qyexx68fwgdmwt3w7v3dwv679sray2ncpkug70ad7a8gqut3tay must be onto something exotic there!
Oh, and Rabble had everyone chuckling about their "parody map" post. Spyre gave us a laugh about Reddit, claiming it's just a political circus. I mean, who knew some maps could spark such lively debates, right? 🗺️
Check out the full convo here.
Decentralized Dreams and Elon Events 😂
So, our buddy nostr:mmasnick has been stirring things up with his latest essay! He’s coined the term "Elon Musk Events" (love it, right?) for moments that drive folks to experiment with decentralized social platforms. It’s all about finding out what cool new features these protocols can offer that centralized systems can't.
While folks chewed over his thoughts on decentralization and the perks of protocols over platforms, npub1a6we08n7zsv2na689whc9hykpq4q6sj3kaauk9c2dm8vj0adlajq7w0tyc jumped in with a surprisingly sweet (though a bit "cringe" by Nostr standards) thank you for all the epic content. Npub18nagz6a53yh6d05e8trj487dhvyfhh4qchvsz87jqng4g4zl5tvs825evl kept it simple—big thanks for the share!
Meanwhile, npub1r0rs5q2gk0e3dk3nlc7gnu378ec6cnlenqp8a3cjhyzu6f8k5sgs4sq9ac went on a deep dive, comparing the whole Bluesky hype to a Bitcoin vs. Shitcoin scenario—we're talking about some serious decentralization vibes, folks. The takeaway? Nostr should be itself and not worry about competing with old-school platforms. New and interesting use cases are where it's at!
Check out the full convo here
🚀 Buzzing About BlueSky and Nostr 🚀
Hey, so things are getting spicy in the Nostr crew's convo! Our pal laanwj is throwing some serious shade at BlueSky, saying it's basically just Twitter 2.0 and that folks are gonna jump ship just like when the whole Musk thing happened. Drama alert! 😱
Then, npub10wsue32ln2w2a9gsy52ylk359n8ams4zj7932j4knvxlk2p84vmq5y3hd3 is vibing on the Reddit angle, talking about how engaging it can be—if only it wasn't so censored. They’re dreaming of a Nostr version that mixes Reddit's community vibes with its unique spin on social interaction. Sounds like an app world we wouldn’t mind visiting! 🤔
🌐 Nos.today Confusion Casualty 🌐
Oh man, Rabble is clarifying some misunderstandings about Nos.today—turns out it's not linked to nos.social at all. Npub1gcxzte5zlkncx26j68ez60fzkvtkm9e0vrwdcvsjakxf9mu9qewqlfnj5z kinda owned up to the confusion, admitting the domain is a bit of a head-scratcher. 🤷♂️
Npub1q7qyk7rvdga5qzmmyrvmlj29qd0n45snmfuhkrzsj4rk0sm4c4psvqwt9c chimed in with a sweet "no worries" and shared that the whole thing's a fun hobby project. They're wondering if they need a new name or if things are getting mixed up with nos.lol. Maybe it’s time for a brainstorm party to find the perfect name? 🤔🧠
Check out the full convo here
SDK Dreams and Library Love
Looks like everyone's buzzing about Nostr SDKs for Android! 📱 npub1w4uswmv6lu9yel005l3qgheysmr7tk9uvwluddznju3nuxalevvs2d0jr5 is all about using amethyst libraries, with a nod to some cool rust options. hugo drops Nostrino into the mix, which got some thumbs up from tyiu. But Rabble throws a bit of shade on the project’s recent progress. laanwj just shrugs it off with a classic "many such cases" moment. 😂
Check out the full convo here
Hometown Anthems & Country Roads
Rabble is feeling all the hometown love with a song that nails the Humboldt vibe. 🎶 npub1flj222ym4truxx6y4qvp6lsgkxmr8mutv7rr8qmmns4fq0lkhurq9eagfz shares a northern Alberta tune—seems like these peeps have a soundtrack for every place! npub1ryemg5z53pes6el7gwy8rwvzsycg56sxr0twjceszhu296hyh55qryc2xh reminisces about a smooth country song penned by their dad, dreaming of coastlines and sunshine. Talk about family retro vibes! 😎
Check out the full convo here
Nostr Booth Buzz at #LaBitConf
The #nostrbooth is ready to roll at #labitconf thanks to Rabble. Excitement is in the air with Nostr talks and a full Nostr day coming up! npub18lmyh47aua400qaf230zlv7wsnvjr0nv3sz08hrvf7nnfnm7hqfq9599uz can't get enough of the booth vibes, giving it a big cheer. 🙌 Sebastix is feeling the Nostr love too, while OpenMike is desperately trying to dodge the FOMO bug by asking if it'll be streamed. 🤔
Check out the full convo here
Lost Stream Shenanigans 🤔
Looks like Rabble is on the hunt for a stream but came up empty! They were scouring the web for talks but it seems like it might be a waiting game since these recordings take ages to pop up online—based on last year's experience. 🕵️♂️ Maybe it's time to catch up on other stuff while waiting for the uploads?
Check out the full convo here
-
-
@ 59df1288:92e1744f
2024-11-04 16:08:11Pull up a chair, folks, because we're diving into a little feel-good moment on nos.social that proves community spirit is alive and kicking! In a world where everyone’s sharing selfies, our buddy Rabble threw a virtual high-five to OpenSats for their relentless support of the Nostr ecosystem. While the conversation is still awaiting some juicy replies, it's the kind of positivity upgrade we can all benefit from—as if life just got a software update that actually fixed bugs instead of introducing new ones. Grab your reading glasses or your third cup of coffee (no judgment), and get ready to see the support sparks fly!
A Little Support Goes a Long Way!
So, our good friend Rabble has been spreading the love a bit, giving a shoutout to OpenSats for continuously supporting the Nostr ecosystem! 🎉 It's always awesome to see members of the crew lifting each other up, right? Not much banter this time around since nobody replied (as of yet!), but who doesn't love a good support post to keep the good vibes going?
Check out the full convo here.
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@ 361d3e1e:50bc10a8
2024-11-04 15:30:20https://forex-strategy.com/2024/11/04/the-depopulation-plan-includes-350000-per-day/ The depopulation plan includes 350,000 per day The whole world united through the United Nations to solve a global problem
wef #unitednations #unesco #agenda2030 #politics #usa
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@ b83e6f82:73c27758
2024-11-04 14:48:52Citrine 0.5.5
- Only store 1 replaceable event
- Temporally remove the restore contacts feature
Download it with zap.store, Obtainium, f-droid or download it directly in the releases page
If you like my work consider making a donation
Verifying the release
In order to verify the release, you'll need to have
gpg
orgpg2
installed on your system. Once you've obtained a copy (and hopefully verified that as well), you'll first need to import the keys that have signed this release if you haven't done so already:bash gpg --keyserver hkps://keys.openpgp.org --recv-keys 44F0AAEB77F373747E3D5444885822EED3A26A6D
Once you have his PGP key you can verify the release (assuming
manifest-v0.5.5.txt
andmanifest-v0.5.5.txt.sig
are in the current directory) with:bash gpg --verify manifest-v0.5.5.txt.sig manifest-v0.5.5.txt
You should see the following if the verification was successful:
bash gpg: Signature made Fri 13 Sep 2024 08:06:52 AM -03 gpg: using RSA key 44F0AAEB77F373747E3D5444885822EED3A26A6D gpg: Good signature from "greenart7c3 <greenart7c3@proton.me>"
That will verify the signature on the main manifest page which ensures integrity and authenticity of the binaries you've downloaded locally. Next, depending on your operating system you should then re-calculate the sha256 sum of the binary, and compare that with the following hashes:
bash cat manifest-v0.5.5.txt
One can use the
shasum -a 256 <file name here>
tool in order to re-compute thesha256
hash of the target binary for your operating system. The produced hash should be compared with the hashes listed above and they should match exactly. -
@ 429733ab:65e0ea03
2024-11-04 14:36:21Access top-tier CELPIP test preparation material with Prof Prep. Our extensive library of resources includes practice tests, study guides, and sample questions, all designed to mirror the actual CELPIP exam. Whether you’re focusing on listening, reading, writing, or speaking, our materials provide the thorough preparation you need to excel. With Prof Prep, you’ll have the tools and knowledge to confidently approach your CELPIP test and reach your goals.
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@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740
2024-11-04 13:56:00Week 9 had some redeeming value, and it’ll have more if the Bucs cover the spread tonight against the Chiefs, in which case I’ll win a double-week in my home pool.
As it stands I went 4-1 ATS to kick of Q3 in Circa Millions, and I was so close to being 5-0 but Danny Dimes, the great Danny Dimes, failed on two two-point conversions, during one of which he took a sack! How do you take a sack on a two-point conversion? Get rid of the goddamn ball! Just throw it up for grabs FFS! How does he not get rid of the ball?
The Giants also got cheated out of a TD on a very ticky-tack offensive PI and had to settle for a FG. Basically, I went 4-1 the right way — four wins on no-doubters and a loss on a very close one. This is in contrast to earlier in the year where I’d go 2-3, winning the two barely and being on the wrong side of three blowouts. (The no-doubters were CIN, LAC, BAL and ARZ.)
Seslowsky and I also won easily in Survivor with the Ravens, while some people got bounced with the Saints. More would have lost with the Eagles, but Trevor Lawrence (who is in the Tannehill/Dimes lineage) threw an egregious, game-sealing pick on first down! for no reason. There are still a couple hundred people alive, and the pool is only about $70K, so it’s not really exciting yet.
My Primetime team did well with Harrison Butker pending, and that was despite having Jeremy McNichols at flex as a last-second sub for Brian Robinson. Apparently, the guy can take a bullet, but can’t make it through pre-game warmups with a hamstring injury. (The Primetime got off to a good start Thursday night and had JK Dobbins, Jahmyr Gibbs and Jaxon Smith-Njigba yesterday.) One of my two BCLs did well too, though the attrition with the wideouts is taking a toll with Stefon Diggs gone and Drake London getting hurt too.
The only really bad performance was my first-place Steak League team that had Chris Olave, McNichols in for Robinson and Isaiah Unlikely at TE. That team is now on the ropes after losing Diggs, and now CeeDee Lamb is hurt and so is his QB.
-
It’s bizarre that old, high-workload running backs like Derrick Henry, Saquon Barkley, James Conner and Alvin Kamara have held up just fine while supposedly safer receivers like A.J. Brown, Diggs, Puka Nacua, Cooper Kupp, London, Olave, Rashee Rice, Brandon Aiyuk, Nico Collins, Davante Adams, Tyreek Hill, Jaylen Waddle, Devonta Smith, D.K. Metcalf, Chris Godwin, Mike Evans and Malik Nabers have all missed or are likely to miss time. You’re really ahead of the game if you drafted Ja’Marr Chase or Justin Jefferson.
-
Danny Dimes played well except the disastrous two-point tries. Why are they snapping to him in shotgun when they only need to gain two yards? Why turn a two-yard try into a seven-yard one? I saw the Broncos do this on 4th-and-1 too, which is even worse.
-
The Giants didn’t throw to Nabers the entire first half for God knows what reason. Brian Daboll is just an odd coach.
-
The Giants defense was so frustrating, giving up a scoring drive first by surrending a 3rd-and-18 and later allowing an 18-yard TD pass to Terry McLaurin 1-on-1 when the Indigenous Peoples had no timeouts and only 11 seconds left in the half. I mean if there’s one guy to cover in that situation on that team it’s him.
-
It was pretty annoying seeing Chris Rodriguez in the game subbing for Austin Ekeler and getting goal line work when I had started McNichols in two places for Robinson.
-
The Cowboys are toast, obviously. Losing Micah Parsons and having no running backs or receiver depth with Mike McCarthy as a coach was too much. Now Dak Prescott is hurt, and Lamb is banged up too.
-
At least London had the decency to score a TD before getting hurt. He’s no Chris Olave who has done it twice now. That kind of thing just kills your season.
-
Bijan Robinson was back to his RB1 usage, though I was happy to see Tyler Allgeier get the TD.
-
I started Jaylen Waddle over Ladd McConkey in a league and was aghast until Waddle’s late TD. Unfortunately he gave back all his yardage on a desperation, last-second failed lateral play. Waddle and Tyreek Hill combined for only seven targets. I get using Jonnu Smith and De’Von Achane in the passing game, but you can’t neglect your stars.
-
Achane is a monster fantasy player when healthy and with Tua back.
-
I was high on Dalton Kincaid this year, but maybe he’s just a guy.
-
The Brock Bowers garbage time TD was nice, but I sat Mike Gesicki for Jonnu Smith in my dynasty league, and that hurts.
-
The Bengals need to get the ball to Chase more than two yards down the field.
-
The Raiders are a ridiculous team.
-
I laid the wood with the Chargers because I figured this Jameis Winston would show up against a decent defense. Cedric Tillman seems to be for real though, and he saw another 11 targets.
-
Dobbins was rough going until a couple big plays late.
-
Quentin Johnston comes out of nowhere every so often, but you can’t use him. McConkey is still the WR1 there.
-
The last second Drake Maye play to send the game to overtime was amazing. He held on forever before chucking it up for grabs for the Rhamondre Stevenson TD. Dimes would 100 percent have taken the sack there.
-
Kamara saw 29 carries and nine targets, got 215 yards from scrimmage. Even Christian McCaffrey is jealous of that workload.
-
Without Olave, the two leading receivers were Kamara and Taysom Hill, who were also the leading rushers. Olave got his second concussion in a few weeks, so he could be in Tua territory too.
-
Jonathon Brooks comes back next week, but he probably won’t supplant Chuba Hubbard right away as Hubbard is pretty good.
-
Lamar Jackson had a perfect QB rating, just makes it look easy. Derrick Henry too.
-
I can’t decide if Bo Nix has a future or not. He made a nice TD *catch* while covered though.
-
The Eagles were blowing out the Jaguars, and then after a fumble-return TD, out of nowhere, it was a game. The Jaguars could have won too but for Lawrence’s unbelievably senseless pick on first down with plenty of time left. If you’re not gonna cover, just do the right thing and lose.
-
DeVonta Smith was quiet most of the game but made one of the sickest one-handed catches of all time at the very back of the end zone for a necessary TD, it turned out. If Brown misses time with a knee injury, Smith *should* see more work, though game flow Sunday resulted in only six targets. Dallas Goedert might be out for longer too.
-
With Brian Thomas not 100 percent, the backs splitting carries and Lawrence vulturing at the goal line, it’s hard to use any Jaguars besides Evan Engram.
-
The Cardinals ran roughshod over the Bears from start to finish.
-
Jordan Love didn’t seem healthy, but Jayden Reed finally did.
-
Jared Goff didn’t have to do much for the second straight game. The Lions are a juggernaut behind that offensive line.
-
JSN was having a quiet day, and then suddenly with the last play of the first half, Geno Smith decides to target him for a TD. And then he went crazy in the fourth quarter too. The sporadic use of top receivers is so odd to me. It’s like they finally decide to stop throwing to the third-string tight end, it works, and then it hits them they can throw to JSN every play. In fact, it’s why we took him in the first round last year even! Who knew?
-
Smith also took seven sacks. The Seahawks are one of the worst pass-protecting teams in the league.
-
Puka Nacua got ejected for throwing a punch, and I thought Cooper Kupp would get 20 catches after that. But DeMarcus Robinson, who caught another two TDs, including the game winner in overtime, has a real role and is clearly the team’s No. 3 now.
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The Sunday night game went almost perfectly. I had the Vikings defense (that last second PI that negated a pick and gave Indy the field goal was unfortunate), was going against Joe Flacco and two of his receivers and had the Vikings ATS. I also had Darnold who redeemed ever-so-slightly my destroyed Steak League team.
-
Keep an eye on Cam Akers — he looked good and seems like the No. 2 now.
-
The Colts have to turn back to Anthony Richardson, make the one-game benching his sole punishment. I saw he was dropped in a couple of my leagues, and I will put in bids for him.
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@ 361d3e1e:50bc10a8
2024-11-04 13:52:19https://forex-strategy.com/2024/11/04/3-teenagers-fall-and-die-while-playing-sports/ 3 teenagers fall and die while playing sports
What do they have in common and their identical deaths?
What do they have in common and their identical deaths?
usa #sport #vaccine #mRNA #sideeffects #Tennessee
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@ 6e24af77:b3f1350b
2024-11-04 13:24:26test 3
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@ 8cd9d25d:69e9894d
2024-11-04 11:40:33Baking notes
Recipe adapted from Youtube Video by The Cool Kitchen - https://www.youtube.com/@TheCoolKitchen
Note that youtube recipe is asking for 1tablespoon of salt, which is waaaaaay too much. Recipe works fine with a teaspoon,, but your mileage may vary. Play around with it.
You don't need to proove modern packet yeasts in my experience... just yolo it.
If you want an extra crispy crust, add a second baking pan to the base of the oven as you pre-heat. Then once you've placed the dough in, to the oven, take some boiling water and pour into the second baking tray. This gives you a steam oven on a budget :)
Details ⏲️ Prep time: 15mins (not including time for dough rises) 🍳 Cook time: 30mins 🍽️ Servings: 5
Ingredients
• 500 grams wholemeal spelt flour • 1 packet baker's yeast (10grams) • 350 ml lukewarm water • 1 tablespoon honey • 1 teaspoon salt 🧂
Directions • Preheat your oven to Preheat oven to 430°F and put a baking tray in at the same time to heat up.
• Add all ingredients to a bowl (best to use a stand mixer to save time, but you can do by hand too. Mix and knead until the dough comes together. After about 5 mins you should have a moist dough that doesn't stick to your hands... if it is a bit sticky, just add a bit more flour (different flours like differenent amounts of water)... If too dry, add a bit more water... etc.
• Remove dough from bowl & form into a ball (smooth on top, never mind if not perfectly smooth on its base). Put back in a bowl and cover with a damp cloth. Allow to rest for 30mins/1hr until dough has roughly doubled in size. Time will depend on the ambient temp where you are. In the tropics, 30mins is just fine.
• Take risen dough out of bowl and put on a floured surface and press the gas out of it... flatten the dough with your hands, and then fold each edge in until you have a rectangle (video makes this bit clear). Then roll the rectangle up into a cylinder. This gives you a nice tight dough for baking. Pinch the ends of the cylinder to seal the dough.
• Place dough onto a baking sheet/ piece of parchment paper etc... cover with damp towlel and let rise for 15/30mins
• Score the risen dough (a razer blade, clean box cutter, or serrated knife works well) , this lets steam escape from the loaf as it bakes without slpititng it in ways you wouldn't like.
• Take your hot baking tray out of the over and transfer your dough onto it. Pop into oven.
• Bake at 430°F (220°C) for 15mins, then reduce oven temp to 350°F (180°C) for the final 15mins. Total bake time 30mins.
• Remove from oven and allow to cool for 20-30mins
Enjoy :)
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@ c5fede3d:16e03f7b
2024-11-04 10:02:21El pueblo español dice basta y avisa al Régimen del 78 que no aguantará más humillaciones. El Rey, el Presidente y el Reyezuelo de Valencia escaparon de una turba que los recibió bajo un manto de palos y piedras. ¿Ha despertado la ciudadanía contra la tiranía del 78? ¿Estamos ante el inicio de una Revolución en España? No parece ser el caso, pero sí es de celebrar que aumente el número de españoles deseosos de rendir cuentas por los destrozos ocasionados por los estamentos del poder. Sólo cabe esperar a que la rosa se marchite.
La reacción popular fue variopinta, desde personas que invitaban amablemente a las autoridades a que dieran media vuelta, hasta aquellos que les obsequiaron con ráfagas de lodo para cuidar el cutis y paloterapia para corregir la espalda. Entre tanto, la vomitiva real, acompañada de una decena de coches policiales, daba un paseo entre los escombros y los gritos de socorro de los afectados. Quién pensase que sus majestades iban a agarrar una pala para realizar labores de ayuda, debería dejar el consumo de estupefacientes. El que creyese que el narcisista de la rosa iba a ensuciarse su traje es que es un iluso. Respecto del Reyezuelo con los manguitos de la piscina, mejor ni comentarlo. Al final, huyeron como cobardes en sus coches oficiales y el pueblo siguió ensuciándose para salvar, precisamente, al propio pueblo.
Fue una humillación para los aduladores del Régimen del 78, al cual se le airean las grietas, pero aún queda un largo recorrido. Los palos y las piedras representan un berrinche popular, y nada más. La necesaria regeneración de nuestro país requiere el reclutamiento de los más capaces, de una alta habilidad organizativa y de un compromiso férreo sin precedentes. El toque de atención está dado, el descrédito está latente. Es hora de aprovecharlo.
La partida está en movimiento y quienes habitan en las cloacas del Estado lo saben. Las reglas del juego son peculiares, pues en este tablero de ajedrez el Rey hace de peón y los peones son los que se esconden. Estos, preocupados por la deriva que pueda tomar la reacción popular, han decidido activar el protocolo antiincendios. Ahora, todos los males recaen en la desinformación y los descontentos son etiquetados de ultra derechista. A continuación el nuevo dogma
«La riada fue por el cambio climático, la destrucción culpa de los negacionistas y ayer en la visita de los reyes y las autoridades estaba todo lleno de nazis»
Ese es el relato del Régimen. Así venden la narrativa, pero no se despisten. Han hablado los culpables que, por su mala praxis política, murieron cientos de nosotros. Ahora, toca que hablen ustedes.
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@ 526e9d4c:2ecfb055
2024-11-04 04:22:33Chef's notes
最好的是用慢炖锅炖一个晚上. Best if cooked in a slow cooker overnight.
Details
- ⏲️ Prep time: 10 minutes
- 🍳 Cook time: 8 hours
Ingredients
- 金耳一块 // 1 piece of golden tremella
- 银耳2片 // 2 pieces of silver ear fungus
- 红枣10颗 // 10 red dates
- 枸杞7-8粒 // 7-8 goji berries
- 桃胶20颗 // 20 peach gum pieces
- 黄冰糖3块 // 3 blocks of yellow rock sugar
Directions
- 把银耳和桃胶用水清洗并用水泡发20分钟。 Wash the silver ear fungus and peach gum with water and soak them for 20 minutes.
- 水煮沸放入3块冰糖,溶解后把银耳和红枣倒入沸水中。 Bring the water to a boil and add 3 blocks of rock sugar. After it dissolves, add the silver ear fungus and red dates to the boiling water.
- 5分钟后加入金耳和桃胶煮30-40分钟(中途可加水稀释。 After 5 minutes, add the golden tremella and peach gum, and cook for 30-40 minutes (you can add water to dilute if needed)
- 煮开后,放5分钟即可使用,如果觉得不是很甜,可以再放一点冰糖(根绝个人口味) After boiling, let it sit for 5 minutes before serving. If you find it's not sweet enough, you can add a bit more rock sugar (according to personal taste)
-
@ 526e9d4c:2ecfb055
2024-11-04 04:13:46Ingredients
- 金耳一块 // 1 piece of golden tremella
- 银耳2片 // 2 pieces of silver ear fungus
- 红枣10颗 // 10 red dates
- 枸杞7-8粒 // 7-8 goji berries
- 桃胶20颗 // 20 peach gum pieces
- 黄冰糖3块 // 3 blocks of yellow rock sugar
Directions
- 煮开后,放5分钟即可使用,如果觉得不是很甜,可以再放一点冰糖(根绝个人口味)
-
@ a012dc82:6458a70d
2024-11-04 03:58:38Table Of Content
-
Bitcoin's Epic Comeback
-
The Rise of Institutional Adoption
-
Market Demand and Scarcity
-
Geopolitical Uncertainty and Financial Turmoil
-
Technological Advancements and Innovation
-
Regulatory Developments and Acceptance
-
Investor Sentiment and Speculation
-
Conclusion
-
FAQ
The world of cryptocurrency is an ever-evolving landscape, and Bitcoin has been at the forefront since its inception. After a period of volatility and uncertainty, Bitcoin is making waves with its epic comeback, leaving many wondering if it will soar to new heights. In this article, we will delve into the reasons behind Bitcoin's resurgence, the factors fueling its success, and the potential implications for the future. Join us on this exciting journey as we explore Bitcoin's epic comeback and speculate on whether it will indeed reach new heights.
Bitcoin's Epic Comeback
The recent resurgence of Bitcoin has caught the attention of investors and enthusiasts worldwide. After experiencing significant price fluctuations and skepticism, Bitcoin has proven its resilience and potential for growth. The question on everyone's mind is, will Bitcoin soar to new heights? Let's dive deeper into the factors contributing to Bitcoin's epic comeback and analyze its prospects for the future.
The Rise of Institutional Adoption
One of the key drivers behind Bitcoin's recent resurgence is the increasing institutional adoption of the cryptocurrency. Major financial institutions and corporations are recognizing the value and potential of Bitcoin as a store of value and investment asset. Companies like Tesla, MicroStrategy, and Square have made significant investments in Bitcoin, bringing mainstream attention to the cryptocurrency. This institutional endorsement not only boosts Bitcoin's credibility but also attracts more investors, leading to a surge in demand and price.
Market Demand and Scarcity
Bitcoin's limited supply and growing demand have played a significant role in its epic comeback. With a maximum supply capped at 21 million coins, Bitcoin's scarcity has made it an attractive investment option for those seeking to hedge against inflation and diversify their portfolios. As more individuals and institutions enter the cryptocurrency space, the demand for Bitcoin continues to rise, driving up its price. This positive feedback loop of demand and scarcity has propelled Bitcoin's epic comeback and may contribute to its future growth.
Geopolitical Uncertainty and Financial Turmoil
Bitcoin has often been touted as a hedge against geopolitical uncertainty and financial turmoil. In times of economic instability, investors seek alternative assets that are not tied to traditional markets. Bitcoin, with its decentralized nature and independent valuation, offers a potential safe haven for investors looking to protect their wealth. The global COVID-19 pandemic, political tensions, and monetary policy fluctuations have created an environment conducive to Bitcoin's growth. As uncertainty persists, Bitcoin's epic comeback might continue to soar to new heights.
Technological Advancements and Innovation
The underlying technology behind Bitcoin, known as blockchain, has also contributed to its epic comeback. Blockchain technology has revolutionized the way transactions are conducted, providing transparency, security, and decentralization. As more industries embrace blockchain technology and its potential applications, Bitcoin's value proposition becomes even more significant. Additionally, advancements in cryptocurrency wallets, exchanges, and user-friendly interfaces have made it easier for individuals to invest in Bitcoin, further driving its adoption.
Regulatory Developments and Acceptance
Regulatory clarity and acceptance by governments and financial institutions are crucial factors that can propel Bitcoin to new heights. In recent years, several countries have taken steps to regulate and legitimize cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin. For example, El Salvador became the first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender, signaling a significant milestone for the cryptocurrency. As more countries establish favorable regulatory frameworks and institutional support, Bitcoin's epic comeback may gain further momentum.
Investor Sentiment and Speculation
Investor sentiment and speculation have always played a role in the cryptocurrency market, and Bitcoin is no exception. The psychological aspects of fear and greed can significantly impact Bitcoin's price trajectory. When positive sentiment dominates the market, investors are more likely to buy, leading to a surge in price. Conversely, negative sentiment can trigger sell-offs and price declines. The unpredictability of investor behavior makes it challenging to predict the exact path of Bitcoin's comeback, but it is undoubtedly influenced by the prevailing sentiment and speculation.
Conclusion
Bitcoin's epic comeback has captivated the attention of investors and cryptocurrency enthusiasts alike. With factors such as institutional adoption, market demand, geopolitical uncertainty, technological advancements, and regulatory developments all contributing to its resurgence, Bitcoin's future seems promising. However, it's important to approach Bitcoin and the cryptocurrency market with caution, as volatility and risks still exist. As Bitcoin continues its journey, only time will tell whether it will soar to new heights or face new challenges. Nevertheless, the resilience and innovation behind Bitcoin have undoubtedly reshaped the financial landscape and sparked a new era of digital currency.
FAQ
What caused Bitcoin's recent resurgence? Bitcoin's recent resurgence can be attributed to various factors, including institutional adoption, market demand, geopolitical uncertainty, technological advancements, and regulatory developments. The convergence of these factors has created a favorable environment for Bitcoin's comeback.
Will Bitcoin continue to rise in value? While it's impossible to predict the future with certainty, the fundamentals supporting Bitcoin's growth remain strong. The increasing institutional adoption, limited supply, and growing demand suggest that Bitcoin may continue to rise in value.
Can Bitcoin replace traditional currencies? While Bitcoin has gained significant traction as a decentralized digital currency, it is unlikely to replace traditional currencies in the near future. The infrastructure and regulatory challenges associated with widespread adoption pose significant hurdles. However, Bitcoin's role as a store of value and investment asset may continue to grow, complementing existing financial systems.
That's all for today
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DISCLAIMER: None of this is financial advice. This newsletter is strictly educational and is not investment advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any assets or to make any financial decisions. Please be careful and do your own research.
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-
@ c5395d20:25baac60
2024-11-03 22:23:07When Last We Left Our Heros
The party made friends with a cyclops named Alekos (who can only count to six). They asked him many questions about the numbers of things to which he answered "probably about six, maybe." They met Hox Longfeather, and his main crew. Hox is open to allying with them against Zal Esarus, but needs them to prove themselves (less to him and more to his underlings).
Hatching A Plan
Hox wants to fly. To that end he's going to ask the party to retrieve a Wyvern's egg(s) from a nearby clutch. He's also sending Quesh and Krebz to collect more eggs. That way he gets a powerful tool (skyborne goblin light cavalry) and the party can prove themselves worthy.
Once they find the entrance of the Wyvern's lair, if they wait an hour or so, they'll see one of the parents leave which will give them a better chance, otherwise there will be both in the lair, which would be a bad encounter.
As they get back, the party will find the camp attacked by bounty hunters, if they help the goblins, it will ingratiate themselves even more to the goblins.
Assuming their success, there will be a feast and ritual where one of them (their "chief") will become Hox's brother/sister and a goblin under their customs.
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@ 5469030c:61ca3e1e
2024-11-03 22:03:47Chef's notes
Make sure to prep your ingredients, before boiling the pasta.
A little Tajín seasoning per serving is also great for some extra flavor. 🌶
Details
- ⏲️ Prep time: 21
- 🍳 Cook time: 21
- 🍽️ Servings: 5
Ingredients
- • 12oz Tricolor Penne Pasta ❤️💛💚
- • 3 cups rotisserie chicken, shredded🍗
- • 4 cups chopped celery🥬
- • 1/2 cup chopped red bell pepper 🌶
- • 1/2 cup chopped green bell pepper 🫑
- • 6 slices turkey bacon, cooked and crumbled. 🦃
- • 4 tbsp avocado mayo 🥑
- • 3 tablespoons olive oil 🫒
- Sea salt & Black Pepper to taste. 🧂
Directions
- • Add 9 cups of water to a medium to large pot to boil for 15 mins over medium high heat
- Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C) then add turkey bacon on lightly coated baking sheet with a little olive oil to prevent the bacon from sticking. Bake for 15 mins.
- • In a large bowl, combine the pasta shredded chicken, chopped celery, red and green peppers, crumbled turkey bacon, and avocado mayo.
- • Drizzle 3 table spoons olive oil and stir.
- • Chill in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes before serving
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@ 5469030c:61ca3e1e
2024-11-03 21:59:54Chef's notes
Make sure to prep your ingredients, before boiling the pasta.
A little Tajín seasoning per serving is also great for some extra flavor. 🌶
Details
- ⏲️ Prep time: 21
- 🍳 Cook time: 21
- 🍽️ Servings: 5
Ingredients
- • 12oz Tricolor Penne Pasta ❤️💛💚
- • 3 cups rotisserie chicken, shredded🍗
- • 4 cups chopped celery🥬
- • 1/2 cup chopped red bell pepper 🌶
- • 1/2 cup chopped green bell pepper 🫑
- • 6 slices turkey bacon, cooked and crumbled. 🦃
- • 4 tbsp avocado mayo 🥑
- • 3 tablespoons olive oil 🫒
- Sea salt & Black Pepper to taste. 🧂
Directions
- • Add 9 cups of water to a medium to large pot to boil for 15 mins over medium high heat
- Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C) then add turkey bacon on lightly coated baking sheet with a little olive oil to prevent the bacon from sticking. Bake for 15 mins.
- • In a large bowl, combine the pasta shredded chicken, chopped celery, red and green peppers, crumbled turkey bacon, and avocado mayo.
- • Drizzle 3 table spoons olive oil and stir.
- • Chill in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes before serving
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@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1
2024-11-03 21:51:39All memed out
It finally happened. I think it was October 25th, at circa 18:45 in the evening. I was doomscrolling my Nostr feed, and kept seeing the same Bitcoin memes repeated over and over, by different people. They weren't even reposts, they were copy-pasted versions of the same image. A very funny image. Well, it was very funny last year... and the year before that... and probably the year before that, when it appeared on a different network.
Because it's all just reposts, copy-pastes and rehashes of the Best of Bitcoin Twitter, just like the tiresome influencers, with their groupies and their Episode 498 of Let's all eat a large chunk of lightly-burnt dead animal and count our stacks before jetting off to talk about how to save the poors by getting them to buy individual satoshis with money they don't have.
I'm the poors your looking for
It's all so tiresome. It has little bearing on the real world I see around me, where most people are thinking all day about 99 problems and Bitcoin ain't one.
Which is, of course, what the Bitcoin influencers would have you believe, is the reason that they're poor. What in the world could be more important, than thinking about Bitcoin? Why do these people not get with the program? Don't they know, that we are trying to save them?
Why are they worrying about OtherProblems? Don't they know that all OtherProblems can be fixed with Bitcoin? Really, if you just go back far enough, in any current, situational problem, you will discover that there was some slight, negative shift to the history record that involved soft money. It's the financial version of the Butterfly Effect.
That's why #BitcoinFixesThis. Bitcoin fixes everything, if you just think about it, for long enough.
The same way that we all actually come out of Africa, supposedly, if you go back enough generations. So, coming out of Africa, now, as a Real Life Person in The Present is supposed to have no significance. What does someone from Cameroon know about Africa, that someone from Alaska doesn't? Both people come out of Africa, if you just think about it, for long enough.
And maybe that really is true. Maybe Bitcoin will eventually end all vice and crimes, save the planet, and we will all just hold hands and sing kumbaya all day, while waiting for the Singularity to upload us to Satoshi.
Bitcoin envelope budgeting
Or maybe it's not. Maybe it's just a really hard, digital money that incentivizes savings, functions as a reliable measure, and makes micropayments possible on a global scale. Those really are things that will help the poors, including myself. I can see it, already, when trying to organize pre-paid meetups or figure out what to do with our household's meager savings, when the stock market is looking particularly bubblicious.
But this is what I would consider Boring Bitcoin. Bitcoin home economics. Penny-pinching Bitcoin. Bitcoin for homemakers. How to use the Bitcoin envelope budgeting system to beat inflation by a margin of 13%.
The actual use of Bitcoin as money, rather than as a mere investment gamble or hype machine. That's the part of Bitcoin that nobody seems to really talk about because it's incredibly practical, dull, and useful, and it can only be tested by -- Oh, the horror! -- actually spending Bitcoin.
But... perhaps I will begin talking about it. Perhaps those of us, Bitcoiners, who are having fun staying poor, while stacking sats, should speak up a bit more. Perhaps the boring stuff is actually the interesting stuff. Perhaps there is more to say about Bitcoin, than can fit into a meme.
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@ 468f729d:5ab4fd5e
2024-11-03 18:43:20https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smzuwLQfl_Q
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@ 361d3e1e:50bc10a8
2024-11-03 17:11:26https://forex-strategy.com/2024/11/03/the-amazon-river-has-begun-to-dry-up-water-problems-are-escalating/ The Amazon River has begun to dry up, water problems are escalating
climate #climatechange #water #crisis #amazon #amazonriver #brazil
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@ bf7973ed:841ad12a
2024-11-03 15:37:03I've been procrastinating too much the last few weeks, so I'm starting off this week with catching up on homework.
Creating good habits can take some time because it's so easy to create bad habits. So, I'm replacing a bad habit with a good one. I woke up and turned on the TV (bad habit), I knew I had work to catch up on.
I turned the TV off and started on some homework instead (good habit). So from now on, I'll be turning on my computer instead of the TV when I have nothing to do.
(I'm even using the Obsidian plugin to prevent distractions)
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@ 2cb8ae56:84d30cba
2024-11-03 15:27:18[3]
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